знания и навыки

учебная и научная литература

книги по психологии

гуманитарные и общественные науки

саморазвитие / личностный рост

Much recent research in evolutionary developmental biology has focused on the origin of new body plans. However, most evolutionary change at the population and species level consists of tinkering: small-scale alterations in developmental pathways within a single body plan. Such microevolutionary events have been well studied on a population genetic level and from the perspective of adaptive phenotypic evolution, but their developmental mechanisms remain poorly studied. This book explores both theoretical and practical issues of tinkering. It features a wide range of perspectives to address several fundamental questions. How does tinkering occur developmentally, and how is it manifested phenotypically? Are the developmental mechanisms by which tinkering occur different from those that underlie larger evolutionary changes? What are the developmental constraints on tinkering? And how do we test hypotheses about microevolutionary shifts in development from the fossil record? With contributions from experts in a range of fields, this fascinating book makes exciting reading for anyone studying evolution, developmental biology or genetics.

учебники 9 класс

ГИА (ОГЭ, ГВЭ)

информатика 9 класс

ГИА по информатике и ИКТ (ОГЭ, ГВЭ)

государственная итоговая аттестация (ГИА)

экзамен по информатике

задания по информатике

подготовка к экзаменам

основной государственный экзамен (ОГЭ)

Tinkering

Anaphylaxis is an immediate-type allergic reaction involving the whole organism. It is the most life-threatening allergic condition. Although there are few exact epidemiological data regarding prevalence, estimates regarding insect sting anaphylaxis range from 1-3% in the general population, but much higher values have been reported by some authors for food and drug-induced anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is the main acute killer of allergic individuals. Although anaphylaxis was discovered at the beginning of the 20th century, there are still many unresolved issues. These include non-IgE-mediated anaphylactoid reactions, non-immunologically mediated anaphylactoid (pseudo-allergic) reactions, pathophysiological events at the microcirculatory level, appropriate therapy for the acute reaction, strategies for prevention, public education about the problem and new approaches to prevention and therapy at the IgE level. All these subjects are discussed in this book. Since anaphylaxis occurs acutely and is unforeseen, it is very difficult to organize controlled studies regarding therapy and prevention. The spectrum of symptomatology covers many clinical areas (skin, respiratory, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system), therefore inter-disciplinary approaches are necessary for progress in the field. There is widespread uncertainty among physicians about therapy, especially concerning self-administered treatment. In this important book, an multidisciplinary group of experts explore the pathophysiology of different types of anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions. Evidence is presented on the epidemiology of these conditions while problems relating to diagnosis, therapy and prevention are examined in detail. This thorough and up-to-date coverage of the subject will be of great interest to all clinical immunologists, researchers and physicians who deal with this life-threatening condition. Related Novartis Foundation symposia: 252 Generation and effector functions of regulatory lymphocytes Chair: Jean-François Bach Immunoinformatics: bioinformatic strategies for better understanding of immune function Chair: Hans-Georg Rammensee Cancer and inflammation Chair: Siamon Gordon

детская познавательная и развивающая литература

полезные советы

этикет

детские энциклопедии

книги для девочек

правила поведения

Anaphylaxis

Experts from a variety of areas compare and discuss IL-6 and LIF in order to provide a new understanding of their modes of action, the significance of their polyfunctionalization–why the body chooses to use one molecule to regulate various cell types–and their functional overlap. Covers such topics as actions of IL-6 and LIF on lymphoid populations, on megakaryocyte and platelet production, on bone metabolism, their effects on leukemic cells and much more. Includes contributions from researchers working on a variety of cell types and organ systems along with potential clinical applications regarding these two factors.

любовные романы

современные любовные романы

первая любовь

в поисках любви

исследования науки и технологий

Polyfunctional Cytokines

This book is a comprehensive and up-to-date account of where we stand in immunological strategies for preventing or treating type 1 diabetes (T1D). Brings together contributions from the leaders in the arena of clinical immunotherapy, not limited to the diabetes field exclusively, in order to delineate a road-map that would lead to future clinical trials. The book integrates information from human and animal studies. The book considers T1D within the broader context of autoimmune disease. The format contains several discussions, which address specific questions and provides guidelines for future strategies and solutions for discovering a cure.

игровое обучение

развивающие издания

обучение чтению

авторские методики

дошкольное обучение

иллюстрированное издание

Defining Optimal Immunotherapies for Type 1 Diabetes

Many common human diseases have a multifactorial origin: they are influenced by a person's genetic predisposition as well as by factors in the environment. This volume deals with the application of recombinant DNA techniques to the identification of diseases that have more than one inherited component. Focus is on the polygenic factors responsible for coronary atherosclerosis. Several other disorders having a polygenic origin are also discussed, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, psychiatric diseases, and autoimmune (HLA-related) disorders. Problems raised by the study of different families or different populations are covered, as well as the possibility of applying molecular techniques to disease prevention–for example, through gene therapy. Also, some of the ethical issues that relate to human gene mapping are briefly explored.

сказки

книги для дошкольников

детям и родителям

досуг

Новый год

сказочные приключения

Molecular Approaches to Human Polygenic Disease

This new work contains the first integrated discussion of the role of olfaction in mosquito-host interactions. It covers the practical applications of this knowledge in attempting to control malaria as a problem for world health. The volume begins with a general overview of mosquito life cycle styles and how odour-mediated host location fits into the repertoire of behaviours that a specific species may exhibit. Certain aspects of insect olfaction and its underlying physiological mechanisms are incorporated within the book.

зарубежный юмор

современная зарубежная литература

Olfaction in Mosquito-Host Interactions

The many different kinds of blood cells found in the human body are derived from multi-potential stem cells, which are induced to differentiate into one or another cell type by the action of regulatory proteins or growth factors. This volume looks at the way that binding of these proteins to specific receptors causes changes in gene expression in the nucleus and the activity of certain enzymes in the cytoplasm, committing the cell to a particular developmental pathway. Also discussed are recently established clinical applications and clinical trials of new techniques.

детективы

зарубежные детективы

современные детективы

частные детективы

тайны прошлого

детектив-загадка

жестокие убийства

Molecular Control of Haemopoiesis

Environmental statistics is a rapidly growing discipline that is important not only as a division of professional and academic statistics, but also in the accumulation of data on environmental effects and in the formulation of environmental policy by government agencies. This book features contributions from policy makers, scientists actively involved in collection of data, and professional, academic and government statisticians. These explore the interfaces between the different areas of application of environmental statistics and consider the future applications of methods arising from this discipline. Some of the chapters deal specifically with environmental models and methods. Here, the contributors explain specialized statistical techniques that have been developed for analysing environmental data and mathematical models that have been applied to the problem of integrating large amounts of environmental data into a coherent picture of particular environmental systems. Several of the contributions deal specifically with the problems involved in co-ordinating data collection over large geographical areas and over many dimensions of measurement. Finally, the book discusses the problems of formulating specific environmental policies given the nature of the information that has been made available using environmental statistical methods.

литературоведение

Environmental Statistics

Cigarette smoking is estimated to lead to 4.9 million premature deaths per year worldwide. This is predicted to rise to 10 million by 2020. In western countries it kills half of all smokers who fail to stop. The prevailing model for tobacco addiction is that nicotine from cigarettes rewards smoking and punishes abstinence, tapping into a motivational system of operant conditioning that requires no conscious awareness. However, there are also accounts which involve cognitive biases and the effect of nicotine on impulse control. The brain pathways involved have been studied extensively, but the role of different nicotine receptor subtypes and other neurotransmitter systems is still subject to debate. In western countries, cigarette smoking as an adult has a heritability of 30-50% and candidate genes have been identified that may contribute in part to addiction susceptibility. Many socio-cultural correlates of cigarette smoking have been established, but a comprehensive model that accounts for these and links them with the psychobiological aspects of nicotine addiction has not been forthcoming. Structured behavioural support programmes aid cessation attempts, as do a number of pharmacotherapies, most notably nicotine replacement treatments and bupropion, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This book deals with the problems involved in understanding and treating nicotine and tobacco addiction. Topics covered include the nature of the worldwide health problem posed by cigarette smoking, the psychodynamics of cigarette addiction, and the basic pharmacology and biochemistry of nicotine and its effect on the brain. Further chapters analyse the genetic basis of susceptibility to nicotine addiction. Finally, the contributors address approaches to therapy. A continuing theme in the discussions throughout the book is how best to treat nicotine addiction, given that many smokers would like to stop smoking but are unable to do so because of their addiction. This book will be of great value to all psychologists and psychiatrists working on addiction, specifically to nicotine but also to other compounds and behaviours. It will also be of interest to neuroscientists and pharmacologists working on nicotine receptors and the brain pathways involved in dependence, as well as to biochemists, molecular biologist and to public health officials.

экономика

управление экономикой

отраслевая и межотраслевая экономика

Understanding Nicotine and Tobacco Addiction

This book features contributions from experts in cell biology, genetics, neurobiology, immunology and structural biology. The unifying element is that they all study processes of cell shape change and motility. Several key questions in this field of research are discussed: What are the organising principles behind cell shape change? Are there ‘master switches’ present in every cell type? How are extracellular signals interpreted by the cell in order to activate intracellular mechanisms? What is the influence of the extracellular matrix on cell movement and internal signalling pathways? How do pathogens subvert cellular systems in order to stimulate or block their uptake? The book addresses all of these important questions. Data are presented on the key proteins that regulate cell shape: the GTP binding proteins of the Rho family. There are also extensive discussions of the potential applications of the data to clinical problems, particularly that of cell motility in cancer.

изучение языков

английский язык

лексический материал

текстовый материал

PDF + MP3

задания по английскому языку

английские сказки

английский язык для детей

английский для начинающих

адаптированный английский

Signalling Networks in Cell Shape and Motility

This work deals with basic plant physiology and cytology, and addresses the practical exploitation of plants, both as crops and as sources of useful compounds produced as secondary metabolites. Covers problems of commercial exploitation, socio-legal aspects of genetic engineering of crop plants, and of the difficulties of marketing natural compunds produced by cells under artificial conditions.

ужасы / мистика

ужасы

хоррор

Applications of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture

Comprises the proceedings of a symposium held at the Ciba Foundation, London, February 1987. Addresses main issues and new techniques in the study of motor areas of the cerebral cortex in humans and animals. Reviews the historical development of the study of cortical structure and function, examines anatomical connections of motor areas, and surveys physiological studies of cortical areas in conscious primates. Also considers the effects of cortical lesions, and discusses clinical and experimental results on disorders of motor control.

словари, справочники

руководства

кулинария

другие справочники

медицина и здоровье

Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Prominent clinicians and researchers from diverse disciplines discuss the basic cell and molecular biology of steroid action and sex steroids' effects on the nervous and immune systems. Provides an integrated evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of hormone replacement therapy.

короткие любовные романы

Non-Reproductive Actions of Sex Steroids

Regulation of intracellular pH is vital to all living cells. This symposium covers the control of pH in muscle and nerve cells and the different mechanisms of acid transport across epithelial and other cell membranes. Papers describe the development and application of microelectrodes and various techniques in molecular biology to the study of the mechanisms of protein transport. Also discusses the significance of pH regulation for the action of hormones and growth factors.

законы, нормативные акты

конституция и кодексы РФ

юридическая литература

уголовно-исполнительный кодекс РФ

уголовно-исполнительное право

нормативные правовые акты

Proton Passage Across Cell Membranes

A comprehensive volume examining the fundamental questions raised by reductionists' theory about levels of explanation necessary to understand biological systems. The book evaluates the enormously powerful techniques of molecular biology, and analyzes precisely how molecular information has improved our understanding of fundamental biological processes.

The Limits of Reductionism in Biology

Cocaine poses interesting problems for neurophysiologists and neuropharmacologists and there is important new data on the effects of cocaine on the brain (its initial site of action at the cellular level now appearing to be the dopamine transporter). Includes chapters on the far-reaching toxic effects of cocaine, on the epidemiology and the economics of drug addiction, on the past and present use of cocaine in the U.S. and in South America, and on the moral issues raised by drug use and abuse.

биографии и мемуары

Cocaine

An international group of researchers addresses basic mechanism involved in the metastatic spread of tumors and considers new methods of prevention and treatment. Compares behavior of normal and abnormal cells, with emphasis on cell surface mechanisms–especially invasive processes–and inhibitors that might prevent metastasis. Also discusses determination of the metastatic genotype, the role of the immune system, and reduction of metastasis via liposome-activated macrophages.

Metastasis

This book draws together contributions from some of the leading investigators in the field of autism to consider specific problem areas in current research. Each contributor brings expertise from a different field, providing a balanced view of the whole spectrum of study of this disorder. It covers four main areas: Twin and family studies indicate that the heritability of the underlying liability to autism exceeds 90% and point to a multifactorial causation, involving a relatively small number of susceptibility genes. The book discusses this issue in detail, along with the problem of why some additional symptoms are associated with autism while others are not. New techniques are available for examining the neurobiology of autism. The book contains results from imaging studies showing the contributions of different brain regions to autism. It includes neuropathological data and examines the neuropharmacology of autism. There is considerable discussion concerning the fundamental psychological deficit in children with autism. There is good evidence that «Theory of Mind» deficits are associated with autism and this issue is discussed in the book, as are other competing possibilities. The most important practical question facing medical and psychological practitioners is how to help children with autism. The evidence relating to possible psychological or psychiatric interventions for rehabilitation of children with autism is examined in detail. Drug treatments have generally been disappointing in this field and there is one chapter devoted specifically to this problem. The book focusses ultimately on intervention studies and so is of practical relevance to people interested in helping autistic children. In addition, it provides a very convenient summary of the principal controversies which currently exist in research on autism.

зарубежные детские книги

красочные иллюстрации

сказки с картинками

сказочные человечки

детям до 3 лет

Autism

TGF-beta, originally identified as a transforming growth factor with similar properties, is now known to exist as a family of factors with similar properties. These factors promote cell proliferation in some tissue types or conditions and induce cell differentiation in others. Features the latest information on the TGF-beta family and its receptors. Describes correlations between TGF-beta and certain cancers, including glioblastomas. Also contains reports of preliminary investigations of clinical applications for TGF-beta in many diseases, including leukemia and its use to accelerate wound healing.

стихи и поэзия

советская литература

лирика

поэтическая библиотека

сборник рассказов

советская классика

серьезное чтение

cтихи, поэзия

Clinical Applications of TGF-Beta

Dietary supplements can contain a wide variety of ingredients, either singly or in combination, including nutrients, botanicals and 'bioactive components' commonly found in foods. They are marketed and used by consumers for a range of reasons: to enhance «well-being», as traditional medicines, for health promotion or disease risk reduction, and as alternatives or complements to conventional drug therapies. On a global basis, the dietary supplement industry has enjoyed rapid growth, becoming a multi-billion dollar enterprise over the last 10 years. This growth has been associated with significant changes in both the types of products available and the reasons for using these products. In many cases, these changes have occurred without the benefit of a sound scientific basis for evaluating the safety and efficacy of these products under the new conditions of use and frequently the same limited scientific evidence is used, even though current product composition, user populations, purported beneficial effects, and conditions of use may differ significantly from the available evidence or historical usage. This book presents systematic examinations of the scientific data that are available and/or needed to substantiate and evaluate the safety and efficacy of dietary supplements. A series of case studies that are illustrative of the types of scientific challenges that have been encountered in substantiating safety and efficacy for various product types are employed to point out some of the successes but also frustrations that have occurred in recent years. Discussions among presenters and participants identify the lessons learned from these experiences and formulate ideas for improved approaches to identifying research needs and for enhancing the quality and relevance of the scientific evidence available for policy decisions. Dietary Supplements and Health constitutes a useful resource for nutritionists, biochemists, public health researchers and anyone interested in herbal, alternative medicines.

головоломки

занятия с детьми

Dietary Supplements and Health

A comprehensive review of recent work on chromatin and non-histone proteins, this book arises from the interactions of a multidisciplinary group of scientists involved in the study of acetylation. This area of research opens up new and exciting possibilities for drug design, and so the final chapters in the book examine some of the potential applications in the treatment of various diseases.

педагогика

Reversible Protein Acetylation

Heart failure is the main cause of death and disability in the industrialized world. There is a major need for novel therapeutics for prevention and reversal of cardiac pathology associated with heart failure and cardiac enlargement. Over recent years, dramatic progress has been made in unravelling the cellular circuitry involved in cardiac failure, as well as in normal cardiac growth, development and apoptosis. This work has revealed new and unexpected therapeutic targets in the heart. In addition, advances in understanding the role of stem cells in cardiac physiology have suggested strategies for cardiac repair and regeneration once thought impossible. This book describes the work of leading investigators studying the basic mechanisms of cardiac growth, function and dysfunction. There are also exciting contributions from researchers developing novel therapeutic strategies for cardiac disease. The unique feature is the discussions amongst the contributors, which always return to the same basic problem: how can new data from biological studies be used to design novel therapies for the treatment of cardiac dysfunction following myocardial infarction, hypertension and other disorders? With its strong emphasis on translational research, this book will appeal to both scientists and clinicians interested in diminishing the impact of the current epidemic of cardiac diseases.

энциклопедии

развитие кругозора

эрудиция

интересные факты

книги для почемучек

планета Земля

Heart Failure

Certain organic compounds can become toxic to biological tissue when activated by light. Many medical applications of this effect have been studied over the past twenty years, and This symposium brings together chemists, biologists, and clinicians to discuss the basic chemistry of the sensitizing compounds, their biological effects, and clinical applications in treatments of various cancers and skin disorders.

о бизнесе популярно

истории успеха

просто о бизнесе

психология успеха

успешный бизнес

продвижение бизнеса

работа над собой

Photosensitizing Compounds

Renowned contributors provide comprehensive coverage of calcium gradients, waves and oscillations in diverse systems. Discusses the mechanisms initiating and sustaining calcium waves and their role in cell function. Describes studies using the latest techniques for measuring calcium ion gradients including chemiluminescent indicators.

учебники и пособия для вузов

Calcium Waves, Gradients and Oscillations

Без серии

Gregory R. Bock