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notes








1


          .: [Ayalon, 1975b; 1976; 1977a].




2


       (ba?r)  ,  .    ,    -  -  (12401249),      .  ,   ,        - (ba?r al-Nil),      , .: [, 2007, . 128; Northrup, 1998b, p. 247].




3


 .  .  ' - -' (. 1505.)            - -' -   (  - -',  - ,  - ).    ' - -' .: [, 2014a; Ahlwardt, 1897, Bd. 9, S. 234, 311].




4


      ,      XIII.  -                (burj) - .   ,    ,      -,    ,  .             (). .: [, 2007, . 128; , 2001, . 185186].            :  ,     ,     XIV.;   (13361405)   ,      .       -   [, 2022, . 204; , 1966, . 108].




5


      -  .: [, 2016].




6


    -'        .. [Holt, 1993].     -' ,   -    - (. 1437.),   .  . [Vesel?, 1996; 1999; Levanoni, 2003].          -'     - [-, 1989].   -'     . [Loiseau, 2012].       -'    . ' -', ..., . [' -', 1994; 2003; Jungfleisch, 1948; Ramadan, 1980].       ,   1989. .. [Kopraman, 1989].




7


       .: [Mortel, 1994].




8


     .  (13951415; 14161426)           ,   ,      .            30 .   ,         de facto      [Mortel, 1994b, p. 16; 1995a, p. 2].




9


, ,  1441. -  (14381453)    .  (14251441; 14471455),       ,       ' . .       150  ,      ',       ,     . -, ' .    .        ,     -        - [  , 1990, . 58, 75].




10


,   ',      .    ,   ',    (diwan al-jaysh, . ).           (       ) ,    ,     (awlad al-nas)     [Haarmann, 1998, p. 70].




11


  (waqf)   ,    , <..>                 [, 1991b, . 45].       ,                 ,          [, 2008, . 100103].  ,              (        (waqfahli) )   ,    -     (       ) [, 2007, . 172; Petry, 1998, p. 5354].




12


     ',       [Sato, 1997, p. 251].




13


  ,    [, 1991a, . 27].




14


,   ,      1/10     [, 1958, . 16].




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      .: [, 1974b, . 225; , 1975, . 378; Conermann, 2013, S. 319320; -, 2007, . 147150; , 1958, . 1517; Lapidus, 1984a, p. 175].




16


   (mushtarat),     -   ,  ,     , .: [, 2007, c. 130131].




17


        .: [', 2017].




18


    .: [, 2024].




19


.    .




20


. : [, 1958, . 16].




21


,  1515.           [ , 1931, . 4, . 434].




22


,       '         ,         ,            [Ayalon, 1953b, p. 459460].




23


      ,           ,    .      [ , 1931, . 4, . 309;   , 1992, . 14, . 273; Neustadt, 1946, p. 6869].          .: [, 2023; Borsch, 2005; Borsch, Sabraa, 2016; Dols, 1977; 1979; -, 2010].




24


,   -     1390.        '     (. 1393.)     ,   -   1389.          ,        . -       ,  '      [Korn, 2003, p. 310].




25


     ,        ,         .




26


    ,   . ., : [ , 1984, . 310].


