# CODE SL: The Slalom Formula. How to Control Skis with Maximum Efficiency

А.В. Швалев

CODE SL: Slalom Formula by Andrei Shvalev presents a systematic analysis of modern slalom technique, based on years of biomechanical research and study of World Cup athletes. The book translates elite performance into a structured “code” showing how skis are controlled, forces managed, and speed preserved.

What’s Inside: biomechanics of control, turn phases (initiation, loading, transition, cross-under, release), force and timing management, technical standards of world-class slalom, and practical drills for training.

Why This Book Is Different: Unlike traditional manuals, CODE SL unites physics, biomechanics, and coaching practice, revealing the underlying structure of movement rather than just describing technique.

## Introduction

### I. Understanding Ski Control in Slalom

Slalom is a sport where victories are decided by hundredths of a second. On a racecourse, a skier executes dozens of turns, and in each turn, they can either gain or lose time. The winners are those who can maximize ski control, utilizing their full potential without unnecessary braking.

What Does It Mean to Control Skis Effectively?

Most competitive skiers know how to initiate turns, maintain a trajectory, and complete a course without major mistakes. However, not all of them do it fast. It is a misconception to believe that simply controlling the skis leads to high speed. In reality, inefficient control often slows a skier down rather than helping them accelerate.


To truly generate speed in slalom, a skier must be able to:

• Minimize braking during the ski loading phase.

• Manage pressure and balance throughout each part of the turn.

• Execute transitions between turns efficiently, avoiding energy losses.

• Adapt technique to different conditions – whether skiing on hard or soft snow, steep or flat sections of the course.


Why Traditional Approaches Don’t Always Work

Classic training methodologies often focus on aesthetically pleasing technique but don’t always explain how it directly impacts speed. Many skiers train by mimicking fundamental body positions and movements but later realize that this alone is not enough for consistent race performance.

In slalom, top athletes do not just follow rigid technical models – they adapt their skiing dynamically based on the course and snow conditions. They understand where to apply pressure on the skis, where to release it, how to minimize skidding, and which movements actually save time.

CODE SL: A Systematic Approach to Ski Control


This book is based on the CODE SL system, which analyzes the mechanisms behind effective ski control in slalom. Rather than simply describing "how to do it," CODE SL focuses on:

• The physics and biomechanics of turns – understanding the forces acting on a skier and how to use them effectively.

• Types of transitions and loading methods – when and how to apply pressure to skis for faster turns.

• Proven strategies of top athletes – technical solutions that work in competitive racing.


What Will You Learn from This Book?

• Why conventional training methods don’t always lead to victory.

• How to master ski loading timing.

• How elite skiers navigate a course while minimizing speed losses.

• How to adapt technique to specific conditions.

• How to control skis with maximum efficiency.


This book is not just a theoretical guide – it’s a practical manual for high-speed slalom, designed to help you understand your mistakes, find optimal solutions, and shave time off every turn.

### II. What Determines Speed in Slalom?

It’s a common misconception that speed in slalom is determined solely by physical fitness or ski quality. The key factor is how an athlete manages the forces acting on the skis during a turn.


Every slalom skier faces three fundamental challenges:

• Maximizing speed – maintaining momentum through every turn.

• Controlling trajectory – avoiding skids or technical errors.

• Optimizing force distribution – minimizing braking and applying pressure efficiently.


Traditional training methods often focus on perfecting technical form but don’t always explain the mechanics that allow World Cup leaders to ski faster than the rest.

Why Traditional Views on Technique Are Outdated?

Most classic slalom textbooks present a rigid turn model:

1. Unweighting before edge change

2. Early loading of the outside ski

3. Progressive increase in pressure

4. Edge engagement and turn completion


While this model is useful for teaching fundamentals, it doesn’t fully explain the real movements of top-level slalom skiers.


Key Observations:

• Many World Cup leaders apply ski pressure later in the turn yet still maintain high speed.

• Different athletes use different loading and unweighting techniques, adjusting to terrain and conditions.

• There is no single «correct» way to manage skis, but there are universal principles that make technique effective.

The Core Concept: Managing Forces, Not Copying Movements

Two key elements define speed in slalom:


1. Snow Force Vector

When a skier turns, the snow exerts two main forces on the skis:

• Braking force – resists the skier’s movement and slows them down.

• Guiding force – helps direct the skis into the turn and along the arc.


The greater the braking force, the slower the skier. The stronger the guiding force, the more efficiently they carve through the turn.


2. Timing of Ski Loading

The moment when an athlete begins to actively apply pressure to the skis is critical:


• Early loading (before the fall line) – provides stability but can cause excessive braking.

• Mid-turn loading (at the fall line) – allows for better utilization of snow forces.

• Late loading (after the fall line) – if executed correctly, helps preserve speed.


These two factors – not simply body position – determine the efficiency of technique.

How Do Modern Slalom Skiers Apply These Principles?

At the highest level, slalom technique varies significantly among athletes. Despite stylistic differences, top racers share key principles that help them minimize braking and control their skis efficiently.

Different Champions, Different Techniques

Men’s World Cup Leaders:

• Henrik Kristoffersen – often uses late loading, creating pressure through extension, allowing him to shorten the turn radius and accelerate out of turns.

• Loïc Meillard – demonstrates stable, balanced technique with mid-turn loading, ensuring smooth transitions and precise trajectory control.

• Clément Noël – works with both early loading to shape turns in advance and late loading to gain speed out of the turn.

• Manuel Feller – combines aggressive late loading with dynamic body movement, generating powerful pressure phases that allow him to change direction quickly.


Women’s World Cup Leaders:

• Mikaela Shiffrin – a highly versatile technique, emphasizing early loading and stable ski engagement, redistributing pressure effectively throughout the turn.

• Petra Vlhová – a more aggressive style, with powerful mid-turn loading, enabling her to attack the gates while compensating for potential errors.

• Lena Dür – uses smooth ski loading with adaptable pressure management, ensuring stability across different conditions.

• Wendy Holdener – prefers late ski loading with flexion, which helps control turn exits on steep sections.


Common Principles Among Champions:

• Mastering Transitions – choosing when to unweight and load skis based on terrain and turn shape.

• Adaptive Ski Loading – adjusting pressure application to different conditions.

• Managing Force Vectors – controlling braking forces and maintaining forward momentum.


How Do Champions Use Variable Ski Loading Strategies?

In my technical analysis, I have identified four distinct ski loading strategies used by World Cup leaders to minimize braking forces. These strategies include variations in loading timing (early, smooth, powerful, or late) combined with different transition types (A and B).


Here is a comparison table illustrating the four primary turn execution methods in slalom:


This table helps categorize the different technical approaches seen in elite slalom racing. World Cup leaders combine these methods depending on course profile, terrain, and snow conditions to achieve maximum speed with minimal losses.


Example:

• Henrik Kristoffersen frequently employs aggressive late loading at the end of the transition (B), using extension to generate pressure, but he can also shift to a more controlled flexion-based pressure approach.

• Marcel Hirscher mastered precise timing and ski control, applying pressure efficiently. His technique featured:

○ Early loading in extension-based turns (B), initiating pressure immediately after transition.

○ Late loading in flexion-based turns (A), allowing for a brief unweighted phase before engaging the skis.

○ Powerful downward unweighting, enabling quick outer ski engagement and deep edge angles.


There Is No Single “Winning” Technique – Only Effective Solutions


Looking at the World Cup’s top racers, we see that their techniques are not uniform:

• Clément Noël uses an upright stance and flexible transitions, sometimes relying on late ski loading.

• Mikaela Shiffrin blends early and mid-turn loading, adapting based on the situation.

• Manuel Feller favors aggressive late loading, making his turns fast but risk-heavy.


None of these skiers follow a single “correct” model, but they all apply biomechanics and force distribution principles to optimize their performance.

## Part 1. Fundamental Principles of Slalom Technique

### III. Why Do Standard Slalom Training Approaches Fail to Explain the Success of Top Athletes?

Introduction

Most ski racing training methodologies are built on the concept of a «correct» technique. Coaches emphasize fundamental principles such as stance, edge transitions, and turn phases. However, when we analyze the top World Cup athletes, their techniques vary significantly. This raises a critical question: if there is a single «correct» technique, why do champions ski so differently?

In this section, we will examine why classical slalom technique models fail to explain the real dynamics of elite skiers and what principles actually work in race conditions.

Traditional Technique: Why It Doesn't Provide the Full Answer

Most instructional materials present slalom technique as a fixed sequence of movements:

• Edge transition

• Loading the outside ski

• Carving and guiding the turn

• Unweighting before the next turn


Athletes are typically trained to:

• Maintain a «correct» body position

• Flex their knees and stay balanced

• Control ski pressure


While these principles are useful, they do not explain how World Cup leaders achieve minimal braking and high speeds on the course.

Why Do Top Racers Use Different Techniques Yet Stay Fast?

If we compare the styles of Mikaela Shiffrin, Clément Noël, Manuel Feller, and Marco Schwarz, we see significant differences:

• Some use a lower stance, while others have a more open posture

• Some apply pressure early in the turn, while others delay it

• Turn shapes change depending on course conditions


Despite these differences, they all demonstrate minimal braking during turns. This suggests that their speed does not come from standardized, aesthetically pleasing movements but from effective force management and distribution.

The Primary Goal of Technique: Minimizing Braking


In reality, a ski racer does not just execute «correct» movements but manages forces acting on the skis and body. Two key factors determine effectiveness:

• The force vector from the snow: This force either slows the skis down or directs them through the turn.

• Timing of ski pressure: When and how pressure is applied determines how efficiently the skier completes the turn.


If an athlete applies pressure too early or too aggressively, they may lose speed. If they apply pressure too late, they risk losing control. This is why World Cup racers adapt their pressure timing based on course conditions.

How to Shift from Standard Training to Race-Effective Technique?


• Stop thinking in terms of "correct technique." The key is not how the skier's stance looks, but how they distribute forces in the turn.

• Study the mechanisms of ski loading and unweighting. Pressure timing is more important than simply «pressing» on the outside ski.

• Analyze real movements of top racers. Their technique adapts to different conditions, and this adaptability is what makes them fast.

Conclusion:

Traditional methods provide a foundation, but they do not explain how World Cup leaders achieve their speed. The key principle of modern technique is efficient force distribution and minimizing braking in turns.

What’s Next?


In the following sections, we will explore:

• The fundamentals of effective ski control: minimizing braking

• Which turn phases actually influence speed and why traditional models overlook them

• How the CODE SL matrix works and why understanding movement as a system is crucial

### IV. Fundamentals of Effective Ski Control: Minimizing Braking

Introduction

In slalom, every turn is a battle for speed. The ability to control and minimize braking is a key factor that separates fast racers from less efficient ones.

Traditional methods often teach athletes to control turns by loading the outside ski and gradually distributing pressure. However, World Cup leaders use varied ski loading strategies, allowing them to complete turns with less speed loss.

In this section, we will analyze how braking occurs in slalom, which factors influence it, and how to reduce speed loss in each turn.

1. Main Sources of Braking in Slalom

A skier slows down in a turn due to several factors:

• Edge friction against the snow – the more aggressively the edge cuts into the surface, the higher the resistance.

• The reaction force direction (force from the snow) – if the force vector is directed too far backward, the braking component increases, reducing speed.

• Loss of balance – any uncontrolled movement increases resistance.

• Movement across the fall line – if the skis remain perpendicular to the slope for too long, unnecessary braking occurs.


The skier’s goal is to minimize these sources of speed loss while maintaining control and precision.

2. How Do World Cup Leaders Minimize Braking?

1. Controlling the Snow Reaction Force Vector


The snow exerts force on the skis in two main components:

• Braking force – slows the skier down, acting opposite to motion.

• Guiding force – helps the skis complete the turn with less resistance.


World Cup racers orient the force vector to minimize the braking component and maximize the guiding component. This is achieved through:

• Precise timing of ski pressure – ensuring that pressure is applied when the skis are already pointing downhill.

• Optimal edge angles – overly aggressive edging increases resistance, while insufficient edging reduces control.


2. Working with Ski Pressure Timing

Depending on when the skier starts applying pressure, there are three types of ski loading:

• Early loading – applying pressure before reaching the fall line.

• Mid-phase loading – applying pressure near the fall line, where forces are maximized.

• Late loading – applying pressure after crossing the fall line.


Common Mistakes That Increase Braking:

• Too early and aggressive pressure – applying force before the skis are properly aligned, causing excessive braking.

• Excessive edge pressure – deep edge penetration into the snow increases resistance.

• Prolonged skidding across the slope – the longer the skis travel sideways, the greater the braking effect.


3. Choosing an Effective Line

Experienced slalom racers adapt their trajectory based on terrain and gate positioning:

• Tight line – minimizes turn radius, effective on fast sections.

• Wider line – allows for better ski loading preparation and avoids abrupt braking.

3. Training Principles for Reducing Braking

To improve speed retention, training should focus on:

• Controlling ski attack angles – proper ski direction reduces resistance.

• Developing sensitivity to ski loading – avoiding premature overload.

• Analyzing reaction forces – learning to direct force to aid acceleration rather than slow down.

• Technique variability – experimenting with different ski loading and transition strategies.


Practical Drill: Controlling Ski Loading Timing

• Perform turns at low speed with different loading timings (early, mid, late).

• Observe which timing allows the skis to retain the most speed.

• Use video analysis to evaluate movements.

Conclusion:

Unlike classical methods that emphasize "correct stance" and static movement patterns, real race technique is about minimizing braking and optimizing force application.


Key Principles:

• Control the force vector from the snow – reduce braking force and increase guiding force.

• Choose the right ski loading timing – avoid excessive early or late pressure.

• Adapt the trajectory – do not rely on a fixed style; adjust based on course conditions.


What’s Next?

In the next section, we will explore "The CODE SL System and the Slalomist’s State Matrix: How a Skier Controls Motion." This will explain which key body positions enable effective force redistribution.

### V. CODE SL System and the Slalom Racer’s State Matrix

Introduction

Modern slalom is not just about performing the correct movements; it requires the ability to dynamically manage forces exerted on the skis, adapting to the course and terrain.

Traditional technical descriptions often promote rigid models, but World Cup leaders use a variable approach – adjusting the timing of ski pressure and body positioning depending on the situation.


To analyze these processes, I developed the CODE SL system, which explains:

• How a skier redistributes forces throughout the turn.

• Which states are most effective for minimizing braking forces.

• What technical variations lead to the fastest course times.


A key tool within this system is the Slalom Racer’s State Matrix, which outlines the body positions and ski management strategies used in real competitive slalom.

1. What is CODE SL?

CODE SL is a structured analytical system designed to explain how slalom racers manage their skis during a race. It provides a comprehensive methodology for analyzing and optimizing slalom technique, focusing on biomechanics and dynamics to minimize braking and maximize movement efficiency.

Core Components of CODE SL:

✓ Analysis of turn control phases

✓ Classification of edge transitions and ski pressure release strategies

✓ State Matrix defining possible body positions

✓ Timing of ski pressure application and force control

✓ Interaction between skier and skis on the course

Fundamental Principles of CODE SL:

✓ Technique must be adaptable – There is no single ideal way to execute a turn. Understanding variations in ski management is key.

✓ Everything is dictated by force distribution – skiers do not simply lean or tilt the skis; they manage forces to minimize braking.

✓ Timing of ski pressure application is crucial – World Cup leaders apply pressure at different moments depending on the course.

✓ Speed dictates a turn structure – Top racers don’t just copy movements; they work with correct timing and directions of force vectors.


Key Concepts of CODE SL:


1. Adaptability of Technique

• Technique must vary depending on conditions.

• No single way to execute a turn – World Cup leaders adapt their strategies based on the situation:

○ Turns on Extension vs. Turns on Flexion

○ Different types of edge transitions (Type A and Type B)

○ Ski pressure timing (Early vs. Late loading)

2. Force Distribution Governs Efficiency

Effective ski control depends on balancing braking and guiding force vectors from ski-snow interaction. Top racers redistribute pressure efficiently to maintain speed while staying in control.


3. Timing of Ski Pressure Application

A key aspect of CODE SL is managing when and how pressure is applied to the skis during a turn:

• Early vs. Late Pressure – Analyzing these two approaches helps optimize course interaction.

○ Early Pressure (common in extension-based turns) creates an aggressive arc with a fast entry.

○ Late Pressure (flexion-based turns) allows for more flexible trajectory control.

• Gradual application and release of pressure – To optimize turn execution, skiers must gradually increase ski edge pressure based on the required trajectory.


4. Turn Structure and Skier Movements

The CODE SL system includes a detailed State Matrix that defines body positions at different phases of a turn. This tool helps analyze movement effectiveness, identify technical errors, and develop individual strategies for ski control.

2. The Slalom Racer’s State Matrix

Every slalom turn can be broken down into key skier states based on force distribution, body positioning, and ski pressure timing.


Core States in a Slalom Turn:

1. Initial Pressure Load (Turn Initiation)

○ Skis begin getting loaded, setting the angle of attack.

○ Key point: Avoid overloading too early, as it leads to braking.

2. Maximum Pressure Phase (Edges working phase)

○ Skis are fully loaded in the optimal direction.

○ Common error: Too much force on the edges → braking.

3. Transition and Pressure Release (Edge Change)

○ Common error: Too aggressive transition, losing ski-snow contact → loss of control.

4. Exit Phase (Preparation for the Next Turn)

○ The goal is to direct the skis into the next turn with minimal speed loss.

○ Common errors: Loss of balance or excessive skid.


How the State Matrix Works

These states combine in different variations depending on:

✓ Timing of ski pressure

✓ Technical ski control methods

✓ Terrain and gates position

World Cup leaders constantly adjust their state variations, never following a rigid scheme.


Key Body Positions for Force Redistribution in Slalom

In slalom, redistributing forces between the skier and skis plays a decisive role in turn efficiency. Specific body positions allow optimal ski pressure application and balance control.


Key Body Positioning Elements:

1. Pelvis Position

Role: Central to movement control, affects force transfer and balance.

• ✓ Neutral position – Pelvis stays over the outside ski, ensuring stability.

• ✓ Dynamic pelvis movement – Smooth forward and inward movement helps redistribute pressure.

• Error: If the pelvis drops too far back, ski tip control is lost.

2. Shin and Knee Angles

Role: Creates edge angles, controls ski loading stability.

• ✓ Shins in close contact with boot tongues ensures precise edge control.

• ✓ Knees pointing inward helps create ski edge pressure.

• Error: Too parallel knee positioning reduces ski pressure control.

3. Shoulder and Torso Position

Role: Influences balance and weight distribution between skis.

• ✓ Shoulders stable and positioned over pelvis – ensures control.

• ✓ Leaning forward and inward effectively loads the outside ski.

• Error: Over-leaning inside can cause the outside ski to lose contact with the snow.

4. Foot and Ankle Control

Role: Regulates force application on the skis.

• ✓ Active footwork – Pressure is distributed not only through the hip, but also through the foot.

• ✓ Pressure shifts from the tip of the ski to the back and then vice a versa, depending on the turn phase

• Error: Passive foot leads to reduced ski control.

5. Arm Positioning

Role: Supports balance and helps to control torso movement.

• ✓ Arms level with shoulders, slightly ahead of the body – promotes stability.

• ✓ Arm movements during transitions help to maintain equilibrium.

• Error: Overly wide or passive arm positioning disrupts torso control.


Conclusion:

Forces distribution in slalom depends on accurate control of pelvis, shins, torso, feet and arms. The better a skier controls these elements, the more effectively he loads the skis, reducing braking in the a turn.

3. Practical Application of CODE SL

1. Self-Analysis Using the State Matrix

• Break turns down into phases and identify which states are used.

• Determine which variations are most effective in different conditions.


2. Training Ski Pressure Timing

• Master different ski loading techniques (early, mid, late pressure).

• Train smooth transitions between states.

• Learn to control ski pressure without abrupt force shifts.


CODE SL Implementation for Technical Analysis in slalom:

1. Data Collection

✓ Record video from multiple angles (front, side, back).

✓ Use slow-motion playback for detailed breakdown.

2. Turn Phase Breakdown:

✓ Preparation – Completing one turn and initiating the next.

✓ Transition – Edge switch with pressure release.

✓ Initial Pressure Load

✓ Peak Ski Pressure

✓ Guiding the arc post-peak

✓ Exit – Preparation: finish the turn and get ready for the next turn.

3. Positioning and Balance Analysis

✓ Head and shoulders – Stable or misaligned?

✓ Pelvis – does it remain balanced?

✓ Legs and feet – Even ski loading or extra weight on one ski?

4. Ski Interaction Evaluation

✓ Pressure Timing: Early or late pressure?

✓ Edging and edge Change: Smooth or abrupt movements?

✓ Turn Efficiency: Any unnecessary braking?

5. Determine key points to improve

✓ Choose 1–2 main mistakes

✓ Find exercises to fix them

✓ Evaluate the progress through repeated analysis


Regular usage of CODE SL helps to see the key reasons of technical mistakes and to improve one’s slalom technique systematically, minimizing the speed loss in turns.


Conclusion:

The CODE SL system and State Matrix illustrate that slalom technique is not a rigid formula but a set of possible states, from which skiers should choose the optimal ones for each situation.

Key Takeaways:

✓ Efficient ski management is about forces control, not just copying correct movements.

✓ World Cup leaders adjust technique based on course conditions and turn phase.

✓ The State Matrix helps to analyze technique and find effective movements for each athlete.

### VI. Understanding Turn Phases and Ski Dynamics in Slalom: Extension Turns and Flexion Turns

Modern slalom in not just about precision in turns execution, but also a conscious control of forces and the timing of ski pressure. However, classic models that divide a turn into 3–4 phases often fail to capture the complexity of real-world execution. This section will cover:

• Why traditional turn phases do not provide a complete picture.

• How the turn phases described by Ron LeMaster and Hermann Vallner are complemented by the analysis of modern slalom techniques within the CODE SL approach.

• How a skier navigates the course through states in the CODE SL matrix rather than simply executing turns.

• The role of Transition Types A and B in speed management and ski control.

1. Why the Traditional 3–4 Phase Division Fails to Capture the Full Picture

Classic Theories of Slalom Turns:

Turn Phases by Ron LeMaster ("Ultimate Skiing", 2009)

Ron LeMaster introduced a more detailed division of turn phases based on biomechanics and skier-snow interaction. He identified three main phases:

1. Transition – The initiation of the turn, where the skier shifts from one edge to the other. This involves edge release, pressure reduction, and edge change.

2. Steering – The main part of the turn, where the skis carve through the snow. The skier increases pressure on the outside ski, builds edge angles, and controls trajectory.

3. Completion – The exit phase, where edge pressure decreases, the body aligns, and the skier prepares for the next turn.


This model remains relevant in modern biomechanical ski analyses as it effectively describes the skier’s and skis’ dynamics in a turn. LeMaster also examined pressure release through flexion and extension, body inclination angles, ski mechanics, and force distribution throughout the turn.


Turn Phases by Hermann Vallner ("Richtig Carven", 2008)

Vallner identified three key phases:

1. Preparation Phase – Positioning before the transition.

2. Transition Phase – Edge change, involving pressure release and turn initiation.

3. Control Phase – Ski loading, turn shaping, peak pressure application, followed by a transition to the next preparation phase.

Vallner emphasized pressure management and force distribution, particularly the role of centrifugal force. He described both extension and flexion turns, which improve understanding of turn structures. However, even his approach does not fully account for the variability observed in World Cup athletes.


Why These Approaches Have Limitations

• In real slalom, there’s no rigid division – Skiers adjust pressure and control glide depending on the course.

• Different pressure timing changes the turn character dramatically.

• World Cup skiers do not always use full (prolonged) edge engagement – their arcs often differ from idealized models.

• Edge change technique influences turn characteristics – Different pressure release methods affect how the turn develops.

Example: Some turns minimize the "steering phase," emphasizing rapid loading and exit instead.


Common Mistakes in Turn Phase Interpretation

1. Overly rigid segmentation → Turns flow smoothly, with blurred phase boundaries.

2. Ignoring pressure variability → Skiers use early or late loading depending on terrain and gate spacing.

3. Misunderstanding transitions between phases → The key in slalom is pressure release and edge change, not just active carving.

2. How LeMaster and Vallner's Phases Complement the CODE SL Approach?

The Role of Extension and Flexion Turns

Modern slalom trends indicate that relying on just one turn type limits a skier’s effectiveness, reducing his skiing variability and adaptability. The key is to combine extension and flexion turns based on terrain, gate spacing, and snow conditions.


Extension Turn (Early Pressure, Before the Fall Line)

• Used in sections requiring stability and smooth loading.