   .      
 


              .       ,             ,      .       ,      ,             ,    .





 

   

     


 ,   



Paul M. Cobb

THE RACE FOR PARADISE AN ISLAMIC HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES

 ,   , 2026

  ,   , 2026




   


        ,          .  ,    ,          .       :  -       -.

       :  -     ,    .  ,  ,  ,  - (,   ), -  - (, ).     -   , ,      ,    ,        .        .   텻 (    ).  ,    ,     .         , ,      ()  ().        ,  -   .        (     ),     ,            .

, -   ,     ,      ,     , , ,  (           ).     -  ,       -,   .      .         ,   ໠   (󻠖 ,    컠 ).

            .     ,       ,        .    ,               .

        ,    ,       ,     .      ,      ( ayn  bamza) ,        .  ,        ,   . ,     ,    ,  ,    -.




    


       7501258.  ,    ,        .

 -       -  , 11471163.

  ,  .    ,      ,  ,  ,    ,        1171.    1250.   .

    ,   10811118.                     .

-    ,   10631072.   ,   ,      ,            1071.

-     ..   (12001218).         .

-  ,      ,       (10941121),             ,   ,               11931196.

-    ,   12901293.        ,             .

-    - (10141094),              .

-     , 10991161.        II,      ,    .

-    , 12181238.  ,    ,       II,     .

          -,  ,   .         1040  1147.

          -  ,      .         ( 1130  1269.).

-     , 12181227.

-      -, 10491082.

-       -.   , 12401249.      -       .

-        12371245.

-     .  ,    ,   .   1106.

-,   ,     ,      , 10591127.

 I      ,   11041134.   El Batallador    -      -,        1118.

 VI     ,   10771109.   El Bravo  .          1085.

 I,       ,   11631174.     ,       .

,       ,      ,       XI  XII.

      I,   11391185.,     -.

 (  )       .      ,   1170- .       ,         .

,    ,       .      ,       (  11001118.),      (),    .  II ,  ,      ,   I     (11001118),      (11181131).  IV,      (  11741185.),    .

       1094  1105.       ,      .

,     I ,         13891402.

            .

,    - -, ,  ,          - .        ,           .

      XII .     (14871492.),   .

        .  I ,     .         (10981111.),   ,          .  IV,  ,  .         12521268.             1260.   ,       1268.         1275.

       ,     .   ,     330.  1453.    .

 II      11691189.

,  III  ()    14401444.      .

    , , ,  ,   IX.    -          .

       11861192.    .           .       ,   .  11921194.  ,   .

   ,           XI  XII.        .

 (),     -,     10951104.     .

 ()       .  I ,      ,        11191131.;  II,    11311159.,   ,    ;     1159.

,     -,      .     (11271146),   -.    .

   ,     973  1148.,      .

              XIII.   . ,   ,    .

 -       (11601232).             .

 -      .                    ,       .

    , ,  (11051175).    -,  .        .

    ,    ,     ,  11831185.

      X.  .           -   .

-,     - -,    ,       ,             1119.

        (12561335),   ,    .

,    ,  , 12791290.

-,  -, -  ..,     : - I (10921107),         , - II (11561192),           .

 III      11381152.,    ,   .    VII       .

 XI    .          1449.   ,       1453.      .

       ,        -       1031.

     ..,   ,    ,           .     .

 IX,   ,  , 12261270.       1249.    1267.,    .

    ,      1250  1517.    ,    ,         .   ,       .

    , 11091113.   (   )      ,           .

-      10721092.        .       .

 II,     -, -   ..,  , 14511481.          ,  II.    1453.

        :  I (13621389)           ;  II  : 14211444.  14461451.         ,       .

 -,     -,     ,           ,       .

 -,       ..,  , , , 10041088.    ,         10461052.

     -,    (12321492.).

 -       , 10631092.

         , 10451097.

 -         , 11461174.    ,   .

   ,         661750.      -  , 9291031.

       , 13261362.

     , 12991326.

  ,   ,       ().        ,   1299  1922.

 ()        .      -,   IV , 10421095.,          .      ,       .  ,  III,    11521187.,   IV .

 I       , 10351063.

         ,  ..  , 11531160.,  , 11771187.   .

       11891199.             .

         10571085.

    , 11121119.        .

  ,    ,    ,    ,         .   1077.

     ,     10951113.

 -  , , , 10291070.      .

,     -,   ,   11741193.       ,    .

   ,        :  ,     ,  10161157.;  ,         10601307.

  -   , , .     1256.

,   , - , 13701405.  1399  1402.          .

,     -,        10791095.

,    ,     11041128.   .

     ,     , , 10951188.                .

    .        ,      ,       (9691171.).      ,         ,    1099.    .

 -   ()          1109.           ,    , ,  ,         .

       II,    11801223.              .

 II        , 12201250.  11981250.           ,       .

     ,     , ,      12561265.        .

 ,         ,  ,         .     1094.     1099.

 I,     ,       -, 11631184.

-      10901098.  .    ,             .

       ,        1444.,     .   1456.






 


      .          ,    ,    .   ,   -,    ,     .

   .            .           ,          .         ,      1187.,              .      ,   ,       .

     ,        .     1992. 800-            ,     ,     .       ,      .        ,   .      [1 -        . Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (London: Routledge, 1999), p. 592600.        .      . Margaret Jubb, The Legend of Saladin in Western Literature and Historiography (New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000).       .   Anne-Marie Edd, Saladin, trans. Jane Marie Todd (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2011), p. 472492.].

  ,     ,  ,     -.      ,   ,    .        ,   ,          ,    -     .   ,     ,      .    ,  ,       ,   .       .   ,                    .  Sharia al-Thawra     , -     .

 ,       ,      ,      ,    .       . ,    ,      ,           .    .     ,    -.     ,      ,     ,  ,   .           ,    .  ,      ,  ,    XIX.,  ,   .

            .         ,         ,  .      ,      .        ,      ,  , .         ,     800-     .       ,          II  [2 -      . Ofra Bengio, Saddams Word: Political Discourse in Iraq (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 8284.].

      .         ,    .     XIII.       ,    ,        ,     ,           [3 -   ,      ,       ,       Diana Abouali, Saladins Legacy in the Middle East before the Nineteenth Century, p. 175189.].

        [4 - Edd, Saladin, p. 492502.].              1872.       .            ,     -,    .    ,  ,           ,     (1825),       ,    .            XIX.,   Nahba (),          .

              ,   ,  ,      ,    .       2005.   (Kingdom of Heaven),      .          ,     .

      ,      .  XXI., ,          ,        ,        .    . ,   ,   ,   ,    , , ,    -  ,             .

         ,        .   ,  ,    ,    ,         ,   .  ,   ,    ,     .  ,  XX.       ,      ,      , ,    ,    .       ,          .       .      ,    ,       ,             ,         ,   ,       [5 - Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), I: xi.].     .               .          ,   ,    ,       ,   .    ,         .

    ,    . ,   ,           ,      .  ,      ,     ,  ,        .

            ,     ,   ,   ,     .  ,               -      .  ,    , , ,  ( )  , ,  ,  ,    .    -  ( ),        ,  ,     (    2009.),          .             (     )[6 - ,          , .            ,       .   ,            ,       ,   ,       (    )      .          . Robert Irwin, Orientalism and Early Development of Crusader Studies, in P. Edbury and J. Phillips, eds., The Expirience of Crusading, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), II; p. 214300.].

   .    ,   ,     .          ,          ,  ,     .                [7 -           . Giles Constable, The Historiography of the Crusades in A.E. Laiou and R.P. Mottahedeh, eds., The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2001), p. 122.    ,            ⻠   ,  .        . , , Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History, 2


ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005)   ,  Cristopher Tyerman, Gods War: A New History of the Crusades (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006)  .].

         1095.     ,    II    .   ,      ,              .      ,   ,  ,              ,     .    ( 1097.),   ( 1098.),   ( 1099.)    ( 1109.).                                  .

                      (12081229)   ()  ,   XIII.        ,        .                     .      ,        -.  ,         ,        .

          ,   ,     .    ,       ,    ,      VII.      XI.   ,    ,     ,    XIII. ,    .

 , ,          ,               .          ,       .        ,   ,      .    :    (    ,    )       .       .  ,   ,   , lburub al salibiyya ( ),   .     ,          II  1095.       1291.     ,     ,    ,   ,  XI.,    .      , ,   , ,     ,        .            , ,  .  ,            .

 ,            .       [8 -            Kenneth M. Setton, ed., A History of the Crusades, 6 vols. (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 19581989).   .].        ,     [9 -        ,      ,      ,    : .     .].       ,         .   ,         ,      .     ,  ,   ,       ,     ()    .

     ,      ,     ,       .          .     ,          -    .




 1

 



,              ,          ,           ,       IX. ,   ,       .       .    ,   .     :         ,    ,  .        ,    [10 -        : Abu Ali Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Rustah, Kitab al-alaq al nafisa, ed. M.J. de Goeje (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1892), p. 119130.    . EI2, s.v. Harun b. Yahya.].

    ,       ,  ,       dar al-islam.     (,  ,  )    ,     dar al-barb. ,  ,         ( ),   ,       dar al-islam.      ,        ,  , ,  ,       ,      .               ,  ,   ,   ,     ,    ,  .

 ,      ,        .   ,      ,  ,     .   ,     ,   ,        ,    ,       . ,      ,   ,             ,   ,      ,    (    )    ,    .

                  .   .          .          .            .  1070.,        ,       ,     .    -         .  ,    -                  , ,       ,    , ,  , .       , , ,     ,      .     XI.    [11 - Abu Ubayd al-Bakri, Kitab al-Masalik wal-mamalik, ed. A.P. van Leeuwen, A. Ferr, 2 vols. (Tunis: Dar al-Arabiya liKitab, 1992), II, p. 477481 (Rome).].

   -          ,    ,    .  ,        (,   ),   ,     . <>   40     12   .      [Tibrus].           :

     [al-baba].   ,    ,     .        ,      .

     (Roma Vecchia) [  (Ruma Bakiya)],   .   ,           ,   ,     .        [kanisat Shanta Patar],      [Qurulah]         ,      ,      ,  . <>      ,      .     .    ,       .

     ,            ,  -, ,       ,    - . ,          ,   . ,    -  ,     ,         .   :

     , ,               .           . <>      ,  :   (   )   ,     .              .    ,     ,     ,           .    ,    

      :     .   ,     ,   ,   ,     .       ,  ,   ,   ,            . <>   -       ,           .

   ,          557 .  ,     ,  ,                .            ,    .

       .    , ,   ,  -  ,    ,   . ,      ,     ,       .         .          .       .       ,     .       ,   .          ,    ,       .        ,   ,    ( -) .             ,   .     ,   ,  ,    ,   ,        .   ,     -.

   -             ,      ,      ,       (  )    .  ,       ,       ,        ,       .               .        ,    ,  ,   ,   ,            .                .    ,   .




  


  , -         (     ).    -  ,    ,           ,        . ,             XII. -,      [12 -      . S. Maqbul Ahmed, Cartography of al-Sharif al-Idrisi in J.B. Harley, D. Woodward, eds., The History of Cartography, vol. 2, book 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 156174.   ,   XII.,     Book of Curiosities. . Jeremy Johns, Emilie Savage-Smith, The Book of Curiosities: A Newly-Discovered Series of Islamic Maps, Imago mundi 55 (2003), p. 724.].         . (       1154.   II,   .)         ,    ,         .    ,                   .

         .    ,      ,   ,      . ,      .      , ,  ,           (  ?).       .   ?       .

     .

    . ,     .       - ,     .           .    ,         .         .  1       ,      .     ,    ,   ,      ,         ,      (    ,     ).       .        ,     ,          .       () ,               terra incognita.          ,          .       ,      .                  .






 1.        



           .  ,  , ,      .    ,        -,   .   ,      ,      ,  .           ,    :     ,     .         ,     ,    -   .

            .   ,   ,    ,  ,   ,  ,    .      ,     . ,           ,     .      ,     ,                    .        ,       ,           ,    .




    


    ,          ( , ,  ,    ),        [13 -           . Bernard Lewis, The Muslim Discovery of Europe (New York: Norton, 1982); EI2, s.v. Ifrandj; Aziz al-Azmeh, Barbarians in Arab Eyes, Past and present 134 (1992), p. 318, CIP, 267274 (    ).].     -             .       ,      VIII.           .               .       (719759)      ,    -,   X.        .

  ,     ,      .   IX.               ,    .      .  ,          ,  , ,    , , , ,    ,   . -    -, ,   ,              .         ,   :     -, ,     .      ,     -.    .            -,       .   (-   )           ,    ,      .              , ,   ..           (),  ()  ()  ..

,  ,     ,    .      ,     . (      ,        ;               .)                 ( )  .   ,  ,            . ,  ,   ,        .  X.   -      ,       ,     , ,  -, -     .    .      -    .      ,       .          .    ,  ,      ,    ,    ,   .     ,     ,       ,    ,           .      ,          ,   .

       .   ,  ,      (,  ,   )        ,     .    ,        .  ,   ,       , ,  ,    ,  , [14 -      Kitab al-tanbib wal-isbraf, ed. Abd Allah Ismail al-Sawi (Cairo: Al-Maktaba al-Tarikhiya, 1938), p. 2123.].  ,        ,   -,     .   ,       ,   ,  .    ,    ,   ,         ,   ,  .         ,     .

     ,    ,  .          ,        .        dhimmis     .         .                ,      ,         .         ,      ,     .

                  .   ,    ,          ,   .        -  .         ,      .   ,       (  ,   ).  ,           .    -  :   ,      ,         ,   .   X.              ,        ,    [15 -      . Anfr Miquel, LEurope occidentale dans la relation arabe dIbrahim b. Yaqub (Xe s.), Annales 21 (1966), p. 10481064.].   ,   ,     ,    ,    ,  ,    ,        .      ,       ,   ,         .

 ,       , ,   ,   -         ;     ,       .    ,    ,        .       ,  :    .        ,       ?    , ,       ,      .       ,     ,    ,   , , , ,    .        ,      .      ,    .          .

     ,        ,    ,  . ,                ,           ,    ,        .




 


            ,        .         ,  ,     .    ,   .      ,      .            ,    .  , ,      .   , , ,     .

   ,     1050.   ,     ( 2).         , ,    ,       ,    1,7 


.         ,   -  .        ,     ,     ,   ,   12 


.           ,  ,           .

     , ,     ,        ,      .      ,     ,             ,  ,    , , , .     ,   , ,  ,   ,  .






 2. , 1050.



            ,         .     ,   .           ,         .      ..,           .          ..           , , ,          ,    (762)   (969).          ,          -.

 ,              .  1050.      . , ,           VII. ,     ,      .     ,          ,       .      ,   ,              .       ,  ,     . ,  ,      ,  , ,    ..   .

    .  .         .   ,    1050.         ,       .         IX. ,   800  ,    , ,  400  ,    100    [16 -         . Maya Schatzmiller, Labour in the Medieval Islamic World (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995), p. 5568.].   ,     ,  ,     ,       .   , ,   .   ,         ,      ,     ,      .  1050.    ,  ,   ʸ,  ,  ,     3040 .  1100.      20  ,  .  ,    ,  ,   , ,    2030  , ,   ,    1090.

        :  ,  ,  ,  ,         .      . -        ,   ,         ,      .   ,       ,      .     ,       ,   ,         .

       ,   .     ,     ,  ,   ; , ,   .    , , , , , ,    ,      .      ,      .

,          .    ,         .      ( ),   ,   ,     .            ,      .             ,      .         廠 .          ,    ,     , ,       .  ,  ,   ,   ,  .

  , , ,    ,      ,           .        ,     (  ,     ),  ,  , , , .         , ,   .        ,        .         .     ,   .        ,   (   ),   ,     .    ,       ,  ,         ,     .




  ()


     1050.    .       ,       -- (        ).   ,      .           ()      .         ,     ,     ,      .        ,         ,      ,         .           ,      :

		   ;
		    ;
		     ;
		        [17 - Ihsan Abbas, ed., Abd ardashir (Beirut: Dar Sadir, 1967), p. 98.      Linda T. Darling, A History of Social Justice and Political Power in the Middle East (London: Routledge, 2013).].

      ,    .               .      ,    .      , ,   , ,              () .

 1050.        .      632.       ,  ,      .          .        ,  ,                   ,    (shiat Ali).          ,      X .

   ,    ,   ,                  ( ).                () .               ,          ,          ,       ,   ,    ,    .    661.           .     ,        .       ,      .        750.       .      (    ) .  ,        ,  ,          ,        .      ,    ,      (  )  ,     1050.

 ,    ,            . ,      [18 -  ,   Ibn Wasil,      (Gabriely, p. 277).].        .       ,    ,       ,    ,          .      ,     ,   ,    ,   ,  .       ,       .   ,      ,     ,   .             ,               .     1050.   ,       ,            .              .

  ,          -  .  ,       ,  ,              .                  ,   , . ,  1000.,    ,      ,    . ,  ,    ,    750.,    .                 -,       ,       .  X.   -       .      ,   ,       .

      .    ,           ,     ,   .    ,   ,            (   ).          ,    ,          .  1000.        ,    ,  , ,    .         ,      ,       (muluk al-tawaif).  ,     ,  ,  ,   ,  .  ,        -,    ,    ,        .                     .

    ,       ,    -    .     ,    ,      ,        .     1050.         ,   .      ,   ,         .       ,     ,     .             .

     (gbilman [. . Gbulam]  )       .  ,         ,    .    ,      ,      ,    .  ,   ,      ,        .   ,       ,  ,  ,      .           ,    ,        .      .          .             ,     ,        .

    ,     (    -)  ,      .        .      ,    ,       .        ,      .  ,   ,    ,      ,   ,      ,   .    - ,       .    , ,     ,             .    ,     ,    .     ,      .  1050.          ,   ,  .         ,         .       ,        .     ,      , , ,  ,         .     ,    ,       .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=73396733)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


       . Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (London: Routledge, 1999), p. 592600.        .      . Margaret Jubb, The Legend of Saladin in Western Literature and Historiography (New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000).       .   Anne-Marie Edd, Saladin, trans. Jane Marie Todd (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2011), p. 472492.




2


     . Ofra Bengio, Saddams Word: Political Discourse in Iraq (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 8284.




3


  ,      ,       ,       Diana Abouali, Saladins Legacy in the Middle East before the Nineteenth Century, p. 175189.




4


Edd, Saladin, p. 492502.




5


Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), I: xi.




6


,          , .            ,       .   ,            ,       ,   ,       (    )      .          . Robert Irwin, Orientalism and Early Development of Crusader Studies, in P. Edbury and J. Phillips, eds., The Expirience of Crusading, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), II; p. 214300.




7


          . Giles Constable, The Historiography of the Crusades in A.E. Laiou and R.P. Mottahedeh, eds., The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2001), p. 122.    ,            ⻠   ,  .        . , , Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History, 2


ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005)   ,  Cristopher Tyerman, Gods War: A New History of the Crusades (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006)  .




8


           Kenneth M. Setton, ed., A History of the Crusades, 6 vols. (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 19581989).   .




9


       ,      ,      ,    : .     .




10


       : Abu Ali Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Rustah, Kitab al-alaq al nafisa, ed. M.J. de Goeje (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1892), p. 119130.    . EI2, s.v. Harun b. Yahya.




11


Abu Ubayd al-Bakri, Kitab al-Masalik wal-mamalik, ed. A.P. van Leeuwen, A. Ferr, 2 vols. (Tunis: Dar al-Arabiya liKitab, 1992), II, p. 477481 (Rome).




12


     . S. Maqbul Ahmed, Cartography of al-Sharif al-Idrisi in J.B. Harley, D. Woodward, eds., The History of Cartography, vol. 2, book 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 156174.   ,   XII.,     Book of Curiosities. . Jeremy Johns, Emilie Savage-Smith, The Book of Curiosities: A Newly-Discovered Series of Islamic Maps, Imago mundi 55 (2003), p. 724.




13


          . Bernard Lewis, The Muslim Discovery of Europe (New York: Norton, 1982); EI2, s.v. Ifrandj; Aziz al-Azmeh, Barbarians in Arab Eyes, Past and present 134 (1992), p. 318, CIP, 267274 (    ).




14


     Kitab al-tanbib wal-isbraf, ed. Abd Allah Ismail al-Sawi (Cairo: Al-Maktaba al-Tarikhiya, 1938), p. 2123.




15


     . Anfr Miquel, LEurope occidentale dans la relation arabe dIbrahim b. Yaqub (Xe s.), Annales 21 (1966), p. 10481064.




16


        . Maya Schatzmiller, Labour in the Medieval Islamic World (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995), p. 5568.




17


Ihsan Abbas, ed., Abd ardashir (Beirut: Dar Sadir, 1967), p. 98.      Linda T. Darling, A History of Social Justice and Political Power in the Middle East (London: Routledge, 2013).




18


 ,   Ibn Wasil,      (Gabriely, p. 277).


