  
 


                  ,            .





 

  





 I.   











   



 1613          computer,     .     ,  ,     .           When computers were human,    400 .         .           .

     1950-  -   ,      .        ,       .        :     ,    .

    -    ,      .                 ,    .

         ,    :   ,   ,      .      .        .        :       ,     ,    ,   . -     ,      ,      .

           .      , ,        ,      .   ,          .            ,     ,     .    ,      ,        .

  XVIII          .        .         I,             .      ,       ,   .        .       ,      ,       .         :     ,    B,    C.           ,        .         .

 XIX     .      ,     -    ,    .            ,   .       :    ,   .         XIX     .                 .

      -.   XIX         ,      .          ,    ,  ,    ,  ,    .    ,   .                 ,  .

            .    ,             .         .          .     :        ,   .        ,    .     ,    .   ,           ,    .        ,         ໠  .

  - ,     ,  . ,   ,       .      .     ,       -   .

  XX      .  -,       ,         .         ,      ,       .  ENIAC              ,                  .    ,         XIXXX .      ,     ,   ,                 .




-    


       -.  XVIIIXIX           ,      . ,   1839 ,     ,        ,     ,        .  XIX       :               .

            ,         .  -      ,       .

 1920-             . ,          ,      .        :            .         1929  1978 ,  3 000 000 ).

         .        ,         .           .       ,       :   ,  , ,     .

  ,    ,      .    -16  -70    -.      ,  , .  ,       .       ,       .       ,       .

  XX         .        .    (1951)     ,      .

 ,              XVIIIXIX ,       XX ,      194050- .  ,   ,     ,   ,   ,         .




    


 1970-    ,    .      ,   ,     .      ,     computing,   .               electronic computing  digital computing,           ,      .

            1970-   computing      ,     .             ,       .

    .  1990-         ,           . Computing       ,    .      ,  distributed computing,         (   SETI@home,         ),  parallel computing,        ,     IBM  Blue Gene     .

  XXI  computing       .     (cloud computing, , Amazon Web Services,   2006 )    (mobile computing,   )    .   ,     .         ,   . Computing    ,  ,  ,      .

 computing       .   Scientific computing,          ; Business computing,   -   ; Cognitive computing,       ;  Social computing,           .      edge computing,       ,      ,  ubiquitous computing,               .

       .         (batch computing),     ,      .       (interactive computing),       .   ,    ,  real-time computing,    .       (autonomous computing):   ,          . Computing      ,    .

 ,            computing     .       ;    ,        ,      .

   computing   .       . Computing  ,   ,      ,      .     ,        ,    pervasive computing (,    ). Computing   ,  ,        .

  (IT), ,     .  , ,    ,        ,   . IT   , ,  ;     computing,     .   :  computing     - ,  IT   ,    ,     . Computing     , IT   ,     .

  IT          .     ,   ,      ,       computing         ,   ,  ,  pervasive ()  cognitive (  ) computing. IT   ,     ,                       computing      .

 , computing       .   ,   ,       . IT      ,   computing  :      ,          .          : computing  ,      .




   DIKW:         


          DIKW,     : Data (), Information (), Knowledge ()  Wisdom (    ).   ,      ,             XX .       :

 ,               .

 ,              : ? ? ? ? ? ?

          ,      .

          .



 , ,    DIKW,     .

 19401950-       .        .          ,    .

 19601970-      .        ,  ,     . Computing       ,    .

 1990-      .         (distributed computing, parallel computing)      ,     . Computing       ,      .

 2000-  2010-        .  .




   


      ,             . ,  ,   ,    .      ,  ,      .           ,       .

    ,        .      , ,     ,     .      ,       ,    ,    ,          .

   ,       :     ,       ,              .

.




 1.     



      .      :      ().       ,         ,    .            ,           .

       .      ,    :     ,   ,   .     ,     .        ,      .    ,     ;    ,      .           ,   ,   ,               .

    :   ,   ,      ,    ,    ,     .      ,   .

       ,  ,             ,    .                 ,        .




 



             .    ,       .       ,    .    ,    .  ,   . , ,       ,  , - ,  ,  ,     .         ,      :       ,        .

          ,         ,   .    ,         , ,  ,    . ,      ,      .        :

  ,        ;

   ;

   ;

     ;

     .

        ,      .




 





         


 ,        ,        ,      .  ,    ,   -     .  1857          .                  .        ,  .           XX .

    ,    .          ,    ,    .        ,      1906 .  ,   ,    ,      ,           ,   .               (1897 ).

         :  ,  ,  .  ,    1909 ,    - ,         ,        .

  ,    ,    ,      1873     .        ,       1904      .

         ,        .           -,  .          .

        ,    .  1909   -          .        -  -       -     .

       .       ,    ,  1938            .     ,     ,  Apple I.            .

     ,         ,   ,   .  ,    ,     ,    ,    .

    ,  Audion,      .    ,      ,   ,    .            ,    .

     , ,    .        ,   ,       .




     


               .       .   XIX       ,  1960-  ..   -     ,           QTC-1,      .       ,  IBM  Samsung     .

         .              ,          .    ,     .    ,    .            flip-flop,     .

  ,     ,    .     (   )    ,         .      ,     :     0,    1.        ,      .          ,    ,    .    -  ()   .

   :         .            .  1918        (Improvements in Ionic Relays),   1929 .        ,       . ,    diode      (  di   hodos  ),     .

 ,             -.  1918                 .      1914 ,     .         ,        (19451959).

     1940-,     1942      - (ABC),    1943    -  Colossus  -, , ,  1945       ENIAC.                 (1948).

        (19401956).       ,          .         ,      .  ,       ,          .




     





 :    


 ,         60 !            1782 .  ,           :    ,       . ,       ,   .

   50       ,     .        .

   30-  XIX ,    ,       .  1839         , ,      .  1873              .

 1874    ,            .     ,      .   XX        ,       .




  


  1920-             .    ,     .            .

      ,        .       ,        .             .           ,           Radio News  1924 .

        .       ,       .




 


 ,   ,   1926    ,   ,     ,     .  1935           .  2030-        ,       .     -  ,   1939     .




Bell Labs   



        1936              Bell Labs.               ,     .      P-N ,   .

     .       ,   ,    .      .        ,   .

   ,        .          .         1947      ,      .       P-N        .

26  1948  Bell Labs         ,  .  transistor    transresistance      . 30  1948   -,     .      Western Electric  1951 ,    .




,    


Bell Labs      .  ,          ,        .     ,    :       ,     ,             .

      .    ,      ,         .       Bell Labs,       ,  .   1957      ,       ,      .

    .   Shockley Semiconductor,       .               :    ,    ,     ,     (The Traitorous Eight).    :



      Intel,   ,     .

     Fairchild Semiconductor  Intel,   .

        ,       .

           .

           P-N .

          .

    -,       Fairchild.

          .

    Fairchild Semiconductor, ,      .   Fairchild   Intel, AMD, National Semiconductor    .




   


    Shockley Semiconductor      :

       :   ,    ,       -.

    :     ,    ,      .

    :     Bell Labs,     , Fairchild          .

  ,      Bell Labs,       ,        ,     ,     .




   Texas Instruments


 , -  ,   Bell Labs  1930 ,     P-N ,   .  1952  Texas Instruments          .      Bell Labs       ,  n-p-n     .

  1954        ,  10       IRE.           ,   , ,    .








       , , ,  ,     .     ,        ,   .          ,       ,   - .

  EDVAC           .  ,   ,        .    ,   ,     .            .    ,     .        ,    ,     .         .

    -  () ,         .         (RAM).                .      ,  .     ,      .        2048    ,    .

    .  RCA       Selectron,    ,  .     ,        . RCA   200   4096    1946 ,    1948      .

 ,      ,           .




    


       ,  1955   1970-      .       ,    ,      .     ,     ,     32     .

     ,    .     -                .             ,      .        ,      (That Time When Computer Memory Was Handwoven by Women).        - ,        ,    .

        ( ).     -,  1 .      :       ( , non-volatile),       ,          1990- .

         1945       ENIAC,   1946     ,     UNIMATE.       ,           ,       .




  


          ,   ,    -.           .    :        .

     .         ,  Ph.D.      1948 ,       Mark IV          .        1951        Wang Laboratories.  1955        IBM  500 000 .   Wang  -,  Wang VS,   IBM System/360,    , ,   -226.

         .         Whirlwind,    32?32?16     1953 .  :        .       .     1975 :   ,     ,            .          .

        (),      ().        ,        ӻ,         .




 



   ,    .     (Random Access Memory, RAM)    ,        (CPU).   RAM         (volatile):           .

    RAM,      :

  RAM (SRAM)     (    ).        . SRAM  ,         .

  RAM (DRAM)     .   ,    ;      .    RAM    .

SRAM      ,    . DRAM ,  ,        .    : SRAM   ,    ,      DRAM   .




    


          1950-,     .      ,   .                .

      Signetics,    Fairchild,     SRAM      .    scratchpad memory           .  ,      L1.

 1963        SRAM,   1964     64- MOS-p- SRAM.   1969  Intel  Intel 3101,    SRAM.    SRAM     1995        .




DRAM:   


   SRAM,  DRAM       :    .     IBM   (1932).

   ,       (1954  1956),  Ph.D. 1958       .  IBM    .   DRAM     ,      :                   .

    MOS-SRAM  ,       .    :     ,      0 ).    ,    IBM    .

 1967           DRAM,   1968 .  1970  Intel   1- DRAM-,    1970-  4-    .      .

  :  ,     ,   ,       ,   .

DRAM      Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM (DDR SDRAM)        .




 


   (Integrated Circuit, IC)      .       IC    ,          ,       .

 IC  ,           ,     .           ,          .         ,       ,     .

          1949      ,         ,   .     .

 1952     ,    IC, :              .         ,         .

  1950-     :

       RCA     .

  Ē     Bell Labs    .

       .



               .     .

     Texas Instruments.  1958      ,           .  1959  TI        .

       ,       (    500     ).     ,   :     0,11  ().          (1100 ),    .

  ,   -,     ,         .      Fairchild Semiconductor.

       ,     .

          .

     pn-,    .

Fairchild  1960-     .  ,  ,             ,        Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices.

   TI  Fairchild   .      Fairchild.  2000            .     :     ,      .    :     ,       TI.        .

  IC       . ,       ,     .










     ?


  1970-     ,     ,    ,        ,        ,       , ,  ,  .        ,    70-    100  200,      6000.     -   . ,     .    ,      ,    CPU      ,   .         ,  CISC (complex instruction set computing  complex instruction set computer).         RISC (reduced instruction set computer),      ,   .      CISC  RISC  .




CISC  RISC


          .   ,    CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer).      1970-     ,       .     ,     .          ,       .

       RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer).    CISC, RISC  ,  ,        .       .  RISC     ,     .         .

 1980-      : CISC    ,      ,  RISC    ,        .      ,            .

      .     CISC     ,  RISC       .  ,          ,      ,     .




CISCIntel, ,    


  1971   Intel       Intel 4004,    ,     .        ,   Intel    .

    Intel     .        ,       .  Intel Inside   ,   .

 :

 1980-:  x86    .

 1990-: Pentium   ;    Intel.

 2000-:  Intel Core       AMD.

   AMD        ,     . Intel  ,      ,     .

 :  

      .  Intel  ,  ,  ,   :            14-  10-. ,      2016 ,   2019  .     TSMC,    ,      7- ,      Apple,  AMD.

 2017  AMD   Zen       .   Ryzen    ,    EPYC   Intel  ,  ,    -.

AMD   ,     .    .   Intel     ,    .




Apple  ARM:    


 2020        . Apple    Intel,         15 ,     ,    ARM.   Apple M1      ,   .

ARM-      ,   M1  :       x86-. Intel              .

2020-:  

  2020-  Intel       :

 AMD    x86-  .

 Apple  ARM      .

 TSMC     ,  Intel   .

   : 2021  TSMC  Intel   ,               .

 2021    Intel     .          ,              TSMC.

   Intel       ,  .    ?   .

Intel    .    ,         .         .        .    -         Intel    ,       .




 RISC



RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)   ,          .       ,       ,    .   RISC :   ,      .




  RISC:    


  1980-          ,     RISC.        ,     .   IBM 801, Berkeley RISC  Stanford MIPS.   ,         ,  ,     ,    .

   RISC    ,    IBM   1970-.  801,    ,    . ,   , ,    CISC-    ,  , .    ,    ,      .

           ,       .    RISC  :      ,     .  Berkeley RISC   ,   RISC,       ARM  SPARC.

      .   MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages      )  ,      .     , ,            .




 RISC-


 IBM 801      ;    IBM   .     IBM ROMP   RISC    (  IBM RT, 1986)   POWER/PowerPC,   ,    .

Berkeley RISC (RISC I, 1981; RISC II, 1983)           3 .     ,       SPARC (Sun Microsystems, 1987),      .

Stanford MIPS   1984 .  1985   MIPS Computer Systems,       : R2000 (1986)  R3000 (1988),   UNIX-   .  1990- MIPS    SGI, Cisco  Sony (PlayStation 1).

    RISC   ?

   MIPS-      ,         . SPARC    ,      x86  ARM. IBM POWER      RISC,      ,     IBM Z.

    CISC  RISC. ,  Intel  AMD  RISC-,     CISC-   .     x86-   RISC-. ARM    RISC   ,   ,     ,    64-  (ARMv8  ).




 20002025:  



   2000  2025   x86     .         RISC-,   ARM  MIPS.     x86 -     ,     .

  2000-   :  Athlon  Pentium 4      . Intel    ,  AMD   .  2003  AMD   x86-64 (AMD64),  64-  x86     .                .

 2006  Intel       Core.         Intel Core 2 Duo       .

 2010-  ARM      : iPhone  Android  x86   ,   Intel Atom   ARM  .  2017       Spectre  Meltdown,     .

 2020  Apple    x86,    Apple Silicon (M1  ), ,  ARM   x86     .  20232025  x86  : Microsoft  Windows  ARM,   - (NPU, GPU, TPU)     CPU.  x86       -,        .




Apple  ARM


  2007  Apple   iPhone,    ARM11     .  ARM  :       ,   ,    .   Apple :  ,    .

 2010 ,   A4, Apple      ARM.    (A5, A6, A7)    ,      .  A7 Apple   64-  ,       .   2010-  Apple A-      ,     .

  iPad Pro  : ARM- Apple    . A12X, A14X           .   iPad Pro  Apple Silicon    ,     Mac.IV.  

 2020  Apple     x86 (Intel)   ARM-  Apple Silicon.   , M1,    :

    .

 CPU, GPU, RAM  Neural Engine   .

Unified Memory Architecture:    .

 Rosetta 2   x86-    .




RISCV:  ,    



      .     x86  Intel  AMD,       ARM. ,     ,          .      .

 2010            .   RISCV      ,          .       .

  RISCV  ,      .    ,   , ,    .  ,          :    ,        .

  .    ,    ,      :    ,   , .    RISCV :      ,    .




  RISCV


RISCV     .        RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)      .

  1970-          RISCI  RISCII.     ,        ,    .   :         .

      : MIPS, SPARC, PowerPC, ARM.              .

           .

RISCV,   2010-,    :       ( V ).    RISC          ,    :  ,  .

 

2010     .

2014     .

2015     RISCV Foundation ( RISCV International).

20182019      : NVIDIA, Western Digital, Google.

2020-      RISCV,   IoT,  , .

 ,  RISCV    Linux   :  ,     . ,    Linux,     ,         .




 :    



   

 1980-    ,    .   (CPU)        ,   ,    ,   .     ,  :   .

    .          ,             .




 GPU: NVIDIA  ATI


 1999  NVIDIA  GeForce 256, ,       "Graphics Processing Unit" (GPU).    : GPU        ,    . CPU, ,      .

 NVIDIA    .   ATI Technologies,   1985 ,     .  2000- ATI   Radeon,      GeForce.   , NVIDIA  ATI,        .

 2006   ATI  AMD,        AMD Radeon   GeForce    .




GPU   


  2000-   : GPU   ,    .    ,           .         ,  ,     .    GPGPU  General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units.     CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture)  NVIDIA  2006 . CUDA      ,   GPU,     .

   GPU  :      ,  ,   ,    ,    .




GPU   


    2010- ,      .  CPU        .   GPU   :      .

     (LLM),  ,         GPU. NVIDIA   




 2.   








  1940-       .            ,     -     ,    .        ,         .

         .  Z3,   1941 ,        ,   .        ,       ,     .      : ,          .

                  .  AtanasoffBerry Computer (ABC)    ,       .     ,   ,     ,  .

 Bell Labs,         .   Model K   Complex Number Calculator          .        ,     ,       .

        . Harvard Mark I (ASCC),    IBM  1944 ,  ,  ,          .         ,         .

          ENIAC  ,    .     ,    . ENIAC     ,          .

     Differential Analyzer,   ,      .        ,   .       ,     .

          - .   ,    ,               ,  .     ,      .




 





ABC  ,   


          ABC  , ,   ,    1971          .  Sperry Rand,      UNIVAC,    Honeywell         .         ,      1947 ,       1964-,    1950      EckertMauchly Computer Corporation   Sperry Rand.

Honeywell   ,        ,         ,    ,     Sperry Rand.

      .    Honeywell   ,    ,        .         AtanasoffBerry Computer          .   ,      ,  ,   ,    .

  ,      ,  ,    .  1973     :       ,       ,       (public domain).

             .     ENIAC,           .     . ,    (1996)    .         .    (ACM)     ,            .

       ,   .     ,     John Atanasoff Award,       ,     3546   Atanasoff.    ,          ,        ,   -     .       ,    ,        ,   ,        .

    1903 .  ,  ,   Atanasov  Atanasoff,    .  1921       ,            .              Monroe   IBM,      .

   1936       Laplaciometer   ,     .  ,    ABC            .        :

    ;

    ;

     ;

     .

          650        .   1939     ABC.

           ,       .      ,       Honeywell ABC     ,      .

 ABC  .       ,    300   .     ,        .        ,         .     (   )    1  .

         .    1990-        .

          .     ,         .      .

 ABC       ,   ,            .             .




   


               .         ,          .       - .

  1910   ,      .  1935   -    Heinkel,             .  1936     :          .  1943                .

  , Z1,    1938 .       ,       ,    .   64   22 ,    .   ,       .

 1940    Z2,     .  1941   Z3       2600 .   ,  Z3    - .       Z4,     1945      .  1950  Z4     (ETH Z?rich)         ,    1950- .

,  19421946 ,     Plankalk?l ( )         .       ,      1972 ,      19701980-.

 1940     Zuse Apparatebau,   1945-     .  1949     Zuse KG,     . Z4     :   Z5  Z11 (      ).   1950-  ,       ,     ,   Z22,    Z23  Z31.

 1967  Siemens  Zuse KG,      .  ,    :   ,        .  1980-       Kuno See,    .

             .          ,    ,  Plankalk?l     .      ,              .




   


      ,     .    ,      :         .

 1930-     Bell Labs,         .   :     ,       .     ,             .

       1937    .     :    ,      .     Model K ( kitchen  ).    ,      .       .  Model K    .

 1940   Bell Labs        Complex Number Calculator (Model I).    450        :

      ;

    - ;

        ;

           .

11  1940         : ,     (-),        Bell Labs  -.  ,         .

Model I      .   ,      30 ,         1940  1949 .       ,      .

      ,           .  ,         ,    1940        ,       ARPANET    .




Harvard Mark I



 Harvard Mark I                .      ,            ,        .    ,      ,       .   :

 Titanic      XX ,     ;

 Hindenburg     ,      ;

 Spruce Goose (H-4 Hercules)  ,       .

   .    ,   ,     .             ,       .




 :   


 1940-       ,  -.       Spruce Goose,       Harvard Mark I.    :     ,     .     ,     ,     .    : Mark I      , Hercules      -.

 Harvard Mark I        Analytical Engine.      ,      .          ,   .      Mark I (1944)           .




   


Mark I    ,   .     ,           .      Mark I   :    .

    1939 ,    1943 ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator)    .  :

  15,5,  2,4,  0,6;

  35 ,   25 ;

 765.    800 .

     10-  (24   )     .   0,3 ,   6 ,   15 ,      .      ,   .

Mark I    ,    .  Mark I  Mark II  Mark III,       : ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701,  .




  


Mark I    ,        .  1940              Mark I       .

    ,    :     .       First actual case of bug being found.    bug   debugging.

     ,    COBOL,   -    COBOL.

   ,      ,   :      ,    .  ,  .         .




   


           .         .    ,     ,                     .

      :

     ;

     ;

    .

          , ,    .

       MIT,      .  1940           .      ,    ,    - .            .

                 ,      -,         .         ,      軠          .

       1931   MIT.    ,      ,     .            ,        .        .

 :

        ;

         ;

  ,         ;

        ;

      .

  :       ,  ,  .      ,        .

      . ,      ,       (1935),      ENIAC    .           .        , , , ,              .

       ,         , ,            .




ENIAC       


             ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).             1940-:

 Electronic      ,     .     .

 Numerical Integrator   ENIAC     ;      .

 Computer  ,      ,  .      :    ,    .

       ,         .       ,       ,      ENIAC   .  ,             .

 ENIAC   :

  18 000  ;

   170?;

    150 .

      5000    ,        .   ENIAC      ;       .

   -   ,      .      ,      .      ,        .

ENIAC          .      1945     1946-,       :

           .

    ENIAC    ,    :       .

           EDVAC    .

    ENIAC    ,   ,      .

    - ENIAC        .

ENIAC      ,     .           .




 3.       





  :   



            .    :       ,        ,  ,    ,  EDVAC,      .        ,      .

        ,        .          1938           .      .        ,             .  :    ,        .           .




   


      .   ,     :     ,      .       :               .

         .         ,      .             :    ,         .

           ,   .       ,   .  ,       1860- ,       .    :         EDVAC,      ENIAC.        ,         .

       .    ,     .     .   ,      .        ,   , ,     ,   ,      .          .




 ,   


           ,    .  x86     .      ,         .   RISC, ,    :     ,       .           .       :    ,           .

      ,         .   ENIAC  EDVAC     ,    ,     .        .      ,         ,    .

     ,   .    ,   :   ,    ,     ,             .




  :   ?



        .             .   ,          ,  :    ,     .         ,    ,     .

    .   , , ,   ,  ,            .              .         ,       .

     ,             .     1940-    :        ENIAC,      EDVAC       .

      ,     ,  MIT,     IBM?   ,     . -,     .          ,    .     ,   MIT    ,   IBM    .

-,  .       ,     ,                .

-,    .         .          ,     .

-,  .    ,    ,     ,    ,     .           .

 : MIT        , IBM         ,    Colossus,     ,       .       -       .

    ,  ,        .     .     ,  :  ,      ,     .   ,  .          ENIAC  EDVAC.          ,  Xerox PARC,   1970-   , , Ethernet  - ,    1980-     .

  1923       ,      .         ,        .        1946  (Moore School Lectures)              .     ,        ,    ,     .




  ENIVAC


         :            .         ,         .

 1942 .                ,        .       -,   ,      ENIAC,       .

       ,     1935           ,          .     ,     ,        ,     , .

        .                1942  A Note on the Use of Vacuum Tubes for Computation.      -  ,     .     ,       ,        .

     23-     ,        .   ,     :   ,     ,    ,  .     ,          .         ,   .

        ,  ,   .   ,     ,         .  ,                  .    :      1943           .  ,     ,   .     ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).     ,    ,              .

 ENIAC                :

 1942         .

  1943             .

  1943      ,          .

  1943      , Moore School of Electrical Engineering,       .

 1944     .

  1945    .

 10  1945  ENIAC  .

 14  1946    ENIAC  .         .

 1946  ENIAC         ,  .

    ,        ,    .

 1948     ,     .

 2  1955  ENIAC    .




 ENIAC


ENIAC     .    1940- ,     ,   . ,            ,       ,     .       :  ,  ,       .              .

       .      ,        .      ,        .    ,   :         ,      ,       .  ,    ,        .  ,    ,              .

          ,    .    ENIAC    .        ,         .

         ,            .      ,      .      :  ENIAC   ,           .   ,    ,         .

    , ,   ENIAC,        ,  -  hindsight bias,       ,    ,       ,     ,          .

    ,       .   ,  .         ,     ,    .          ,   . ,   ,               EDVAC.




 


     -  .     ,            .     ,  .

         .         ,   .    ,    ,   ,         .

         ,       ,       .             .         .          :    ,   (cookbook).         -.  ,        ,        Ph.D.

      .  ,               Ursinus College  ,      .     -  ,          ,   .    ,         .      ,    ,   .

        .               XIX .      ,     .            .    underdog.  ,      ,    ,    .  ,    underdog       ,  .

 ,   ,          .     ,   ,     .      .      .         ,       ,      .      .                .

      -.    ,       (Moore School of Electrical Engineering),     .                .     MIT, ,         .       .  ,   ,          ,  :   ,      .

    1940      .           ,            .  1941        ,    ,   .       ,           .

   ,       .      :          ,  ,   ,     .




  



  ,  ABC      ,         .  ,   1941          ,     ABC      ,       .      ,      .     : ENIAC     ,   ABC         .        .    ENIAC       .

  ENIAC    1942               .    ,        ,      .           , ,   .           .           .

  ,     ,   1943               .  ,           .

     :         .  ,        :         .      .

ENIAC       :         ,           .          .     ,  1          (Electronic Numerical Integrator).      ໠    ENIAC.        ,   Project PX.

    .       .       ENIAC   ,       ,        .

  ENIAC          ,   .  ,    EDVAC,          ,      .        .

ENIAC     .

         , ,   .

            ( ),          .

        ,    .



    -     IBM. ENIAC       100 .      :      ,                      .

  1943         .




 ENIAC


 ENIAC     .      ,         , ENIAC     ,     .     :   ,         .

ENIAC     ,       .        -,        .    ,      ,     -    ,   .

      :    ,     .        :     ,       .

ENIAC    .      (control pulses),      .    :     ,     .

       ,   .        ,     .

  :   1    3,       4.        ,       .

          .      ,  ,     : , ,     ..

    :   ,      ,    .      ,  .     FPGA     XX .




 4. EDVAC



      ,  :       ,     . ,  1969          .    ,  ,  ,    ,          .     ,     ,      .     EDVAC.

    Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.      ,        ,      .      -,   ,  -  .

  EDVAC  ENIAC      .   ,      ,      . ENIAC    .     ,        :   ,  ,  .     ,   .

    ENIAC  :             .       ,   .

  EDVAC     ,    .     ,       .         .                ,         .             .




 ENIAC  EDVAC



ENIAC            ,            .

  ENIAC    ,    .    ,     :    ,    ,        .    ,     .

: ENIAC       ,      ,   .                :   ,    .

   :  .      ,       ,    .           .




    


   .     ,         ,        ,    .

     .            ,     XIX       ,      .          .        .

     .      ,   .         ,  .    ,    .  ,       .        .    - .




 


           .

     -.      :

   (  : , , ),

   (       ).

     .              : ,      ,    .          ,  ,   ,  .

,         .        ,     .      .

  EDVAC  ,   .       ,     ,    .           (, )   .

 EDVAC        .   ENIAC      .        ,    .       ,       .




   


   EDVAC     3.           . ,    ,         .       :    EDVAC,         , , ,  First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC       .           ,             .         , , ,    ,   -      .  :    ,       First Draft,     IAS,        5.

       von,               ,  ,   . ,       ,       II.        133     ,         . ,   ,             ,         .

 ,   ,       ,     ,   .           ,          .     :        ,  -      .    :   ,  ,  ,  IBM  ENIAC. ,      ,    ,     .

    ,      ,      ,       .   ,    .           ,        .     ,      .

   

      EDVAC ,               (UMT)  EDVAC,   ,  UMT    EDVAC.               ,   ,   -  .       .

       .  1933  ,   21- ,             .           ,        30 ,         50  .        .

             .             ,    .        (IAS),       .    ,       ,   IAS    ;      .

      ,     ?   1936      , ,   ,        ,        ,         .          On Computable Numbers,      ,    1937     .  2008          ,        .          ,  ,      (1994)     .  ,      (A Beautiful Mind, 2001),       (The Imitation Game, 2014)  , .

 ,         ,   .       :    ,   ,    ,    ;     ,  ,      Ford       .   ,     .

        .               ,     .        ,  : ,        .          .

       ,            .   EDVAC     ,          Computable Numbers   .         1949    ,          :    ,    ,          . ,  ,   !




- EDVAC


   EDVAC    :

    ( 1944   1945)

  1944. ENIAC   ,     .           ,      ,   .

  1944.         ,     .         .     :      .

  1944.   : , - ,  ,  /.    (    ).                .    .

  1945.    EDVAC,   discrete variable.    ,    ALU,     fetch-decode-execute.       .

  1945.       .     ,    ,  ,    .             .

     ( 1945   1946)

  1945.        .   : ,  ,  .        ,      .

  1945.   ,    First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC.     ,         ,    .   ,     .

  1945.  First Draft.         ,         (, ACE ).      ,    .

  1945.    :      ,      .

  1945.       Automatic High Speed Computing: A Progress Report on the EDVAC   .   ,     ,     .             ,          .

     -.              .                 UNIVAC.

    ( 1945   1946)

  1945.              EDVAC.          IAS Machine,   EDVAC.

  1945   1946.    EDVAC    :   ,  , ,     .

  1946. ENIAC   , EDVAC   -.  Moore School   ,      .   EDVAC,     .

   ( 1946   1949)

  1946.  EDVAC  -      .

  1948.    :  ,  ,      .   -.         ;     , ,     .

  1949. EDVAC      BRL.          .




    


             .         .         .   ,   ,          1936 .    ,         .   :      .     ,    ,    ,       ,    .

ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, Manchester Baby,             ,   , ,  .         .       ,     ,  ,     .

      .  195060-        .    :   ,   , ?- .     ,  ,   ,   , ,  ,     .    ,   .  ,       ,   -  .

           ,      .     :

 1936.              ?-.

 1940.          .

 1945.       EDVAC,   .     .

 1949.        EDSAC.     .



,   ,                ,    .

        ,  .          .        ,       .     ,      ,       .      .     ,    ,    , 

  , ,     .  ,       -  . (     ,     ,      ,   ).  ,      ,   .       ,  ,   ,  -   .     ,    ,         .




 5.   



     1940-   1950- ,            .   ,    ,    ,   .               ,      .

             .      :        ,      .

        .

              , ,   .        EDVAC, UNIVAC I, EDSAC,   -1,      IAS  ,            ,          10 .




IAS



       :      EDVAC.     -        Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instrument.     ,   IAS      (IAS),   ,      ,       .        ,     ,       :  ,          .

       1950-   1960-    ,  .    ,       ,    EDVAC/IAS,   ,      .

                  .                    ,      .  ,        ,    ,  -    ໠        .

    ,  IAS              - .    ,    .    ,    ,   public domain,       , , , ,       .    EDVAC,        ,  IAS    .

    ,  IAS     .  ,       ,       ,        .




  IAS


    .       (,     EDVAC), IAS  -  ,         .

   .      :    ,       .

   .     : -  (ALU),  ,   .      .

   .       ,       .

    .        ,   IAS     1950- .

    ,       ,  ILLIAC, MANIAC, ORACLE, WEIZAC,   .        ,          IAS.




UNIVAC    



 ENIAC  1945          ,           ,        :  ,     ,   ENIAC   ,  .

    1946 ,      ENIAC  ,               Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC).      ,        .




BINAC:     


  EMCC  BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer, 1949)        :        ,   .   ,              .

  BINAC    .        Northrop Aircraft,   ,        , .    200. .      ,           ,        .    :            EMCC,      .




UNIVAC I


  BINAC  EMCC,   12 ,     UNIVAC I.       :    ,  ,  American Totalisator Company, ,        1930- .      1 .       ,  1  1950      EMCC  Remington Rand,     UNIVAC I.

UNIVAC I    EDVAC,      .  EDVAC     ,         .         ,   /    EDVAC  ,    .

UNIVAC I   ,  .     EDVAC,     ,      :

  ;

        ;

       ;

   /  , ,  .

   UNIVAC I

 5 200  ,

  13 ,

  125 ,

  2,25 ,

   120 ,   1800 ,   3600 ,

   1 000   72     ,

   2   36 ,

 /   , , ,   .

  UNIVAC I    -  IBM,   Remington Rand  90- .    -  Excess-3,      .    46 ,     1,5 .




UNIVAC I   1952 


UNIVAC I       1952 ,       .      CBS     .       ,  -       .

         1%  :  438    93  .      CBS       .    : 442  89  .    UNIVAC     ,         .




UNIVAC II   


 1958   UNIVAC II,    UNIVAC I   .   ,      ,      UNIVAC I,      IAS  .  :  ,     /.

UNIVAC II -    ,          UNIVAC III,      .    5060 .  UNIVAC II   IBM 700- ,        -.




Whirlwind I:    



       Whirlwind I,      MIT.       ,       ,      ,           .     ,     .

   ,      ,           .  1947 ,   ENIAC,      ,        .

       175 .       1950 ,    1951      . Whirlwind               ,      1950-.

   /     -     .     20 000   ,    1950-   .

    -  ,        .  1953     -    ,    .




   


       ;

    (fetch-decode-execute);

            .

           Whirlwind     .




    


 Whirlwind    .      ,       MIT    TX-0 (Transistorized Experimental Computer Zero)    MIT,    Whirlwind,     . ,   Whirlwind    1957   Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), ,       .

   DEC   PDP-1   VAX    Whirlwind:

 ;

 ;

       .

     Whirlwind I

  ,    ;

       ;




IBM:    



 19301960-   IBM     .             .  -,      ,   IBM : IBM     .   ,  .

            80 .                 .      1952      ,     1946    Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC).    ,        Harvard Mark I.




SSEC    


 SSEC     ,     ,    computer  -.     IBM     . SSEC        - IBM  -,  -,          SSEC    .    ,   ϻ,   55 ,  21 400   12 500  .    SSEC   ,   ,     .

   ,      .      ,    1970-    .    ,       .   ,   Fortran, :        ,       ,  ,  ,  ,   .    : SSEC        .

SSEC     1948 ,      1952-.    IBM  IBM 701     ,    19 .




IBM 701    


1952    IBM.    -,      UNIVAC    ,       . IBM    :   ,    .            Defense Calculator,    IBM 701.

   ,      Whirlwind,     ,    IBM 650.        ,  ,   IBM 701  IAS-.

    UNIVAC, IBM 701             ,     .      .

      1951     1952-.        ,   SSEC,          (Electronic Data Processing Machines),    .     IBM 702,   14- ,           .

  IBM 700/7000    .      ,   ,     ,      .     1964   System/360 IBM    ,  ,       .




IBM100  SAGE


      SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)        29  1949 ,    .

 SAGE             Ground Observer Corps (GOC).  1953       8  ,    305  .  GOC         ,        黠 SAGE.

    SAGE     ,    ,        .   ,   National Defense Research Committee       .         .

      ,      SAGE,           NASA  DARPA.    -             ,        .

   MIT,   .         .

SAGE   23 ,    A/N FSQ-7 (Army-Navy / Fixed Special eQuipment).        Whirlwind II MIT   IBM.

 A/N FSQ-7:

   250 ;

   3 ;

     60 ;

   100 ;

      50 ,      400 ;

        ,        .

  ,   SAGE  812 ,     .

   :

 IBM   ;

 Burroughs   ;

   MIT   ;

 RAND Corporation   .

   SAGE      1956.,    1962.     500   .  : SAGE    10   .

SAGE      - .       - ,      .

          ,       :

  ;

  ;

  .

       (GUI): , ,         .  GUI   Xerox PARC  Macintosh ,          ,    .

SAGE     :  ,          ,      .

SAGE          ,  , ,        .             ( )   .

SAGE     :    ,    ,       .




   



     .         ,     :  ,      .       ,   .      .

       ,    . Acorn Computers  BBC Micro   ARM, Sinclair Research   ZX Spectrum, Autonomy    , ARM Holdings      ,   Darktrace        ,      ,  .




 Colossus   


 -,      Colossus    .    ,        ,        (Ministry of Supply).  1945 ,        EDVAC,    British national computer   .

     (NPL),   ,     ,   .      -      . ,        Colossus      ,       .    Automatic Computing Engine (ACE),   .     ,     .

  :  ACE     6 000 ,     1 000   32 ,       1      ,    1940-.   ,    .     ,     ,          .  1947    British national computer .    : ,  ,       .

 , Pilot ACE,   800 ,       352   32      1               .      .   ,    1957 ,      DEUCE (Digital Electronic Universal Computing Engine)  English Electric (35 )     1 450 .




  


       ,    NPL.            .           ,     .

,   ,   -     ,    :   ,       .         1946   ,   1948   SSEM (Small Scale Experimental Machine)  Baby.   550     32   32 .     17   52 .

   Manchester Mark I,      4 200 ,   128     1   .      (40 ),      .        Ferranti Mark I (1949),   4 000     2 048 .       ,      Autocode.

  : Mercury (1957, 2 000     ,   60 000   ),   Atlas (1962)     . Atlas   90 000 ,    16 000   48      96 000 .        .  1970-  MU5  MU6,    ICL.




   -


     .      ,    EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator),   1949 .    3 000 ,   512   17         650   .    -     .

     J. Lyons & Co.           -.          .    ,               .

 Lyons   EDSAC,            .   LEO I (Lyons Electronic Office),   1951 .    21 ,   6 000   64     2 048 .    500 ,     600   .    :      -.

 LEO Computers   : LEO II (1957,  10 000 , 4 096  )  LEO III (1962, ,   8 192 ).     150 ,    ,  ,     .




  


            .

 ACE       ,      .

   ,              .

     -  LEO.

         ,    .      ARM  Darktrace   :      ,     .

      ARM-,    .      1945 ,   NPL   British national computer. ,   ,  ,        ,   .

      ,     :    ,     .




 


 19501970-       ,      10 000     (The Land of 10,000 Top-Secret Computer Projects).       -  -   ,    128,       Univac, Control Data, IBM, Honeywell,     ,   ,           .         ;       ,          .

  1946   ,   Control Data Corporation,    (19021962),   ,          (),   Engineering Research Associates (ERA).          ,   ,   .        Goldberg  Demon,    Colossus.       :   ,   . Goldberg, Demon          :           (Code Warriors: NSA's Codebreakers and the Secret Intelligence War against the Soviet Union).

   Atlas,   1950 ;          ,      .   Atlas     ERA 1101   Atlas II.  Sperry Rand   ERA  EckertMauchly Computer Corporation   UNIVAC I,    Sperry-UNIVAC.  ,    ,    Control Data Corporation,      ,  Cray Computers. ERA 1101    UNIVAC 1101,     1954      .

  UNIVAC 1101  Computer Research Corporation (CRC)        CRC 102A.             .       LGP-30,   ,   :    ,              ENIAC.    ,    119    1350 .   450    ,         400  .  ,       .  -      -.

       .      , ,           ENIAC  EDVAC,         NPL,    Pilot ACE.  1953             Bendix,     G-15,      Pilot ACE,  ,    .      INTERCOM 1000,    ,    Algo,     Algol;    ,    . G-15     :                  .       450   ,   2160 29- .  G-15    .

  1950- IBM        .      IBM 700      , -,   ,  -,           ,    1950-     .

      IBM 650,   1953 .  Magnetic Drum Data Processing Machine        700.     ,  IBM 650            ,        .   :                .    :   500700  1962    2000 IBM 650.     :          .            12 500       20 000 ,   2 000 .       .      IBM 650    ,       .




 6.   



  1950-        .  ,               ,  ,        ,  ,     (, ,  -)   .            ,    .        ,   .

         ,     ,   ,   .   : - ,  , ,  ,  .             .       ,          .      -10,        -14  -16,    .

 ,     ,      . ,     (batch monitors),              .              ()     1960- .          ,       -2, -20  -4.

   Fortran, Algol  Cobol,                .      ,    .

            .       :    ,   .   ,        .

 TRADIC (1954, Bell Labs, )     ,      .  ,                .         ,         .

 TX-0 (1956, MIT, )     .     ,           .  TX-0        ,       ,    .

 Philco Transac S-2000 (1957, )    ,   .     ,                .




     








   ,      ,    .          ,    :   ,   ,   ,           .

   ,  ,  ,       .        .          .

    UNIVAC I (1951)   UNIVAC III (1962).

 UNIVAC I     (MTBF)  100200 .  :    ,     ,      .  :    ,     .

 UNIVAC III (1962). MTBF    10002000   .       ,      .     ,     ,     .




 


    ,         .           :  ,  ,  .     ,  ,    ,   .

   ,          .     ,   (0  1)   .  :           .  ,     (   )  .

,  -6,      ,         .               .

       .               ,   .




 :  


             .   , ,     .         : -  ,  ,  .          ,      .

    .  ,            .        ,          .

    IBM 305 RAMAC (1956)   ,  50   24         ,      .       ,     ,      :    ,   ,




  



      ,   ,                ,        .        .




TRADIC,     


 1954   Bell Labs    TRADIC       ,     .     -  ,        ,       . TRADIC   ,         ,      .

    800    10  ,        .   TRADIC   ,         .   ,    , TRADIC     .              :     .

     :        ,       ,       .    , TRADIC     ,           .

 TRADIC       ,        .  ,     ,     ,     .  ,  TRADIC          ,            .




TX-0:  


 1956      (MIT)  TX-0      .    TRADIC,      , TX-0         .

   ,       .          ,       .    :              .

TX-0        .       ,      .       ,     .  ,         ,       .




Philco Transac:  


 1950- Philco      1957   Transac S-2000       ,        .     ,       :    ,    .

Transac     ,         .         ,      .       ,         .

Transac ,         ,     ,    .        ,         .




PDP-1: ,     


 1960            PDP-1.     ,       ,     :  ,  ,       .

  Digital Equipment Corporation  ,           ,     . PDP-1   120         .     ,    .

   PDP-1   ,      .                 ,           .

      ,         ,      ,   ,  .     軠    ,   ,   .

 PDP-1       ,        Spacewar! (1962).  ,  ,               ,  .

PDP-1      ,  :      ,      .




  



   ,   1950-        ,      .

   ( . main frame   )     .    ,      .        :       ,     .              .

      .    ,    ,  .    ,  ,  -,        ,  ,  .    ,    , ,  ,   .   ,      .

    ,       ,    (    )        .           (  36-),         ,   .

     :    ,      ,     ,  ,    .  ,         ,    ,          .  ,   ,            ,  ,   .




    


       .     ,    ,        .     1960-   :      ,      .

    -,    ,   ,    ,      ,  .    :

  :        .

   :        ,    .

 :          .

 :   ,      .

          OS/360,  MVS,    z/OS.     , ,     . ,   1970-      ,      ,    .




IBM   :   


          .    IBM,      70%    .        ,     .      ,   IBM: Burroughs, Control Data Corporation (CDC), General Electric (GE), Honeywell, NCR, RCA  UNIVAC (   Sperry Rand).     Philco, Raytheon  Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).

         IBM:      ,  ,     ,     .   -   : , DEC    -, CDC   , NCR      , Honeywell      .          IBM   .

  1980-      (, Burroughs  Sperry Rand  Unisys),     : GE    , NCR    , Honeywell     .

         .  FAANG (Facebook/Meta, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, Google/Alphabet)     ,           . ,   Snap ( Snapchat)  Spotify     Google  Apple,       . ,          DEC   ,        IBM.

 ,   FAANG         :    ,     ,          ,          .




 IBM  


     : IBM        (    ), ,    ,    .       .

      : IBM         , , .     IBM,         .

  :              .     ,    -.

   : IBM    ,   ,        .     ,       IBM.

  ,   :        ,        ,     IBM.          .

  IBM   ,          .   1960-  IBM         ,     ,   .         .




  ?


  1980-     ,     .      ,   ,    ,  :

  ;

  ;

       (,  ,  , ).

     , ,         ,         ,   ,    .




IBM 1401: ,    


 1959   IBM  ,             IBM 1401.     ,          . IBM 1401           ,  , ,  .       .

    ,      , IBM 1401     ໠   ,         ,   .       ,     IBM   ,  -.      ,      ,   ,        ,     .

     IBM 1401  .  IBM      :      .           ,          .

 1401       . -,    ,    (BCD  binary-coded decimal),        ,      . -,     ,            .       (word mark),    .

     ,   ,    ,      .      ,    ,  .   ,           ,    .

    Autocoder     ,    ,    .   IBM 1401        COBOL  RPG,   -  ,    .

      IBM.             ( 2500   ),    : , , .  ,   :          ,  ,     .   IBM 1401   ,   ,       .

       : IBM     80- ,    .      ,   ,     .

  IBM 1401                .    ,  ,   ,   .        ,       .

  IBM 1401  .   ,           ,  , , .      :  , , ,  .         ,  ,     Apple  Microsoft.

IBM 1401          .  ,  ,           .




 7.        



       .       ,   .     ,  ,          .

     .     ,    ,           .  -    ,  , ,  .

              .   ,    ,   .     -:      ,   , , . -          .         ,      ,       -.

 ,        ,     .            ,     .     ,   1980-     軠    -,   ,    ,  ,  IBM,     .  :      . , , ,               .     ,     .

   ,  -       :          ,                  ,       ,   .         ,       :    ,      ,       .     .




  



 IBM System/360      ,   ,             .           ,         ,     .  System/360      ,         ,         .

  , System/360    ,                . IBM            ,     (ISA, Instruction Set Architecture).   ,     System/360,             .        ,      ,       .      ,     ,        , System/360     .

      ,   COBOL  FORTRAN,        OS/360.        ,        -.   -       ,        ,    ,     ,  .

 ,  System/360      . ,  ,          ,      .           ,      .

 , System/360     :    ,       ,      ,    .   IBM    ,    ,            .     System/360       .




 IBM System/360


  1960- IBM     :            .          ,      .

            ,        .      -,          .    ,  ,  ,           ,   :

          ;

           ;

  ,         ,    .

   ,   ,      .       System/360       .   :  ,    ,     ,      .  , System/360      ,      ,            IBM.




   :  System/360


    IBM      ,     ,      :

     .      ,          .      (Instruction Set Architecture, ISA)     , -  .          ,   ,    ,          .

   .   System/360      360/30  360/40   360/75  360/195.     ,   ,          .      ,      .

    .           .       ()    .              .

     .  IBM    , ,   .           .           .

  .           COBOL, FORTRAN    System/360.   ,           .           .

 1964  IBM  360/30  360/40     ,  360/65  360/75       .  19651966       ,  360/195,      .      ,     -,       .




    IBM System/360


       .      :    ,     .             ,         .      ,         ,   .

      .     ,        .   System/360      Instruction Set Architecture,        ,               .         .

         .           ,     .         ,               ,     .          :    ,      ,   - .

       .  System/360     ,        .       ,       ,          .

    .  System/360     , ,   ,        .            ,        .

, ,        .          .    IBM             COBOL, FORTRAN  .                  .

        ,   ,      ,          IBM       System/360,   ,       ,     .




  System/360


 System/360      ,         ,     .

 ,  IBM           .     ,      . System/360     ,    ,           ,     .       軠        .

       .  System/360           ,            .         ,          .       ,         .

        .         ,   ,     ⻠ ,    -  ,     .     :  System/360        .

       .  IBM   , ,   ,       .      ,        .        .

,           .  System/360          ,   ,     .         ,   .

     System/360     ,       .  , , ,          ,       .




  


    ,    ,        ,  IBM   System/360     .     ,    ,          .

    ,       . ,      ,         ,  ,  -.        :        ,  ,   .    ,  -        ,        .

,           .        ,        .      , ,  .       ,     ,        ,     .

        .      , ,       .      ,          .            .

    .        ,        .           ,             ,   .       :        ,      .

 , System/360        .  ,      :   ,     , , , ,          .    IBM     ,          ,      ,  .




 IBM/360


  IBM         ,           . ,    360/30  360/40        .      ,      ,    .      ,     ,    .

              ,     ,    .      -,         .       ,          ,       .

   ,  360/65  360/75,      .      ,       -.    ,           ,         ,             .            ,     ,         .

    . ,  ,     ,      .       ,          . ,         ,        .

        ,   .       ,         .      ,  ,    -.         ,        .

        System/360,        ,     .     ,       ,     ,    ,      .        IBM  -   ,        .

         IBM System/360    : 360/30  360/75.   ,        .   360/30       ,    ,      .     ,     ,    -,     .

  360/75       ,    ,          .     ,   ,       .

       ,   IBM ,   System/360    .     ,      ,        .

  IBM     ,         .  360/30        ,    ,          .           ,       ,       ,     .

 360/75    .  ,       -    ,           .      ,        .        ,        ,    .

           .  360/30         ,   360/75       .       ,            ,           .

    System/360,   360/30   360/75,     . , ,     -  ,    .        IBM      ,      ,       .

 :

  20, 22, 25       .

  30, 40, 50, 65, 67   ,     .

  75, 85, 91, 95, 195          .

  ,   64  66,  ,     .  60  62    ,   65. +1



  ,   1970       7 400   20,            System/360. ,   ,     20  2020   

          . ,  91      10  20 ,   4   IBM.  195        20 .

    System/370    1968 ,      1970 . System/370    System/360,       .




IBM System/370


 IBM System/370   1970     System/360.     ,    ,     ,        .       ,                .           ,   .  370-    ,         ,      .                         .

           .     ,   .    -         ,          .           ,      .

        .   OS/VS1  OS/VS2     ,    ,     .      ,    .

     ,  ,       ,     . S/370    ,                 .




IBM System/390


System/390     1990-     370- ,      .  370-      ,  390-   ,      .

       ESA/390.    ,            .  390-          -,           .

    ,   .     ,          .    390-             .

       OS/390,      ,   ,       . ,   S/370,    S/390   ,             .

  370-, S/390     ,     ,    ,       .




IBM zSeries ( 2000-)


  zSeries IBM  ,  z/Architecture,      64-.    :    ,            ,    .   ,  ,      ,                31- .

 zSeries           .  ,       ,              .        S/390,        .




IBM System z


    System z      .       ,     .    ,    ,  Linux,       .            ,      ,    .

 IBM Z     .   64-,                .    ,       DevOps-,       ,    S/370, S/390  z/Architecture.

 IBM  zSeries   2000-,     .  z/Architecture     64- .    ?    , S/390,  31- .    ,           ,         .    64      ,     -         ,       .

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 zSeries              z/VM.      ,     .            ,      .              IT-:   ,         .    Linux,     open-source    .

  System z    .  zSeries    ,  System z        ,     .      :    ,   ,      .       ,    -      .    : z/OS       ,  ,    . Linux  System z   :        ,         .

, IBM Z    .        ,    .   zSeries  System z ,     .       ,    ,      ,        .  S/370, S/390, zSeries  System z -       ,    ,   ,    open-source       .

 ,  IBM Z          ,  ,     .         RISC-,  -     .     z/OS  Linux,       .           .



 , IBM Z   ,     ,           .

 IBM  zSeries   2000-,      ,        .  z/Architecture   64-,     . ,  S/390, 31-         .  ,     ,     ,     .   64-                 .

  zSeries    POWER,    . RISC- POWER     ,   ,       .       S/390:      ,           .  zSeries         z/VM,           .     ,       .  Linux  zSeries     open-source    ,        .




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