  XXI .  ,     
 


   -  ?   ,  .                 . ,          ,     .         .





 

  XXI 

 ,     



  , , 2016

      . , , 2022


* * *


  :       !, [ ]  :    ![1 -  .  ,   . // . . 16. .: , 1960. . 154155.]










   


1. 1.1

         

2. 2.1

     

3. 2.2

         

4. 2.3

    %    (  )

5. 3.1

         ( .)

6. 3.1

       

7. 3.2

 

8. 3.2

        ()    

9. 3.3

      , 19802007.

10. 3.4

       

11. 4.1

   

12. 4.1

       (  .)

13. 4.2

   ()  

14. 4.3

             111  

15. 4.2

 

16. 5.1

    , 20002012. (   :      )

17. 5.2

         

18. 5.3

  :  , 19802015.

19. 5.4

       , 19802011.

20. 5.5

    :    

21. 5.6

 :   

22. 5.1

      2008.

23. 5.2

     

24. 6.1

      , 19951999.

25. 6.1

      , 19951999.

26. 10.1

   (       ,      )

27. 10.2

  




1

 

(  )



24 2013.       ,  ,     Rana Plaza,      ,    .      1 133    2 500 ;          ,    .[2 -  ,   , ,  ,      ,      .            ,     .     .             . .: Bangladesh All-Party Parliamentary Group. After Rana Plaza: A Report Into he Ready-Made Garment Industry in Bangladesh. 2013. P. 18.]  ,   ,                 .                ,      ,                ,     .     ,         ;       .      ,    ,   ,   -        .  ,    ,     .  ,      IndustriALL,     .

  ,    ,    ,        .       .  ,     ,     ,      ,      ,   .     ,   Rana Plaza     ,      ,      :             ,         .             :        ,              77%-     2013.;  ,               Rana Plaza      Tazreen Fashions  112 ,            ;             ,     ;      ,    :                 .[3 -   2013.,     ,  Tazreen Fashion,       ,     ,                          .     ,         . 3  2015.  ,        . 1  2015.  ,  Rana Plaza,  41        ,          .           .]        ,         ,   , [ ] [ ]   , , ,       .[4 - Fernandez-Stark K., Frederick S., Gereffi G. The Apparel Global Value Chain: Economic Upgrading and Workforce Development. Durham: Duke University, 2011. P. 7.]               ,        .  ,   Rana Plaza,       O',     ,              .[5 - Bangladesh factory collapse the result of appalling working conditions, says TUC [Britain's Trades Union Congress]. Press release, 25 April 2013.]

,    , ,   ,      ,              ,        .  ,     ,             :  ,        .       .       ,        ,      .    , ,     20  ,           ;     600 000   .[6 -   ,               ,    ,      . .: Kamrul H. A threat to us all. // Dhaka Tribune. 8.11.2013.]          ,   ,     .    ,     .  ,    7,5       ,   Rana Plaza  80 000 .      ,        ,      ,  ;  ,      ,   Rana Plaza.[7 -    Rana Plaza     .]              ,       ,   .  .    ?                  ?

      Tazreen Fashions  Rana Plaza,   ,          , ,                      . ,     Financial Times :



        .  1911.  - Triangle Shirtwaist,   -     146  ( ),      ,       ,      ,  .   ,        Rana Plaza,          , Tazreen Fashions,    112 .[8 - Kazmin A. Bangladesh factory collapse a catalyst for workers' rights. // Financial Times. 3.5.2013.]


,  Rana Plaza         .   FT   .                  ,   ,    ,    .   2% ,    ,   .       -  ,    :



 [ ]         XIX.     . ,     ,          ,               . [ ]                  .        ,       . ,      -,       .[9 - Peter Custers. Capital Accumulation and Women's Labor in Asian Economies. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2012 [1997]. P. 162.]


 Rana Plaza         .  ,         , ,                .     ,           ,            .      ,   .         ,  Primark (   JCPenney), Walmart, M&S             .                  ?    ,       : ,     ;   ,   ,    ; ,         ,       . ,     ,      ,               ,  .             ,    ,   ,         -,  -.[10 -       ,  ,    ,          3 .,        32 . (Ibid. P. 141.).]    ,     !

             ,      Primark, Walmart      ,    .     ,         ;     ,     ,   ,   ,     ,     .          .      ,          ,       ,        ,  ,         ,   80%  .   ,       : IPhone  Apple   .







        ,         4,95    Hennes & Mauritz (H&M).[11 - Norfield T. The China Price. // economicsofimperialism.blogspot.com. 4.6.2011. : Das Welthemd. // Die Zeit. 17.12.2010.]    H&M   - 1,35 ,  28%  ; 40         400  ,   ;       6 .  ,      0,95 .      , ,        ,       .   3,54      ,   .    : 2,05        , ,  ,    .. (        ); H&M  60  ; 19%-        79 ; 16      .  ,  ,         (  )    , ,     .            ,          ,   .

         ,           . , H&M   ,        ,            .  2013.   ,       ,      ,    .   ,    ,     ,     ; -           .    ,      ,        -, ,       .[12 - Ibid.]   :     ,      ,     ,     :             .

    125 000   ,      H&M,      .   1,36     1012  ;    250   ,    18     .        5 000   ,   4 , 85%    .     (),   ,     ,  73%    -.[13 - ILO. Decent Work Country Profile  Bangladesh. Geneva: ILO, 2013.]        ,               .  2010.   33,9%   79,2%   .

  ,           .       ,        Rana Plaza,   ,    ,        ,  ,     .[14 - Bangladesh All-Party Parliamentary Group. After Rana Plaza (cit.). P. 26.]       ,     McKinsey & Co.,          ,    , -,         ,   ,        ,      .[15 - McKinsey & Co. Bangladesh's Ready-Made Garments Landscape: The Challenge of Growth. 2011. P. 7.] ,     , , ,   ,  McKinsey & Co.,         ,         .       Rana Plaza              ,       (    ),   ,                .  ,           ,   ,   2006, 2010  2012.  ,   ,  ( )      (Rapid Action Battalion)        2010.  ,             .        2 900 ,  ,         ,        200 000     (5 000      )  51.[16 - .: Factory watch just farcical. // The Daily Star. 29.4.2013.]

  ,              2013.    77%.    ,        170%- ,         .         , ,   ,   ,   ,     .       (Asia Floor Wage Alliance),       ,      (Clean Clothes Campaign),       ,   ,     ,     ,     .[17 - .: Clean Clothes Campaign. Calculating a Living Wage. // cleanclothes.org; Idem. Living Wage versus Minimum Wage. // Ibid.]    2013.    2010.    -          28%,              .

     .             152%.          .    -   ,   ; 80%     ,       5 .         50%- . ,   ,     100%      14 .    ,     150%,        35 .   700%   .[18 - Nicholson R. The 5 biggest retail markups. // Yahoo! Finance UK. 2011.]    ,      KP MacLane,     175 .,       718%,     Herm?s,    455 .,  1 800%.[19 - . Duane D. Pricing out a low-end shirt: investment implications. // practicalstockinvesting.com. 21.5.2013.]      ,   , ,   .    Wall Street Journal  ,     , ,     ,     6,62 ., 12,5     2%.[20 - Huq R. The Economics of a $ 6.75 Shirt. // Wall Street Journal. 16.5.2013.]       ,         ,            ,     :   ,   ,  ,        .                ,       .[21 - Bangladesh All-Party Parliamentary Group. After Rana Plaza (cit.). P. 15.]

   ,     ()  -,    .  ,    2012.         289 ,    :



,  , ,             ,  ,       ,   ,          ,      .    .  ,     ,    .          .[22 - Brown D. We were trapped inside: Pakistan factory fires kill at least 261. // nbcnews.com. 12.9.2012.]


  ,      ,       ,             :



       .      ,   ,      ,             (  , , , ,    ..).[23 - Pickles J. Economic and Social Upgrading in Apparel Global Value Chains: Public Governance and Trade Policy. // papers.ssrn.com. 2012.P. 1045. 2004.           ,   1974.       ,     .]


         ,   ,          ,      ,     ,     ,     .       2013.,        (), :



   (     ),            ,              ,             .[24 - UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2013. P. 15862.]


,          ,     .             ,      ,        -  -    . .[25 - Labowitz S., Baumann-Pauly D. Business as Usual Is Not an Option: Supply Chains and Sourcing after Rana Plaza. NY: NYU Leonard N. Stern School of Business, 2014. P. 25.]                  ,    ,      ,         .     ,   -  ,       [ ]     . [ ]    ,           [ ] []         .        ,            .[26 - Ibid. P. 6.]       ,    , []     ,    ,   ,      .        ,   ,         .[27 - Ibid. P. 9.]

                 ,   ,           .[28 - ,    ,     . [ ]     ,          . ,     ,       . Pilling D. Lunch with the FT: Jagdish Bhagwati. // Financial Times. 17.4.2014.]  :           ,         ,    ,          ,         .[29 - Bhagwati J. Responsibility is Local, not Global. // New York Times. 2.5.2013.]       -  !


* * *

    Rana Plaza               ,    IndustriALL, UNI Global Union    .                ,           .                      .[30 - Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh. // cleanclothes.org. 12.5.2013.]                    GAP  Walmart.        ,     ,   ,       ,    ,    ,      . -       -  .       ,  ,   ,    , ,   ,   . ,    ,     -    .        ;          .

  ,               ,               .      ?  22       ,           :            ,             ,  ,             ,  ,     .                     .      ,  ,                  .          ,         .         ,         .         :                   ,     . ,           ,          .


* * *

            .    ,        Rana Plaza,                .[31 - Afl-Cio's Solidarity Centre in Dhaka. Detailed list of 20122014 garment factory fire incidents.]     ,     35C,     ,  ,          ,                .                   ;  , -               ,           .   ,       ;  ,   UNI,      ,          ; ,    IndustriALL  UNI           .[32 - IndustriALL Global Union. We made it! Global Breakthrough as Retail Brands sign up to Bangladesh Factory Safety Deal. // industriall-union.org. 16.5.2013; Idem. IndustriALL, UNI and ITUC visit Bangladesh. // Ibid. 6.6.2013.]

        IndustriALL   ,             ,      .                     ,            .   2013.              ,      -     . ,           .   Unite   United Steelworkers,   IndustriALL,      Rana Plaza    ,                   , [ ]     ,    .[33 - . United Steelworkers. Workers Uniting Statement on Bangladesh. // usw.org. 7.5.2013.]                .             ,    27  2013.   - ,               .  ,        ,     :            . [ ] ,                  ,      ,       .[34 - . AFLCIO. Statement by AFLCIO President Richard Trumka on News that U.S. Government Plans to Suspend Bangladesh's Trade Benefits. // aflcio.org. 27.6.2013.]

    :        ,       1%    ,   .  ,       ,        ,      ,     .  2013.      (     16,5%)     4,9 .      809,5 . .[35 - U.S. suspends GSP for Bangladesh. // Daily Star. 28.6.2013.]                  2013.  780 .  ;        3,1 .[36 - ILO. Decent Work Country Profile  Bangladesh (cit.).]   22%   ;  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,  22%  3,1 ., .. 690 .  ,          2013.     ,   ,  .          ,  ,       !

 ,      ,          ,      IndustriALL  UNI,    .   ,   ,               .  ,   ,           ,       ,      ,          ,               .[37 - Devarakonda R. K. New Labor Norms Could Hurt Bangladesh. // Inter Press Service. 13.7.2013.]

    .    -                 ,         .        1990- .  ,          (UBINIG).   ,       ,  :



            ,           .   ,           ,    . [ ]         , [ ] [ ]         , [ ]   ,      ,    .     ,        ,         ; [ ]         ,        .[38 - Baral P. Structural Adjustment and the Global Terms of Trade: Perspectives from the Workers' Movement of Bangladesh. N.d.     ,      .]





iPhone


    ,        .            c           ,   .     ,       ,      . ,         ,        , , ,     ,        .  :    1,23  Foxconn International,   Dell   Apple            ,            ,         ?         ,     ,     ..?     ,    ,      ,   . Apple   ,     ,      .          (),      ,  Apple          .      ,        ,     iPhone,    ,    ,   ,     .  ,  ,     -      ,       Apple    .    ,  Apple   ,        .    ,   ,                  ,        ,          .


* * *

  Apple,   Dell, Motorola   , ,        New York Times,   40%        FoxConn,     Hon Hai Precision Industries.[39 - Duhigg C., Bradsher K. How U. S. lost out on iPhone Work. // New York Times. 21.1.2012.]        -       ,       2010.       ,      .     FoxConn       430 000 ,           .  FoxConn      ,         .          ,      .    ,  2013. 260      ,             ,     .[40 -    -,      ,  40%             .]    , ,          ,        .         :    ,        .

   2012.   ,   Apple  ,   Foxconn,  - :



        .       ,       ( 200 .  );    ,    ,  . [ ]         100  130   ,       150180   ,    ,   .           11   ,    .           ,           .[41 - Hart-Landsberg M. Apple and the Labor Process. // economicfront.wordpress.com. 19.7.2012.    ,     36   .]


   ,  -,           FoxConn.         ,     Apple       :



  :     Foxconn  - ,   24     .    ,         .    ,       ,    Foxconn     . [ ]        :   ?    : !  ! ,  ! ,     . [ ]   ,     , ,   ,            .[42 - Ngai P., Chan J. Global Capital, the State, and Chinese workers: The Foxconn experience. // Modern China. Vol. 38, 4. 2012. P. 383410.]


 ,             ,          :



      .    .   :     ,        ,              ()       :      ,  ,    ,       .    2 .      5 .



* * *

  ,       ,         .        ,          ,  ,       ,     ,           XIX., , ,   .     New York Times,     ,    :



  -  ,  Apple       iPhone       .    Apple   , -     .        .   ,     8 000    .        ,      .     ,        .  96      10 000  iPhone  .[43 - Duhigg C., Bradsher K. Op. cit.]


 ,   Hon Hai,   FoxConn,   2012.      ,       .  :   ,           ,    ,      .  Want China Times   :       . [ ]     [ ]       ,        :      .[44 - Foxconn Chairman Likens His Workforce to Animals. // Want China Times. 21.1.2012.]


* * *

    ,        ,        .   , ,     ,  , ,    ,  ,   - :      ,      ,        , [ ]    ,      ![45 -  .   . .: , 2005. . 234.]     , ,   ,        ,     ,  ,       ,  ,     ,      .       ,       ,    ,     .  ,     ,              ,      .[46 -  . . 235.] ,    , ,   ,  ,    - ,      ,       .

                       -   , ,   ,       :



 ,      ,       .       cpa   ,           . [ ]  ce    ,    . , ,     ,  ,  ,   ,      .            .       ,    -   ,      ?[47 -  . . 236.]


  ,       ,      :



    [  ]     , [ ]           ,    ,     .        ,        .  ,   ,  ,       ,   ,     .      ,              . [ ]            ,        ,    .                 .[48 - UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2013. P. 162.     :             ,         .]


    ,          ,         Rana Plaza.          ,      -   :



          ,       ,  ,    , ,   ,         . [ ]        .      ,     ,    .[49 -  . . . . 115.]


       .      ,               ,        .[50 - Kabeer N. The Power to Choose  Bangladeshi Women and Labor Market Decisions in London and Dhaka. London: Verso, 2000.]     ,         ,       ,      .  ,        ,      ,     (         )       ,        (    ),    (          ).             ,       ,   , ,     -,           , ,     ,   .[51 -         ,        . [ ]    ,    ,     ,      ,  - (Custers P. Op. Cit. P. 15354.).]              ,    ,       ,   ,   ,     .

        ,  ,      ,         ,       ,       .


* * *

 Apple        ,             .         .

   iPod  Apple,   2007.  ,     ,  ,       -,      :    ,    , ,     .  ,          .[52 - Linden G., Kraemer K. I., Dedrick J. Who Captures Value in a Global Innovation System? The Case of Apple's iPod. Irvine: University of California Irvine, 2007. P. 7.]

 2006.  Apple iPod  30      299 .,        (   )  144 . 40 .  ,       52%.  154 . 60      Apple,  ,       ,      .  , 52%  ,    ,   ,      .    , 



  iPod   2006.   41 000     .   14 000   ,  27 000    .            ,             ,   ,         .[53 - Linden G., Dedrick J., Kraemer K. I. Innovation and Job Creation in a Global Economy: The Case of Apple's iPod. Irvine: University of California Irvine, 2009. P. 2.]


 30  13 920      (     47 640 .  ), 7 789       (     25 580 .  ),  6 101  ,     ,     .           :      85 000 .  .     12 250      1 540 .  ,  30 .     6%       , 3,2%     1,8%  .[54 -      ,     :  , .,              ,    .        ,           ( . .      //   . . 16. .: , 1973. . 67.).]  ,   ,    iPod,      ,         719 .,          19 .

       Apple,   2010.    (),     :  2007.         iPhone.  2007.      3 ,  2008. 5,3,  2009. 11,3.       178 . 96      500 .  64%-    Apple,        .       iPhone      :        iPhone     ,    . [ ]   [ ]     iPhone  6 . 50 ,    3,6%   .[55 - Xing Y., Detert N. How the iPhone Widens the United States Trade Deficit with the People's Republic of China. ADBi Working Paper Series no. 257. 2011. 45.]  ,  96%   iPhone    ,    ;      ,     .[56 -       ,   ,    .          ,          .]     ,        Apple,     ,           :        ,      . [ ]         , [ ]  Apple    . [ ]   ,       ,   Apple     iPhone  л.[57 - Xing Y., Detert N. Op. cit. P. 8.]

        ,   Apple    iPhone  . ,      10  ,   ,  ,            ,     FoxConn,    :   iPhone   ,       65 .,   Apple   50%.[58 - Ibid.]     Apple  - :              iPhone  .[59 - Ibid. P. 9.]     -  Apple   ,                  .  ,  ,   64%  50%     Apple:          .

  iPhone     ,     Apple  ,    ,     .[60 -      ,    ,    .      :      [   ,   ]      ,     ,               ,    .   ,    ,        ,    ,      [  ]. [ ]  , , , ,    ( )      (    )           1%  ,   40%    1986  2006. (Milberg W., Winkler D. Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Production Networks: Problems of Theory and Measurement, Capturing the Gains. Working Paper 10. 2010. P. 13).]  ,  Samsung, HTC, Nokia       ,   Apple          15%    2014.   ,   Samsung. Apple      ,   ,         ,          ,     .[61 -  ,   Strategy Analytics, . : Musil S. Apple, Samsung see drop in global smartphone market share. // Cnet (cnet.com). 2014.]    iPhone   ,  Apple      .   UBS,    2013.,   iPhone 5C 16GB  156 .    213 .  iPhone 5S 16GB,          549  649 .,     61%  67% .[62 - Rooney B. What Does It Cost to Make an iPhone? // blogs.wsj.com. 2013.]   ,   Lex  Financial Times, ,   Apple,     . Apple    ,     : -            iPhone     41 . ,    .[63 - Lex. China: an apple a day helps Profits decay. // Financial Times. 24.04.2014.]


* * *

       Apple        .      2013.  Hon Hai  10,7 .  (   132,1 .),   8 685 .    1 232 000  .   , Apple  41,7 .  (   164,7 .),  572 800 .    72 800   (47       ).   2013. Hon Hai   32,1 .,     Apple,     ,   416,6 .[64 -   ,     Hon Hai  Apple:  Forbes 2000   . // forbes.com.]  Exxon  2011.,           .       Apple   ,      ,       ,       2008.[65 - Authers J. Apple Core to Earnings Growth. // Financial Times. 20.04.2012.]      ,          ,    2014.  146,8 .            .[66 - Sakoui A. Huge Cash Pile Puts Recovery in Hands of the Few. // Financial Times. 21.01.2014.]

   ,          .  Hon Hai                  :   Apple     ,   .[67 - Froud J., Johal S., Leaver A., Williams K. Apple business Model  Financialization Across the Pacific. CRESC [Centre for Research in Socio-Cultural Change, university of Manchester] Working Paper no. 111. 2012. P. 20.]       Apple   2005.   ,   Hon Hai   80%.   2011. Financial Times ,            ,    2 900 . .      272 .,        . [ ]         ,             [ ]  45%     12% .[68 - Lex. Hon Hai / Foxconn: Wage Slaves. // Financial Times. 30.09.2011.]

       ,            .    FT  , Hon Hai [ ]               ,       .           Hon Hai   .[69 - Kwong R, Hon Hai Bracing for Recession. // Financial Times. 10.01.2012.]FoxConn, 40%    2013.,   ,    iPod  iPhone,   iPhone 5  ,   ,  100  ,        600 ,    iPhone   500 000  .[70 - Luk L. iPhone 5S Wait Time Drops as Foxconn Boosts Production. // blogs.wsj.com. 27.11.2013.]      ,     ,     Apple  300 000 .  Apple  Hon Hai    ,     ;   2014.   ,  Apple      FoxConn     iPhone 6       Pegatron,       .

   ,       Apple       ,     ,     Hon Hai  .  :  ,  ,      ,        ,   .[71 - Kwong R. Op. Cit.]




 


              . ,         :      !          :    ,   ,         .            ,      .    ,     ,       .           ,    25    .            : Sara Lee  Kraft, Nestl  Procter & Gamble.

       ,       ,   -    ,    .      ,    ,         ,     235%  19751989., 382%   19901999.  429%   20002009.[72 -              .   ,      Ecobank,  2012. ,  ,  6%       0,79 .   10% ,  16%,     1980. .: George E. Overview of Global Cocoa, Coffee and Sugar Markets. // globalgrainevents.com. 2013.]    ,          ,      ,         ,            ,    .  ,     ,      450-      60      15   .    15   ,       3-    900%-    .[73 -     20        1 . 40 .      ,        ,       . , ,         ,             .]

,           ,      .   1975  1989.        ,      1962.                     . - ,       ,    1989.  ,   1990  1999.         .      ,     ;  2002.       83%   1980.  2002.    5,5 .,      ,    125    .     ,        ,   125  44 .    :    1 . 25   ,       .  Oxfam :           ,         ,        - .     .[74 - Oxfam. Europe and the Coffee Crisis. 2003. P. 9.]               ,       ,     , , ,      ,  .  2010.     ,   ,         -    ,        .   20022010.,             2011.     34 ,   ,     ,   60%   2013.    ,     ,    ,                  85%-          2014.         ,                 .

               .       1989.  ,             .             .          .    ,     .        ,          ,        .[75 -              ,  ,           (Easterly W. IMF and World bank Structural Adjustment Programs and Poverty. // Managing Currency Crises in Emerging Markets. / ed. By M. P. Doodley, J. A. Frankel. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2003. P. 361391).]                ,      ,    ,     ,    ,       21%.[76 - Kamola I. The Global Coffee Economy and the Production of Genocide in Rwanda. // Third World Quarterly. Vol. 28, 3. 2007. P. 584.]       ,     -      ,     . [ ]           ,  ,         .[77 - Chossudovsky M. The Globalization of Poverty: Impacts of IMF and World Bank Reforms. Goa: Other India Press, 1997. P. 120.] ,      1994.      (     )  ,                 .

     iPhone   :        ,  -      , ,    . ,    ,     ,       ,  ,      ,    . , ,    .     ,     ,    ,     ,   ,     ,        .           :           ,      ,        ,     ,    Apple    ,      . ,     ,   3%   .[78 - St Jean-Kufuor K. Coffee Value Chain. // maketradefair.com. 2002.]     ,  2009. ,        -  31 .     ,   -      ;    ,      ,    .

 ,  (    )      Apple        H&M      ,    Starbucks   Caff? Nero  ,   ,   ,      ,            ,    .         ,         ,   50%,         ,      .[79 -      ,      ,        , 55%   ,    (Hale G., Hobijn B. The U. S. Content of Made in China. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter. 2011.]

     . ,  ,   , , , ,   ( )        (    )           1%  ,   40%    1986  2006.[80 - Milberg W., Winkler D. Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Production Networks: Problems of Theory and Measurement, Capturing the Gains. Working Paper 10. 2010. P. 13.]


* * *

  ,     ,      .       ,      ,         .             ,      :

1.        . , iPhone      ,          .  2  3,  ,         ,      .   2 ,            :   , , , ,             .   3             : 1)             ,     ; 2)    ,                ,         ,           :   ,   ; 3)                        .

2.            .   1        ,      ,    ,     .   4  :         ,          .     ,    ,                 ;  ,          .  ,        ,     .      ,   ,       ,       :              .

3.         .            , ,       ,       .   5  :            ,     :       ,              .           ,       .   ,    ,          ,      ,        .            ,        ,    .

4.      ,       ,   .  6             ,      ,     ,    79.  6          ,       ,      :      (    )      .            ,                       .   ,   -  ,     .     ,                 ,      .        ,             .   ,      ,       .    6     :           , ,         .  ,                   .

5.      .  ,      ,   ,               .  26      ,     ,  ,                    .   7                 ,   .    ,   ,  ,      , , ,   ,              ,              .                    ,    -  196070- .  8            ,     ,       .

6.      .   9  ϻ     ,    : ,             ,  ,   ,    ,   ,  ,  ,  .       ,       ,    ,    ,   ,    ,  ,     .

7.,      :        .           ,       .   10      ,   ,           1970- .,         2007.     ,    ,                 ,   ,            ,       .   ,            ,    (   )     ,    (    ).  ,            ,  .   :      ,          ,       .




2

,   

(  )



            .          ;      ,              .             .   ,     ,       ,   .




  


,     ,    ,      ,     .          ,        - .           .

 [81 -  .       . // . . 16. .: , 1960. . 552.]


                        . ,      XIX.,      XX.   ,        ,            ,               ,     .[82 - Bronfenbrenner K., Luce S. The Changing Nature of Corporate Global Restructuring: The Impact of Production Shifts on Jobs in the U. S., China and Around the Globe. Washington: U. S. China Economic and Security Review Commission, 2004. P. 3738.]    ,      (     150  ),       XIX.       ,        .

  ,     ,      ,      ,   ,       .   XIX.          ,     ,    .  1860.  60      50 000 ,   ,   ,           ,   ,    .        ,         .   ,            1855.      .  ,   ,         Douglas          .[83 - Roul C. The International Jute Commodity System. Delhi: New Book Centre, 2009.]    XX.       ,       ,                       .[84 - Cox A. Empire, Industry and Class: The Imperial Nexus of Jute, 18401940. NY: Routhledge, 2009.         1948.          .         .   2012   2013.     1 .;  , 21,5 .         . .: Bangladesh jute exports grow 6.54% in FY'13. // fibre2fashion.com. 12.07.2013.]


* * *

    ,           1900- .,   ,     ,           .[85 - Chomsky A. Linked Labor Histories. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. P. 294.]  ,           ,             ,     XX.    ,  ,  1930- .,  -  .

       .    ,   XX.    [ ]                 ,         ,   .   ,           ,         .[86 - Gereffi G. The New Offshoring of Jobs and Global Development, ILO Social Policy Lectures. Geneva: ILO Publications, 2005. P. 4.]

         1960-  1970- .              ,    ,    ,        Tesco, Walmart  Carrefour                .      :



    ,   1880  1980.,             . [ ]          . [ ]         19601970- .,  Sears, K-Mart                  ,  ,    .[87 - Lichtenstein N. Supply-Chains, Workers' Chains and the New World of Retail Supremacy. // Labor. 4 (1). 2007. P. 34.]





   

       : ,          ,      .                .           ,    ,           .              2013.,  ,    28%      ,   ,       ,    .  5  19  .    (  2010.)  .[88 - UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2013. P. xxi.]

     ,       ,          ,        .            , ,    .     ,   2005.    90%    ;  ,        50%,       30%.  ,    ,     ,    .             2005. 4,9%,       7,7%,       .     :      ,                   .           ,         .[89 - Van Assche A., Hong C., Slootmaekers V. China's International Competitiveness: Reassessing the Evidence. // LICOS Discussion Papers 20508. 2008. P. 13.]


        ;             ,        ,    ,    :            .          ,                   .

  1960- .,        ,     ,     Cisco, Sun Microsystems  AT&T   ,         .          ,       .   ,       ,     .                    -       .[90 -       -     .   ,         ,           . .: Henderson J. The Globalization of High-Technology Production: Society, Space and Semi-Conductors in the Restructuring of the Modern World. London: Routledge, 1989.]          .    ,           ,          ,   . [ ]            . ,      ,  ,    .[91 - Mayer J., Butkevicius A., Kadri A. Dynamic Products In World Exports. // UNCTAD Discussion Paper 159. 2002. P. 20.]

        ,     2007.     ,   2000.      ,     ,        ,  ʻ.[92 - UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2013. P. 122.]              ,     ,  ,          .      ,     1992  2001.  70 000  100 000      -  ()     ,                   .[93 - Bronfenbrenner K., Luce S. Op. cit. P. 80.  2000.             .]        ,     ,         ,   204 000  2001.  406 000  2004.[94 - Ibid. P. 56.]         Levi Strauss   made in the U. S.,  1960- .  63     ,   2004. 800            .[95 - Ibid. P. 35.]


  

    :        .   ,      ,          .[96 - Chomsky A. Op. cit. P. 294.]  ,    [   ]      ,       XX.    ,                .[97 -         ,     :     [ ]                       (Ibid. P. 3).          -   ,       ,               .      :              , ,    . .: Robinson W. Latin America and Global Capitalism: A Critical Globalization Perspective. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. P. 204.]             :          (        )      ,            ,              .[98 - Henderson J., Cohen R. On the Reproduction of the Relations of Production. // Urban Political Economy and Social Theory. / Ed. by R. Forrest, J. Henderson, P. Williams. Aldershot: Gower, 1982.]

    ,            ,      .    1980-  1990- .,   ,       [ ]        .[99 - Siddiqui T. Migration as a Livelihood Strategy of the Poor: The Bangladesh Case. Dhaka: Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit, Dhaka University, 2003. P. 2.]         .      ,  2012.    5,4 :     ,      ,       ,  ,    .       14 .,   11%  .       19 .   ,   80%     .        3     4 .    ,  2013.   210 000           4 058 .,          ,    (      ),     .     ,  -            ,       .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=74147126)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 .  ,   . // . . 16. .: , 1960. . 154155.




2


 ,   , ,  ,      ,      .            ,     .     .             . .: Bangladesh All-Party Parliamentary Group. After Rana Plaza: A Report Into he Ready-Made Garment Industry in Bangladesh. 2013. P. 18.




3


  2013.,     ,  Tazreen Fashion,       ,     ,                          .     ,         . 3  2015.  ,        . 1  2015.  ,  Rana Plaza,  41        ,          .           .




4


Fernandez-Stark K., Frederick S., Gereffi G. The Apparel Global Value Chain: Economic Upgrading and Workforce Development. Durham: Duke University, 2011. P. 7.




5


Bangladesh factory collapse the result of appalling working conditions, says TUC [Britain's Trades Union Congress]. Press release, 25 April 2013.




6


  ,               ,    ,      . .: Kamrul H. A threat to us all. // Dhaka Tribune. 8.11.2013.




7


   Rana Plaza     .




8


Kazmin A. Bangladesh factory collapse a catalyst for workers' rights. // Financial Times. 3.5.2013.




9


Peter Custers. Capital Accumulation and Women's Labor in Asian Economies. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2012 [1997]. P. 162.




10


      ,  ,    ,          3 .,        32 . (Ibid. P. 141.).




11


Norfield T. The China Price. // economicsofimperialism.blogspot.com. 4.6.2011. : Das Welthemd. // Die Zeit. 17.12.2010.




12


Ibid.




13


ILO. Decent Work Country Profile  Bangladesh. Geneva: ILO, 2013.




14


Bangladesh All-Party Parliamentary Group. After Rana Plaza (cit.). P. 26.




15


McKinsey & Co. Bangladesh's Ready-Made Garments Landscape: The Challenge of Growth. 2011. P. 7.




16


.: Factory watch just farcical. // The Daily Star. 29.4.2013.




17


.: Clean Clothes Campaign. Calculating a Living Wage. // cleanclothes.org; Idem. Living Wage versus Minimum Wage. // Ibid.




18


Nicholson R. The 5 biggest retail markups. // Yahoo! Finance UK. 2011.




19


. Duane D. Pricing out a low-end shirt: investment implications. // practicalstockinvesting.com. 21.5.2013.




20


Huq R. The Economics of a $ 6.75 Shirt. // Wall Street Journal. 16.5.2013.




21


Bangladesh All-Party Parliamentary Group. After Rana Plaza (cit.). P. 15.




22


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23


Pickles J. Economic and Social Upgrading in Apparel Global Value Chains: Public Governance and Trade Policy. // papers.ssrn.com. 2012.P. 1045. 2004.           ,   1974.       ,     .




24


UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2013. P. 15862.




25


Labowitz S., Baumann-Pauly D. Business as Usual Is Not an Option: Supply Chains and Sourcing after Rana Plaza. NY: NYU Leonard N. Stern School of Business, 2014. P. 25.




26


Ibid. P. 6.




27


Ibid. P. 9.




28


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29


Bhagwati J. Responsibility is Local, not Global. // New York Times. 2.5.2013.




30


Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh. // cleanclothes.org. 12.5.2013.




31


Afl-Cio's Solidarity Centre in Dhaka. Detailed list of 20122014 garment factory fire incidents.




32


IndustriALL Global Union. We made it! Global Breakthrough as Retail Brands sign up to Bangladesh Factory Safety Deal. // industriall-union.org. 16.5.2013; Idem. IndustriALL, UNI and ITUC visit Bangladesh. // Ibid. 6.6.2013.




33


. United Steelworkers. Workers Uniting Statement on Bangladesh. // usw.org. 7.5.2013.




34


. AFLCIO. Statement by AFLCIO President Richard Trumka on News that U.S. Government Plans to Suspend Bangladesh's Trade Benefits. // aflcio.org. 27.6.2013.




35


U.S. suspends GSP for Bangladesh. // Daily Star. 28.6.2013.




36


ILO. Decent Work Country Profile  Bangladesh (cit.).




37


Devarakonda R. K. New Labor Norms Could Hurt Bangladesh. // Inter Press Service. 13.7.2013.




38


Baral P. Structural Adjustment and the Global Terms of Trade: Perspectives from the Workers' Movement of Bangladesh. N.d.     ,      .




39


Duhigg C., Bradsher K. How U. S. lost out on iPhone Work. // New York Times. 21.1.2012.




40


   -,      ,  40%             .




41


Hart-Landsberg M. Apple and the Labor Process. // economicfront.wordpress.com. 19.7.2012.    ,     36   .




42


Ngai P., Chan J. Global Capital, the State, and Chinese workers: The Foxconn experience. // Modern China. Vol. 38, 4. 2012. P. 383410.




43


Duhigg C., Bradsher K. Op. cit.




44


Foxconn Chairman Likens His Workforce to Animals. // Want China Times. 21.1.2012.




45


 .   . .: , 2005. . 234.




46


 . . 235.




47


 . . 236.




48


UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2013. P. 162.     :             ,         .




49


 . . . . 115.




50


Kabeer N. The Power to Choose  Bangladeshi Women and Labor Market Decisions in London and Dhaka. London: Verso, 2000.




51


        ,        . [ ]    ,    ,     ,      ,  - (Custers P. Op. Cit. P. 15354.).




52


Linden G., Kraemer K. I., Dedrick J. Who Captures Value in a Global Innovation System? The Case of Apple's iPod. Irvine: University of California Irvine, 2007. P. 7.




53


Linden G., Dedrick J., Kraemer K. I. Innovation and Job Creation in a Global Economy: The Case of Apple's iPod. Irvine: University of California Irvine, 2009. P. 2.




54


     ,     :  , .,              ,    .        ,           ( . .      //   . . 16. .: , 1973. . 67.).




55


Xing Y., Detert N. How the iPhone Widens the United States Trade Deficit with the People's Republic of China. ADBi Working Paper Series no. 257. 2011. 45.




56


      ,   ,    .          ,          .




57


Xing Y., Detert N. Op. cit. P. 8.




58


Ibid.




59


Ibid. P. 9.




60


     ,    ,    .      :      [   ,   ]      ,     ,               ,    .   ,    ,        ,    ,      [  ]. [ ]  , , , ,    ( )      (    )           1%  ,   40%    1986  2006. (Milberg W., Winkler D. Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Production Networks: Problems of Theory and Measurement, Capturing the Gains. Working Paper 10. 2010. P. 13).




61


 ,   Strategy Analytics, . : Musil S. Apple, Samsung see drop in global smartphone market share. // Cnet (cnet.com). 2014.




62


Rooney B. What Does It Cost to Make an iPhone? // blogs.wsj.com. 2013.




63


Lex. China: an apple a day helps Profits decay. // Financial Times. 24.04.2014.




64


  ,     Hon Hai  Apple:  Forbes 2000   . // forbes.com.




65


Authers J. Apple Core to Earnings Growth. // Financial Times. 20.04.2012.




66


Sakoui A. Huge Cash Pile Puts Recovery in Hands of the Few. // Financial Times. 21.01.2014.




67


Froud J., Johal S., Leaver A., Williams K. Apple business Model  Financialization Across the Pacific. CRESC [Centre for Research in Socio-Cultural Change, university of Manchester] Working Paper no. 111. 2012. P. 20.




68


Lex. Hon Hai / Foxconn: Wage Slaves. // Financial Times. 30.09.2011.




69


Kwong R, Hon Hai Bracing for Recession. // Financial Times. 10.01.2012.




70


Luk L. iPhone 5S Wait Time Drops as Foxconn Boosts Production. // blogs.wsj.com. 27.11.2013.




71


Kwong R. Op. Cit.




72


             .   ,      Ecobank,  2012. ,  ,  6%       0,79 .   10% ,  16%,     1980. .: George E. Overview of Global Cocoa, Coffee and Sugar Markets. // globalgrainevents.com. 2013.




73


    20        1 . 40 .      ,        ,       . , ,         ,             .




74


Oxfam. Europe and the Coffee Crisis. 2003. P. 9.




75


             ,  ,           (Easterly W. IMF and World bank Structural Adjustment Programs and Poverty. // Managing Currency Crises in Emerging Markets. / ed. By M. P. Doodley, J. A. Frankel. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2003. P. 361391).




76


Kamola I. The Global Coffee Economy and the Production of Genocide in Rwanda. // Third World Quarterly. Vol. 28, 3. 2007. P. 584.




77


Chossudovsky M. The Globalization of Poverty: Impacts of IMF and World Bank Reforms. Goa: Other India Press, 1997. P. 120.




78


St Jean-Kufuor K. Coffee Value Chain. // maketradefair.com. 2002.




79


     ,      ,        , 55%   ,    (Hale G., Hobijn B. The U. S. Content of Made in China. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter. 2011.




80


Milberg W., Winkler D. Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Production Networks: Problems of Theory and Measurement, Capturing the Gains. Working Paper 10. 2010. P. 13.




81


 .       . // . . 16. .: , 1960. . 552.




82


Bronfenbrenner K., Luce S. The Changing Nature of Corporate Global Restructuring: The Impact of Production Shifts on Jobs in the U. S., China and Around the Globe. Washington: U. S. China Economic and Security Review Commission, 2004. P. 3738.




83


Roul C. The International Jute Commodity System. Delhi: New Book Centre, 2009.




84


Cox A. Empire, Industry and Class: The Imperial Nexus of Jute, 18401940. NY: Routhledge, 2009.         1948.          .         .   2012   2013.     1 .;  , 21,5 .         . .: Bangladesh jute exports grow 6.54% in FY'13. // fibre2fashion.com. 12.07.2013.




85


Chomsky A. Linked Labor Histories. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. P. 294.




86


Gereffi G. The New Offshoring of Jobs and Global Development, ILO Social Policy Lectures. Geneva: ILO Publications, 2005. P. 4.




87


Lichtenstein N. Supply-Chains, Workers' Chains and the New World of Retail Supremacy. // Labor. 4 (1). 2007. P. 34.




88


UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2013. P. xxi.




89


Van Assche A., Hong C., Slootmaekers V. China's International Competitiveness: Reassessing the Evidence. // LICOS Discussion Papers 20508. 2008. P. 13.




90


      -     .   ,         ,           . .: Henderson J. The Globalization of High-Technology Production: Society, Space and Semi-Conductors in the Restructuring of the Modern World. London: Routledge, 1989.




91


Mayer J., Butkevicius A., Kadri A. Dynamic Products In World Exports. // UNCTAD Discussion Paper 159. 2002. P. 20.




92


UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2013. P. 122.




93


Bronfenbrenner K., Luce S. Op. cit. P. 80.  2000.             .




94


Ibid. P. 56.




95


Ibid. P. 35.




96


Chomsky A. Op. cit. P. 294.




97


        ,     :     [ ]                       (Ibid. P. 3).          -   ,       ,               .      :              , ,    . .: Robinson W. Latin America and Global Capitalism: A Critical Globalization Perspective. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. P. 204.




98


Henderson J., Cohen R. On the Reproduction of the Relations of Production. // Urban Political Economy and Social Theory. / Ed. by R. Forrest, J. Henderson, P. Williams. Aldershot: Gower, 1982.




99


Siddiqui T. Migration as a Livelihood Strategy of the Poor: The Bangladesh Case. Dhaka: Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit, Dhaka University, 2003. P. 2.


