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[1] IBM. What is Industry 4.0? Historical overview of Industries 1.04.0.   (https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/industry-4-0)

[2] Steinmueller, W. Edward. The transformation of US business data processing during and beyond the 20th century. Industrial and Corporate Change, 34(6), 2025, pp. 13661386. DOI: 10.1093/icc/dtaf045.   (https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtaf045)

[3] Hedberg, T. Jr., Helu, M., Sprock, T. A Standards and Technology Roadmap for Scalable Distributed Manufacturing Systems. NIST, MSEC2018-6550, 2018.   (https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=925063)

[4] National Institute of Standards and Technology. Smart Manufacturing Systems Design and Analysis Program.   (https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/smart-manufacturing-systems-design-and-analysis-program)

[5] National Institute of Standards and Technology. Digital Twin Economics. NIST AMS 100-61.   (https://www.nist.gov/el/applied-economics-office/manufacturing/topics-manufacturing/digital-twins)

[6] European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Industry 5.0  Towards a sustainable, human-centric and resilient European industry. 5 January 2021.   (https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/knowledge-publications-tools-and-data/publications/all-publications/industry-50-towards-sustainable-human-centric-and-resilient-european-industry_en)

[7] European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Industry 5.0, a transformative vision for Europe. 10 January 2022.   (https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/knowledge-publications-tools-and-data/publications/all-publications/industry-50-transformative-vision-europe_en)

[8] National Institute of Standards and Technology. About NIST. https://www.nist.gov/about-nist.   8  2026 .









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