Arnoldson Klas Pontus
Pax mundi
APPENDIX
Note on page 123 .
The Association for the Neutralization of Denmark.
The objects of this Association are to work for:
1. Securing for Denmark a permanent neutrality recognised by Europe, like that of Belgium or Switzerland;
2. The concluding of Arbitration treaties between Denmark and other independent States, especially the two Northern Kingdoms;
3. The solution by a pacific means of the North Sleswick question in accordance with the principle of popular veto.
Note on page 125 .
International Arbitration and Peace Association (40 and 41, Outer Temple, London, W.C.).
OBJECTS.
Among the objects of this Association are the following:
1. To create, educate, and organize public opinion throughout Europe in favour of the substitution of Arbitration for War.
2. To promote a better understanding and more friendly feeling between the citizens of different nations.
3. To correct erroneous statements in the public press or in Parliaments on International questions.
MODES OF ACTION.
1. To establish in the chief cities of Europe Committees or Societies which shall correspond with each other on all matters likely to create disputes, with the view of ascertaining the facts and of suggesting just and practical modes of settlement.
2. Where Committees cannot at present be formed, to obtain the services of individuals acting in co-operation for the same purpose.
3. To form a medium of communication between men of different countries by a Journal devoted to these purposes, and to promote International fraternity and co-operation, mutual appreciation and esteem.
4. To hold periodical conferences and congresses in all parts of Europe.
5. To correspond and work with similar Associations and committees in America.
WHAT THE ASSOCIATION HAS DONE.
It has held two International Congresses on the European continent. Many visits have been paid to cities in Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, and Hungary, for the above purpose. In these countries, including America, the Association has directly or indirectly corresponded with more than six hundred persons, many of whom are Members of Parliament, journalists, literary men, professors, merchants, and manufacturers.
Corresponding Committees and Societies have been founded by the Association in Germany, Hungary, Italy and France; and Societies are affiliated in Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and California.
WHAT IT DESIRES TO DO.
To complete the "International Federation" of Peace-makers proposed by the Congress held at Berne in 1883.
To promote the formation of Societies belonging to this Federation in all parts of Europe.
To form Branches of the Association in various parts of England.
To publish a foreign edition of the monthly paper, Concord, in French and German.
Note on page 137 .
The following are the provisions of the Treaty agreed to at the Pan-American Conference.
Article I. – The republics of North, Central, and South America hereby adopt arbitration as a principle of American International Law for the settlement of all differences, disputes, or controversies that may arise between them.
Article II. – Arbitration shall be obligatory in all controversies concerning diplomatic and consular privileges, boundaries, territories, indemnities, the right of navigation, and the validity, construction, and enforcement of treaties.
Article III. – Arbitration shall be equally obligatory in all cases other than those mentioned in the foregoing article, whatever may be their origin, nature, or occasion; with the single exception mentioned in the next following article.
Article IV. – The sole questions excepted from the provisions of the preceding article are those which, in the judgment of any one of the nations involved in the controversy, may imperil its independence. In which case, for such nation, arbitration shall be optional; but it shall be obligatory upon the adversary power.
Article V. – All controversies or differences, with the exception stated in Article IV., whether pending or hereafter arising, shall be submitted to arbitration, even though they may have originated in occurrences ante-dating the present treaty.
Article VI. – No question shall be revived by virtue of this treaty concerning which a definite agreement shall already have been reached. In such cases arbitration shall be resorted to only for the settlement of questions concerning the validity, interpretation, or enforcement of such agreements.
Article VII. – Any Government may serve in the capacity of arbitrator which maintains friendly relations with the nation opposed to the one selecting it. The office of arbitrator may also be entrusted to tribunals of justice, to scientific bodies, to public officials, or to private individuals, whether citizens or not of the States selecting them.
Article VIII. – The court of arbitration may consist of one or more persons. If of one person, he shall be selected jointly by the nations concerned. If of several persons, their selection may be jointly made by the nations concerned. Should no choice be made, each nation claiming a distinct interest in the question at issue shall have the right to appoint one arbitrator on its own behalf.
Article IX. – When the court shall consist of an even number of arbitrators, the nations concerned shall appoint an umpire, who shall decide all questions upon which the arbitrators may disagree. If the nations interested fail to agree in the selection of an umpire, such umpire shall be selected by the arbitrators already appointed.
Article X. – The appointment of an umpire, and his acceptance, shall take place before the arbitrators enter upon the hearing of the question in dispute.
Article XI. – The umpire shall not act as a member of the court, but his duties and powers shall be limited to the decision of questions upon which the arbitrators shall be unable to agree.
Article XII. – Should any arbitrator, or an umpire, be prevented from serving by reason of death, resignation, or other cause, such arbitrator or umpire shall be replaced by a substitute to be selected in the same manner in which the original arbitrator or umpire shall have been chosen.
Article XIII. – The court shall hold its sessions at such place as the parties in interest may agree upon, and in case of disagreement or failure to name a place the court itself may determine the location.
Article XIV. – When the court shall consist of several arbitrators, a majority of the whole number may act notwithstanding the absence or withdrawal of the minority. In such case the majority shall continue in the performance of their duties, until they shall have reached a final determination of the questions submitted for their consideration.
Article XV. – The decision of a majority of the whole number of arbitrators shall be final both on the main and incidental issues, unless in the agreement to arbitrate it shall have been expressly provided that unanimity is essential.
Article XVI. – The general expenses of arbitration proceedings shall be paid in equal proportions by the governments that are parties thereto; but expenses incurred by either party in the preparation and prosecution of its case shall be defrayed by it individually.
Article XVII. – Whenever disputes arise the nations involved shall appoint courts of arbitration in accordance with the provisions of the preceding articles. Only by the mutual and free consent of all of such nations may those provisions be disregarded, and courts of arbitration appointed under different arrangements.
Article XVIII. – This treaty shall remain in force for twenty years from the date of the exchange of ratifications. After the expiration of that period, it shall continue in operation until one of the contracting parties shall have notified all the others of its desire to terminate it. In the event of such notice the treaty shall continue obligatory upon the party giving it for at least one year thereafter, but the withdrawal of one or more nations shall not invalidate the treaty with respect to the other nations concerned.
Article XIX. – This treaty shall be ratified by all the nations approving it, according to their respective constitutional methods; and the ratifications shall be exchanged in the city of Washington on or before the first day of May, A.D. 1891. Any other nation may accept this treaty and become a party thereto, by signing a copy thereof and depositing the same with the Government of the United States; whereupon the said Government shall communicate this fact to the other contracting parties.
Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.