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  .., , , 2026

  , 2026

    

    










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  , -    .      (17751783), , ,  .    , ,     :     ,   .    ?          ?    , ,      ,   ,     ,  .   1830-     ,   ,  , , ,     ,   ,  ,  .

             (18031882). ,       ,    .      ,   , -, -,  .      ,  , , , .      ,   .       ,   ,     .        ,        ,    ,    ,  .




 1.  .  


    ,  ,  , ,      .  ,  ,    , ,     ,    ,       . ,   ,  ,    .  ,     ,        .

   (18171821)     ,   ,     .        ?    ,     ,    .

     .   ,     , :      tabula rasa,  .       ,  .   ,     .    ,    .   ,     ,    (  -,  ,     ).   ,    ,    .       .

   .   ,    ,    .      (    ),    ,    .    , ,   .    , ,   . -    -.    1829  ,   ,      .  ,  .       .

   .      ,     ?         ,     ?        ,        1831       .       ,   ,    ,  ,   .

  1832        .  ,       ,  ,        ,       ,    ,      .     ,       .    .                      .    .    ,   ,     .




 2.  .    


   ,   1833        ,      .       .          ,  -.     : ,   ,     ,  ,       .  ,    ,   .

       ,   .              (   ),   .    (      , ,  ,   ) , , .         (Understanding),    ,   (Reason)    ,      .  ,    !    ,  () !

        ,        ,     ,    ,      .     ,  ,      ,      ,   .

    (   ,       ),    .       :  -   ,     ,  ,      .  , ,    (The Dial, 18401844).       .   ,      .




 3. : ,  ,   


 1836 , ,     95    (Nature).     ,  - .       :    .             ?        ,    ,     .

    :     .          .     .       ;    ;     .      ,    - (Over-Soul,      )  , ,   ,      .         ,        ,      .     ;   ;  ;      .

 ໠  ,      1837     (The American Scholar)       .         .                ,  .    ?   ,    (Man Thinking).       : 1)  (  ); 2)   (   ,   ,      );    3) .      (dictionary),       .       .     .      ,    (    )      .

  ,         (Self-Reliance, 1841,     ).   ,    .        .     .       ,       .        :      ;      .       .        Over-Soul.   廠     .     ,     ()       , ,    .    ,  ,   ,    .

 self-reliance    -廠         ,    ,       ,     .     :

		    ,
		   ,
		 , 
		  .

    :

		  !
		     ,
		    ,
		  ,  
		 ,  ,
		      
		  .  , 
		   
		,  .

		Delightful hours
		That gave mysterious pleasure, made me know
		All the recesses of my wayward heart,
		Taught me to cherish with devoutest care
		Its strange unworldly feelings, taught me too
		The best of lessons  to respect myself!
		Nor have I ever ceasd to reverence you
		DOMESTIC DEITIES!

    , .       ,     ,        .        ,    ,    軠    ,       ,  .    .    ,              .      (self-reliance)           ?   ,       :          .   ,        ,     .

 ,   ,         ,   ,        .      ,  ,     .            : , , .  ,          ,  ,       .  廠   .   ,     (respect, ),   ,     ,  :    ,       .     ,         ,     .  ,                 ,           ,  ,     .




 4.  .    


    , , .      .  1842        ,   .     .      ,  .    ,   ,   .      .          .     ,     .

    (Essays: Second Series, 1844)      .    (Experience)     ,     ,   ,         .        (Compensation)   (Fate).       :      ,      .    . ໠    , , .       .      .   :    (Power)     .        .    , ,         ( ).

    ,   .       .       ,  ,     .        ,          .  1844           .  1851 ,        (         ),    .       1859      ,     ,    ,   .       .   .-.     :



		The lengthened shadow of a man
		Is history, said Emerson.

(    ,  ).




 5.  


   ,      ,    ,   .   ,   ,           .        (Walden Pond) (18451847)          .     (1849),      ,      ,    ,      .     , ,  ,    .    (1855)       ,     ,   ,   . ,   ,    ,      ,  .       .  , ,          .      ,  ,      ,     ,   ,   ,           .   :           ,      ,  .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=73846758)  .

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