 .       
 . 

  


  
     .          ,      .          ,             .    , , ,   ,         ,   .           .





    

 .       



   

   W.W.Norton&Company, Inc.   Andrew Nurnberg



      .       .



  .                     .



All Rights Reserved. Authorized translation from the English language edition published by John Wiley & Sons Limited. Responsibility for the accuracy of the translation rests solely with MANN. IVANOV ANDFERBER and is not the responsibility of John Wiley & Sons Limited. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the original copyright holder, John Wiley & Sons Limited.



 AvinashK. Dixit and BarryJ. Nalebuff, 2008

    , , . ΠԻ, 2026


* * *


  ,      ( . ..)










     .              .    .

  ,          ,        ࠖ  [1 -        ,   . ..],       .   ,     ,     .    ,      ,  300.        ,      .

,       ,       -  - .   ?      .    ,      .         ,         . Ѡ ,     ,   .            ,      .

   ,         .      ,   ;  ,       . Ѡ      ,                      (       :    [2 - ., .    . .: , 2012.]).

      :  堖    , ,      .      :       ,       ,   .     (   )    ,   .      .        ,         .

  ,            .    .           ,    :         ,     .         ,       . ,    ,   ,      ,             ,    .

       ,  ,     ,   .       ,   ,   ,      .    ,      . ,        ,    -蠖       .

       -   .                  蠖  .        ,                  .

  ,        ,       .  ,        .           ,      ,         .          ,   ,   ,   ,      .       .

    :      ,               .      ,         . , ,    ,     ,      ,     .            ,       ,         .          ,     , ,       .                      .

 ,        .              ,      ,    .              MBA[3 - Master of Business Administration ( -, .)    . ..],     Google          .         ,    - .

          ,        : 1994  ,       2005     [4 -                  (       ): 1996     ; 2001  ,     ; 2007  ,     .].         ,        A Beautiful Mind: The Life of Mathematical Genius and Nobel Laureate John Nash ( :        ),      ,   [5 -   堖  . ..],        . ,      :      250000.     ,         .

    .     ,   The Strategy of Conflict[6 - .  . .: , 2007.]  Arms and Influence (  )   .         ,       .          Competitive Strategy[7 - .  .    . .:  , 2011.],            .        ,           ,    .

          젖 ,          .  ,              -    ; ,           . ,     -       .   ,       ,          ,   ,   .    ,      ,     ,         .

      ,     ,   ,        Google         .  ,              .    W.W. Norton  ,        .      ,       ,  .       ,    ,         .   -,        ,     .       ,  ,  ,            .     ,        ,   -,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .   W.W. Norton      ,       .            .        ,      .

      -,   Financial Times.         1991,  :          (Financial Times Weekend, 78 1991).            ,     ,    . Ƞ,           , :        ,    .       ,       .

 

 




.      ?


           ,   .      ,   .      ,       ,      .     .   ,    .    ,  ,    蠖          .

         .   ,   ,      ,         ࠖ      ,    . Ӡ      :     . ,   ,    ,      . Ƞ          .

         .      ,   ,      :   .       ,       ,    .  ,     ,    ,          .         ,      .            .        ,       .

     ,     .           ,     ,      .  -      :    ,    ;  ,    .   ,     .

     .  ,         ,           ,   ;   蠖 .         ,      .    ,       .     ,           ,         ,        ,     :   . ,     ,      ,    .

       ,        .     ,    -,     ,             .            .   1    ,  ,          .     ,        ,    ,    .       .  24       ,        .       ,        :   ,            ;       ,         .        ,   , ,    ,             .

          :  ,  ,  ,          ,       .           : ,      2,   ࠖ  4. Ѡ ,  ,        ,     .      .   ,         .             ,     ,        .      IQ    ,    ,    ,   ,    .

      :  ,     (,  ,  ,   )   ,    .                .     ,    ,  ,     ,     .   ,      ,                ,      .

    ,         .       ,      ,    ,         .      ,        .  ,     ,       .      ,     ,         ,      .          ,      ,      .

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 I





 1.    


      ,     .      ,     .   , ,               ,     .  -       ,         ,   .   ,     ,                   .

        ,    .          :    ,     ,   .


1.    

 ,  ,          .    1100;  ࠖ   .        ,    100.

 ,       100:     ,   ,        .     ,  ,   ,       ;         .

       :  1  100.        ,    ,      ,    蠖   . ,      ,    .       ,  80.       60,  頖 40,      20.      ,  ,        .

 ?   .  ,    :     ?   ,  - .       www.artofstrategy.net/ (http://www.artofstrategy.net/)     .    ,     ,     .

   50?      ,   ,   .

,   ࠖ 25?    50,     25.  ,     .        37. ʠ, 37   .   42?   .

  ,       . Ӡ   ࠖ      .  ,     42  50. Ӡ   : 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 4849.      ?

      ,      .     ,       [8 -        :  .].         ,          . ,    Microsoft               .        : 50, 25, 37, 42,      ,              .

   .      ,            .            ,  ,     .          . ,     ,    ,        ?      ,     , ,   ,   .     ,     .  :          50?      !

      ,        .        ,      50,  25,  3742.  ,    ,     ,     ,      ,     .

    ,    .   ,        .     ,      20?    ?

  49?

! ,   .     !    48.        ,   ,     ,     ,     .  ,     49,      48. :  ࠖ     .

       ,          .    :  ,    49, ,   48. ,    ,    ,     47 49.

       ,   ,   ,  ,   ,      :          .    ,   ,        . ,     ,           .       ,  ,             .


2.   

    ,   - Survivor[9 -   ;  㠖  . ..].           .      -  ,          ,   .       ,   .     ,         ,       ,     -   CBS    1 . Ӡ   :         .

        .      .    72-      23-    .     ,          ,    .  ,   ,   .   ,   ,         .

    ,         .      .    ,     . ,     ,       .

     .         .      .     ,     .  ,                  ,      .

,   ,        ,   ,        . ,       堖      ,      .     ,        .          ,          . Ƞ    .      Survivor   ,       . ,          .

   ,         .



 .   ,         .

 .   ,  :              .

 .    ,     .    ,    ,         .



     ,    ,         .  ,     ,   ,        .             .        ;  ,  ,  ,    ,      .

       :        .            ,     .       .

 4 11      ,       .       .    ,      ,       - Survivor.

    ,     .            ,   [10 -     ,             1 . 16 2006    51       .].  2 (#glava2)    ,                 -.



      ,      .        ,       . ,        ,  ,     .       ,          ,          .  ,      ,    ,           .       ,           .                ,               .



3.  

      ?   ,   [11 -    . ..]            [12 -      . ..]       .  ,         , ,     .     ,      ,        [13 -     : The Hot Hand in Basketball: On the Misperception of Random Sequences, Cognitive Psychology 17 (1985): 295314.].  , ,     ,           .    , ,      ,         .     ,            .     ,        .    ,       ,      ,      .        ,     .       ,         ,   .

        Philadelphia 76ers.      .     ,       ;   ,     .        ,   ,     .   ,       ,    ,    ,     ,  ?

    .             ,       ,            .                  . ,      . ,     -     ,        .

    .      ,                 .  ,       ,       .  ,  ,      ,        .

       .             ,      ,      .  1986                ,             .          ;           ,           .             ,    .

     ,       .    Cleveland Cavaliers       ,        (    -   ).  ,   ,         .        ,       ,     .

 ,            ?  -   ,       .           .        ,   ,   .

     5  , ,    ,     ,  .              .      ,   ,            ,        .           ,         .      ࠖ         .


4.     

       [14 -  軠    .      ,      1851. ..]  Liberty        3:1        .       ,      Liberty,    .        Liberty,       ,    ,  ,     ,        ,     132     [15 - New York Times, September 22, 1983.].      .

   Liberty  37 ,  Australia II        .        ,          .     Liberty   .      .          Australia II ;     ,  Liberty 1 47.    ,        ,   Australia II,     .      Australia II   .

           .  ,     ,    .     ,     .    ,      . ?     堖       .      ,     젖   ,     [16 -    ,      .   ,        ,      ,  頖 ,   ,    (     ).].

          .        ,       ,     :    ,         . Ѡ ,     ;     ,    .       ,    .                 .

             .      Dell     ,        .         Apple, Sun    .  蠖    , ,       .         .  Procter & Gamble,   Dell   ,        Kimberly-Clark -        .

    .      ,       (   ),  ,   ,       (   ).   堖    ,               .       ,   ,       .


5.   

               ,       :          ,      -  .     :       [17 -             18 1521,   : Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1950).].       ,      . ,     ,    .       :               .

            .     :     ,   ,    , ,      [18 - Don Cook, Charles de Gaulle: A Biography (New York: Putnam, 1982).].         .     ,       ,        .  60-    !          ().

           ?      ,        ࠖ    . ,            1963-,   1968.        ,   .      ,    .           .             .

    ,  ,   .    ,         ,      . ,      ,              .          ,     .               .             :     ,     ,   ; ,    ,   .        [19 - David Schoenbrun, The Three Lives of Charles de Gaulle (New York: Athenaeum, 1966).]. ,    ,       .

    ,     .           ,    .        .         ,        ,       .

     ,      .         ,     .            .           ,    [20 -       .      ,        .           ,    .         .          ,   䠖  ,     ,    .].     ,   .     ,           ,    .

   ?    ,   ,            (  7).


6.  

 -   .   ,    :     .           .        .        20,        .

      ABC   . 9 2005    ,    -  .     .       ,         ,    .

    ,           Sports Illustrated      .      ,        .       ,    . . . . . Π,  ,  ? Ƞ .

   ,   ,      .    ABC Primetime :        ,    .         .  ,  ,   .      ,   . ,   ,       ,    ,   .

     .      ,         -.      ,       .

     ࠖ  ,      .        .    ,      .     .

       :   ,  -    .      ,      .        ,           .      ,       .        ,     .

       ,  .    ,             .     Weight Watchers ( ),  South Beach ( ),  Slim-Fast ( )   .      ,        .       ,  ,       ,   - .     ,    :   ?

    .   ,        ,      .          ,     . . . .

       .    ,   ,     .       .      .     .      ,  ,       .

       .     ,  .     .       .       ,      .

   ,      .     ,  .

  ,      ,     ,   .     ?     ,     .      .       ,      ;      ,    .

      .   ,         .      .       ,       - .    ,   ,   ,    .

       .  , ,        ,        .     蠖    .             .          .

,      .      ,          . ,  ,      .    ,         .        ,     ,     .     ,        [21 - . Thomas Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966), 45; Xenophon, The Persian Expedition (London: Penguin, 1949), 13637,236.].       ,   .

          .      .      600  ,     ,  .       ,           .     ,       ,        [22 -    ,        ,  .].

    ,    ,   .   ,      ,      .             .      ,    ,        ,      .        .             .     (  14  ),        .     ,     ABC   .

         ,            [23 -  Life: The Game ( )    16 2006.   ,       ,    20 2006.]. ,        廠     . ,    .           6.


7.  

 ,     ,     [24 -    ,    . ..]       10005000,      .    , ;   .  ,   ,   .

      ,  ,    ,   ,    .        [25 -   1992- 2000      ,     .           604605,  99,8.   ,     17  ,       .].      ,    ?      ,    [26 -       ,      ( ),          ,     .].       :



 ,     (  !)   :    ,          (    )    ,        .           ,          (    ,      )[27 - Warren Buffett, The Billionaires Buyout Plan (New York Times, September 10, 2000).].


 ,      ,      .   ,    ,     ,        1 ,       ,            . ,       ,    . Ѡ ,      ,    ,      1 .

 ,     ,    . ,      .        .      ,      .  ,            ,       .

     ,      ,    [28 -     ,        .         ,          .].             .           ,      .  ,            ,     ,    .

           [29 - .  . .: , -, 2011.].             .   ,       .         .       :



,    ,     ,    .    .      ,        !    ;       .  ? ,       .   ,  ,    ,     .       ,   ,   .   ,              . , ,           ;       

          ,    ,      蠖 ,     [30 - Truman Capote, In Cold Blood (New York: Vintage International, 1994), 22628.].


    ,    [31 -    ,     ,      :       .].    .

  頖     ,       ,   .      ,       ,        .   :   ,     ?

     ,  .  ,    ,      ?       ?           .

    ,     ,    ,  ,   ,   ,      .          ,  -   ,  :   ?          .        .     ,     ,   ,      .

             .     -   ,       .          .  .  :    .

     ,        .   ,       .       3,  ,      .       :   ,     .   (     )       .       ,       .         ,     ,     . ,    ,              .         ,     .


8.  

  ,   [32 -  ࠖ      Maspro Denkoh. ..]    .    , Sothebys Christies,              18 ,   .          ,       , ,    . , , , , .   ,   ,    .

 Christies  ,  Sothebys .   ,    Christies      3 . ,     ,        ?

    ,         .    Sothebys ,  Christies  ,     .   ,   :   ,   . ,  ,      .

      Christies      ,      ,      .    :  ,      . , - ,   :    ,    .   ,      [33 -       ,   New York Times 29 2005.].

 Sothebys   .  ,    ,      .       .

    ,    - .    Sothebys     (  ,  ,      ),      Christies,      .        ,    ,     .

 Christies     . ,  Sothebys     ,     Christies,    ,  .    ,     ,  Sothebys       [34 -      . ..]   .

 -       .   Sothebys   ,  Christies   .       Christies  Sothebys    .

      ,       .    ,     .        .  ,   ,          ,       .        .

 ,     .     ,    , ,   :     ,    [35 -       AI  ,    : http://chappie.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/roshambot (http://chappie.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/roshambot).   16-            , ,  (RoShamBo); . www.cs.ualberta.ca/~darse/rsbpc.html (http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~darse/rsbpc.html).,      ,    Douglas Walker and Graham Walkers The Official Rock Paper Scissors Strategy Guide (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004),       www.worldrps.com (http://www.worldrps.com/).].   ,          .       : , , .

 ,       ,       .    Sothebys, Christies    ,         .  ,   ,  Sothebys  ,  Christies   (   ).   Sothebys   ,  Christies    . ,        .     ,  Sothebys       .

 ,   ,             .            ,      .   ,            ,       ,  ,     .    ,     .       ,       ,  . ,    ,  ,   ,     . Ѡ ,  ,    ,      .          ,      ,       .

         .       ,    ,        .   ,         .    -   ,       ࠖ 30 64 ;    ,             .  5    ,      .

       .   , ,        Sothebys,   .             .          ,       .          ,              12 [36 -    20   800000  12    .       17,8 ;     2,84 .].      ,     . ߠ 11? 煠


9.   

  Guys and Dolls[37 -   堖   . ..]       ,      -   :



      ,     ,   .       ,      ,   ,       . , ,         ,    ,       ࠖ     ,  ,      .


           :    堖    .     ()    ,      [38 -  ,         .       ,    ,    .        .   ,    ,     .  ,         . ,       .    ,      .].

       . ,        .  ?         .  -       ,      ,    [39 -        .  ,    ,      . ,         ,  .].

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         ,   ,     ,  ,     .          .       ,    ,   . ,     .      :    .

    .      ,     ? -    .   ,   - ,  ? ,     .  -     ,  ,   ,   .   ,   ?  :          ,    .

      ,      .      ,     ,      .         ,         .   ,     ,  ,      ,       .       ,    ,   .       ,     ,       .     .   ,     ,   ,         .      ,   .        ,  ,     .

  ,      ,       .                    .



,   ,      .      ,       ,  .        :    ?   -,    ,    .   ,     90     ,       .        ,   ,            ,      .

  ,      ,  .      .      .  ,   ,      , ,     ,      [40 - Kevin Conley, The Players (The New Yorker, July 11, 2005,55).].


,        ࠖ    -  ?  [41 -      , . ..]       ,          ,    .    , ,    ,     . Ӡ     ,    :  ,      , ,          , .      ,  -  ,   ,  :  .

    -  ,   ,   ,         ,   ,     .  10    ,    ,    .

  ,         .            ,       ,   .        ,      ,         .     ,            .   ,      ,      ,       ,      ,   ,      .             ,       ,         .         ;           .       ,     ,              .       8.


 10.       

          (       )         .    ,    ,    .    ,   ,       ,     . ,       . Ѡ         ,   ,     ,    ?    ,       ?

  ,      ,   .       .      ,      ,     .         ,    ,     .     .

   .   2500  (2,75).  ,     ?     ,        2200.    .  ,        .      ,           ,     .       ? .      ,      ,         : ,      2200.

      2200   .

,       . Ѡ ,     .  ,      ,      .  ,     .       ,      .

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   4:8,   ,     [42 -      ,         The 4:8Principle: The Secret to a Joy-Filled Life ( 4:8.  ,  ),     Think 4:8: 40Days to a Joy-Filled Life for Teens (   4:8.    ,  .  ).    4:8    ,          : ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ,   . ..].         ,  ,   .     ,   ,   ,     .       . ,     , ,     ,    .       ,     [43 - ,   -    ;       . ,      .].        ,       ,   .         ,        .      ,    ,      .

     ,    ,      , ,    ,       .       ,   ,      ,      ,    .

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 ,  

  Peanuts ()   :              .       ,  ,    ,   ,   .

       .              (  ,    ),      ,       .

  ,      ,     .   ,       ,  ,      .    ,     (      ,   ) ,  ,   . ,     , ,   ,     .   ,  ,       ,     .          ,    [44 -  (17091784)       . ..]    .         , ,   ,     .  ,     .




















































   

       .        .  ᠖   ,      .      ,       ,        ,        .

 ᠖   ,      ,   1.      ,        .        ,      ,   ,       ,   . ,                .    䠖    .

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		    ,
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 ,       -,  .          : ,   . ,   ,    -,  ,      . ,    ,  ,       PATH[47 - PATH train ,        PATH (Port Authority Trans-Hudson),     , -,   . ..]   ,   .   -, ,     ,  ,       :  ,    (     ),    .      ,   , ,   ,    -          -.








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  ,      ,     . ,         .      ,      .  ,    䠖   .          .

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          . -,             (  ,  ,     ).                 .        :            ,    ,  ,      .       .   ,   . ,      .          ,   .      ,       ,      .       ,       .

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 , ,     ,         ,      .     , ,     , 頖  . ,     ,    ,    ,  ,      .      ,       ;      ,         .        .        ,         (,        ,        ,    ),     ( ,              ,    ).              .


  

          .        ,             ,        ,   . ,         ,        ,    .        ,          .      ,      1987,        :    ,   43,   ,        ,    :   ,      .

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     :             . ,          ,       ,     . ,       ,        . Ѡ ,             . ,     ,   ,            .          ,     (2). ,        -    [48 -         .   ,                 ,       ?     - (     )   ,        (. The Line Item Veto and Public Sector Budgets, Journal of Public Economics 36 (1988): 269292).].

     .  ,     ,        .        ,        .  ,        .         67.

         ( ),         ( ).         .      ,              ,        ,       . , ,       20: ,   ,            ,         .      ,   ,   20. ,        400 .  ,      ,  .                 ,             . ,       ,     .     ,     .

            ,  ,    .         .            [49 -          Gambit   : http://gambit.sourceforge.net (http://gambit.sourceforge.net/).]. Ѡ ,               .          -,      ,       .


    Survivor

 - Survivor  CBS     .     Survivor:    (  )   ,                 [50 -        : www.cbs.com/primetime/survivor5/ (http://www.cbs.com/primetime/survivor5/).].         ;          .      ,     1, 2 3.  0 ( ,   )  ,           .  ,    ,    ,  ,     [51 -           .   ,       .             Nim, a game with a complete mathematical theory, Annals of Mathematics 3, no. 2 (1902): 3539,       .       ,      , Impartial Games,     : RichardJ. Nowakowski, ed., Games of No Chance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 6178).        . : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim)(  堖 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/_() (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC_(%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0))).].        ,       .          ,        砖  .  ,          .

      蠖     ;      .      ,   2,    19.    ,     :         ?

 -       .    ,      ,      ,      ,      . -,             .      ,   ,     , :          .   :  4,      1, 2 3.           ,  3, 2 1   .          :   6,    .

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notes


Notes





1


       ,   . ..




2


., .    . .: , 2012.




3


Master of Business Administration ( -, .)    . ..




4


                 (       ): 1996     ; 2001  ,     ; 2007  ,     .




5


  堖  . ..




6


.  . .: , 2007.




7


.  .    . .:  , 2011.




8


       :  .




9


  ;  㠖  . ..




10


    ,             1 . 16 2006    51       .




11


   . ..




12


     . ..




13


    : The Hot Hand in Basketball: On the Misperception of Random Sequences, Cognitive Psychology 17 (1985): 295314.




14


 軠    .      ,      1851. ..




15


New York Times, September 22, 1983.




16


   ,      .   ,        ,      ,  頖 ,   ,    (     ).




17


            18 1521,   : Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1950).




18


Don Cook, Charles de Gaulle: A Biography (New York: Putnam, 1982).




19


David Schoenbrun, The Three Lives of Charles de Gaulle (New York: Athenaeum, 1966).




20


      .      ,        .           ,    .         .          ,   䠖  ,     ,    .




21


. Thomas Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966), 45; Xenophon, The Persian Expedition (London: Penguin, 1949), 13637,236.




22


   ,        ,  .




23


 Life: The Game ( )    16 2006.   ,       ,    20 2006.




24


   ,    . ..




25


  1992- 2000      ,     .           604605,  99,8.   ,     17  ,       .




26


      ,      ( ),          ,     .




27


Warren Buffett, The Billionaires Buyout Plan (New York Times, September 10, 2000).




28


    ,        .         ,          .




29


.  . .: , -, 2011.




30


Truman Capote, In Cold Blood (New York: Vintage International, 1994), 22628.




31


   ,     ,      :       .




32


 ࠖ      Maspro Denkoh. ..




33


      ,   New York Times 29 2005.




34


     . ..




35


      AI  ,    : http://chappie.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/roshambot (http://chappie.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/roshambot).   16-            , ,  (RoShamBo); . www.cs.ualberta.ca/~darse/rsbpc.html (http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~darse/rsbpc.html).,      ,    Douglas Walker and Graham Walkers The Official Rock Paper Scissors Strategy Guide (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004),       www.worldrps.com (http://www.worldrps.com/).




36


   20   800000  12    .       17,8 ;     2,84 .




37


  堖   . ..




38


 ,         .       ,    ,    .        .   ,    ,     .  ,         . ,       .    ,      .




39


       .  ,    ,      . ,         ,  .




40


Kevin Conley, The Players (The New Yorker, July 11, 2005,55).




41


     , . ..




42


     ,         The 4:8Principle: The Secret to a Joy-Filled Life ( 4:8.  ,  ),     Think 4:8: 40Days to a Joy-Filled Life for Teens (   4:8.    ,  .  ).    4:8    ,          : ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ,   . ..




43


,   -    ;       . ,      .




44


 (17091784)       . ..




45


     The Road Not Taken ( .ࠖ  ). ..




46


Louis Untermeyer, ed., Robert Frosts Poems (New York: Washington Square Press, 1971).




47


PATH train ,        PATH (Port Authority Trans-Hudson),     , -,   . ..




48


        .   ,                 ,       ?     - (     )   ,        (. The Line Item Veto and Public Sector Budgets, Journal of Public Economics 36 (1988): 269292).




49


         Gambit   : http://gambit.sourceforge.net (http://gambit.sourceforge.net/).




50


       : www.cbs.com/primetime/survivor5/ (http://www.cbs.com/primetime/survivor5/).




51


          .   ,       .             Nim, a game with a complete mathematical theory, Annals of Mathematics 3, no. 2 (1902): 3539,       .       ,      , Impartial Games,     : RichardJ. Nowakowski, ed., Games of No Chance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 6178).        . : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim)(  堖 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/_() (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC_(%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0))).




52


  ,   ,     ? .        20,   21,   ,    .  ,    (   -   3? 3)      ,    .




53


       .               ,     16.  ,  ,   -     ,      .




54


 ࠖ          - ;    .     ,     . ..


