Narsha Bulgakbaev
Learn to be happy! Confidence and Success
SECRETS OF CONFIDENCE
Self-confidence is an individual’s dignity, basic skills and abilities. Sufficient self-confidence to achieve important goals and satisfy needs. Self-confidence should be more than adequate behavior. Adequate behavior means that words match deeds, and self-confidence means high ambition.
Developing self-confidence is building a sufficient behavioral repertoire. That is, what behavior do I need to have in order to be confident? After the necessary behavior is established, social problems are easily and easily solved, positive experience of quickly achieving your goals is formed. Objective success in life and social status are important for increasing self-confidence. However, the most important thing is the subjective positive assessment of the results of your actions and the positive assessment from familiar (close) / unfamiliar people. A positive assessment of the quality and effectiveness of your skills and abilities is not enough. Adequate price is needed (the word matches the action). Before setting new goals, it is better to determine what tasks you need to perform, show social courage in the determination, do not be shy without being afraid of anyone, this will determine the initiative of the person in their implementation. Self-confidence is a positive assessment of one’s own skills and abilities and the formation of the concept of effectiveness (effective / ineffective habits in achieving goals). Social anxiety is the opposite of social courage, so it limits new social connections. Friends / colleagues who accompany you to achieve the goal should give you only a positive emotional background. The beginning of the right connections is being prepared for such connections.
Self-confidence begins with the affirmation «I am right», and those who do not agree with this are your main enemies. This phrase comes from the Unconscious and gives great power. Confidence is one of the most rewarding feelings in life. Confident action, confident demeanor, confident decision making – this is boundless confidence.
Self-confidence – confidence in the correctness of the decisions made, internal / external data may not be enough to determine its correctness at the moment. the current situation should be distinguished from the concept of «self-confidence». Self-confidence is a positive assessment of the dignity of an individual, his positive skills and abilities, as sufficient to achieve goals that are important to him and satisfy his needs. As self-confidence increases and fear decreases, sometimes there is a tendency to engage in risky behavior. an overconfident person may exaggerate real risks and ignore real risks, for example, distort ideas about his own health (for example, an overconfident person may sincerely believe that he can smoke and abuse alcohol). high confidence often creates and feeds false expectations (for example, people unreasonably believe that it is impossible to give up bad habits, and it is impossible for me).
Confidence is a state of mind expressing the agreement of the mind with judgment without fear of error, being without doubt, not doubting. the lack of fear of making a mistake is not always a negative factor of faith, because the lack of fear of making a mistake forces a person to act; Reasons that reinforce adequate confidence are a positive factor. confidence is a psychological quality of self-belief. moral certainty – the motive of trust is based on the habitual law of human behavior; physical reliability – the motive of reliability is based on a physical law; metaphysical certainty – the motive of certainty is based on a metaphysical law. self-agreement, the power of increasing confidence grows in this order. Despite the diversity of views on the phenomenon of confidence, there are two basic rules developed in Russian and foreign psychology in understanding this construct and, accordingly, two leading directions of research: confidence in the correctness of one’s judgments (opinions) («I’m right…") and self-confidence («I’m right…"). Credibility can also be defined as a mental state of believing anything to be true. Confidence is the psychological nature of trust and understanding. Belief can be the result of an individual’s own experience or the result of external action. For example, confidence can arise in a person under the influence of conscious adaptation in addition to (and sometimes against) his will and consciousness. A person can also gain confidence through self-hypnosis (for example, autogenic exercises).
AUTOGENIC TRAINING
is a psychological method aimed at restoring the dynamic balance of the homeostatic mechanisms of the human body, which have been disturbed as a result of stress. autogenic training method (autotraining, horse) is based on the use of muscle relaxation, self-hypnosis and autodidactic (self-education). Being a «relative» of hypnotherapy, the horse is distinguished from the latter by the active participation of the patient in the therapy process, in contrast to the passive role of the patient in hypnotic treatment. It was proposed by the German doctor Johann Schulz in 1932 as a horse treatment method. in Russia, it began to be used in the late 50s of the 20th century. The therapeutic effect of the horse is due to the trophotropic reaction resulting from relaxation accompanied by an increase in the tone of the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system, which in turn helps to neutralize the negative stress reaction of the nervous system. some researchers (for example, Lobzin et al., 1974) associate the horse’s effect with the weakening of the activity of the limbic and hypothalamic areas of the brain. Dr. Schultz’s classification, which is still used today, includes relaxation exercises and self-hypnosis.
It is divided into a «lower» stage, which includes, and a «higher» stage, the intensity of which is aimed at introducing the patient into trance states of various depths. During training at the lowest level of autotraining, the patient alternately performs six types of exercises in one of three starting positions (trainer’s position, supine or semi-recumbent):
Exercise «weight» is to relax muscle tone. «Heat» exercise is to expand the blood vessels of the skin. Exercise normalizes the «impulse» of the heart. Breathing exercises – develop spontaneous and uniform breathing. Exercise «solar plexus» normalizes blood supply to internal organs. Cool forehead exercises – headaches are relieved and/or stopped. The key to lower level IT training is the concept of «plugging in» introduced by Dr. Schultz. German psychotherapist D. Müller-Hegemann defines it as a decrease in the activity of the cerebral cortex, which occurs as a result of attention to IT formulas. This state is described as intermediate between the waking EEG and the sleep EEG, and the state itself is close to the first stage of hypnotic sleep – drowsiness. high-level exercises are used to evoke certain complex experiences. the exercise involves closing the eyes and conjuring up a vivid mental image of a particular color, followed by a vivid image of an object. It is recommended to «see» abstract concepts, for example, happiness, beauty, etc. in this case, different ideas arise that replace each other. According to I. Shultz, this stage is similar to catharsis in hypnosis. catharsis is an ancient Greek word for «uplifting, purification, healing» – release of emotions, resolution of internal conflicts and moral upliftment. lute c. divides at formulas into five categories: neutralization – indifference to the irritating factor («even if the probe is swallowed», no desire to vomit, no allergy «even if there is pollen», etc.); strengthening activation of hidden thought processes («I wake up only when I want to go to the toilet» during enuresis, etc.); focused on abstinence – getting rid of addiction («I am free from alcohol», etc.); paradoxical – use of the «backlash» effect of propositional formulas; supporter – the softest, encourages the development of positive personality traits. Indications and contraindications – Autotraining is indicated in the treatment of neuroses, functional disorders and psychosomatic diseases, primarily neurasthenia. AT shows low results in the treatment of hysteria, psychasthenia and hypochondriacal syndromes. Autogenic exercises have shown good results in the treatment of diseases based on emotional stress, as well as smooth muscle tension – bronchial asthma, the initial stage of hypertension, obliterative endoarthritis, shortness of breath, esophageal spasm, angina pectoris, spastic disease of the gastrointestinal tract and constipation. Satisfactory results have been obtained with the use of AT in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Autogenic exercises allow to accelerate the elimination of the permanent pathological state of stuttering and to increase the effectiveness of the complex method of treatment of this disease in combination with other components of the therapeutic complex. The use of autotraining is not indicated in cases of unclear consciousness and delirium, acute somatic attacks and autonomic crises.
Autogenic training is also used in the system of preparing athletes for competitions. First of all, to accelerate recovery processes after competitions and correct mental states before competitions. self hypnosis autohypnosis is a type, method, or result of self-induction of hypnosis, usually used for self-hypnosis. It is often used by people who have been treated with hypnosis for a long time. The English term «hypnosis» was introduced in 1841 by the Scottish doctor and surgeon James Brady. According to Brady, two years after discovering hypnosis, he began «self-hypnosis» (as he called it). used it for the first time and taught it to his clients before applying it to himself: «My first experiments on this subject [i.e., self-hypnosis] were made on and about May 1, 1843, in the presence of some friends. In my opinion, these were the first experiments of this kind that had never been tried before, and they have worked in every case that I have worked on.» In his later work, Observations on Trance or Man’s Waiting State (1850), Braid gave the first account of self-hypnosis by someone using self-hypnosis on himself. Emile Coue was one of the most influential figures in the later development of autohypnosis. His method of «conscious self-hypnosis» became a world-renowned self-management system in the early 20th century. Although Coe distanced himself from the concept of «hypnosis», he sometimes referred to his practice as self-hypnosis, as did followers of Charles Baudouin. Today’s hypnotherapists credit Coe’s legacy to their field.
HYPNOTHERAPY
Self-hypnosis is widely used in modern hypnotherapy. It can be in the form of hypnosis, entering it is carried out according to a pattern learned by the hypnotherapist. Hypnosis can help control pain, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, obesity, asthma and skin conditions. When you master self-hypnosis, you can improve your focus, memory, problem-solving skills, relieve headaches, and even improve your emotional control. Basic steps to self-induce hypnotic trance. Self-hypnosis requires four different skills. Motivation. Without proper motivation, it will be very difficult for a person to self-hypnotize. Relax. One should be completely relaxed and take time to exercise. In addition, distractions should be removed, as full attention should be paid to hypnosis. Concentration. The mind must be completely focused on progress, because only by focusing on one image will the result be achieved. Direction. This option is used only if the person wants to work on a specific task. one must maintain one’s concentration on visualizing the desired outcome. Autogenic training is a relaxation method developed by the German psychiatrist Johann Schultz and first published in 1932. Schultz based his approach on the work of German hypnotist Oskar Vogt. this technique ranges from monitoring physiological processes such as muscle tone, breathing rate, and heart rate to manipulating mental images, sound therapy, and more. patients who are stressed and/or have low self-esteem can be taught self-hypnosis techniques to help them relax and/or improve their self-esteem. in particular, when the patient is in a self-hypnotic state, the therapist can induce relaxation and self-esteem processes through voice commands. In self-hypnosis training, the patient must be given a specific word or phrase to repeat. the repetition of the code phrase only has an effect if there is an intention to enter a hypnotic trance. Since stress interferes with the effective functioning of the immune system, self-hypnosis for stress prevention protects the immune system from the negative effects of stress.
There is experimental evidence that students who used self-hypnosis during exams had stronger immune systems than those who did not learn the technique. self-hypnosis can help relieve pain in pregnant women. Joseph Daley, an obstetrician-gynecologist, claimed in the early 20th century that hypnosis was the only safe pain reliever during childbirth. Common methods of self-hypnosis include: Glove anesthesia: the hand is numb and placed on the affected area to numb the pain. Time distortion: Perceiving periods of time with pain as shorter and periods without pain as longer. Imaginal transformation: seeing pain as a good, pleasant sensation (perhaps just pressure) that does not cause problems. John F. Kistrom concluded, «A comparison of autohypnosis with traditional ’hetero’ hypnosis shows that they are closely related.» At the same time, Kichstrom thinks what is the qualitative difference between self-hypnosis and classical hypnosis.
HYPTONIC INDUCTION
A process initiated by the hypnotist to determine the conditions necessary for hypnosis. Brady’s (1841) standard induction technique, «cutting the eye upward and inward,» was demonstrated by James Coates (1843—1933) in 1904. In self-hypnosis, the subject listens to a recorded induction or plays the roles of hypnotist and subject. In the 19th century, James Braid saw looking at a bright object as the key to hypnotic induction. a century later, Sigmund Freud considered eye fixation or listening to a monotonous sound as indirect methods of induction, as opposed to «direct methods of influence by looking or stroking» – all of which, however, lead to the same result – the subject’s unconsciousness. concentration on the hypnotist. the swinging clock and the gaze, which are the main elements of hypnotic induction in film and television, are not used in practice, because the rapidly changing movements and the obvious clichés of their use are distracting rather than attention-grabbing. hypnotic induction can be defined as what is required to induce a person into a trance state. that is, when it is understood as a state of growth potential in which critical faculties are diminished and subjects are more willing to accept the hypnotist’s commands and suggestions. Evidence of changes in brain activity and mental processes has been experimentally associated with hypnotic inductions. Theodore H. Barber argued that the techniques of hypnotic induction are merely empty but widely expected rituals that are not essential to the emergence of hypnosis: hypnosis in this view is only a process of influence reinforced (or formalized) by expected cultural rituals. Oliver Zangwill points out that while cultural expectations are important for hypnotic induction, viewing hypnosis solely as a conscious process of exposure ignores phenomena such as post-hypnotic amnesia or post-hypnotic belief. Quick methods of hypnotic induction. In early hypnotic literature, induction of hypnosis was a gradual, lengthy process. Techniques are designed to relax the hypnotized subject and bring him into a state of inner focus (during which his imagination comes first), so that the hypnotist can better influence him and help him make changes at the unconscious level. They are still used today, especially in hypnotherapy, where gradual relaxation of the client may be better than rapid induction. Usually the hypnotherapist uses the induction that he finds most suitable and effective for each individual client. however, newer and faster methods have been proposed, such as the Elman induction, introduced by Dave Elman, which involves imagining that his eyes are too relaxed to open, so that the more he tries to open them, the harder it is. to reveal them (otherwise known as a double call).
The therapist then raises the subject’s arm and allows it to fall to further enhance the state of relaxation. finally, the therapist asks the subject to imagine the clouds and the numbers inside the clouds being inflated like balloons (each inflated number increases the trance effect) to continue until the subject is too tired to think about other numbers. this process takes only a few minutes, but is known to be very effective in preparing patients for certain types of surgery. however, there are even faster instant inductions (such as «click» inductions) of hypnosis that use the principles of shock and surprise. A shock to the subject’s nervous system causes the subject to temporarily lose consciousness. during this brief period of distraction, the hypnotist quickly intervenes, allowing the subject to enter a state of intense, hyperimaginative, and inner focus.
Let’s not forget that induction is a method of creating a trance. trance phenomena can occur without the use of induction (eg, spontaneous trances of everyday life). but if during the psychotherapeutic session the aim is to put the patient into a trance, then he must use a certain method to create a trance state. the goal of induction is to gradually remove the patient from awareness of the outside world and enter images and thoughts inspired by the therapist or created by the patient’s own memory and imagination. Inductions vary in style and method. Inductions may be authoritarian (eg, «you will relax more and more and feel
…«; «I want you to imagine…") or
(«you might want to…"). «you think…"). it is recommended to use calm, balanced, smooth speech. after the induction, special techniques are usually used to deepen the trance state. deepening can be achieved by using the following methods: direct suggestion (for example, «Allow yourself to go deeper and deeper into this state…"); asking yourself to imagine yourself in a pleasant, calm, safe place; encourage you to imagine yourself in the process of going down or going up (for example, going down a mountain); inducing a feeling of heaviness (for example, in the hand), and as a part of the body becomes heavier, the client sinks deeper and deeper into a trance state; the so-called fragment technique: the client is asked to either open his eyes for a short time (during which he briefly comes out of trance), and then close his eyes. It is believed that with each closing of the eyes, the trance state deepens. the client is also advised that his eyelids become increasingly heavy and that the client wants to open his eyes less and less, that he wants to remain in an increasingly pleasant trance state;
it is recommended to deepen the trance state with each exhalation by concentrating on breathing; using counting: the hypnotist counts in reverse order (for example, from 10 to 0) and predicts a deepening of the trance state with each number spoken; In Eriksonian hypnosis, stories can be told, with the hypnotist using words or metaphors associated with deepening (such as «keep going down»), as well as an emphasis on relaxation and comfort.
If there is no induction, I advise you to buy a brain machine. The brain machine uses sound and/or light to achieve a specific frequency in the user’s brain. Theoretically, the result of brain machine activity can be a state of deep relaxation, concentration, or altered consciousness (trance) comparable to that achieved through meditation and hypnosis. In this way, induction will be easier, and you will be able to control your brain more easily than before.
SELF-ASSURANCE
Persuasion is a psychological influence on a person’s mind, acceptance of attitudes and attitudes. A construct called belief and understanding that is influenced by verbal (verbal), emotional, action hypnosis, self-hypnosis.
Faith can be used to improve a person’s well-being and heal psychological trauma. Direct beliefs, clearly direct: «I will count to five, it will be…»; direct camouflage (something is offered openly, but at the same time it is disguised, because part of it comes from the client; the client is taught to act differently): «I replace the painful feelings about the period before the illness with less pleasant feelings.» Indirect offers. The order of reception, (several statements with which a person agrees): «You have come to me, now sit on this soft chair, listen to my voice, today you will feel much better» («today you will feel much better» is, in fact, an offer and from the following words give the person’s consent); «Why not allow it?»; «Don’t go into trance until you’re comfortable in this chair» (implication added); «Don’t take a deep breath until your hand touches your face» (implication added); «You don’t know how good you can be in trance until your hand is completely on your hip» (implication added); «You don’t have to do anything (until the inevitable patient action happens in the near future).» surprise, creative moments; laziness (difficult to give up): «When you sit comfortably, you can relax»; «Each person goes into trance in his own way»; «People forget a lot of things. Keys, phone numbers, meetings…» (amnesia is constructed); any proverbs and sayings; «Your headache now, can be suppressed when your mind is ready to release it»; «Your symptom may disappear when your subconscious mind realizes that this problem can be solved in a more constructive way»; Ideomotor (we want to cause ideomotor reactions – movement) «Many people may feel that one hand is lighter than the other.» Mobilization (indefinite mobilization circles are offered, which a person fills in according to his own resources; there is a pause after the mobilization words): «Your unconscious will put everything necessary in its place»; «Using your unconscious resources allows you to do (pause) this work»; «Your unconscious can coordinate (pause) everything that needs to be coordinated.» Limited Open (recommended limited choice not shown; usually things that are hard to say no to): «You can learn in many different ways»; «There are different ways of working»; «Certain poses are comforting.» Cover all the possibilities of the class (you should add «or something else» after you have listed all the possibilities): «I don’t know what your unconscious mind is using to help you solve your problem. Maybe some words I say or don’t say, maybe images, maybe sounds, maybe feelings, maybe emotions, maybe memories, or something else.»
Self-hypnosis is a psychological effect on a person himself, his ideas, thoughts, feelings (for example, to eliminate painful phenomena and improve general well-being, as recommended by a doctor). Self-hypnosis is carried out through autogenic exercises that a person learns with the help of a psychotherapist. A person reads to himself (to himself or aloud) or simply thinks and says certain words or whole phrases to influence himself. There is no fundamental difference between external persuasion and self-hypnosis. What unites them is imagination. Moreover, there can be no third party persuasion without self persuasion. Self-hypnosis can have an incomparably stronger effect on a person than external hypnosis. This is explained by the fact that a person can engage in self-hypnosis independently and indefinitely throughout his life. the phenomenon of confidence
A common state of confidence is self-confidence. Self-doubt (despair) is a psychological problem. An insecure person is first of all a danger to himself. in philosophy, in particular, in the theory of knowledge, faith (hope) is considered as one of the most important aspects of knowledge. philosophy (at least historically) seeks this state. Epistemology is the study of knowledge, certainty and truth. Modern approaches to knowledge, as in philosophy, generally do not take into account the factor of certainty.
Socrates, often considered the first philosopher, had a higher standard of truth than any other scientist before him. he took very seriously the problem of skepticism which he accepted in philosophy. as a result, he claimed to know nothing. Socrates often said that his wisdom was limited by his ignorance. Philology studies methods of expressing confidence in speech. In the phrase «I think he will come» it is distinguished by the speaker lowering the tone in the word «I think» and then by raising the tone. Despite the variety of views on the phenomenon of confidence, there are two basic rules developed in Russian and foreign psychology in understanding this construct and, accordingly, two leading directions of research: confidence in the correctness of your own (opinion) judgments; self confidence.
Belief can also be defined as the mental state of believing some knowledge to be true. Belief is the psychological nature of understanding. Belief can be the result of an individual’s own experience or the result of external action. For example, confidence can arise in a person under the influence of conscious adaptation in addition to (and sometimes against) his will (internal) and consciousness (external). A person can gain confidence through self-hypnosis (for example, autogenic exercises). The most important thing about confidence is self-confidence. And self-doubt (your hope) is a psychological problem. habitual helplessness
A person experiencing discomfort, pain, and similar negative factors in a state of learned (skilled) helplessness does not try to improve his situation, even if he has the opportunity to escape, because he does not believe. insecurity arises after unsuccessful attempts to influence or avoid negative, negative, negative situations, it is characterized by passivity, refusal to take active action and does not attempt to change or avoid a hostile environment, even when such an opportunity arises. In humans, learned (skilled) helplessness is accompanied by a loss of freedom and control, a lack of faith in the ability to change and one’s own power, suppression of the will, and depression until death. animals (including humans) are born helpless and, through the process of learning, gain an understanding of the possibility of change and gain confidence in their own abilities. As a result of animal experiments, Seligman’s group came to the conclusion that people do not want to do anything when there is an opportunity to eliminate such effects if it is impossible to control the effects of painful and other negative factors on themselves. later they confirmed that it affects people, but without causing pain to the subjects (experiments used annoying sounds). researchers call this acquired behavior «learned (skilled) helplessness.»
Seligman subsequently introduced the concept of «habitual pessimism» as an analogue of «learned helplessness», as opposed to «habitual optimism» which can be consciously learned. since the discovery of the phenomenon, the biological mechanism of its operation has been well explained: passivity is a basic, natural state in animals due to the activity of serotonin in the dorsal raphe nucleus, and it can be overcome by the activity of the medial prefrontal cortex. As a result, the authors revised their theory and concluded that the cause-and-effect relationship is reversed: past events lead to a sense of control over events, not loss, when animals have long-term inhibitions in the brain – a sense of control over events. also leads to feelings. In the 1950s and 1960s, a paradigm shift occurred in psychological science, when scientists focused on the cognitive functions of people and began to connect cognitive processes with information processing and self-regulation. The previously prevailing view of motivation as a consequence of desires and impulses turned out to be too simplistic; In the psychology of motivation, researchers have focused on subjects’ assessment of the possibilities of achieving what they want, which, in their understanding, depends on the subject’s willingness to invest in achieving the result and similar aspects of motivation. Then the concepts of «locus of control» and «causal attribution» were introduced into the scientific circulation. In the 1960s and 1970s, the most common diagnosis of mental disorders was depression, and Martin Seligman and his colleagues tried to identify its causes. In 1964, Martin Seligman and Stephen Mayer participated in a series of experiments on dogs at the University of Pennsylvania’s psychology laboratory. Experiments IP Pavlov’s classical conditioning (Pavlovian fear conditioning is a widely used laboratory paradigm for the study of fear associated with learning and memory. A major limitation of traditional Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigms is that freezing is the only controlled defense behavior.) formation of a conditioned fear reflex in dogs to a loud sound was. As negative reinforcement, a mild but sensitive electric current was used that dogs in cages experienced after hearing the sound. After several stimuli, the cages were opened to see if the dogs were not frightened by the sound. The experimenters expected that the dogs would flee when they heard a loud noise to avoid an electric shock, thanks to a developed fear reflex. However, contrary to expectations, the dogs did not escape. They lay on the floor and groaned, but made no attempt to escape, although it was not difficult when the boxes were open. The result was behaviorism, which prevailed in psychology at that time (Behaviorism (English: behaviorism) is a systematic approach to the study of human and animal behavior. It consists of all behavioral reflexes, reactions to certain stimuli in the environment, and the individual’s current motivational state and controlling stimuli, together with suggests that it is due to personal history, such as reinforcement and punishment. although behaviorists generally recognize the important role of heredity in determining the degree of response to various environmental factors, they focus primarily on environmental factors) were by no means consistent. Martin Seligman, who noticed the unexpected results of the experiment, suggested that maybe the dogs did not try to avoid the shock, not because of fear – it was clear from their behavior that they expected the shock – during the experiment they tried to avoid it, but because of the lack of results, they got used to its inevitability. in other words, the dogs «learned to be helpless.» Seligman decided to test his hypothesis himself and in 1967 again used the Pavlovian design to experimentally investigate the nature of helplessness. together with his colleague Stephen Mayer, he conducted a similar experiment with electric shocks, but with the participation of three groups of dogs. the first group was given the opportunity to avoid pain: by pressing its nose to a special panel, the dog in this group could turn off the power of the shock-generating system. In this way he was able to control the situation; his reaction was significant. In the second group, the deactivation of the shock device was dependent on the behavior of the first group. These dogs were given the same shock as the dogs in the first group, but their reaction did not affect the results. The pain response to the dog in the second group stopped only when the associated dog of the first group pressed the separation panel. Dogs in the third group (control) received no shock at all. Over a period of time, two experimental groups of dogs were exposed to electric shocks of the same intensity, the same volume, and the same amount of time. The only difference is that some of them were able to easily stop the negative effect, while others were able to make sure that they could not affect the negative effect. After that, all three groups of dogs were placed in a box with a shield from which any of them could easily jump and thus escape the electric shock. The dogs of the group that could control the shocks did just that. Dogs in the control group easily jumped over the barrier. Nevertheless, the dogs, who experienced uncontrollable difficulties, ran around the box, then lay on the bottom, whimpering, and endured the electric shock with great force. Seligman and Mayer concluded that helplessness does not arise from negative events themselves, but rather from the experience of not being able to control these events.
