:  
  

  


      ,   -     ,        .    ,  ,   ,          ,      .               - .

  PDF A4   .





 ,   

:  



 ., ., 2026

  , 2026







    ,       (1978)           ( ⠫ 廠  )    .         .        ,         .

     .         ,      ,         -     ,    .                 .          .           ,    ,    ,      ,  ,  ,   ,    ,      .

   XX   XXI      10%,  20222024.   4,8%.              .         2024. 3%.           3%      5.            .

        .              89 ,      12..

  ,        ,    ,   47% 38%.         56%  81% , 75%  , 71% .

           3..   .           .     ,      20%.           ,          ,      ,   -,     .

            .  20002010.        12%,  20202024.  7%.              .

               ,         .                  .

            .

  ,        ,  ,           ,   .         , -    ,   ,        .

      .              .        2010.      .     ,     2025%,                  .                     .

             ,    .      :               ,     (trade-in)        .      ,           ,       .

         . -           ,    ,     ,        .       ,     ,       ,   ,    (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, CBAM),       .

 ,            :             ,          .          ,  ,  ,         ,    .

      :

1.    ,                .

2.     ,   :  ,      ,   ,            .

3.   ,       , -   ,   .

4.     ,      ,   ,        .

5.              ,    ,    ,     .



                ,            .                ,      .




1.   





1.1.     ,        


            10% 2000- 67% 2010- .  20202024.   :        4,8% (   2,3% 2020.         8,6% 2021.) (. 1).   , 2024.    (5%)  ,    18,4    .






. 1.     (%  )

: Maddison Historical Statistics, National Bureau ofStatistics ofChina, China Statistical Yearbook 1999), IMF World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024Edition.



 2025.,   ,      5%,   ,   ,      ,  [1].

    ,            ,            .   [1 -         Rhodium Group    2024. 2025.],     3% 2024.             ,     ,     ,     (       ).  2025.       2,53%,      2024.      ,          :

1.        .     ,        5%   .        ,        .           .

2.    .         :  11%       2025.   ࠫ  .      , ,        (+0,9.. III).          .      :  ( ),   (  -  )   (   III 2025.).        ,       .

3.  ,   .          6,4%   1,3%   2025.         .      (Alibaba, JD) .         (+1,1%),      ,      .         .

4.    .   Rhodium Group,       2025.      ( 0,3..),      (0,8..).         ,    ,          .

5.        .   ,         2025. (1,7.. 2,53,0%,       ).          ( 1 )     (),        .    :      ,        .



          2022.     ,  2022.   ,  +3%,  20232024.    1,52,8%,     5%,      .    5%      .            (    ),         .       .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/aleksandr-urevich-knobel/kitay-anatomiya-zamedleniya-73820133/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


        Rhodium Group    2024. 2025.


