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       .      65   29,1%.    24,1%.    22,4%.       38   2000   44,5   2023- [3][3 - Statistics Bureau of Japan, Population Estimates 2023, Tokyo: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, 2024; Eurostat, Population Structure and Ageing 2024, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the EU, 2024, Table 1.  :  ,        ,    65    2,5%.           .].    :    2000   38,     45.         [4][4 - Eurostat, Median Age by Country, Dataset code: DEMO_PJANIND, updated June 2024.       .  ,     :  ,  .    ,     44,5 .  2000     38.   6,5           .].

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 1970         5,7 .   2,1.  2040   1,5 [10][10 - Deutsche Rentenversicherung, Rentenversicherung in Zahlen 2024, Berlin: DRV, 2024; European Commission, The 2024 Ageing Report, Brussels: European Commission, 2024, Table II.1.12.      pay-as-you-go (),         .  1,5:1  2040     .   (, Bertelsmann Stiftung)   1,3:1    .].  ,        ,      .     -  .  ,     ,  .   .

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: ,     ,    .  2050 ,   ,    2,1.   .  ,         ,  .    ,      ,      .

  :          3,0.           (   [11 -     .: Daphna Birenbaum-Carmeli, Thirty-five years of assisted reproductive technologies in Israel, Reproductive Biomedicine &Society Online, vol. 2, 2016, pp. 16-23; : Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Fertility Rates by Religion and Population Group, 2023.  :          (   - ).        2,1     .  ,       ,  -.        ( ,  , )     1,2  1,5 (2011-2021),         1,32  2023 . .: Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Vital Events 2023, Budapest: KSH, 2024.     ,          ,      .]




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notes








1


  : OECD, Family Database, Indicator SF2.1: Fertility Rates, Paris: OECD Publishing, 2024;     Statistics Korea, Population Trends Survey 2023, Daejeon: KOSTAT, February 2024.  0,72         0,02.  :  1960        6,0                 .




2


UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects 2024, New York: United Nations, 2024.    2024  83        2,1.  1970       -. ,     2,1  ,     1990-: ,      10-15     .




3


Statistics Bureau of Japan, Population Estimates 2023, Tokyo: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, 2024; Eurostat, Population Structure and Ageing 2024, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the EU, 2024, Table 1.  :  ,        ,    65    2,5%.           .




4


Eurostat, Median Age by Country, Dataset code: DEMO_PJANIND, updated June 2024.       .  ,     :  ,  .    ,     44,5 .  2000     38.   6,5           .




5


OECD, International Migration Outlook 2024, Paris: OECD Publishing, October 2024, Figure 1.1.  2022         1950-.     ,    (       ).         4,8     .    ,     ,    .




6


Destatis (Federal Statistical Office of Germany), Population Projection 2024-2070, Wiesbaden: Destatis, 2024.    (   )       1972-,       1990-  .        5  ,    .




7


Australian Bureau of Statistics, National, State and Territory Population, Reference period December 2023, cat. no. 3101.0, Canberra: ABS, March 2024; Statistics Canada, Canada's Population Estimates, Fourth Quarter 2023, Ottawa: Statistics Canada, March 2024.     (  )   120 000   ,    180 000.       40 000,    220 000.      .




8


      : Eurostat, Population by Age and Sex, 2024; European Social Survey, Round 10 (2021-2022), Voting Behaviour by Demographics; OECD, Government at a Glance 2023, Paris: OECD Publishing, 2023, Chapter 4.       ,    :  1980-          30-39 ,   50-59 .     .: Harald Wilkoszewski, Ageing and Political Participation: The Demographic Driver of Policy Preferences, Journal of Population Ageing, vol. 2, no. 3, 2009, pp. 157-177.




9


IMF, Fiscal Monitor: Managing Public Expenditure Pressures, Washington DC: IMF, April 2024, Chapter 2; OECD, Pensions at a Glance 2023, Paris: OECD Publishing, 2023, Figure 1.3.  :   .    (  ,  )    32-35%      , , .       25%.           .




10


Deutsche Rentenversicherung, Rentenversicherung in Zahlen 2024, Berlin: DRV, 2024; European Commission, The 2024 Ageing Report, Brussels: European Commission, 2024, Table II.1.12.      pay-as-you-go (),         .  1,5:1  2040     .   (, Bertelsmann Stiftung)   1,3:1    .




11


    .: Daphna Birenbaum-Carmeli, Thirty-five years of assisted reproductive technologies in Israel, Reproductive Biomedicine &Society Online, vol. 2, 2016, pp. 16-23; : Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Fertility Rates by Religion and Population Group, 2023.  :          (   - ).        2,1     .  ,       ,  -.        ( ,  , )     1,2  1,5 (2011-2021),         1,32  2023 . .: Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Vital Events 2023, Budapest: KSH, 2024.     ,          ,      .


