  .       
 


  Fortune  ,      ,    ,      ChatGPT:             ?         ,              ,         ,      ,    .





 

  .       


 ,   



      :

MASTERING AI: A Survival Guide to Our Superpowered Future /Jeremy Kahn. Simon & Schuster.



    .  ,           ,  ,    .



 2024 by Jeremy Kahn

    ,    .  , 2025




:   


  [1 - Leonard Mlodinow, interview by Katie Haylor, The Elastic behind Light Bulb Moments, The Naked Scientists, March 20, 2019, https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/interviews/elastic-behind-light-bulb-moments.]  ,  ,     ,       .       ,      :  ,    ,          .  ,       ,            -   .

  -         ,    . 31  1879 [2 - Warren Schirtzinger, Thomas Edison Was an Energy Marketing Genius, Renewable Energy World, July 26, 2016, https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/storage/thomas-edison-was-an-energy-marketing-genius.]         -,  -,        ,   ,       .   [3 - Jim Rasenberger, Fade to Black, New York Times, January 2, 2005, https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/02/nyregion/thecity/fade-to-black.html.]              .   ,  ,      .      :    ,      ,   .

         ,    .      -,     Netscape Navigator  1994     . MP3-       iPod  2001 ,          .     ,  Apple  2007   iPhone,   iPhone       .  30  2022 [4 - Jeremy Kahn, The Inside Story of ChatGPT: How OpenAI Founder Sam Altman Built the Worlds Hottest Technology with Billions from Microsoft, Fortune, January 25, 2023, https://fortune.com/longform/chatgpt-openai-sam-altman-microsoft/.]       :       OpenAI  - ChatGPT.

         2016        .          ,   ChatGPT        .  ,      ,      :  ChatGPT ,  ,      .   ,    -   [5 - Jeremy Kahn, OpenAI Says Its Making Progress on The Alignment Problem, Fortune, January 27, 2022, https://fortune.com/2022/01/27/openai-alignment-problem-instructgpt-gpt-3/.]      Instruct GPT,  OpenAI   .     Instruct GPT       OpenAI GPT-3. Instruct GPT  ,  GPT-3,     ,  .       , ,              :      .  Instruct GPT         .

      ChatGPT.   . ,    ,       ,    Google.   Ford Model T    ,        ,   OpenAI     -   .        .

  ?         .   ,       ChatGPT,  ,     .   2016     Google DeepMind[6 - Cade Metz, The Rise of AI  What the AI Behind AlphaGo Can Teach Us about Being Human, Wired, May 17, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/05/google-alpha-go-ai/.]      AlphaGo,             .        .       ,             ,       ,      ,     ,  ,    .     . ,       ,        ,         ,   .          - ,        .

 DeepMind [7 - Dan Garisto, Google AI Beats Top Human Players at Strategy Game StarCraft II, Nature, October 30, 2019, doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03298-6.]   ,   -    StarCraft II,           .     OpenAI[8 - Kelsey Piper, AI Triumphs Against the Worlds Top Pro Team in Strategy Game Dota 2, Vox, April 13, 2019, https://www.vox.com/2019/4/13/18309418/open-ai-dota-triumph-og.],   ChatGPT,     ,          Dota 2.         ,        StarCraft II  Dota 2,   ,   ,         .

  ChatGPT  ,  ,     .        - ,           .    ,       ,     ,      .     ,              , ,  ,    .         ,      ,     HAL 9000     2001 :  ,              2013 .

    2018 ,             ,    ChatGPT.   ,     ,       ,                    .           .       ,     Bloomberg       ,     Fortune.          ,          .  ,    ,   ,       .    [9 - Wikipedia contributors, Larry Tesler, Wikipedia, December 3, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Tesler&oldid=1188057072.]         .     ,  :    ,    .   , ,   ,   -   .       ,      ,       ,    ,    .

  ChatGPT  -    ,    .   ,    :            ,     .      ,   ,    ,        ,  ,  ,           ,       . ChatGPT      -    ,     .             ,    .

     .         .            .    ?     ?      ? ,    ,       ,         .  ,      300 [10 - Generative AI Could Raise Global GDP by 7%, Goldman Sachs, April 5, 2023, https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/generative-ai-could-raise-global-gdp-by-7-percent.html.]   ,  ChatGPT    ,      ,      ,     ,     [11 - Jeremy Kahn, The Inside Story of ChatGPT: How OpenAI Founder Sam Altman Built the Worlds Hottest Technology with Billions from Microsoft.]  ,      (     OpenAI  ).

        ,    ChatGPT.  ,    ,   ,    ,        ,     ,   .          ,    ,   , GPS,     .      ,      ,       ,   ,   ,    .    , ,        .            ,       ,     .

,        . -,     ,  ,     ,            ,   ,    ,   .      [12 - Nick Bostrom, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Oxford University Press, 2014); Irving John Good, Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine, Advances in Computers 6 (1966): 3188.], , ,  ,    ,                    .

-,     ,      ,    .      ChatGPT    100 [13 - Jon Porter, ChatGPT Continues to Be One of the Fastest-Growing Services Ever, The Verge, November 6, 2023, https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/6/23948386/chatgpt-active-user-count-openai-developer-conference.],   Facebook                .     :      Fortune 500[14 - Gamiel Gran and Navin Chaddha, Generative AI  From Big Vision to Practical Execution, Mayfield, September 22, 2023, https://www.mayfield.com/generative-ai-from-big-vision-to-practical-execution/.]        ,  ChatGPT.

,    ,   ,   , ,   ,     ,    ,  ,        ,      ,   ,   ,     ,    ,     .

 .    ,            ,      .   [15 -       , ,      ,    . . .]        ,    .          .   ,    ,     , ,  ,          .             :        ,  ,           .        ,     .           ,     ,        .    ,   ,   .                ,   .     ,    ,          .

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 1. 


 2020 [16 - Tom Brown et al., Language Models Are Few-Shot Learners, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 (Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates, Inc., 2020), 18771901.]  ,   20  ,   ,     -,  ,             .        ,       .  10.        .    [17 - Brown et al., Language Models Are Few-Shot Learners.]  Microsoft,        .             -,        ,  ,   .    OpenAI.

  2019  Microsoft  1 [18 - Brown et al., Language Models Are Few-Shot Learners; Deepak Narayanan et al., Efficient Large-Scale Language Model Training on GPU Clusters Using Megatron-LM, arXiv.org, 2021, https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.04473.]  OpenAI,      ,        .        34 ,       -       ,     175  . OpenAI      2,5 -,      ,      Reddit,      .     ,            .                .             ,       .

OpenAI   GPT-3.     2020    :           . GPT-3       ,         ,    ,   ,     ,         ,           ,   ,         .       ,  ,     .       ,      .  GPT-3    Microsoft   ,         1        -.      GPT-3  - ChatGPT.

ChatGPT      ,      ,    ,        . ChatGPT                        .     Microsoft  OpenAI 10         GPT-4   ,  Microsoft Word  PowerPoint,      . Google,   ,   -   Bard         ,      -           .           ,        ,   ,   .  ,   Gemini,   Bard       Google.  Meta          . Amazon  Apple      .

         ,              ,       .         ,    .

 ChatGPT   ?      .    ,     ,                   .            ,     ,        .


     

        XX             ,  ,   ,           .  1936 ,     24 ,     ,     .     1948 [19 - Alan Turing, Intelligent Machinery, National Physical Laboratory, August 1948.]       ,         .   ,   ,     ,    . ,     ,  ,  ,          ,      .

  [20 - Alan Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, MIND: A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy 59, no. 236 (October 1950): 433460.],  1950 ,              .          .        .         .       ,   X  Y    ,   ,   .     ,     ,   X    .     ,      .

  :        ,   ,          .        .   ,  ,           ,      .

 ,     ,      -   ,       .  ,     , [21 - Wolfe Mays, Can Machines Think? Philosophy 27, no. 101 (1952): 148162.]   ,      - ,       ,      .        , ,   ,    ,  .     ,  ,       ,  ,   ,       . ,  , ,  ,              .

    Ѹ   ,    ,   ,   . Ѹ  [22 - John R. Searle, Minds, Brains, and Programs, The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3, no. 3 (1980): 417424.] ,    ,   -,        ,     .          ,      ,      ,                .   Ѹ,    ,         ,       .      ,  Ѹ,     ,        .

         ,   GPT-4. ,           ,     .    [23 - Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory Of Multiple Intelligences (London: Fontana Press, 1993).]      ,  IQ,     ? ,        ,     ,     ,          ?      .

       ,   ,               .             [24 - Diane Proudfoot, Rethinking Turings Test, Journal of Philosophy 110, no. 7 (2013): 391411; Simone Natale, Deceitful Media: Artificial Intelligence and Social Life After the Turing Test (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021); Luciano Floridi and Josh Cowls, A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society, in Machine Learning and the City, ed. Silvio Carta (Hoboken: Wiley, 2022), doi:10.1002/9781119815075.ch45.]:   ,    ,           . ,     [25 - Meta Fundamental AI Research Diplomacy Team (FAIR) et al., Human-Level Play in the Game of Diplomacy by Combining Language Models with Strategic Reasoning, Science 378, no. 6624 (2022): Supplemental Materials, Section A: Ethical Considerations, Evaluation Methods: AI agent disclosure, p.4; Eva Dou and Olivia Geng, AI Masters the Game of Go, Wall Street Journal, January 6, 2017.]   ,     ,     ,  ,      .    ,           ,   ,      .          Google[26 - Natasha Lomas, Duplex Shows Google Failing at Ethical and Creative AI Design, TechCrunch, May 10, 2018, https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/10/duplex-shows-google-failing-at-ethical-and-creative-ai-design/.],   2018         Duplex,        ,        ,     .      Ȼ:            . ,    ,    .

,            ,        ,    ,     ,         .         ,  [27 - John Markoff, Machines of Loving Grace: The Quest For Common Ground Between Humans and Robots (New York: HarperCollins, 2015).],       ,        ,        ,       . ,   ,      ,  ,     .

        .         ,              . ,          ,   ,          ,     .                 ,    ,        .           ,    ,          .            ,      ,   .  ,    ChatGPT          .     ,          . ,     ChatGPT,  ,         :          ,         ,       .          ,     .


   

            ,        ,      ,       .    ,     ,     ,         .      .      ENIAC         ( 140 . )    30    .    5.    ,        ,        ,       .       ,      , ENIAC.

           .   1950-         .             ,     .     ,      .           .   1955 [28 - J.McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester, C. E. Shannon, A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, Dartmouth, 1955, Ray Solomonoff Digital Archive, Box A, https://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/boxa/dart564props.pdf.]       ,      .     ,   ,   -  ,  ,      .

            .    ,      ,     .       ,    ,     ,      ,       ,    . ,                        .

 ,    -   .  1956        ?  ,     .    [29 - Pamela McCorduck, Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence, 2nd Edition (New York: Routledge, 2004), 114115.]    ,   ,   ,   .            .    , ,      ,    .  .               ,            ,          ,     ,        .

  [30 - Pamela McCorduck, Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence, 2nd Edition (New York: Routledge, 2004), 104.]   .   1940-   ,                .    ,        ,   .               ,          .

      .         ,   ,    .                 .       ,      .    .    ,   ,    ,      . ,     ,     ,    .           .             .

 -[31 - Harald Sack, Marvin Minsky and Artificial Neural Networks, SciHi Blog, August 2020, http://scihi.org/marvin-minsky-artificial-neural-networks/; Jeremy Bernstein, Marvin Minskys Vision of the Future, The New Yorker, December6, 1981; Caspar Wylie, The History of Neural Networks and AI: Part I, Open Data Science, April 24, 2018, https://opendatascience.com/the-history-of-neural-networks-and-ai-part-i/; Single Layer Perceptron, Tutorials Point, accessed August 7, 2023, https://www.tutorialspoint.com/tensorflow/tensorflow_single_layer_perceptron.htm; McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 99104.] ,            .          ,     ,   -   ,   .       .  ,    ,     ,      ,  ,    B-24.           .            .

 ,  -          (),       .     [32 - McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 99104; Shraddha Goled, Why Did AI Pioneer Marvin Minsky Oppose Neural Networks? Analytics India Magazine, March 2022, https://analyticsindiamag.com/why-did-ai-pioneer-marvin-minsky-oppose-neural-networks/.]  ,   ,    .      ,    . ,   ,     ,   ,       , ,   ,  .     ,  , ,    .      ,           .     ,      ,   ,    ,   ,          ,              .    ,     , ,         ,    .  ,  1966 ,  ,      ,   .


 ELIZA

     [33 - Ben Tarnoff, Weizenbaums Nightmares: How the Inventor of the First Chatbot Turned against AI, The Guardian, July 25, 2023, https://www.theguardian. com/technology/2023/jul/25/joseph-weizenbaum-inventor-eliza-chatbot-turned-against-artificial-intelligence-ai.],        .      1923     ,   13 ,   ,   .       , ,         ,      ,     .                 ,      ,   General Electric       .          ,    .   ,   [34 - McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 291293.]       ,  ,        ,            .            .      ,   1963        .          - ELIZA,        .

- ELIZA  ,  [35 - McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 295296.]     .   [36 - McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 293294.]  ,        - .   [37 - Joseph Weizenbaum, ELIZA  a Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication between Man and Machine, Communications of the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) 9, no. 1 (1966): 3645, https://doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168, 42.],   ,                  .     ,         ,     .   [38 - McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 296.]     ,    ,  ,     .

 ELIZA         .  -     .    [39 - Joseph Weizenbaum, ELIZA  a Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication between Man and Machine, Communications of the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) 9, no. 1 (1966): 42.],    ELIZA,  ,      .        ,  ELIZA (     )   ,  .   [40 - Ben Tarnoff, Weizenbaums Nightmares: How the Inventor of the First Chatbot Turned against AI.],          -,            .  ,       ,    ,  .  -[41 - McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 294.]    ,   -  .

 , ELIZA     ,     ,    .        ,       : ,    -,  ,    .   -[42 - Lawrence Switzky, ELIZA Effects: Pygmalion and the Early Development of Artificial Intelligence, Shaw 40, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 5068.]    ,     ,     ELIZA.         .

    , ,    ELIZA.     ,   .  , ,   ?   ,                  . ,   [43 - McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 293294.]   , ,     -,  ELIZA, ,    .  ,     ,  .    ,     -,       .

,      ,        .    [44 - McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 85.],          .          .    ,      ,          ,      .        ,    ,          .       ,  ,          ,       ,         ,     ,        .   [45 - McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 361.]  ,         ,    .      ,     ,   ,   .      :     ,   .

 ,                   [46 - McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 356.]     ,              ,  .  ,                ,         ,    ,   .       [47 - McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 356357.],         ,        ,   .

 1976      [48 - Tarnoff, Weizenbaums Nightmares: How the Inventor of the First Chatbot Turned against AI.]        .    [49 - Joseph Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation.].          .          ,     ,      - ,           .   ,          ,          ,   . ,       ,    ,            .

 ,      ,       ,    ,  ,      .                .          .    [50 - McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 359.],        ,      :            ,    .         ,  .     ,    ,    .    ,     ,    ,     .

   [51 - Bruce C. Buchanan, Joshua Lederberg, and John McCarthy, Three Reviews of J. Weizenbaums Computer Power and Human Reason, Advanced Research Projects Agency Archive, Stanford University, Computer Science Department, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, November 1976, online, Defense Technical Information Center, U.S. Department of Defense, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a044713.pdf.]  ,       .          ,   ,     .  ,   ,   ,     .


 

,          1970-      ,               :     ,   ,    ,   .

  1970-           .             .       .   1980-    ,        -,             ,  ,      .     ,   backprop[52 - Cade Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World (UK: Penguin Books, 2022), 4144.].

    .   ,          ,   ,       . ,                .  1980-   ,    ,   ,   .       .          ,     ?      ,    .       ,        ,    .          .            ,      .

           ,        ,  ,          ,            .       .      [53 - Cade Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World (UK: Penguin Books, 2022), 5354.]          .            .    :       ,        .  ,                .        ,   ,   .                .


   

 ,        , -  ,         .   .  2004      [54 - Cade Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World (UK: Penguin Books, 2022), 6465.],     .      .     :      ,      ,   -      ,        .      ,           .

   :      ,       ,        ,    (graphics processing unit, GPU).   Nvidia    GPU GeForce 256   1999      (),        .  GPU      ,   . GeForce 256     ,   ,        ,         ( CPU),       .         ,        .        ,   Xbox  PlayStation.           .

 2005   [55 - Dave Steinkraus, Ian Buck, and Patrice Y. Simard, Using GPUs for Machine Learning Algorithms, in ICDAR 05: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (August 2005), IEEE Computer Society, 11151119, doi:10.1109/icdar.2005.251.]    ,              .   [56 - Kumar Chellapilla, Sidd Puri, and Patrice Simard, High Performance Convolutional Neural Networks for Document Processing, International Workshop on the Frontiers of Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR), October 2006, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228344387_High_Performance_Convolutional_Neural_ Networks_for_Document_Processing.]   Microsoft ,   GPU            . ,  2009 [57 - Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World, 6978.],        Microsoft     GPU[58 - Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World, 112, 8088, 98.],                  ,       .  ,  Microsoft        .       ,    .       IBM  Google,    .   Google        Android      23% .          21%,        18%.

   .     ,  ,        .  2012     ,     ,   ,      GPU,  AlexNet   .  AlexNet    ImageNet,   .            .   AlexNet   15%,           .        . ,     ,              .    Google    44 .      Google Brain      ,     2011 .


     

,   ,       AlexNet,     .    [59 - Jeremy Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-Level A.I., Fortune, January 20, 2020, https://fortune.com/longform/ai-artificial-intelligence-big-tech-microsoft-alphabet-openai/.]  Google, Microsoft, Meta (  Facebook), Amazon  Apple      Baidu  Tencent     .     ,   -       .                         .     ,     .  ,  [60 - Maxime Godfroid, A Critical Appraisal of Deep Learning, Towards Data Science, January 17, 2021, https://towardsdatascience.com/a-critical-appraisal-of-deep-learning-1b154695dddf.]          ,          ,   ,    .

      ,          .       .   [61 - Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World, 105111; Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-Level A.I.; Shane Legg, interview by Jeremy Kahn, August 22, 2023.],        ,     -        ,     -.         ,  ,      ,          ,   .         ,     - .       ,     .     ,  ,    ,   ,  .            ,        .      .   ,       ,       .   ,  ,      .  2010      ,   ,    ,      DeepMind.           ,    ,  :   ,         .

   [62 - Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-Level A.I.]    2013 ,   DeepMind    , ,     ,           50      Atari   .   ,      DeepMind  .     ,     ,          .      ,        ,  ,     ,    .     .       ,         .       , ,   ,        .         ,    DeepMind.

          [63 - Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World, 112.]  Google      ,             DeepMind   Atari.       .    Google    ,       .   ,  -    .          Google   DeepMind.     [64 - Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World, 112116.] Microsoft  Meta        650 .

 DeepMind  .       ,    ,     ,    Google   .     ,       2013 [65 - Peter Holley, Elon Musks Nightmare: A Google Robot Army Annihilating Mankind, Washington Post, May 13, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2015/05/13/elon-musks-nightmare-a-google-robot-army-annihilating-mankind/.].  ,    [66 - Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-Level A.I.]    .  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,            .   .

    ,  ,        Google.  , 30-     [67 - Andrej Karpathy, Introducing OpenAI, accessed January 6, 2024, https://openai.com/blog/introducing-openai.],       Y Combinator      ,     ,        .     ,   Google      .   2015  ,     ,  ,   ,       -,    DeepMind.    OpenAI.   DeepMind, OpenAI        .

       , OpenAI    ,    DeepMind.  DeepMind        ,  OpenAI           ,         .      DeepMind    [68 - Andrej Karpathy, Introducing OpenAI, accessed January 6, 2024; Jeremy Kahn, ChatGPT Creates an A.I. Frenzy, Fortune, February/March 2023, 4453.], OpenAI ,            .          OpenAI ( Ȼ).   ,                     .   ,      ,    .           ,           ,    .      ,   1 .

 OpenAI          ,  DeepMind      Atari.    [69 - Cade Metz, The Rise of AI  What the AI Behind AlphaGo Can Teach Us about Being Human, Wired, May 17, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/05/google-alpha-go-ai/.]  ,  ,        ImageNet.  AlexNet      ,  ,    ,     .    .         -      ,    ,      .       :        ,    ?     DeepMind   Atari.

   OpenAI DeepMind           :    AlphaGo,           .     ,     , AlphaGo     ,  -,   ,  ,   .    .       ,     .

 OpenAI  ,           .      [70 - Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World, 280283; Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-LevelA.I.]      .      ,                   Dota 2.




   Dota 2  ChatGPT,    : 2017    Google Brain[71 - Madhumita Murgia, Transformers: The Google Scientists Who Pioneered an AI Revolution, Financial Times, July 23, 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/37bb01af-ee46-4483-982f-ef3921436a50; Madhumita Murgia and FT Visual Story-Telling Team, Generative AI Exists because of the Transformer, Financial Times, September 12, 2023, https://ig.ft.com/generative-ai/; Jeremy Kahn, A.I. Breakthroughs in Natural-Language Processing Are Big for Business, Fortune, January 20, 2020, https://fortune.com/2020/01/20/natural-language-processing-business/.],       ,       .      ,           .     :  ,          .          .    ,       ,      ,    ,           .           .

       .      (   ),  ,       ,       .       ,    (self-attention):     ,        ,        .       ,         ().               .         , ,        ,    ,    ,       .

  ,    ,             ,   : , , ,      .                .         .

    .      [72 - Kahn, A.I. Breakthroughs in Natural-Language Processing Are Big for Business.]    Google            BERT.     , BERT    ,      340   .       3,3   11.  ,   .     ,      ,     Mad Libs.    Google         .     BERT    .

    BERT  .   Google         . ,  -         , Google    ,   ,   ,   ,   .

  OpenAI  ,   :      .      .       .  ,    ,   ,         ,  ,    ,  .  ,        OpenAI [73 - Steven Levy, What OpenAI Really Wants, Wired, September 5, 2023, https://www.wired.com/story/what-openai-really-wants/.]     7.  ,       ,   .                    ,    Quora.       .     .     ,       .       ,  .

       GPT ( generative pretrained transformer     ).       ,       ,   .    ,                   .     ,    ,  .

     .      [74 - Jeremy Kahn, Move Over, Photoshop: OpenAI Just Revolutionized Digital Image Making, Fortune, April 6, 2022, https://fortune.com/2022/04/06/openai-dall-e-2-photorealistic-images-from-text-descriptions/.]    ,  OpenAI    DALL-E (             Pixar  WALL-E),            .     [75 - Harry McCracken, Adobe Is Diving  Carefully! into Generative AI, Fast Company, March 21, 2023, https://www.fastcompany.com/90868402/adobe-firefly-generative-ai-photoshop-express-illustrator.]  ,     Stability AI  Midjourney,     ,  Adobe.      .       [76 - Steven Levy, OpenAIs Sora Turns AI Prompts Into Photorealistic Videos, Wired, February 15, 2024, https://www.wired.com/story/openai-sora-generative-ai-video/.]     ,            .  ,    Google[77 - Kristin Yim, Turn Ideas into Music with MusicLM, Google, May 10, 2023, https://blog.google/technology/ai/musiclm-google-ai-test-kitchen/; ElevenLabs  Generative AI Text to Speech & Voice Cloning, accessed October 1, 2023, https://elevenlabs.io/.],      ,      .                  ,        [78 - Anna Tong and Jeffrey Dastin, Insight: Race towards Autonomous AI Agents Grips Silicon Valley, Reuters, July 18, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/technology/race-towards-autonomous-ai-agents-grips-silicon-valley-2023-07-17/.]    ,   .


     ,   ?

         :           ,    . ,       .         OpenAI   ,  ,     .      OpenAI     Anthropic.  ,  [79 - Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-Level A.I.; Jared Kaplan et al., Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models, arXiv.org, January 23, 2020, http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08361.], ,   :         ,     .    ,    ,      . ,          .  ,       ,     .

  [80 - Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-Level A.I.; Ilya Sutskever, interview by Jeremy Kahn, July 14, 2023.],    ?    ,      .   ,     86    ,   ,   100  .  OpenAI   GPT,              .  ,       ?      .           .  ,          ,     ,   .           .  ,           .     .                 ,     ,   ,     ,    ,     .




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notes








1


Leonard Mlodinow, interview by Katie Haylor, The Elastic behind Light Bulb Moments, The Naked Scientists, March 20, 2019, https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/interviews/elastic-behind-light-bulb-moments.




2


Warren Schirtzinger, Thomas Edison Was an Energy Marketing Genius, Renewable Energy World, July 26, 2016, https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/storage/thomas-edison-was-an-energy-marketing-genius.




3


Jim Rasenberger, Fade to Black, New York Times, January 2, 2005, https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/02/nyregion/thecity/fade-to-black.html.




4


Jeremy Kahn, The Inside Story of ChatGPT: How OpenAI Founder Sam Altman Built the Worlds Hottest Technology with Billions from Microsoft, Fortune, January 25, 2023, https://fortune.com/longform/chatgpt-openai-sam-altman-microsoft/.




5


Jeremy Kahn, OpenAI Says Its Making Progress on The Alignment Problem, Fortune, January 27, 2022, https://fortune.com/2022/01/27/openai-alignment-problem-instructgpt-gpt-3/.




6


Cade Metz, The Rise of AI  What the AI Behind AlphaGo Can Teach Us about Being Human, Wired, May 17, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/05/google-alpha-go-ai/.




7


Dan Garisto, Google AI Beats Top Human Players at Strategy Game StarCraft II, Nature, October 30, 2019, doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03298-6.




8


Kelsey Piper, AI Triumphs Against the Worlds Top Pro Team in Strategy Game Dota 2, Vox, April 13, 2019, https://www.vox.com/2019/4/13/18309418/open-ai-dota-triumph-og.




9


Wikipedia contributors, Larry Tesler, Wikipedia, December 3, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Tesler&oldid=1188057072.




10


Generative AI Could Raise Global GDP by 7%, Goldman Sachs, April 5, 2023, https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/generative-ai-could-raise-global-gdp-by-7-percent.html.




11


Jeremy Kahn, The Inside Story of ChatGPT: How OpenAI Founder Sam Altman Built the Worlds Hottest Technology with Billions from Microsoft.




12


Nick Bostrom, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Oxford University Press, 2014); Irving John Good, Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine, Advances in Computers 6 (1966): 3188.




13


Jon Porter, ChatGPT Continues to Be One of the Fastest-Growing Services Ever, The Verge, November 6, 2023, https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/6/23948386/chatgpt-active-user-count-openai-developer-conference.




14


Gamiel Gran and Navin Chaddha, Generative AI  From Big Vision to Practical Execution, Mayfield, September 22, 2023, https://www.mayfield.com/generative-ai-from-big-vision-to-practical-execution/.




15


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16


Tom Brown et al., Language Models Are Few-Shot Learners, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 (Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates, Inc., 2020), 18771901.




17


Brown et al., Language Models Are Few-Shot Learners.




18


Brown et al., Language Models Are Few-Shot Learners; Deepak Narayanan et al., Efficient Large-Scale Language Model Training on GPU Clusters Using Megatron-LM, arXiv.org, 2021, https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.04473.




19


Alan Turing, Intelligent Machinery, National Physical Laboratory, August 1948.




20


Alan Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, MIND: A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy 59, no. 236 (October 1950): 433460.




21


Wolfe Mays, Can Machines Think? Philosophy 27, no. 101 (1952): 148162.




22


John R. Searle, Minds, Brains, and Programs, The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3, no. 3 (1980): 417424.




23


Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory Of Multiple Intelligences (London: Fontana Press, 1993).




24


Diane Proudfoot, Rethinking Turings Test, Journal of Philosophy 110, no. 7 (2013): 391411; Simone Natale, Deceitful Media: Artificial Intelligence and Social Life After the Turing Test (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021); Luciano Floridi and Josh Cowls, A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society, in Machine Learning and the City, ed. Silvio Carta (Hoboken: Wiley, 2022), doi:10.1002/9781119815075.ch45.




25


Meta Fundamental AI Research Diplomacy Team (FAIR) et al., Human-Level Play in the Game of Diplomacy by Combining Language Models with Strategic Reasoning, Science 378, no. 6624 (2022): Supplemental Materials, Section A: Ethical Considerations, Evaluation Methods: AI agent disclosure, p.4; Eva Dou and Olivia Geng, AI Masters the Game of Go, Wall Street Journal, January 6, 2017.




26


Natasha Lomas, Duplex Shows Google Failing at Ethical and Creative AI Design, TechCrunch, May 10, 2018, https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/10/duplex-shows-google-failing-at-ethical-and-creative-ai-design/.




27


John Markoff, Machines of Loving Grace: The Quest For Common Ground Between Humans and Robots (New York: HarperCollins, 2015).




28


J.McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester, C. E. Shannon, A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, Dartmouth, 1955, Ray Solomonoff Digital Archive, Box A, https://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/boxa/dart564props.pdf.




29


Pamela McCorduck, Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence, 2nd Edition (New York: Routledge, 2004), 114115.




30


Pamela McCorduck, Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence, 2nd Edition (New York: Routledge, 2004), 104.




31


Harald Sack, Marvin Minsky and Artificial Neural Networks, SciHi Blog, August 2020, http://scihi.org/marvin-minsky-artificial-neural-networks/; Jeremy Bernstein, Marvin Minskys Vision of the Future, The New Yorker, December6, 1981; Caspar Wylie, The History of Neural Networks and AI: Part I, Open Data Science, April 24, 2018, https://opendatascience.com/the-history-of-neural-networks-and-ai-part-i/; Single Layer Perceptron, Tutorials Point, accessed August 7, 2023, https://www.tutorialspoint.com/tensorflow/tensorflow_single_layer_perceptron.htm; McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 99104.




32


McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 99104; Shraddha Goled, Why Did AI Pioneer Marvin Minsky Oppose Neural Networks? Analytics India Magazine, March 2022, https://analyticsindiamag.com/why-did-ai-pioneer-marvin-minsky-oppose-neural-networks/.




33


Ben Tarnoff, Weizenbaums Nightmares: How the Inventor of the First Chatbot Turned against AI, The Guardian, July 25, 2023, https://www.theguardian. com/technology/2023/jul/25/joseph-weizenbaum-inventor-eliza-chatbot-turned-against-artificial-intelligence-ai.




34


McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 291293.




35


McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 295296.




36


McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 293294.




37


Joseph Weizenbaum, ELIZA  a Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication between Man and Machine, Communications of the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) 9, no. 1 (1966): 3645, https://doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168, 42.




38


McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 296.




39


Joseph Weizenbaum, ELIZA  a Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication between Man and Machine, Communications of the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) 9, no. 1 (1966): 42.




40


Ben Tarnoff, Weizenbaums Nightmares: How the Inventor of the First Chatbot Turned against AI.




41


McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 294.




42


Lawrence Switzky, ELIZA Effects: Pygmalion and the Early Development of Artificial Intelligence, Shaw 40, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 5068.




43


McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 293294.




44


McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 85.




45


McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 361.




46


McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 356.




47


McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 356357.




48


Tarnoff, Weizenbaums Nightmares: How the Inventor of the First Chatbot Turned against AI.




49


Joseph Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation.




50


McCorduck, Machines Who Think, 359.




51


Bruce C. Buchanan, Joshua Lederberg, and John McCarthy, Three Reviews of J. Weizenbaums Computer Power and Human Reason, Advanced Research Projects Agency Archive, Stanford University, Computer Science Department, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, November 1976, online, Defense Technical Information Center, U.S. Department of Defense, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a044713.pdf.




52


Cade Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World (UK: Penguin Books, 2022), 4144.




53


Cade Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World (UK: Penguin Books, 2022), 5354.




54


Cade Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World (UK: Penguin Books, 2022), 6465.




55


Dave Steinkraus, Ian Buck, and Patrice Y. Simard, Using GPUs for Machine Learning Algorithms, in ICDAR 05: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (August 2005), IEEE Computer Society, 11151119, doi:10.1109/icdar.2005.251.




56


Kumar Chellapilla, Sidd Puri, and Patrice Simard, High Performance Convolutional Neural Networks for Document Processing, International Workshop on the Frontiers of Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR), October 2006, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228344387_High_Performance_Convolutional_Neural_ Networks_for_Document_Processing.




57


Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World, 6978.




58


Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World, 112, 8088, 98.




59


Jeremy Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-Level A.I., Fortune, January 20, 2020, https://fortune.com/longform/ai-artificial-intelligence-big-tech-microsoft-alphabet-openai/.




60


Maxime Godfroid, A Critical Appraisal of Deep Learning, Towards Data Science, January 17, 2021, https://towardsdatascience.com/a-critical-appraisal-of-deep-learning-1b154695dddf.




61


Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World, 105111; Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-Level A.I.; Shane Legg, interview by Jeremy Kahn, August 22, 2023.




62


Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-Level A.I.




63


Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World, 112.




64


Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World, 112116.




65


Peter Holley, Elon Musks Nightmare: A Google Robot Army Annihilating Mankind, Washington Post, May 13, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2015/05/13/elon-musks-nightmare-a-google-robot-army-annihilating-mankind/.




66


Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-Level A.I.




67


Andrej Karpathy, Introducing OpenAI, accessed January 6, 2024, https://openai.com/blog/introducing-openai.




68


Andrej Karpathy, Introducing OpenAI, accessed January 6, 2024; Jeremy Kahn, ChatGPT Creates an A.I. Frenzy, Fortune, February/March 2023, 4453.




69


Cade Metz, The Rise of AI  What the AI Behind AlphaGo Can Teach Us about Being Human, Wired, May 17, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/05/google-alpha-go-ai/.




70


Metz, Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World, 280283; Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-LevelA.I.




71


Madhumita Murgia, Transformers: The Google Scientists Who Pioneered an AI Revolution, Financial Times, July 23, 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/37bb01af-ee46-4483-982f-ef3921436a50; Madhumita Murgia and FT Visual Story-Telling Team, Generative AI Exists because of the Transformer, Financial Times, September 12, 2023, https://ig.ft.com/generative-ai/; Jeremy Kahn, A.I. Breakthroughs in Natural-Language Processing Are Big for Business, Fortune, January 20, 2020, https://fortune.com/2020/01/20/natural-language-processing-business/.




72


Kahn, A.I. Breakthroughs in Natural-Language Processing Are Big for Business.




73


Steven Levy, What OpenAI Really Wants, Wired, September 5, 2023, https://www.wired.com/story/what-openai-really-wants/.




74


Jeremy Kahn, Move Over, Photoshop: OpenAI Just Revolutionized Digital Image Making, Fortune, April 6, 2022, https://fortune.com/2022/04/06/openai-dall-e-2-photorealistic-images-from-text-descriptions/.




75


Harry McCracken, Adobe Is Diving  Carefully! into Generative AI, Fast Company, March 21, 2023, https://www.fastcompany.com/90868402/adobe-firefly-generative-ai-photoshop-express-illustrator.




76


Steven Levy, OpenAIs Sora Turns AI Prompts Into Photorealistic Videos, Wired, February 15, 2024, https://www.wired.com/story/openai-sora-generative-ai-video/.




77


Kristin Yim, Turn Ideas into Music with MusicLM, Google, May 10, 2023, https://blog.google/technology/ai/musiclm-google-ai-test-kitchen/; ElevenLabs  Generative AI Text to Speech & Voice Cloning, accessed October 1, 2023, https://elevenlabs.io/.




78


Anna Tong and Jeffrey Dastin, Insight: Race towards Autonomous AI Agents Grips Silicon Valley, Reuters, July 18, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/technology/race-towards-autonomous-ai-agents-grips-silicon-valley-2023-07-17/.




79


Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-Level A.I.; Jared Kaplan et al., Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models, arXiv.org, January 23, 2020, http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08361.




80


Kahn, Inside Big Techs Quest for Human-Level A.I.; Ilya Sutskever, interview by Jeremy Kahn, July 14, 2023.


