. ,       -
 . 

 . 

 . 


 .      
        .      ,    ,      , -  .

  ,     ?          . , , , .   , ,   :          -,    .     ,           .

    -       , ,     ,          Marvel (, ,      ),     :

     ,  -,    ?

                ?

          ?

         ?

         ,      ?

      ,   ,      ,       ,        . ,       -.

  PDF A4   .





 ,  ,  

. ,       -



Massimiliano L.Cappuccio

George A.Dunn

Jason T.Eberl

Joker and Philosophy: Why So Serious?



 2025 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 .,    , 2025

 .,    , 2025

 .   , 2026


* * *




  


       .     ,     ,          , ,    ,  ,   ,   () -.

  ,    .  ,          .                ,      :   ,    ,  , .             2014 ,       ,        2017             2023 .           (  );         ,   .

 .                         , .         .     A New Politics for Philosophy: Perspectives on Plato, Nietzsche, and Strauss (     )  Ren Girard and the Western Philosophical Tradition (     ).    ,   ,     .

        .               ,        .        ,        ,      .   ,       .

        ,  .       , , -,      .      -  ,        .    Contemporary Cowboys (2023)    ,          .             ,      ,    ( )    .

         .          (),          ,     ,  The Guardian, Die Zeit  New York Times.        ,    .        (1989)        ,    .       50     ,      ,    .       ,     ,      ,   -   .   ,    ,      .

        ,       ( );         -  .  ,       ,    ,    ,   ,       (,   ).        .  ,    .

 .               .  -     ,          4E-[1 -  4-E    :Embodied  .   ,       / .Embedded  .    ,         .Extended  . ,         (, ,   ..).Enactive  . ,    , ,   ,    . ..].           ,     ,  ,    ,         .        (   ),  [2 - ,     ( )    . ..]   ,  ,        .    ,      , ,  ,   ,         .

      , .              ,         .                   .               ,     ,        ,    .     ,     .

         .     ,    :    ,    .           .          Star Wars and Philosophy Strikes Back,      The Ultimate Star Wars and Philosophy,     ,     -  Wonder Woman and Philosophy.   ,         Avatar: The Last Airbender and Philosophy,         More Doctor Who and Philosophy.    ,          :  ,     .

           .         ,         .       Blackwell    - Black Sabbath and Philosophy  Saturday Night Live and Philosophy.      A Gathering of the Tribes,         Pulse: Berlin.      Bad Newz  Maitenant.      Batman 1?1970- .

 .   CLA      ,            .    100       ,  ,      .  ,      Marvel,             ,  .

 .        ,  20232024.          .          .          (Dadman)       .         ,       .

     ,  ,          .          .               ,      ,   ,        .      ,    ,     ,      Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series    ,   ,  ,     .

  ,      ?   ,             (SIUE)      ,   ,  ,       .          ,     ,    ,  ,    ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .  SIUE   , , ,  .

  ,      What Is It Like to Be a Batman?               -  .  ,       ,      -   The God Tube: Uncovering the Hidden Spiritual Message in Pop Culture (2010).  ,       ,   Matter and Spirit: The Battle of Metaphysics in Modern Western Philosophy before Kant (2006),    The Intelligible World: Metaphysical Revolution in the Genesis of Kants Theory of Morality (2013).       ,    Passionate Love, Platonic Love, and Force Love   Star Wars and Philosophy Strikes Back (Wiley Blackwell, 2023).

             (UCM, ).     ,   ,     ,     .        ,         .      ,               ,                .

 .       ,              .      ,   ,    .      ,   ,   ,     .    ,  :      .

              .          ,         .        Exploring the Orville ( .      ., 2021)      Going Telemental (2021),    ,           Suffering in Science (2020)      Caring Affinity Networks (2023).     (  )      ,       .               ,       ,      .

          ,    .              -       .     ,     .   2022    - Lo Spazio Bianco.        ,      .      (Maschera dellAntieroe, 2022),            ,        Batmans Villains and Villainesses          (2023).   ,   Dylan Dogs Nightmares (  Critical Approaches to Horror Comic Books, 2022), The Horror vs. LIndagatore dellIncubo (Horror and Philosophy, 2023)  Antiheroes in the Rubble (International Journal for the Fantastic in Contemporary Media, 2022).   ,  ,    , ,  ,    !   ,      !

    ,   ,      .         ,   -   ,      .     ,      ,     .                   .

        ,      1990- ,            -,    !             ,      .           ,  ,   ,         .        ,           .

         .                       .            ,         .        ,      .

 .           .        ,       .   ,  -,       ,                      .      ,        ,  ,    ,                .    Medical Professionalism: Theory, Education, and Practice (2024).       ,            ,      ?

    ,    ,     .         , ,  ,      .         ,    ,       .            ,            .        -,              .             .  , ,     ,     .

              (YPSFL).       ,        -   -.    ,    ,         .  ,     !

        -,         ,    ,          .    DC    ,   ,        .   ,       ..

         , .        ,       .     The Logic of Gilles Deleuze: Basic Principles.        ,        .

 .       Health Care Ethics,               -.        ,    .  .    Battlestar Galactica and Philosophy (Wiley Blackwell, 2008),  (   .)  The Ultimate Star Trek and Philosophy (Wiley Blackwell, 2016), The Ultimate Star Wars and Philosophy (Wiley Blackwell, 2015)  Star Wars and Philosophy Strikes Back (Wiley Blackwell, 2023),     Star Trek and Philosophy (Open Court, 2008)  Star Wars and Philosophy (Open Court, 2005).    (   .)  Sons of Anarchy and Philosophy (Wiley Blackwell, 2013)  The Philosophy of Christopher Nolan (Lexington, 2017).     ,          ,  - ,               ,  - ,         -.




.      养


   ,   ,    --       ,   .          ,  , , ,      ,        ,       .        ,      ;      ,           .  ,   , ,         , ,              ,    .     ,   -    ,          .      ,       ,       ,  ,       .     ,           ,    .

           .       ,    .      ,           ,    ,             ,    -     ,    . ,      ,     ,      .   ,       ,   ,        ,       (       : ),   .        .        ,   ,      ,        ,      .     ,      .             -         ,           ,           .

      ,   , ,   ,   ,   :     ,  .    , ,  , ,           .             ,   ,  ,           ,       ,       .




 I.   ,      ?:   








 1


     : ,   

 








,         ? ,     -  ,     ?    ?     - ,      ,   ?        ?

               .   -   ,    ,     .         ,         ,   .   ,      .         -  -.

  ,       .  :   ?  ,       ,  ,   : ,          .       ,     .

   ?   ,       - ,   ,  ?     ,  ?


,   

        -  (19051980).       (1945)  ,      [3 - ..    . ., 2025.].    ,   .    ,     . ,    ,   .      ,   .   ,       ,    ,        .       ,     [4 -  . . 10.].

  ,     , ,         .   ,       ,  ,      .      ,     .

     ,    ,   ,   ,       ,  ,  ,  -   .  ,     ,   .        ,      ,  ?   ,   ?     ?

  ,          ,    ,     .    ,      .        ,    .        ,      ,      ,        [5 -  . . 11.].

    ,    .  ,          ,     ,    .       ,   ,        . ,   ,        ,      .   ,    ,   ,    ,      ,      , ,  ,    .       ,  ,     ,    ,      , ,   ,    <>       ,        ,   ; ,   ,  ,    [6 - ..    . ., 2025. . 1213.].

-       . ,            (19131960) ,        ,      [7 - . . ., 1966. . 132133.].   ( )  .           ,     ,    ,    .        .

    , -         [8 - .   .    //  . . . . ., 1990. . 32.]. ,     ,    .  ,    <>        ,        [9 -  . . 34.].   ,    .    ,    ,  ,   .

      ,       .  ,      ,     .     ,   ?        .   ,      ,      .

     ,     .  ,     [10 - ..   .   . ., 2000. . 539.].       ,    , , ,   <>       ,     [11 -  . . 542.].      ,    ,     ,   ,    .

    ,   :     .  ,      ,      ,    .  ,     ,      :  ,   ?


     

 ,  (   (The Killing Joke))     ,     :     ,     .    ,           ,    .

    ,          .      ,    ,       ,  .   ,      ,       -.     .    ,      ,         ,   .     ,           .  ,       ,   ,      , .        .       .  ,       ,    .      -,    -       .    ,    .    .

      ,      : , ,   ,   .    ,    .   -  ,     .    -      , ,  ,  ( )  . -         ,         .

      , , ,        .               ,         .           ,      [12 - Alan Brennert and Dick Giordano, To Kill a Legend, Detective Comics 500 ( 1981.).].    ,   ,      ,       .


 :   

    ,   ?       ?        ,      ,      ,       . ,   , ,  -       .      ,     ,    [13 -      .]:        ,   -       .  ,  ,       ,     ,       ,    ;   ,   ,    ,  ,      ,    .         -,    [14 - ..    . ., 2025. . 1718.].

    ,   :  ,              ,   ,   - .       ,       .    ,      [15 -       Β    There Is No Hope in Crime Alley, Detective Comics 457 ( 1976.).].     (     ),   ,          , , ,      .  ,   ,    . ,    ,   ,      ,   ,       .     ,    .

     ,    .       .   ,  ,    , ,    ,    ,   ,  -    ,  ,     .      ;  ,    ,    .

      :      ,        .       ,    .      .          ,         .

         Detective Comics ( ) 60, Case of the Costume-Clad Killers (     )[16 -  1942.].               .           ,   .   ,    , ,   ,   .   ,     ,     . ,    ,   .

      ?        1960-                 . ,      ,        :  ,       ,           .       : ,   ,   ,           ,     ? ,    ?


  

         [17 - .  (). ., 2014.].  -      ,    ,    .   ,       ,  ,   .

      ,                .           .           ,            ,       ,       [18 -         (., . . 21).     ,      ,   ; ,   ,   .].     ,        ,     ,       .          ?

  : ,  ,      .     [19 - . . ., 2014. . 42.].     ,      ,   ,    .  ,    :      ,            .          ,     <>   [20 -  . . 60.].        . ,           [21 -  . . 12.].

   , ,      .  -      ,         .       .     ,      .        .

    , ,    ,   .    - .  ,   ,       ,     ,   ,     ,        ,     ,         ,   .   ,     .      ,     .   ,           ,  .   ,          ,    .

        ,      . ,       ,      ,  ,  .    ,    .      ,    ,   .     .   ,    - .           ,     .   ,   ,   ,   ,    .   ,   ,    .

    ,     ,      .   ,          ,      .   ,  ,      ,    .  :   -   ,  ,      ,     .   ,       ,  .

 ,        .         ,   .     ,       .   ,        .      ,        ,      ,       .

  ,   ,     ,  ,     ,    .            .    ,    ,  ,         ,    .  , , ,    -    .

 ,    ,       .   ,       ,   ,    .

         ,     ,     .       .      ,       .

       [22 -            There Is No Hope in Crime Alley.].        .   ,   ,      ,    .     ,     .        ,    .           ,   .

              .     ,      ,              .   ,               ,     ,     ,  ,       <>        ,       ⅻ[23 - There Is No Hope in Crime Alley.]

  ,       ,   :      ,        .      .     ,        [24 -  .].      ,      ,       .      .      ,      ,      ,    :        ,       .          :   ,       ,  ,  ,      [25 -  .].

     ?            .            ,   .     ,             .     ,  .        ,      ,   ,   ,   .    ,   .    ,         .




 2


   ,    ?:    .

    








    ,     ( )   .      ,     ,     ,     ,   .        , -,  ,      .       ,    .      ,      DC.       .    ,  .    , ,  .      ,   ,    ,     .        ,    .

   :         ,       ,           .     ,   .        .         .             ,   ,     ?   ,          ,    .

           .      ,      .   :    ; ,    ,    . (   ,  ,    [26 -     ,   ,    , . Steve Coutinho, Zhuangzi and Early Chinese Philosophy: Vagueness, Transformation and Paradox (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2017)  Paul Kjellberg and Philip J.Ivanhoe eds., Essays on Skepticism, Relativism, and Ethics in the Zhuangzi (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996).].)

   :        ,    .      ,        .        .   ,  , ,      .   ,        ,      .    ,     ,      [27 -    ,   ,      ,    .].          .

     ?     ?             ,    - -:  , , ,       .


   ?

      ?          (. 771221  ..):  ,      , ,         , - ??.         ( ??).   , ,   .    , , .   ,          .      .

-,        .   ,      ,       ,    ,      .    ,     ( )    ,   .

-, ,     ,      .  ,        ,       .       -    ,   ,       ,      .             (),      .     ,        , , . (    ,          !)

    .   ()    .      ,    ,    ,    . ,     .       ,  , ,     .           ,   ,      ,    .       ,     .        ,      .

      ,          .   :     ,   !    ![28 - .     . ., 2021.  VI, 25, ???????.]     ,          .     ,    ,    ( !)    .      ,          ,        ,          .

    ,    :          .  ,  ,   ,       .     ,     ?[29 -  .  II, 7, ??????????????????????.]      ,        .  ,     ,      .     ,  ,   ,        ,      .        .

     .  ,    ,      .  ,   ,         /.       .

         .        ,          ,   ,   ,   [30 -  .  XII, 11, ????????.].     ,  ;          . ,      ,  ,   .     .       ,        .

 :   ,      :     ,  ,     ,  [31 -  .  VII, 22 ??????????????????????.].     ,      .        ,     .    ,    .     ,      .             ,         ( ),      ,     .

    ,                .         ,      .            .           , ,     ,   .

           ,      .            .      ?    ,       ?      ,    .   ,   -      , ,   ,    ,       ? ,           .

 ,          (19921995),  ,         ,   .   ,    ,        .    , ,    .      ,  ,    ,       .     .        -:

  [32 -      -. ..] ,    ,   . []      ,    .   , ,  []  ,    :   , [ ]  ,   , [ ]  .     ,    , [],     [33 - .   . //  .  , ,  (. ..). , 1994. . 138.].

 ,  -    ,    ,       ,  .         .        .    ,          ,      [34 - Hans-Georg Moeller and PaulJ. DAmbrosio, Genuine Pretending (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), . 129.].          ,     ,   , ,     .    , ,     (  ). , , ,         .


  ?

   ?  ,  , ,   -     .         ,       ?       ,      ,     ,      ,     ?      - -,    ,      ,  :

 ,   [  ..]    .      ,    []    []    .    :  ,      ,        ? <>        . ![35 - .    //  .  , ,  (. ..). , 1994. . 234.]

- ,       .     ,       .

          .     .          .     ,   -:     .     :    .    ?      ,       ;      . ,      . -      .         .           .         , ,    ,         ,      .

     ,     ,   ,          .     ,    ,           .    ,   ,    ,   .  ? (  )      ,  ,    .       :   ,   .    ,     .    .   ,    .  ,   .   ,   ,     ,  ,  -     ,    .     .          .  .   .


 

  ,     ,  -[36 -  ,      Zhuangzi as Philosopher, Hackett Publishing Company,     : https://hackettpublishing.com/zhuangziphil#:~:text=Zhuangzis%20style%20is%20decidedly%20unlike,one%20of%20them%20%5B1%5D (  22  2024).].      ,      ,      .    .        ,      .  ,        ,          .       .      ,      .     ,     .     ,      .   -       .       ,      .        - ; ,       .

,    ,    .       .    .     .     .   ,    .     ,      .   ,       ,    .     - ,  ,    ,    ,    ,        .      .      .       ,           [37 - James Tynion IV, Matthew Rosenberg, Guillem March and Francesco Francavilla, The Joker Vol. 1 (Burbank: DC Comics, 2021).].         .      .

         ,   ,      .  ,       ,   .   ,   . ,  ,          ,  ,        ,     ,    . -    ,    .       .      -            .

    ?    ,    ,          .  -    ,             ,   . ,        -?     ,  -  .         .   -    ,         ,   .      ,  ,   ,     .   ,  , , ,    , -    ,    .     ,     ,     ,       ,    .


  

    ,      ,     . ,  ,     ,  ?     ?     ,    .        ;          .      . ,   ,     .          .    ,  - ,      (      ,    ,     ).   ,    .       ,   ,   ,    .  -        .




 3


 :      .

 








     ,   :      [38 - .   //      .  :  ,  ,  . ., 2014. . 425.],       (18441900).    ,     ,  ,     .     ,     ,         .        ,  ,           .   ,  ,    .         ,     .        ,     ,       .    -   ,    ,     .   ,       ,     [39 - . :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.].      ,    ,    ?            ,  ,             [40 - .   //      .  :  ,  ,  . ., 2014. . 425.],      ,  , [  ][41 - . :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.].


  

  ?    ,   ? ,     ,   ,   .       -  .    ,    ,           [42 - Dan Hassoun, The Joker as Performance Style from Romero to Ledger,  Robert Moses Peaslee and Robert G.Weiner eds., The Joker: A Serious Study of the Clown Prince of Crime (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2015). . 3.].

       ( ,   , - ,  )[43 - Hassoun, The Joker as Performance Style, . 34. . Travis Langley, Which Joker?  Travis Langley ed., The Joker Psychology: Evil Clowns and the Women Who Love Them (New York: Sterling, 2019). .1127.],      ,     The Clown at Midnight (  ):       ,     ,   ,    [44 - Grant Morrison and John Van Fleet, The Clown at Midnight, Batman 663,  Batman and Son (New York: DC Comics 2007).].      <>     , ,   퓅[45 -  .],      .    :      ,     ,   ,    [46 -  .].  . :       :    [47 - MarkP. Williams, Making Sense Squared: Iteration and Synthesis in Grant Morrisons Joker,  Peaslee and Weiner eds., The Joker: A Serious Study, . 213.].   ߻  ,  ,      ,      ,   .


   ,   

,    ,      .    ,          ,     .   ,    ,    [48 - .   . ., 2014. . 53.].   :       ,   [49 - Albert Henrichs, Greek Myth and Religion, ed. Harvey Yunis (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019). . 383.].   ,    ,    .          ,       [50 -  .].

     ,         ,     .       , ,  <>   <>        [51 - John Carvalho, Dance of Dionysus: The Body in Nietzsches Philosophy of Music, International Studies in Philosophy 35 (2003). . 107.].     ,    ,    , ,     ,   .     (17881860),  ,  ,            ,       ,     ,     ,  ,  , ,       [52 - Giorgio Colli, Apollineo e Dionisiaco (Milan: Adelphi, 2010). . 62.].

                ,  ,  ,  ,   : , ,      ,  ,    ,  .     , ,        :     ,             [53 - .   //      .  .  .  ,   ( 18691873 ). ., 2012. . 32.].    ,    ,  ,     .


 

       ,          ѻ.          ,    :   ,       , ,  ,     ! <>      ! ,    ,     ! , , ![54 - . :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.]

   , ,     ,   ;  ,    (   )[55 - . Marco Favaro, Flesh, Scars, and Clay: The Role of Pain and Bodies in the Creation of Identity and Meaning,  Marco Favaro and Justin F.Martin eds., Batmans Villains and Villainesses: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Arkhams Souls (London: Lexington Books, 2023). . 109121.],    .   ,      ,    ,   [56 - . :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.].  <> ,            ,     [57 - EricD. Wesselmann, Travis Langley and Vanessa Hicks, Horror: A Clown at Midnight,  Langley ed., The Joker Psychology. . 63.].    ,         ,   . ,      .  ,    [58 - . Marco Favaro, La Maschera dellAntieroe (Milan: Mimesis, 2022), . 140147.].   ,   ,    [59 - . . :  :  . ., , -, 2014.].    ,     ,     ( 2,  2).    ,      ,     ,       ,   [60 - . :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.]       .

      ,    .   :          ,  -   [61 -  .].         ,      [62 - Peter Coogan, Superhero: The Secret Origin of a Genre (Austin: MonkeyBrain Books, 2006). . 106.].   .  :       ,          ,    [63 - . :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.].      ,   :   ,     [64 - . :   :  . ., , -, 2016.].

, ,   ,      .       .        ,          .  ,        ,   ;    :      ,    ?[65 - . :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.]  ,   -   .        ,    .


  

      ,          .  -,  ,    [66 - .   .       . //      .  :   .       . ., 2007. . 97.].     ,   -  .   ,      .      ,       ,      :           ,   , , ,     [67 - Travis Langley and Doosje Sibe, Humor: Whos Laughing?  Langley ed., The Joker Psychology. .108.].  ,      ,   .     ,   :    ,    ;   .

     ,       ,    ,       <>    <>    ,  ,  ,    [68 - Umberto Galimberti, Il corpo (Milan: Feltrinelli, 2018). . 474476.].  ,     ,   ,   , <>      ,     [69 -  . . 489.].

   .  ,       [70 - .       . //      .  ,  :  ,   18721873. ., 2005. . 447.],    ,      ,  ,    [71 - .   //      .  :  ,  ,  . ., 2014. . 580582.].       ,     [72 -  . . 425.].   (esprit de srieux),    -  (19051980),  :     ,     [73 - ..   .   . ., 2000. . 625.];       : ,    [74 -  . . 626.].     ,   .   :        :      [75 - .   .       . //      .  :   .       . ., 2007. . 20.  ..].           [76 - Langley and Doosje, Humor: Whos Laughing?. . 116.].   ,    ,    ,  -   .      ,     ,   ,       ,     :  ,      ,    [77 -  ,    (Warner Bros. Pictures, Legendary Pictures, DC Entertainment, Syncopy, 2008).].

   ,    ;    , , .    ,      ,     .    ,     .          .    ,   ,    ,      .    ,    ,    ,  ,  , ,  .     ,   ,     ,    .   ,  ,  ,         ,     -   .  ,    :   ,     .

     ,     .     - ,      .   ,           .    ,   ?[78 - . :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.]    ,     .    ,     :    ,    ,    .         ,     .  ,         ,  :          [79 -  ,   .].

    ,       ,           .   ,      .         ,   [80 - John Carvalho, Dance of Dionysus. . 110.].  ,    ,       ,    ,       .       ,     .    ,      ,         <> ,    , ,      <>      .    ,     .      [81 -  .].

  ,    ,   ,   ,  .   ,    ;       , , ,   ,    .     ,  ,        .      .

    ,    ,  .       (19171979),                  [82 - Colli, Apollineo e Dionisiaco. . 43.],    .  ,            ,      .  ,         ,         . (, ,  ,          :   [83 -       :      .     30  2024.,      , 4  2024. ..], ,  ,   .)

        :   ,     .    <>           [84 - WalterH. Sokel, On the Dionysian in Nietzsche, New Literary History 36 (2005). . 502.].        .         I Go Looney ( ),    :    /   ,   ,    ![85 - . :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.]


 

 ,      ,  .    ,   :   , , ,  !       ,   ![86 - .   .       . //      .  :   .       . ., 2007. . 164.]           .       ,      .

     .      ,    ,     .        ,  ,        [87 -  . . 2526.].     ,      .   ,   ,   :    .      ,     :         [88 -  . . 26.].     ?    ,    ,      ?   :

   ,       ,     .  -      ,       .         [89 - Daniel Moseley, The Jokers Comedy of Existence,  Ben Dyer ed., Supervillains and Philosophy: Sometimes, Evil Is Its Own Reward (Chicago: Open Court, 2009). . 132.].

,  ,      .  ,    ,       .      :  ,          . <>     .      ,      [90 - . :  :  . ., , -, 2014.].

      .   :  ,     ?,       [91 -  ,   .]    ,      - ,       . , ,       .  ? .  .   ,     .         . <>   , . -      [92 - . :  . ., , -, 2021.].

 ,    , ,     .       (,    )              .         , ,    [93 - Moseley, The Jokers Comedy of Existence. . 130.].          . ,  [94 - .  homo //      .  :  , ,  homo,  ,  contra . ., 2009. . 280.],  :          .      [95 - .   .       . //      .  :   .       . ., 2007. . 290.].

 ,        ,    ,          .      ,   -    .     ,        .       ,           ,     .  ,    ,   :   ,    [96 -  ,   .].




    :   . ,    :             ,      .     ,       .    ,       .        ,     Clown at Midnight   .        ,      ,     :     ?  ,   .     [97 - . :  .  :  . ., , -, 2021.].

    ,      ?   ,  ,  ?  ,    ,    ,       ?  ,       .   ,   ,  ,   ,    ,  :   ?    ? ? ?       [98 -  .].




 4


- :     .

 -








   ,        .     ,      :          ,         .       .    ;     ;           ,   ,   . . . . . .  .    .     (  ?     ?),      ,         .           ,    ,  ,   ,    .              .     ,     , ,   ,   ,     .   ,  .   .

       . , ,    ,    , ,         . ,   ,       :    .     , , ,     .    ,       ,       ,        ,        2019 .     :    ,   ,   , ,     ,           ,    ,     .




       ,  ,   .     (2008)      .         ,   .      ,          [99 -  (run,  )       (  )    / .       Batman  2016  2019.,   80 ,                 (  ,   ). ..] XXI :     .   ,     ,      [100 - https://twitter.com/TomKingTK/status/954064163202093056.].  ,  ,     ?    ,      ,     ,   .     .

 ,     ,  .      .  , , ,    ,    .  ,    , ,   .     ,  ,   , ,     ,  ,    ,       ,    ,       ,  , , .

 ,  ,     ,      .          :    ,    - ,   ,     .    ,  ,       ,      .     - ,    ,   .    ,    (o? ????????), .

  ,       .      :  a-   ,   peras  :     ,    .          (       ,  ,       ),  ,   :    ,   , ,    .   ,        ,     -,    ,        .   ,       ;  -     .       ;   ,     .         ,       :  .                  ,    .   ,      ,       .   ,   ,   ,      ,  .   ,     ,          ,       ? ,   ,    ,   . ,      ,     .


 

       ,      ,   -      .  ,         .   .     ,     ,   .    ,        .    ,    :  ,  , .  ,  ,    .    ,  ?  ,  -      ? , , ,            ,        ,   .  ,  -         ,   .  ,  , ,     ,  ,   :   .      .  ,  .        .    , , .  .     .

     ,   ,   , , ,       .     :          , ,   .     ,            .              ,       .

 ,    -.   (17241804)      ,     ,    ,      .                     !   .        :     (       ),      (,   ,    ,         ).   ,               ,         ?          .       ,      . ,         ,          ,       ,     (  )        .   , , ,   ,     .  , ,       ,       .  !   ,     , ,  ,    .  ,    , ,     ,     , ,      , ,              - ?    ,       ,    .  ,    ? ,    ?   ?

         ( JLA 15,    1998.)      , ,       ,   .      ,       .  ,    ,  :     ,   ,    ,        .  ,      -,         ,    ,   .    , .      .     ,       .      ;     ,      ,    .


   

 ,          ,  ,       ,      [101 - .       //      .  :      ,   ,   ., 2012. . 91.].  ,    ,  Abgrund,     (Grund).  Grund   :  ,       ,      .      ,    ,  ,    ,     ,    .     ?   .    ,    ?     -  ?

, ,          .   Nihil Unbound   ,  ,    ,          (  )  ,   [102 - Ray Brassier, Nihil Unbound: Enlightenment and Extinction (London: Palgrave, 2007).].   ,  ,     ,    ,    ,       .      ,      ,   ,       ,       .

 ,    ,   ,       ,  ,   .   ,   ,               ;   ,     ,  , ,  ,      ,    ,    .  ,          ;  ,        ,       , ,  .        ,        ,             .




 II.    : , , 








 5


  :      .

 








   (2019)      ,    .    ,  .  ? Knock, knock. Whos there? Tank. Tank who? Youre welcome.   ?   tank , , . ,    tank   ,  .    ,      ,  .       ,     .            ,    .

      ? ,  ,      ,    ,                     .       ,    ,    .        -      ,   .     . -,        .  ?    .  , .     ,   !

   ?    ,       ,     .    .          ,   ,    ?     !       ,      ,  ,      ,      ? ,        ,      - .    ,  :  , ,    ?    ,    :  ,  ,   .     ,  ,    .    ,     .      ,   .    ,     ,    ,       ,    .

,    ,   ,    .      ,          .                ,   -   .  ,    .   ,   ,   .   ,    ,     .   ,    .   ,    , ,    .

           ,   ,      .      ,  - ,  .    ?     .     .  ,   ,     ,   ,      .   ,   ,    .   .  ,      .   :   .     ,      ,    .    ,    .      .


  ,   

        ,     ,   ,  ,                  .      ,           ,    .    ,  ,     ,   .           ,   (427347.  ..).   (514a)  ,          ,     . ,  ,   ,   . ,   ,   ,  ,     ,          .   ,       ,     ,       .           ,    .   ,   ,      .  ,       ,       .   ,    ,    .

  (246 a  d)         .   ,   ,     ,    . ,   ,      .     , ,       ,       .   ,  ,    ,   .       ,   .

     ?         ,  ,      ,     , ?        ,       .  ,  ,     ,     : ,   ,   ,        , ,          .   ,      ,         .


  

       ,      .             . ,          .   ,   .    .     ,      .    ,     ,     .   ,        ,    ,             .    .    .  ,  ,        .    ?   ,    ,  .      , ,      ,    .  ,     ,       ,     .

        ,          .      .       ,     ,   ,         .  ,   .         .      ,   . ,    ,      .   ,            ,     ,       .      ,        .   ,         .

    ,    ,          ;       .  ,   ,   ,    ,     ,    .  ,   ,      .     ,   ,     ,   ,   ,   .    ,     .           ,       ,   .         .   (    ):   .

    (490420.  ..)    , ,      .      ,          .      ,    ,    .  , ,  ,   ,          .      ,    .          ,  ,        ,   ,    .


  ,   

 ,       .      ,       ,   -    .            ,     .   :  ,   ,     ,    ,   ,   ,    ?

 ,          ,   .     ,  ,   ,    ,    .     . ,  ,     ,   ,            ,   .        -  ,     .      ,  ,        .  ,  ,          ,             .

          ,  ,   ,   ,   .        ,      .         ,     .    ,     ,     ,  ,   ,   ,         .        -    .     ,     ,   ,   ,     .

  ,   ,   ,  -         . ,    ,   ,    ,       ,               ,  ,    -.  ,    , ,      ,     .   ,       .   ,       .        .       ,   - -   ,   .

  ,       .         ,      - .   ,         .         ,      .   ,       .     .           ,      ;  ,    . ,    ,    ,    ,      ,      ,         ,      .           ,   ,    .


  

,   ,     .       .       ,   .  ,  ,       .      ,       -,      .  ,   ,   , ,    ,  ,  . ,  ,    ,     ,       ,    .    ,  ,      , ,   ,         ,   ,     .      ,   ,         ,    .

,    ,   ,     ,   .        ,  .     (273d)      ,    ,           ,  ,         ,  ,       .    ,     ,    ,                  ,            .    ,     .

     ,  ,     .    ,  ,   ,  .    ,   ,       ,          .       .      ,    ,   ,   .

   ,    ,  .        .    ,         ,            .    ,  ,   , ,      ,   ,    .       ,       .


 

     ,    Thats Life:      , /    , /  . /     ,     , /        .   ,    .        .

  ,   , ,     -,   .   ,       ,  :   ,    -  .    :     ,    .   .   ,      .

 ,  , ,      ,      ,       .  ,   ,  ,     ,   ,     .       ,   .   ,  ,      .  , , ,      ,    .   , ,   ,  ,           .

   ,    ,         ,    ,    ;      ,     .        ,      .      , ,   ,  ,      ,      .     :    . ...    ,  ..,  ,  ,       .

    .     .    .      -     :   ,   -   ,          ?  ,   !   ,  !!!           .

            .  ?   .   ,  .  , ,  .    ,  ,   ,        .     ,  ,      .     ,     ,      .

, , ,     .    ,         .         ,   ,     .              -,      .         ,    -,     .   ,  ,  ,     , -    ,         . -      ,       .

  ?   ,      .




 6


       [103 -    The Devil and Philosophy, ed. Robert Arp, Open Court, 2014.].

 .








        (2008)  - ,   ,        .    ,       ,       : .   , , .  ,  ,   ,  .  ,   .

       ,     :     -,            .       ,           ,   ,    .        ,  -  ,   ,    ,    .

       ,    .     ,    ,    ,      .       - ,      .              , ,      ,    ,         ,     ,       ,     ,     .   ,    ,        ,          .     ,  : , ,    [104 -  ..],      ,    ,   ,   (  )   .


  

   -  ,     .     ,    .     ,            ,    ,        .     ,         .   ,   .

   .  ,       ,    .    ,  - - ,  ,    .     .        ,     ,    ,   ,   ,  ,   ,           .        ,       ,  ;         : ,   ,     .        ,   -    ,    :      .          ,     :        ,     ,     .       ,    ,      ,          .

 ,       ,   ,  ,     ,   .     ,        .    :       .     ,        .     ,                      .

  ,       ,  ,  ,   .       , ,   ,       :

  ,  ,        .       .       .           .            - .     .       ,    .           .     .

  ?    .

      ,  .   ,     .   ,  ,       .       .   ,          ,     .     ,        , ,   ,      ,    (  )  .       ,   ;      ,      ,     ,      .  ? ,          ,    ,   .

           ,      ,   ,     ,     ,   .               ,     , ,   ,      ,   .     ,    ,         .         ,      , ,     ,       .   ? -, , , ,        .


 

        ,         ,        .        ,        .    ,    ,          ,       ,     .        ,          ,   .  !        .         ,  .   ,  ,    ,       ,      .    ,  -    ,   ,          ,      ,  ,  ,          ,     .    ,   .     .

      ,       ,   ,     .             ,       ,     ,       . , ,          ,   :    ,     .      !  -   ,      ,        .         .     ?

    (17241804),   .  ,   ,   ,  -        ,   ,     .       ,   ,    ,    ,     -  . ,  ,  ,   -      . ,   ,  ,            .         ,    , , ,  ,        ,  ,     ,                  .       ,         ,      ,           .         ,     ,   ,    ,     .      ,         ,     ,      [105 - .     . //     .  6:     ,  . ., 1994. . 33.].            ,    ,     .

 ,  ,       ,    ,     - .      ,      ,  - ,     ,       .      ,     ,      .    ,    -  .    ,  ,       .       ,        ,     ,     :        ,  .     ,    ,          ,            .   ,                ,    ,        .

,    ,        .       ,  , ,   ,   ,     ,      .         ,        , , , ,    ,     .    .       - ,      .     ,        ,    ,     . ,     ,    ,     ,         (      ,     ),   [106 -  . . 36.].  ,        ,  ,      , -,      ,   ,    .     ,   ,  ,       ,   .       ,  ,      ,      . ,       ,   :   .


   

  ,    .       ,          ,          ,   .       .      ,       ,        ,        ,     [107 - RoyF. Baumeister, Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1999).].            .    ,           ,   . ,                            .  ,   ,   .    ,  ,    ,     ,  , , ,      ,    . , ,      :       ,   ,    .

      ,    (469399.  ..)   (384322.  ..),  ,        ,    [108 - ., ,   , 345d  e,   :     ,       ,  -   ,       ,   ,          (.  (. ..). ., 2011. . 56.);    , (. I, . 1) :     ,    ,      ;     :   ,     (.   ( ..). -, 2020. . 3).].            ,       .      ,  , ,   ,      ,   ,  ,       .     ,   ,      ,      .     ,             -  ,  - .    ,      ,      ,       [109 - .: ,   ( IX, . 4):        .        ,         (.   ( ..). -, 2020. . 183).].

,   ,         ,    ,     ,     ,             .        ,       .          (18831969),   ,      ,    ,  :  ,              ,    腻[110 - ., . , 19261969. ., 2021. . 102103.] ,    ,     ,    - .




   ,        ,      ,       ,   .     ,     , , ,  ,        .

,              ,  ,     ,     ,    ,           ,   ,   ,       ,   ,          (   )       ,       [111 - Claudia Card, The Atrocity Paradigm: A Theory of Evil (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). . 211212.].

              , ,      , ,   ,    ,    .  ,  ,    ,    ,    ,         .

        ,    ,    ,    ,       . , ,  ,     ,    ,     ,      ,  -    .  ,        ,           .  , ,      ,          .       ,  ,  ,   ,    .         ,                ,        .      ,     ,   ,     ,   -    ,     ,     -    .   ,       ,  ,     .

       ,               ,   ,  ,        ,   ,        .  ,     ,   .   ,     ,   ,    .       ,    ,      : ,       .       ,  ,         ,     ,    ,     ,      -    .

,        ,  , , ,     ,     ,     .     ?   ,   ,     ,  [112 -   1:9.].    :    ,   ,    ,      ,          .   ,      ,     ,     .      ,            ( ),      .     ,  ,    ,     -    - ,        ,   ,       [113 - , ,       ,      (  )    ,      .      .]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/dzheyson-t-eberl/dzhoker-rozhdenie-zhizn-i-nasledie-samogo-harizmatichnogo-73246673/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 4-E    :

Embodied  .   ,       / .

Embedded  .    ,         .

Extended  . ,         (, ,   ..).

Enactive  . ,    , ,   ,    . ..




2


,     ( )    . ..




3


..    . ., 2025.




4


 . . 10.




5


 . . 11.




6


..    . ., 2025. . 1213.




7


. . ., 1966. . 132133.




8


.   .    //  . . . . ., 1990. . 32.




9


 . . 34.




10


..   .   . ., 2000. . 539.




11


 . . 542.




12


Alan Brennert and Dick Giordano, To Kill a Legend, Detective Comics 500 ( 1981.).




13


     .




14


..    . ., 2025. . 1718.




15


      Β    There Is No Hope in Crime Alley, Detective Comics 457 ( 1976.).




16


 1942.




17


.  (). ., 2014.




18


        (., . . 21).     ,      ,   ; ,   ,   .




19


. . ., 2014. . 42.




20


 . . 60.




21


 . . 12.




22


           There Is No Hope in Crime Alley.




23


There Is No Hope in Crime Alley.




24


 .




25


 .




26


    ,   ,    , . Steve Coutinho, Zhuangzi and Early Chinese Philosophy: Vagueness, Transformation and Paradox (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2017)  Paul Kjellberg and Philip J.Ivanhoe eds., Essays on Skepticism, Relativism, and Ethics in the Zhuangzi (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996).




27


   ,   ,      ,    .




28


.     . ., 2021.  VI, 25, ???????.




29


 .  II, 7, ??????????????????????.




30


 .  XII, 11, ????????.




31


 .  VII, 22 ??????????????????????.




32


     -. ..




33


.   . //  .  , ,  (. ..). , 1994. . 138.




34


Hans-Georg Moeller and PaulJ. DAmbrosio, Genuine Pretending (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), . 129.




35


.    //  .  , ,  (. ..). , 1994. . 234.




36


 ,      Zhuangzi as Philosopher, Hackett Publishing Company,     : https://hackettpublishing.com/zhuangziphil#:~:text=Zhuangzis%20style%20is%20decidedly%20unlike,one%20of%20them%20%5B1%5D (  22  2024).




37


James Tynion IV, Matthew Rosenberg, Guillem March and Francesco Francavilla, The Joker Vol. 1 (Burbank: DC Comics, 2021).




38


.   //      .  :  ,  ,  . ., 2014. . 425.




39


. :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.




40


.   //      .  :  ,  ,  . ., 2014. . 425.




41


. :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.




42


Dan Hassoun, The Joker as Performance Style from Romero to Ledger,  Robert Moses Peaslee and Robert G.Weiner eds., The Joker: A Serious Study of the Clown Prince of Crime (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2015). . 3.




43


Hassoun, The Joker as Performance Style, . 34. . Travis Langley, Which Joker?  Travis Langley ed., The Joker Psychology: Evil Clowns and the Women Who Love Them (New York: Sterling, 2019). .1127.




44


Grant Morrison and John Van Fleet, The Clown at Midnight, Batman 663,  Batman and Son (New York: DC Comics 2007).




45


 .




46


 .




47


MarkP. Williams, Making Sense Squared: Iteration and Synthesis in Grant Morrisons Joker,  Peaslee and Weiner eds., The Joker: A Serious Study, . 213.




48


.   . ., 2014. . 53.




49


Albert Henrichs, Greek Myth and Religion, ed. Harvey Yunis (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019). . 383.




50


 .




51


John Carvalho, Dance of Dionysus: The Body in Nietzsches Philosophy of Music, International Studies in Philosophy 35 (2003). . 107.




52


Giorgio Colli, Apollineo e Dionisiaco (Milan: Adelphi, 2010). . 62.




53


.   //      .  .  .  ,   ( 18691873 ). ., 2012. . 32.




54


. :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.




55


. Marco Favaro, Flesh, Scars, and Clay: The Role of Pain and Bodies in the Creation of Identity and Meaning,  Marco Favaro and Justin F.Martin eds., Batmans Villains and Villainesses: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Arkhams Souls (London: Lexington Books, 2023). . 109121.




56


. :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.




57


EricD. Wesselmann, Travis Langley and Vanessa Hicks, Horror: A Clown at Midnight,  Langley ed., The Joker Psychology. . 63.




58


. Marco Favaro, La Maschera dellAntieroe (Milan: Mimesis, 2022), . 140147.




59


. . :  :  . ., , -, 2014.




60


. :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.




61


 .




62


Peter Coogan, Superhero: The Secret Origin of a Genre (Austin: MonkeyBrain Books, 2006). . 106.




63


. :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.




64


. :   :  . ., , -, 2016.




65


. :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.




66


.   .       . //      .  :   .       . ., 2007. . 97.




67


Travis Langley and Doosje Sibe, Humor: Whos Laughing?  Langley ed., The Joker Psychology. .108.




68


Umberto Galimberti, Il corpo (Milan: Feltrinelli, 2018). . 474476.




69


 . . 489.




70


.       . //      .  ,  :  ,   18721873. ., 2005. . 447.




71


.   //      .  :  ,  ,  . ., 2014. . 580582.




72


 . . 425.




73


..   .   . ., 2000. . 625.




74


 . . 626.




75


.   .       . //      .  :   .       . ., 2007. . 20.  ..




76


Langley and Doosje, Humor: Whos Laughing?. . 116.




77


 ,    (Warner Bros. Pictures, Legendary Pictures, DC Entertainment, Syncopy, 2008).




78


. :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.




79


 ,   .




80


John Carvalho, Dance of Dionysus. . 110.




81


 .




82


Colli, Apollineo e Dionisiaco. . 43.




83


      :      .     30  2024.,      , 4  2024. ..




84


WalterH. Sokel, On the Dionysian in Nietzsche, New Literary History 36 (2005). . 502.




85


. :  :  :  . ., , -, 2016.




86


.   .       . //      .  :   .       . ., 2007. . 164.




87


 . . 2526.




88


 . . 26.




89


Daniel Moseley, The Jokers Comedy of Existence,  Ben Dyer ed., Supervillains and Philosophy: Sometimes, Evil Is Its Own Reward (Chicago: Open Court, 2009). . 132.




90


. :  :  . ., , -, 2014.




91


 ,   .




92


. :  . ., , -, 2021.




93


Moseley, The Jokers Comedy of Existence. . 130.




94


.  homo //      .  :  , ,  homo,  ,  contra . ., 2009. . 280.




95


.   .       . //      .  :   .       . ., 2007. . 290.




96


 ,   .




97


. :  .  :  . ., , -, 2021.




98


 .




99


 (run,  )       (  )    / .       Batman  2016  2019.,   80 ,                 (  ,   ). ..




100


https://twitter.com/TomKingTK/status/954064163202093056.




101


.       //      .  :      ,   ,   ., 2012. . 91.




102


Ray Brassier, Nihil Unbound: Enlightenment and Extinction (London: Palgrave, 2007).




103


   The Devil and Philosophy, ed. Robert Arp, Open Court, 2014.




104


 ..




105


.     . //     .  6:     ,  . ., 1994. . 33.




106


 . . 36.




107


RoyF. Baumeister, Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1999).




108


., ,   , 345d  e,   :     ,       ,  -   ,       ,   ,          (.  (. ..). ., 2011. . 56.);    , (. I, . 1) :     ,    ,      ;     :   ,     (.   ( ..). -, 2020. . 3).




109


.: ,   ( IX, . 4):        .        ,         (.   ( ..). -, 2020. . 183).




110


., . , 19261969. ., 2021. . 102103.




111


Claudia Card, The Atrocity Paradigm: A Theory of Evil (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). . 211212.




112


  1:9.




113


, ,       ,      (  )    ,      .      .


