  
 


   (1966)    ,         ,          .  ,        :               ,      XX .       ,  ,    ,      .

   ,    ,              .  ,        ,         ,      .     :           ,      .





 

  



Alasdair MacIntyre

A Short History of Ethics



 1966, 1998 Alasdair MacIntyre

   , 2026


* * *




     


                  ,      .  , 21  2025    .              .     ,  ,    ,  ,     ,      ,[1 -  ,  :    (:  ; :  , 2000).]       .[2 -          . .:  , :  , , 1 (2006), . 186232;  , ,    , , 1 (2008), . 138148;  , ,    , , 2 (2012), . 134159.]       ,  ,        .           ,      , .  ,     ,     ,     .

       ,     .         .      , , ,      ,      ,      .       1966 ,    -    ,   , ,  ,       .           ,           ,    .            ,          .    ,                  :     ,          , ,   ..[3 - Alasdair MacIntyre, Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy (London: Duckworth, 1971).]

          ,         .

     1929   , .        ( ),    .       ( ),    1950-     .  1969      ,  ( )  ,     ,          ,  ,       .  1995      - (),                .

      .      , , , ,     .          ,   ,     .      : ,   1953 ,[4 - Alasdair MacIntyre, Marxism: An Interpretation (London: SCM Press, 1953).     : Alasdair MacIntyre, Marxism and Christianity (New York: Schocken Books; London: Duckworth, 1968).]            ,     ,     .         ,      . ,               ,          ,    .

  1991           :               ,   1971 .                ,           ,         ,  ,   -   .                 .   ,      ,   ,  ,              .     ,      -          ,         .[5 - Alasdair MacIntyre, An Interview with Alasdair MacIntyre, in Andrew Pyle (ed.), Key Philosophers in Conversation: The Cogito Interviews (London: Routledge, 1999), p. 76.]

,         .      ,        ,         ,            ,  ,  .[6 -      ,    .       .      ,      ,     .       ,  ,     ,      (Kelvin Knight, Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre [Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007], p. 224).] ,     , ,       ,               .[7 - Egidijus Mardosas, Revolutionary Aristotelianism and Ideology: MacIntyre on Practical Reason and Virtue (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2024), p. 43. .   : Kelvin Knight and Paul Blackledge (eds.), Revolutionary Aristotelianism: Ethics, Resistance and Utopia (Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius, 2008); Paul Blackledge and Kelvin Knight (eds.), Virtue and Politics: Alasdair MacIntyres Revolutionary Aristotelianism (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2011); John Gregson, Marxism, Ethics, and Politics: The Work of Alasdair MacIntyre (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019).]    ,     ,       (   )    .      :       (   ),               ( ,     ,    )   ,[8 -    .        . , ,    ,   ,         . .: ,  , . 353354.]   .[9 - Paul Blackledge and Neil Davidson (eds.), Alasdair MacIntyres Engagement with Marxism: Selected Writings 19531974 (Leiden: Brill, 2008).]          ,           . ,  1978       ,   ,             .[10 - Knight, Aristotelian Philosophy, p. 104.]   ,   1978       .  ,            , ,       . ,    (, ,    )    , ,   ,  ,       ,        ,       .[11 - R.S.Peters, A Short History of Ethics by Alasdair MacIntyre, British Journal of Educational Studies, 15: 3 (October 1967), p. 322.]   ,  ,     ,      .

         ,         , ,   .             .    ,       ;          .            ,         .

  ,     ,    1970- .       opus magnum     ,   1981 .  ,        .      ,  , ,                .         XX           .     ,    ,    (,   ) .          XX    ,      -    .        ,      .       ,           ,         XX        .         .

     1980-       ,        . ,       .  ,  ,   ,      ,    .     ,          .            .[12 - Alasdair MacIntyre, Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: Encyclopaedia, Genealogy, and Tradition (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1990).]   ,  ,     ?  ? 1988 [13 - Alasdair MacIntyre, Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988).]             ,     .[14 - . . . 24.]    ,       ,  .    ,    . ,        ,       ,  . ,  ,             ,       :   ,     ?  ?[15 - Carey Seal, MacIntyre and the Polis, Analyse & Kritik, 30:1 (2008), p. 5.]   ,           :       .              .

    .   1960-  -       .   1960-   , ,      ,  ,                 ?,          ,    ?    ,  1960-    ,    ,      :         , , ,            .   ,    ,     1960-       .          .          ,  ,   ,   .     .

       ?  ,      .  ,   .      ,                  , ,   ,          ,     ,     ( )           ,     .[16 -       . .:      (.),  :      (:   , 2018).]      .          (      , , ,           ),    ,    . ,  ,    (?????)     ,   .      :     ,         .  ,       . ,       ,              .[17 - ,  , . 323329.]  ,     ,  ,           .  ,  ,           .              XX ,  ,      ,   - .         ,       (,       ,     ),     ,      .

 ,          .  ,     ,     ,     ,     .          .    ,   ,  .    ,     ,   , .     ,      .     -        .          .  ,      ;   (   )    ; , ,       ; ,  ,     ..  ,    ,     . ,         (,       :        ,                .        [18 - R.S.Downie, A Short History of Ethics by Alasdair MacIntyre, Philosophy, 43: 163 (January 1968), p. 68.])         . ,     .              ,      1998  (      ,    ).        ,    ,   XVIII ,        , , ,   .          .     .        ,   ,   .[19 - Hans Oberdiek, A Short History of Ethics by Alasdair MacIntyre, Journal of Philosophy, 66:9 (May 8, 1969), p. 265271.]

,     ,      , .  :                  .              .         ,    ,        .[20 - Oberdiek, A Short History of Ethics by Alasdair MacIntyre, p. 270.]         .             - .           :      , ,         .        1967           .    ,      ,      , ,      , []         . ,  ,          ,             .          ,           ,      [21 - John Horton and Susan Mendus, Alasdair MacIntyre: After Virtue and After, in John Horton and Susan Mendus (eds.), After MacIntyre: Critical Perspectives on the Work of Alasdair MacIntyre (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1994), p. 2.].

,   1980-          XX .        ,     ,      ,            ,     ,    .     , ,  ,          ,     ,            .     ,             .       .    :   .       -    ,        ,   (,   )          . , , . , ,   ,      .

,     ,        .       :   ,       .          ,       ,    .               ,            .   ,          .[22 -     ,    (: , 1987).]             . ,    ,   ,      .     , , ,           ,    ,      1960-   ,       XX .



 , . . .,              ;       







          Collier Books,  Macmillan Publishing Company,  1966 ,     ,      Routledge & Kegan Paul.        , , , , ,   1995    .   ,   ,       ,       ,  ,                 .  ,   ,     :     ,     .             ,  ,    ,      ,         1966 .         .

               . ,       ,   . ,   ,    ,     ,   ,         ,   ,  ,    (   ,       ),        .            (1982),  ?  ? (1988)       (1990)           .

         ,       -   ,         ,    .           ,     1966 ,   ,                  .      , ,   ,  ,   ,    .  ,         ,           ,      ,  .

                          .          ,  ,   ,   ,         .         .     :         -      ,   ,    ,     ,  ,   .     ,          ,         .

 ,     ,   9  ,  12    XVIII ,  14     18    .   .

 9. .          ,     , ,          .  152      221         1964     ,         ,     1300              .   !        .    ,    ,         ,           ,        ,    .  ,               ,       .

          . -,          ,    .          ,    , :         ,        ,            ,      (. 208210).    ,                    .        ,       ,     ,                 ,     ,      ,    .  ,   ,  ,       ,    ,    ,  ,    ,   ,   . (          ,   ,         .    ,  ,      .        ).

,          ,             ,    .       ,         .  , ,      ,   .       ,            ,        ,       .      , ,        ,   .           .

      .       ,           ,              .             ,      ,   ,                           .[23 - .: Colette Sirat, A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).]

     ,       ,    (), -      ().  ,   ,        ,              ,   .[24 - .: Oliver Leaman, An Introduction to Medieval Islamic Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).]

 12.   XVIII .       ,           .     (. 280284)         ,         .  ,     ,             ,      ,          :   ,   ,     .        (1902) ,        ,  ,        ,  ,  ,     ,   ,  -   ,    .  ,   XVIII                   .

, ,   ,       ,   .     (. 290)               .   ,      ,   ,        (. 290).   ,  ,   ,          .   :       ,         ,   ,     ? (The Religion of Nature Delineated, I, iii).  ,   ,   ,       . ,      ,      .        [25 - Joel Feinberg, Rights, Justice and the Bounds of Liberty (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), p. 307314.]  ,  ,   ,   .    ,   ,    ,     ,    ,   .

 14. .         : ,            .[26 - Hans Oberdiek, Review of A Short History of Ethics, Journal of Philosophy, 1969, vol. 66, no. 9, p. 270.]     ,      , ,  ,    ,      , ,          (. 319).

     .  ,  ,          .      ,      ,    , ,    ,       . ,         ?

  : ,  ,          ,                  .       ,     .   ,             ,    .

, ,            ,        .      :  ,          ,               .   , ,            ,             .         -         ,     ,             .            ,          .

,                     .      .             ,       .                ,   ,   ,        ,      14  ,    ,       ,    ,       .      ,       ,        ,        .

 18.   .     ..    .  ,     ,     ,      ,       ,      (. 426).     ,   ,   ,     ,     ,       .  ,     ,     ,  ,    ,          ,          .   ,         ,    .  ,         ,    .  ,   ,   .

    ,  ,  . -, ,      , -       .      ,     ,   (,  )       ,  .   ,     ,    ,    . -,   ,    ,    .[27 - R.M.Hare, Moral Thinking (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).]   ,        ,     ,   . ,                      ,                   .  ,   ,  ,       ,       .[28 -      . : Edward Mooney, Selves in Discord and Resolve: Kierkegaards moral-religious psychology from Either-Or to Sickness unto Death (London: Routledge, 1996).]

            ,        .      ,                                 . ,       -    (. 43).   ,     , ,      ,    -  .[29 - Oberdiek, Review of, p. 268.]  , ,   ,         ,      ,     .          .  , ,       ,     18     ,     .     ,       ,      , ,  ,  ,          ,  ,           ,              (. 435).         ,    ,            ,       , ,   ,  .    :       ,  -       ,   ,             .[30 - Peter Winch, Ethics and Action (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), p. 81.]       ?

    ,     ,   .     ,    .               ,     ,      ,                 .      ,                      ,       .    ,              ,            ,       ,          ,        ,    ,    .      ,           ,     .    ,       ,       .

,     ,     18,   ,    . -, ,  ,    ,     ,     (    )           ,        ,              .     ,  ,          .  ,    ,   ,    .           -,        ,               .

           ?  ,            ,     .   ,    ,  ,                 .  ,  1966       ,      : , , , ,   . ,    ,  ,                ,    .     .        ,       ,     .

        ?   ,       ,      ,         .          ,           IV ,        ,               .     ,                                 .     ,      .

        ,      ,      ,     ,    ,     ,          ,      .   ,  ,   ,    ,     ,  ,   ,    ,           ,          ,     ,    , ,    ,         .   ,    ,            (     ).  ,           .

,     ,   ,             ,   .   ,    ,      :            ?       ?         ?    ,          ?    ,         ,   ?

  ,          ,       .            .       ,          .    ,       , ,  ,    ,   ,     .           ,     ,     .     ,       .       .

    ,  , , ,   .              ,  ,    .



 

 , 1997




   


        .                ,            .  ,         ,       , ,   .  ,  ,         . ,         ,         ,   ;      ,    ,    ,     ,       .      ,     .     .

,        ,         ,   1886                    .        ,         .     :        -     .  ,    ,   ,  ,    ,    1836 ,      !     ,    .  ,             . ,             . ,   ,      ,    .   ,   ,              ,     .    ,           .

    :     -    , ,    ;      ..,      ...,             ,     .    .    ,           ,            19621963      19651966 .            .      ..      .



 




 1.    


      ,         .  , -,   ,            .     ,        , ,      ,             ,  ,    ,          (the language of morals),     .   ,  ,   ,   ,                ,           .      ,   ,     ,      ,         .

  , ,       .         ,      ,      ,    ,          .   .           .              ,       . ,              ??????????,    .      , -  ,     ,      .    ,                    .  ,   ,   ,      ,    ,           .       ,          .   ,     , ,   . ,  ,      ,         .    ,       ,   ;     ,      .       ,   ,  ,   .            .

 ,      ,        ,    ,      ,  ,  ,       ,          . ,    ,      ,  ,     ??????????,  ,       ,      .       ,   .       .

  ,          .  ,          ,         .             , ,     ,     - ,      .        .                 ,     ,          .  ,    ,  ,     1666 ,  ,   ,       ,         .           .  ,        ,   ,   ,      .

,               ,     .            ,              ,    ,         .   ,       ,     ,       . .,  ,      :      ;   ,   ,    ;      ,      .       ,    .    ,     ,     .[31 - AlfredJ.Ayer, On the Analysis of Moral Judgments, in AlfredJ.Ayer, Philosophical Essays (London: Macmillan, 1954), p. 245246.]

            .   ,         ,       ,        ,   .  ,    ,      .       .           .     ,       .    ,  ,     ,       ,       ;      ,      .                 .     ,    ,     ,       . , ,               .              ,      ,     .  ,  ,   ,        ,       ,      ,   ,       ,   ,   .       ,    ,        ,   ,      ,    ,   ,       ,       .     ,       .




 2.       


,           ,         ,      , ,        ,   ,       ,           .             .    ,    ,  ,     ,     ,     .         ,   ,    ,      .     ,               .

,    ,  ,       ,       .  ,       ,      ,    ,  ,   .  ??????,   ,   ,      .   ??????,   ..,   ,         ;      (  ) ,         ,        .[32 - ArthurW.H.?Adkins, Merit and Responsibility: A Study in Greek Values (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960), p. 3233.]      ??????      ,      ,  ,   ,      ,           ,           .    ,  ??????    ,      ,    . ,      ,   ,     ;    ??????,   ,             ,    .

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   ,  ,    ??????     ,              .   ,[33 -     .  12  18  .]       ,   ,     ,      ,    .       ,            ,      .      ,      , ,      ??????.      , ,    ,    ??????     .             .       .   ,   ,       .

 ,    ??????,            ;         ,           .     , ,      ,    . , ,    ;        ,      ,      ,     .   ,    ,    ,      ,      . ,        .      ,    (  )   ,        (  ). ,           :

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 ,        ,     . ,         ,    ,       . ,    ,     .  ,  ,  ;   ,  ,   .    ,                    .           ;           ,        ,      .         .       ,    ,                 .     ,[36 - .: Hartvig Frisch, Might and Right in Antiquity (New York: Arno Press, 1949).]      ,       ??????  ?????.           ,         ,           .  ,  ??????  ????? (),    -   .          .     ,  :  ????? ,   ?????? ,      ?????  ,      ,       .  ??????  ?????, -,         .               ,        .          .       ,   ??????,    ,      ,  ??????  ,     ,    ,         .   ?????      .  ?????     ,       ,    ,       . ?????     ;       ,      .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=73756163)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 ,  :    (:  ; :  , 2000).




2


         . .:  , :  , , 1 (2006), . 186232;  , ,    , , 1 (2008), . 138148;  , ,    , , 2 (2012), . 134159.




3


Alasdair MacIntyre, Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy (London: Duckworth, 1971).




4


Alasdair MacIntyre, Marxism: An Interpretation (London: SCM Press, 1953).     : Alasdair MacIntyre, Marxism and Christianity (New York: Schocken Books; London: Duckworth, 1968).




5


Alasdair MacIntyre, An Interview with Alasdair MacIntyre, in Andrew Pyle (ed.), Key Philosophers in Conversation: The Cogito Interviews (London: Routledge, 1999), p. 76.




6


     ,    .       .      ,      ,     .       ,  ,     ,      (Kelvin Knight, Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre [Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007], p. 224).




7


Egidijus Mardosas, Revolutionary Aristotelianism and Ideology: MacIntyre on Practical Reason and Virtue (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2024), p. 43. .   : Kelvin Knight and Paul Blackledge (eds.), Revolutionary Aristotelianism: Ethics, Resistance and Utopia (Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius, 2008); Paul Blackledge and Kelvin Knight (eds.), Virtue and Politics: Alasdair MacIntyres Revolutionary Aristotelianism (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2011); John Gregson, Marxism, Ethics, and Politics: The Work of Alasdair MacIntyre (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019).




8


   .        . , ,    ,   ,         . .: ,  , . 353354.




9


Paul Blackledge and Neil Davidson (eds.), Alasdair MacIntyres Engagement with Marxism: Selected Writings 19531974 (Leiden: Brill, 2008).




10


Knight, Aristotelian Philosophy, p. 104.




11


R.S.Peters, A Short History of Ethics by Alasdair MacIntyre, British Journal of Educational Studies, 15: 3 (October 1967), p. 322.




12


Alasdair MacIntyre, Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: Encyclopaedia, Genealogy, and Tradition (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1990).




13


Alasdair MacIntyre, Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988).




14


. . . 24.




15


Carey Seal, MacIntyre and the Polis, Analyse & Kritik, 30:1 (2008), p. 5.




16


      . .:      (.),  :      (:   , 2018).




17


,  , . 323329.




18


R.S.Downie, A Short History of Ethics by Alasdair MacIntyre, Philosophy, 43: 163 (January 1968), p. 68.




19


Hans Oberdiek, A Short History of Ethics by Alasdair MacIntyre, Journal of Philosophy, 66:9 (May 8, 1969), p. 265271.




20


Oberdiek, A Short History of Ethics by Alasdair MacIntyre, p. 270.




21


John Horton and Susan Mendus, Alasdair MacIntyre: After Virtue and After, in John Horton and Susan Mendus (eds.), After MacIntyre: Critical Perspectives on the Work of Alasdair MacIntyre (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1994), p. 2.




22


    ,    (: , 1987).




23


.: Colette Sirat, A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).




24


.: Oliver Leaman, An Introduction to Medieval Islamic Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).




25


Joel Feinberg, Rights, Justice and the Bounds of Liberty (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), p. 307314.




26


Hans Oberdiek, Review of A Short History of Ethics, Journal of Philosophy, 1969, vol. 66, no. 9, p. 270.




27


R.M.Hare, Moral Thinking (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).




28


     . : Edward Mooney, Selves in Discord and Resolve: Kierkegaards moral-religious psychology from Either-Or to Sickness unto Death (London: Routledge, 1996).




29


Oberdiek, Review of, p. 268.




30


Peter Winch, Ethics and Action (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), p. 81.




31


AlfredJ.Ayer, On the Analysis of Moral Judgments, in AlfredJ.Ayer, Philosophical Essays (London: Macmillan, 1954), p. 245246.




32


ArthurW.H.?Adkins, Merit and Responsibility: A Study in Greek Values (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960), p. 3233.




33


    .  12  18  .




34


, ,  XXII ( ..).




35


, ,  I ( ..).   .. ??????   ,   ..   ,   ..  .




36


.: Hartvig Frisch, Might and Right in Antiquity (New York: Arno Press, 1949).


