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       ,     ,    ,        .         .             ,    ,           -         .          ()      (22.1; 23; 24.1; 25).      (21.1),      ,           .      , ,     (,       1983          )       [5 - Schoeman F. D. Privacy and Social Freedom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.],         ,  ,  .

      - ,      ,   ,    ,  .                             .          1965     Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479,         .            (      1967 ),      (     ,    ),      (Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557)      1973  (Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113[6 -  24  2022     Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, 597 U.S. 215.   ,        ,    .]).       ,      ,     



  ,          ,   ,    [7 - DeCew J. Privacy // Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/.].


              ,      ,      ,         ,       ,              .

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  ,     ,     ,       ,         ,       ,      [10 -  . . 266.].


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,   ,         ,      . <..>          ,   ,         [11 - Willaschek M. Recht ohne Ethik? Kant ?ber die Gr?nde, das Recht nicht zu brechen // Kant im Streit der Fakult?ten / G. Volker (Hg.). B.; N.Y.: Walter de Gruyter, 2005. S. 195.].


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                   ,       .., ,             - .         ,        ,  ,    , ,       ,     [13 - Bentham J. The Works: In 11 vols / J. Bowring (ed.). N.Y.: Russell & Russell, 1962. Vol. IX. P. 9.].    ,     ,        ,   ,            ,  .     ,        ()    ,        ,      ,          .        ,          .

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       ,   .    ,    ,  ,    . <..>   (principle of utility)          ,         [15 -  .       / . . . . . .: , 1998. . 9.].


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  ,        ( ),    ,     ,   ,    ;   (       ,  ) ,    ,  ,     []    ,         ,  ,   [16 -  . . 386.].


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    ,       ,       [17 - Rzepka V. Die Ordnung der Transparenz. Jeremy Bentham und die Genealogie einer demokratischen Norm. B.: Lit, 2013. S. 72.].


             .  ,        ,      ,   ,  .           ,      ,    ,      [18 - August V. ?ffentlichkeit in der Transparenzgesellschaft: Merkmale, Ambivalenzen, Alternativen // Staat und Geheimnis. Der Kampf um die (Un-)Sichtbarkeit der Macht / J. Knobloch (Hg.). Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2019. S. 197.].            ,                  [19 - Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 8283.].

           () .            .        [20 - Gorwa R., Garton Ash T. Democratic Transparency in the Platform Society // Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform / N. Persily, J. Tucker (eds). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2020. P. 288.].         (Public Opinon Tribunal).         ,        .        ,            ,            (      I             ).

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  ,     [21 -  .   .   / . . .   . . . .: Ad Marginem. 1999. . 300301.].


 ,                        ,     .   ,      [22 -         ,   (panopticon).       (  1975 !),    ,      ,  .    ,        en.wikipedia.org    .],    ,       .

         ,        ,     ,          1780      .           ,  ,     [23 -  . .,  . .    -          17801791. //     . 2019. . 40. 3. . 553568.].               .         ,  ,      ,         [24 - Darley G. Factory. L.: Reaktion Books, 2003. P. 52.].        1786         .   ,      [25 -    IV   ,   .          Online Library of Liberty. . URL: https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/bentham-works-of-jeremy-bentham-11-vols.],      ,   ,      ,  .        ,  ,     ,   .  1807        -       - (  1809 )[26 -              ,    . . URL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bentham-project/who-was-jeremy-bentham/panopticon/st-petersburg-panopticon.         . . URL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/st-petersburg-panopticon-image.].    ,    ,         [27 - .: Pease-Watkin C. Jeremy and Samuel Bentham  The Private and the Public // Journal of Bentham Studies. 2002. Vol. 5. 1. P. 127.].

  , ,      ,        ( )        ,   .           .      ,        ,            (      ),       (      (   1773 ),     -,       ,       ).       ,       ,            .   , ,       -  .

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     ,     (My prison is transparent: my management no less)[30 - Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 80.].


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, , ,            .        [38 - Bentham J. Op. cit. P. 312.].


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 ,    ,    ,      .    ,      ,   ;  ,    , ,   ,      [40 - Ibid. P. 313.].


 ,         ,      ,  ,     ,          .   ,        ,       .          .      :        ,       . ,          .     -     -[41 - Schofield P. Utility and Democracy: The Political Thought of Jeremy Bentham. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006. P. 260 ff.; .: Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 104.].

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,    ,   ,     ,          [42 - Bentham J. Op. cit. Vol. II. P. 317.].


     .      13- ,       .         ;         ,    ;  ,        [43 - Ibid. Vol. IX. P. 328.].              ,   ,     .

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    ,      ,     [] .       :       ,      [47 - Bentham J. Op. cit. Vol. II. P. 315.].


 ,           .         .  ,                 ,   [48 - Gosseries A., Parr T. Publicity // Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/publicity/.]. ,         -  ,    ,       .         , ,      ,        [49 - Sidgwick H. The Methods of Ethics. 5th ed. L.: Macmillan and Co., 1874. P. 487 sqq.].     ,        ,         (            ,     ).

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       ,       ,    ,            (self-preference)      (true observation)  []           . <..>  ,               [50 - Bentham J. Op. cit. Vol. IX. P. 62.].


         ,       (Supreme Constitutive)      .    ,  ,    ,      :     , ,  ,



       [51 -  .     -  // . . 8. . 19.].


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        ,      :         ,          ,        ,       [52 - Rzepka V. Op. Cit. S. 109.].


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    ,      [53 -  .   .   // . . 7. . 17.].


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       ,      :



   :        (distrust)?   ;        .      ,   ,    ,       ?     :     ,    , ,    ,     .         ,    .      :   ,     ,    .     ,       ,       .     ,      ?   []     ?      ,              ?  ,  ,    .       :  , ,  .        (permanent);        [54 - Bentham J. Op. cit. Vol. II. P. 314.].


 ,           .          ,      .            .       :      - , ,   - ( );   - , ;      - ( ).   trust            - ,         ,    : dependence on something future or contingent (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).         (    ,       ,   ),                 ,       :   ,      ,        .           ,           .  ,



        ,               .


         ,      .   ,        ,     (the fallacy of distrust)[55 - Ibid. P. 415.]:    ,  .         ໠ ,   ..,       .         , ,   ,      :



      ,      (   )      ,       ,   ,    ,  ,     [56 - Ibid. Vol. IX. P. 90.].


,          , ,  ,     ,     ,             .              ,            .   ,     ,    ,     -   [57 - Rzepka V. Op. cit.; August V. Op. cit.].          ,           .      ,   ,    :



         ,      ,       : , ,     ,    ,     [58 -  . .   .  //  . 2001. . 1. 2. . 12.].


   ,      .   ,       ,       1809 :



             .    , ,    , ,  ,   ,   ,        ,           [59 - Steffens H. ?ber die Idee der Universit?ten // Die Idee der deutschen Universit?t. Die f?nf Grundschriften aus der Zeit ihrer Neubegr?ndung durch klassischen Idealismus und romantischen Realismus / E. Anrich (Hg.) Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1964 (1809). S. 317.].


            .                ,        ,     ,          (        ),      . ,              ,      [60 - Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 63 ff.].     ,     [61 -  .  .    / . . . .   . . . . .: , 2007.],      ,     :



   ,     ,             (transparency) , ,  (simplicity)   .               ,     ,   ,      ,       [62 - Bentham J. Op. cit. Vol. IX. P. 203.].


,  ,    ,         ,        .     ,        (,     ).     ,         ,        ,        .  ,  ,



   ,          (Erwartungshaltungen), ,   ,           [63 - Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 116.].


    ,



 (Transparenz)       (?ffentlichkeit),   ,  ,   ,     ,     .        ,        [64 - August V. Op. cit. S. 193.].


        ,   ,                   . ,             ,    1970- .    ,       :  ,      ,    ,  ,     ,            ..           ,          .            (public choice theory).            ,      ,    /  .          ,           :



      1980-      New Public Management            (monitoring, benchmarking,  ),         .   ,        ,     [65 - Ibid. S. 196.].


        ,   , ,      ,     ,      . , ,        ,     .       :

1.,          ,      :      ,   ,      ,      .

2.     :   ,       .

3.      ,        ,    ,        :  ngo'  [66 - Lang S. NGOs, Civil Society and the Public Sphere. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013.].        ,     ,       .                  .

     ,       ,     ,        .       ,          (,  ,  ),         ,   ,   .

, ,          .              ,     ..        ,     ,   , ,   ,           .      ,    .          :



  ,  ,          ,                ,     ,     ,   ,    ,    ,     .     :       -      [67 -  .    .     / . .  . . . . . .:  , 2016. . 402.].


        ,     ,    ,       .      (,  ),    ,       ,    :



                          ,    [68 - August V. Op. cit. S. 208.].


    ,    ,    .         :      [69 -  .,  .  ,   :         // . 05.04.2021. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4760378.].                .    ,        ,      :    ,                .

        -  ,  ,          ,         .       ,              ,               .                   ,       XVIII  (      -, -    ).





 .       / . . . . . .: , 1998.

 .,  .  ,   :         // . 05.04.2021. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4760378.

 .   // .:  8. /. . . . . . . .: , 1994.

ʸ .   / . . . . . .: Individuum, 2023.

 . .   // . 2008. 1. . 5969.

 .  .    / . . . .   . . . . .: , 2007.

 .    .     / . .  . . . . . .:  , 2016.

 . .,  . .    -          17801791. //     . 2019. . 40. 3. . 553568.

 . .   .  //  . 2001. . 1. 2. . 325.

 . .      :      //      . 2018. . 13. 5. . 118150.

 .   / . . . . . .:   , 2025.

 .   .   / . . .   . . . .: Ad Marginem. 1999.

 .-.   / . . . . . .: , 2014.

 .   / . . . . . .:   , 2020.

August V. ?ffentlichkeit in der Transparenzgesellschaft: Merkmale, Ambivalenzen, Alternativen // Staat und Geheimnis. Der Kampf um die (Un-)Sichtbarkeit der Macht / J. Knobloch (Hg.). Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2019.

Bentham J. The Works: In 11 vols / J. Bowring (ed.). N.Y.: Russell & Russell, 1962.

Darley G. Factory. L.: Reaktion Books, 2003.

DeCew J. Privacy // Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/.

Gorwa R., Garton Ash T. Democratic Transparency in the Platform Society // Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform / N. Persily, J. Tucker (eds). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2020. P. 286312.

Gosseries A., Parr T. Publicity // Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/publicity/.

Heller C. Post-Privacy: Prima leben ohne Privatsph?re. M?nchen: C.H. Beck, 2011.

Lang S. NGOs, Civil Society and the Public Sphere. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Pease-Watkin C. Jeremy and Samuel Bentham  The Private and the Public // Journal of Bentham Studies. 2002. Vol. 5. 1. P. 127.

Rzepka V. Die Ordnung der Transparenz. Jeremy Bentham und die Genealogie einer demokratischen Norm. B.: Lit, 2013.

Schaar P. Das Ende der Privatsph?re: Der Weg in die ?berwachungsgesellschaft. M?nchen: C. Bertelsmann, 2007.

Schoeman F. D. Privacy and Social Freedom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Schofield P. Utility and Democracy: The Political Thought of Jeremy Bentham. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Sidgwick H. The Methods of Ethics. 5th ed. L.: Macmillan and Co., 1874.

Steffens H. ?ber die Idee der Universit?ten // Die Idee der deutschen Universit?t. Die f?nf Grundschriften aus der Zeit ihrer Neubegr?ndung durch klassischen Idealismus und romantischen Realismus / E. Anrich (Hg.) Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1964 (1809).

Willaschek M. Recht ohne Ethik? Kant ?ber die Gr?nde, das Recht nicht zu brechen // Kant im Streit der Fakult?ten / G. Volker (Hg.). B.; N.Y.: Walter de Gruyter, 2005.



Digital Camera and Classical State and Legal Theory

Vitaly Kurennoy. National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University), Moscow, Russia, vkurennoj@hse.ru.

Keywords: digital camera; private sphere; strict right; good government; transparency; publicity; panopticon; Immanuel Kant; Jeremy Bentham; Michel Foucault.

The article provides a brief overview of the contemporary use of digital cameras and the fundamental changes in society resulting from their deployment. Digital video surveillance has become an integral part of urban infrastructure, transforming notions of public space, privacy, and control. The article examines key risks associated with the proliferation of digital surveillance today, including potential threats to personal freedom and the emergence of a society of total surveillance. At the same time, it presents objections to alarmist expectations, which are explained by the neglect of existing constitutional and legal norms that regulate camera use and protect citizens' rights.

The digital camera paradigm is placed in the context of major issues in classical modern state and legal theory  those of Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham  in three main aspects. First, Kant's idea of strict right is examined, linked to publicity as a condition for the legitimacy of state power. Second, the ideal of good government supported by both Kant and Bentham is analyzed, implying the minimization of abuses by authorities through mechanisms of openness. Third, Bentham's model of a transparent society is discussed, whose architectural embodiment is the panopticon project. It is demonstrated that Michel Foucault's interpretation of the panopticon distorts Bentham's original idea, as it ignores the democratic potential of mutual observation and public control over power. The article shows that contemporary debates on video surveillance reproduce classical tensions between freedom, security, and transparency of power.



DOI: 10.17323/0869-5377-2026-1-1-36



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notes








1


         :     ,    (-2025-74),          2025 .  .   / . . . . . .:   , 2025.




2


 .   / . . . . . .:   , 2020.




3


., .: ʸ .   / . . . . . .: Individuum, 2023.




4


., .: Heller C. Post-Privacy: Prima leben ohne Privatsph?re. M?nchen: C. H. Beck, 2011; Schaar P. Das Ende der Privatsph?re: Der Weg in die ?berwachungsgesellschaft. M?nchen: C. Bertelsmann, 2007;  .-.   / . . . . . .: , 2014.




5


Schoeman F. D. Privacy and Social Freedom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.




6


 24  2022     Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, 597 U.S. 215.   ,        ,    .




7


DeCew J. Privacy // Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/.




8


 . .      :      //      . 2018. . 13. 5. . 118150.




9


 .   // .:  8. /. . . . . . . .: , 1994. . 6. . 265266.




10


 . . 266.




11


Willaschek M. Recht ohne Ethik? Kant ?ber die Gr?nde, das Recht nicht zu brechen // Kant im Streit der Fakult?ten / G. Volker (Hg.). B.; N.Y.: Walter de Gruyter, 2005. S. 195.




12


,         ,     ,     ..,          .




13


Bentham J. The Works: In 11 vols / J. Bowring (ed.). N.Y.: Russell & Russell, 1962. Vol. IX. P. 9.




14


       .:  . .   // . 2008. 1. . 5969.




15


 .       / . . . . . .: , 1998. . 9.




16


 . . 386.




17


Rzepka V. Die Ordnung der Transparenz. Jeremy Bentham und die Genealogie einer demokratischen Norm. B.: Lit, 2013. S. 72.




18


August V. ?ffentlichkeit in der Transparenzgesellschaft: Merkmale, Ambivalenzen, Alternativen // Staat und Geheimnis. Der Kampf um die (Un-)Sichtbarkeit der Macht / J. Knobloch (Hg.). Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2019. S. 197.




19


Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 8283.




20


Gorwa R., Garton Ash T. Democratic Transparency in the Platform Society // Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform / N. Persily, J. Tucker (eds). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2020. P. 288.




21


 .   .   / . . .   . . . .: Ad Marginem. 1999. . 300301.




22


        ,   (panopticon).       (  1975 !),    ,      ,  .    ,        en.wikipedia.org    .




23


 . .,  . .    -          17801791. //     . 2019. . 40. 3. . 553568.




24


Darley G. Factory. L.: Reaktion Books, 2003. P. 52.




25


   IV   ,   .          Online Library of Liberty. . URL: https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/bentham-works-of-jeremy-bentham-11-vols.




26


             ,    . . URL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bentham-project/who-was-jeremy-bentham/panopticon/st-petersburg-panopticon.         . . URL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/st-petersburg-panopticon-image.




27


.: Pease-Watkin C. Jeremy and Samuel Bentham  The Private and the Public // Journal of Bentham Studies. 2002. Vol. 5. 1. P. 127.




28


Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 75.




29


Bentham J. Op. cit. Vol. IV. P. 48.




30


Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 80.




31


Bentham J. Op. cit. Vol. VIII. P. 381.   (certainty), ,   ,     ,         ,              ,        ( ).




32


Idem. Op. cit. Vol. IV. P. 133.




33


Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 81.




34


Bentham J. Op. cit. Vol. IX. P. 9.




35


Ibid. P. 41.




36


Ibid. P. 158.




37


Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 95.




38


Bentham J. Op. cit. P. 312.




39


Ibidem.




40


Ibid. P. 313.




41


Schofield P. Utility and Democracy: The Political Thought of Jeremy Bentham. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006. P. 260 ff.; .: Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 104.




42


Bentham J. Op. cit. Vol. II. P. 317.




43


Ibid. Vol. IX. P. 328.




44


Ibid. P. 325.




45


Ibidem.




46


Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 107.




47


Bentham J. Op. cit. Vol. II. P. 315.




48


Gosseries A., Parr T. Publicity // Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/publicity/.




49


Sidgwick H. The Methods of Ethics. 5th ed. L.: Macmillan and Co., 1874. P. 487 sqq.




50


Bentham J. Op. cit. Vol. IX. P. 62.




51


 .     -  // . . 8. . 19.




52


Rzepka V. Op. Cit. S. 109.




53


 .   .   // . . 7. . 17.




54


Bentham J. Op. cit. Vol. II. P. 314.




55


Ibid. P. 415.




56


Ibid. Vol. IX. P. 90.




57


Rzepka V. Op. cit.; August V. Op. cit.




58


 . .   .  //  . 2001. . 1. 2. . 12.




59


Steffens H. ?ber die Idee der Universit?ten // Die Idee der deutschen Universit?t. Die f?nf Grundschriften aus der Zeit ihrer Neubegr?ndung durch klassischen Idealismus und romantischen Realismus / E. Anrich (Hg.) Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1964 (1809). S. 317.




60


Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 63 ff.




61


 .  .    / . . . .   . . . . .: , 2007.




62


Bentham J. Op. cit. Vol. IX. P. 203.




63


Rzepka V. Op. cit. S. 116.




64


August V. Op. cit. S. 193.




65


Ibid. S. 196.




66


Lang S. NGOs, Civil Society and the Public Sphere. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013.




67


 .    .     / . .  . . . . . .:  , 2016. . 402.




68


August V. Op. cit. S. 208.




69


 .,  .  ,   :         // . 05.04.2021. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4760378.




70


Feld S. Waterfalls of Song: An Acoustemology of Place Resounding in Bosavi, Papua New Guinea // Senses of Place / K. Basso, S. Feld (eds.). Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1996. P. 91135; Idem. A Rainforest Acoustemology // The Auditory Culture Reader / M. Bull, L. Back (eds). Oxford: Berg, 2003. P. 223239; Idem. Acoustemology // Keywords in Sound / D. Novak, M. Sakakeeny (eds). Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015. P. 1221; Rice T. Acoustemology // The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2018. URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43097591.pdf.




71


 .   / . . . .   . .: , 1985.


