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 .           (247183 .  . .)    .

  ,    ,       ,  ,      .         ,    ,   .

  ,     .

  PDF A4    .





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    (19372010)

  .  (19362010)

 


  ,    .

(. . )



RICHARD A. GABRIEL

Hannibal

THE MILITARY BIOGRAPHY OF ROMES GREATEST ENEMY

Copyright  2011 by Potomac Books, Inc.

      ,   , 2025

  , ISBN 978-5-9524-6395-0   , 2025






(814183.  ..)


814 .        .

753 .  .

550 .      .

545 .  . ,    ,  .       ,  ,    .

530 .           .       ,      .

509 .    .      ,          .

480 .          . ,    ,   .      .    .

409 .    ,            .  374      ,   .     .

348 .         ,       .

310 . ,  ,       .    ,   .  307     .

306 .     ,       ,    .

279 .        ,   .        .

275 .     II.

264 .       .         ,      .

256 .       .           .         .

249 .           ()    .      ,       .

247 .  ,    ,      .  .            .

241 .            .      ,      .

241 .    ,     .    ,     .

238 . ,   ,   .      .       .

237 .        ,        .         ,         .      .      .

231 .           .  ,        ,       ,  .

228 .    .      ,  ;     .        .

227 .        ().            .

225 .     ,           (),      .      .     ,        222    .

221 .  .    ;     .    .

220 .         .              .                 .    .

219 .    ,     .      .     ,         .   .   .   218     .         ,     .                 .

218 .      ,    .      ,           .               .            .            ().      .           .             .

217 .   .           .    ,   ,   ,       . 21           .   .      .      ,      ,     .    .

216 .           .               .      2        .            .    216/215   ,     .

215 .           .      V . ,  , ,      .        .

214 .       .     .       .      .

213212 .        ; , ,       . ,  ,  .         .

211 .    ,    ,  .   ,     .           .

210 .    ;   ,      .        .

209 .     ,             .

208 .        . ,  ,     ,       .

207 .      .             ,     .

206 .    .          .

205 .      ,        .              . ,    ,            .

204203 .       .     ,      .

202 .          .   .    .

202 .         .         ,      .      .         .

201 .      ,     .  199     .  196    ;     .      ,    .  195 ,  ,     ,   ,       III,    .

192191 .         ,     .  190          ,         .  ,        .

189187 .    ,     , , ,      .

187183 .    ,        .          .

183 .   ,     , 64-   ,  .




 1

 


.            -,   ,          ,     ,    .    .       ,  .     ,   ,      ,    ,   .

,  ,     ,     .    ,     ,      .        ,     .            .   ;      .             . , ,   ,      .         .  ,        .

          .      ,     ,       ,        ,    ,    .           .         , ,    ,     .     . ,   ,  ,      ,     .    ,       .      [1 -  .   (  12 ); .  .       .: Helene Benichou-Safar. Apropos des easements humans du tophet de Carthage, Revista di Studi Fenici 9 (1981): 59.].     .        ,   [2 -  ,     ,    , .:  . .     Valerius Maxumus. Facta et Dicta Memorabilia (    ), 9.3  Cassiodorus. Chronica Anno Orbs Conditae. P. 524.   ,           240   ..].

   ,    -,     ,      814   ..  .     -     . ,     ,     [3 - Warmington. Carthage: A History (London: Robert Hale Ltd., 1958), 149.].  ,       ,  ,    .      (,   ),     (,   ),     ,   ;    [4 - Warmington. Carthage: A History (London: Robert Hale Ltd., 1958), 150.].              .  ,    ,    ,        ,        .

              ,            . ,  ,      .., ,   ,    ,        .    ,   ,    [5 - Glenn E. Markoe. Phoenicians. P. 132.     ,   ,      ,   ,      .  ,   , 850  .  ,      .    ,     ,        ,            (, 7: 31).],          .  ,         ,     ,  ,         ,        [6 - Markoe. Phoenicians. P. 132.].        310   ..     ,            .  ,   ,       .  ,           [7 -  , 133;   .  , 20.14.].

  ,             ;             ,    [8 - Markoe. Phoenicians. P. 133. ,         .          ,         .].     146   ..           ,       (     )    ,           ..   , , ,   200  ..       [9 -  , 136; Tertullian. Ahologia, 9.23.].

    ,   ,      ,     ,  .   ,         .      ..,    ,      ,       .           ,    [10 - Markoe. Phoenicians. P. 135.].

  ,       ,           ,      . ,   ,    ,     .     ,   ,   .         .              .             ,      .     , ,     ,      .    ,     , ,   ,       [11 - Seibert. Hannibal. 20.]. , ,           .       . ,    ,    ,    ,   .

   ,      .  ,        ,      .    ,        ,             .  ,  ,             ,       [12 -  .   .].      ,    .                    .                 [13 - .  , 3.33.18.].

  ,     ,   .     ,   ,        .    .          ,         .    ,   ,  ,     ,     [14 - Cornelius Nepos. Hannibal. (Cambridge, M.A. Harvard University Press. 1984). 23, I.3.].     ,       ,                 ,    .          .


 

    ,          ,           .              .    ,            .    ,        ,     . ,     ,    ;        ,   ,         ,       .      ,  ,     .

         ,   .  ,           ,             [15 - Lancel. Hannibal, 9.].  ,           ,   -          [16 - Canter H.V. The Character of Hannibal, Classical Journal 24, no. 8 (May 1929): 564.].              .    ,    , ,      ,     .         , ,       ,  , ,     .    ,      .              .        .

   247   ..     ,          ,          .      ,        .  ,   238   ..           , , ,   ,       218   . [17 - Hoyos B.D. Hannibals Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247183 B.C. (London: Routledge, 2003), 22.].  215  212   ..      .              .   337   ..       ,         .   ,     ,      [18 - Lancel. Hannibal, 9.].  244   ..   , ,   239240   .. .

        .       ,    ,   .         .   ,   ,  ,  ,                  ,   [19 - .  , 1.64.6.].  , ,       brq,      .  ,         ,        .                 .                 keraunos (     )       [20 - Lancel. Hannibal, 6.].

  ,         .   ,     .          (  ),     ,       . ,   ,            ,       ,   ,  [21 -  , 8.].       337  202   ..     . ,     .           ,   247  241   ..    ,    237   ..  ,   127   ..,  .     ,    ,   , ,    ,             .

 247   ..        ,     ,       .            .         ;         .   ,           . ,      ,       ,   ,        .

  ,           ,     ,        ,     .       , , ,  ,      .            .             . ,          .      ,  , ,   .               ,         ,     ,    .  ,  ,       ,     ,      .




  237   ..    ,             ;             .                       ,        .                  .       ,   ,          .       ,        .      .

   ,        ,       . , ,       .     ,   ,   , .  ,        .       ,    ,       .     .    ,  -          .

             .      ,    .  , ,     ,     .  ,         ,        [22 - Hoyos. Hannibals Dynasty, 85.].      .     ,      ,      ,   :          ,   .

        .   ,        , ,   , ,   ,     ,     .    ,          ,    ,  .     ,      .  ,     ,    ,    .   ,   ,  ,      - ,  ,   ,     ,  ,  ,        .   ,     ,      ,                  .

,   ,         ,      ,      .                     ,     .  ,               ,  ,      . , ,            .   229   ..           [23 -  , 66.].

         .           ,  ,   , , ,          ,   .         ,     ,     .         .              ,  ,  ,    ,   .       ,          .        ,       ,    ,   .   :  ,        ,       ?                  .

   ;  ,   ,    ,        .   ,      ,   ,       .   ,       .              ,   .                [24 - Cornelius Nepos. Op. cit. 7.5.13.   ,    ,      ,         ,         .    .].    (, )              ,    -.    ,       ; ,            [25 - Canter. The Character of Hannibal, 565, citing  .  , trans. Earnest Cary and Herbert Foster (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 13, fragment 54.].   ,          ,       ,            .    ,        ,      .  , , ,       [26 -  .].


 

   ,         .   ,    ,  ,      .  ,     ,  .          ,       .     ,     [27 -  .  , 25.10.34.]. ,    ,     .      ,    ,          ,     .   ,    .       ,     ,    [28 - Lancel. Hannibal, 37.      .  ,      -   ,    ,           .].       ,        .

    ,     ,   II,   ,  ,   ,   .      , , , ,      ,    .  ,           .   ,       [29 - Hoyos. Hannibals Dynasty, 75, citing Diodorus. See also by Hoyos, Barcid Proconsuls and Punic Politics, 237218 B.C., Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie 137 (1994): 252.]  ,  . ,    ,   ,   -,  .  -,           .

    ?                     .    ,                 .      ,  ,        .           .     [30 -  , 75.].       ,      ,     ,     ,  , ,         ,       ,    ,       .

      228  221   ..          .  ,  ,       ,    ,            [31 - .   , 21.4.].   ,     ,  ,        - [32 - Hoyos. Hannibal's Dynasty, 85, citing Diodorus.].     ,   , ,    ,  []    [][33 -  ,   .].

 ,         ,     ,        ,                  [34 - .   , 21.4.].  ,          ,       ,      .  ,                        ,    ,        .          .       ;        ,   ;       ,     : ,    ,   ;       ,   ;   ,  ,    ,     ,      .        ;        .      ,    ,   [35 -  .].

    ,       .     ,      ,     ,    , ,  ,       ,  ,            ,  ,        .  ,  ,      ,     .

, ,   ,    ,        ,     ,       ,     .   ,           ,       ,      ,       [36 -  .]. , ,    ,     , ,   ,     .    ,          ,    [37 -  .  ,        ,  ,         .   ,    ,        ,      ,  , ,  ,  ,   .].

    ,   ,     ;        .     ;         ,     .     ,      .      ,        ,      ,            .          ,   .

 II  ,   ,       [38 - Richard A. Gabriel. Philip II of Macedonia, Greater Than Alexander (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2010), 6.].      .     ,        ,         .      ,      II; , ,     .           ;      .

           . ,    ,        ,            .

   ,          ,   ,    [39 - Richard A. Gabriel. Scipio Africanus: Romes Greatest General (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2008). See chapter 1 for Scipios combat experience.].




   ,       ,      ,   ,     , ,      .   ,          . ,   , , , ,    ,  [40 -  . , 1:554555.].   , , ,  ,    ,       .         ,       ,     .

 ,      ,      .   ,          ,  .    ,    ,        ,       ,         .    ,       ,     .      ,             [41 - .   , 21.7.  ,     ( ),    .           .].    :         ,     .

 218   ..           ,     ,      ,      .          .    ,         .    ,       , ,      [42 -  , 21.5.].       ,       . ,  ,   ,   ,           .

   -  ,      .    ,      ,       [43 - Cornelius Nepos. Op. cit. , 23.4.].   ,  - ,   ,     , ,       ,   ,    [44 - .   , 22.2.]. ,   ,    :        ,            . ,       . ,      [45 - Cornelius Nepos. Op. cit. 23.4.].


 

,           .     ,     , , ,     .           ,       ,          [46 - Richard A. Gabriel. Can We Trust the Ancient Texts? Military History 25, no. 1 (April 2008): 6369.].                 [47 - Arthur J. Pomeroy. Hannibal at Nuceria, Historia 38. no. 2 (1989): 166.].  ,                ,    ,  [48 -      .       John F. Shean. Hannibals Mules: The Logistical Limitations of Hannibals Army and the Battle of Cannae, Historia 45, no. 2 (1996): 16061.].

,     ,  ,   ,     ! ,      , ,     ,   [49 - .  , 9.26.].     ,       [50 - Lazenby. Hannibals War, 7.43; Canter. The Character of Hannibal, 570.],       ,        , ,         [51 - .  , 16.4.].  , ,       ,    .   ,     , ,   ,      ,   [52 - .   , 23.5.].     ,      ,    ,  ,    .      , , ,        ,       .

         ,         .   -  ,            ,     ,       ,   ,       [53 - Canter. The Character of Hannibal, citing Justin, 22.4.].     .  ,         ,  ,        ,      ;       .       , ,        . ,               ,      .  ,       ;    ,           [54 - Pomeroy. Hannibal at Nuceria, 170.].

              .  ,   ,       .     : 1)     ,      , ,           ; 2)             ; 3)      ; 4)      ,    ,  ; 5)         ; 6)        ,     ; 7)            -      ,      ; 8)      ,        ; 9) ,           ,       ; 10)         [55 -       , ,   .].

   ,    ,   , ,   ,   ,   [56 - Theodor Mommsen. Historu of Rome. New-York, 1911. 244. Canter. The Character of Hannibal, 576,  ,   .].     .   ,     ,    ,  ,        ( ),         ,    ,         .         ,         ,     .   ,       ,   [57 - Pomeroy. Hannibal at Nuceria, 165.].       ,    ,   ,      .                  (   !).                 ,  .     ,     ,   ,    .       ,      .    , ,   ,       ,     , ,     .    ,     ,   (18  ),      .  ,           .  ,     [58 - Wilhelm Ihne. History of Rome (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1871), 444,       ,         , ,  ,             .].

  ,       .  ,  ,  ,     ,   .   ,      ,        ,   ,       ,    .              ,     .  ,        ,    ,        [59 - .   , 21.14.].      ,             .   ,      ,    ,     .             ,  ,  ,  .  ,           ,  , ,   .

      ,      .        ,        .  ,      ,    ,     [60 - .  , 3.86.].            .     ,   ,   , ,       .  , ,    ,     ,   -     .

 ,                       [61 -  , 9.26.].   ,         ,                 .    , ,  - .   ,     ,   ,              .  ,          ,  ,  , , ,    ,       [62 - Canter. The Character of Hannibal, 576.].

    ,  ,   ,                   ,    [63 - .  , 9.26.].   ,           ;   ,       ,         , , ,  ,          .   ,     .   , ,            . , ,     ,       ,          [64 - Theodor Mommsen. Historu of Rome. New-York, 1911. 244.].

,        ,              .      ,        .               .     .   ,    ,        .    .          ,  ,   .         .      ,    .      ,  ,          ,    ,    .         .       ,  ,    ,          [65 - .  , 10.15.].

 ,     ,   ,   ,   ,           .        , ,  ,     .         ,    .     ,  ,     .  ,      ,    ,    .           ,           .    ,    ,       .         .

, ,     ,             ,    .        . ,  ,         ,        [66 - , 32.4.].    ,           !    ,     ,  ,          .        ,    ,   ,                 .     ,      [67 -  .  , 13,  54.]




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notes








1


 .   (  12 ); .  .       .: Helene Benichou-Safar. Apropos des easements humans du tophet de Carthage, Revista di Studi Fenici 9 (1981): 59.




2


 ,     ,    , .:  . .     Valerius Maxumus. Facta et Dicta Memorabilia (    ), 9.3  Cassiodorus. Chronica Anno Orbs Conditae. P. 524.   ,           240   ..




3


Warmington. Carthage: A History (London: Robert Hale Ltd., 1958), 149.




4


Warmington. Carthage: A History (London: Robert Hale Ltd., 1958), 150.




5


Glenn E. Markoe. Phoenicians. P. 132.     ,   ,      ,   ,      .  ,   , 850  .  ,      .    ,     ,        ,            (, 7: 31).




6


Markoe. Phoenicians. P. 132.




7


 , 133;   .  , 20.14.




8


Markoe. Phoenicians. P. 133. ,         .          ,         .




9


 , 136; Tertullian. Ahologia, 9.23.




10


Markoe. Phoenicians. P. 135.




11


Seibert. Hannibal. 20.




12


 .   .




13


.  , 3.33.18.




14


Cornelius Nepos. Hannibal. (Cambridge, M.A. Harvard University Press. 1984). 23, I.3.




15


Lancel. Hannibal, 9.




16


Canter H.V. The Character of Hannibal, Classical Journal 24, no. 8 (May 1929): 564.




17


Hoyos B.D. Hannibals Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247183 B.C. (London: Routledge, 2003), 22.




18


Lancel. Hannibal, 9.




19


.  , 1.64.6.




20


Lancel. Hannibal, 6.




21


 , 8.




22


Hoyos. Hannibals Dynasty, 85.




23


 , 66.




24


Cornelius Nepos. Op. cit. 7.5.13.   ,    ,      ,         ,         .    .




25


Canter. The Character of Hannibal, 565, citing  .  , trans. Earnest Cary and Herbert Foster (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 13, fragment 54.




26


 .




27


 .  , 25.10.34.




28


Lancel. Hannibal, 37.      .  ,      -   ,    ,           .




29


Hoyos. Hannibals Dynasty, 75, citing Diodorus. See also by Hoyos, Barcid Proconsuls and Punic Politics, 237218 B.C., Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie 137 (1994): 252.




30


 , 75.




31


.   , 21.4.




32


Hoyos. Hannibal's Dynasty, 85, citing Diodorus.




33


 ,   .




34


.   , 21.4.




35


 .




36


 .




37


 .  ,        ,  ,         .   ,    ,        ,      ,  , ,  ,  ,   .




38


Richard A. Gabriel. Philip II of Macedonia, Greater Than Alexander (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2010), 6.




39


Richard A. Gabriel. Scipio Africanus: Romes Greatest General (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2008). See chapter 1 for Scipios combat experience.




40


 . , 1:554555.




41


.   , 21.7.  ,     ( ),    .           .




42


 , 21.5.




43


Cornelius Nepos. Op. cit. , 23.4.




44


.   , 22.2.




45


Cornelius Nepos. Op. cit. 23.4.




46


Richard A. Gabriel. Can We Trust the Ancient Texts? Military History 25, no. 1 (April 2008): 6369.




47


Arthur J. Pomeroy. Hannibal at Nuceria, Historia 38. no. 2 (1989): 166.




48


     .       John F. Shean. Hannibals Mules: The Logistical Limitations of Hannibals Army and the Battle of Cannae, Historia 45, no. 2 (1996): 16061.




49


.  , 9.26.




50


Lazenby. Hannibals War, 7.43; Canter. The Character of Hannibal, 570.




51


.  , 16.4.




52


.   , 23.5.




53


Canter. The Character of Hannibal, citing Justin, 22.4.




54


Pomeroy. Hannibal at Nuceria, 170.




55


      , ,   .




56


Theodor Mommsen. Historu of Rome. New-York, 1911. 244. Canter. The Character of Hannibal, 576,  ,   .




57


Pomeroy. Hannibal at Nuceria, 165.




58


Wilhelm Ihne. History of Rome (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1871), 444,       ,         , ,  ,             .




59


.   , 21.14.




60


.  , 3.86.




61


 , 9.26.




62


Canter. The Character of Hannibal, 576.




63


.  , 9.26.




64


Theodor Mommsen. Historu of Rome. New-York, 1911. 244.




65


.  , 10.15.




66


, 32.4.




67


 .  , 13,  54.


