 :      
 


Historia Rossica
,   ,      1914 1921       ,      ,  .          ,   ,        -  .      :      ,    ,    ,     ,       .      , .    ,   ,    -          .    ,   ,       ,   ,      ,        ,         .    ,      , .





 

 .      



William G. Rosenberg

States of Anxiety

Scarcity and Loss in Revolutionary Russia

Oxford University Press 2023



   HISTORIA ROSSICA . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , .    .    .     . 



 :           . 1919.    .



 William G. Rosenberg, 2025

 . ,   , 2025

 . ,  , 2025

 Π  , 2025


* * *


    ,        







   


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I.      





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        ,             ,        ,    .   ,       ,     ,    [66 - JahnH. F. Patriotic Culture in Russia during World WarI. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995; .     19141917// . 2009. 9; StockdaleM. K. Mobilizing the Russian Nation: Patriotism and Citizenship in the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.].    ,   뻠         .          .        ,         .           ,  . ., . . . ..      ,   ,       ,      [67 - NorrisS. M. A War of Images: Russian Popular Prints, Wartime Culture, and National Identity, 18121945. DeKalb, IL, 2006. Ch.7; .   . .:     , 1916.].

     ,       ,   ,       ,   ,      ,       ,   ,      .       .       ,  ,    .             ,       . 1917             .      ,         ,    .           ,                 .

 ,            ,        . , , ,    ,          ,   :    ,  ,  .   ,    ,  ,       ,    ,     ,   .   ,  ,  ,        ,           .  ,     ,         -,     ,     ,      .

      ?       ?             ,    ,       ,       ,              [68 - DoobL. W. Patriotism and Nationalism: Their Psychological Foundations. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964. P.56.].            ,        ,                     .        ()   ( ).   ,   ,     ,    ()               ,      .                  .  ,     ,   ,         ,        .

 ,         ,        ,    ,       ,                     .  ,        .            ,  ,             .            ,       ,                      .

     ,     ,    1914,        .                 ,       ,     .           1914   :     ,      ,   ;  ,     ,        ,       ,   ,    ;               ,       .   ,    ,   ,     ,        [69 - SanbornJ. The Mobilization of 1914 and the Question of the Russian Nation: A Reexamination// Slavic Review. 2000. Vol.59. 2. P.267289; Idem. Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 19051925. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003. P.2931.].  ,      ,         , , , ,      .      .     ,  ,      ,        .           ,    .  , ,      , ,      ,   ,     . ,    ,         [70 - . .1292. .1. .1729. .24  27., 43  43.;       :    . 1914   1917./ . . .//  . 1995. 4. .9199; 5/6. .65102.].

   ,  ,  ,        ,         , ,       ,       .   . .,       -  [71 - . .     ,         . , 2000. .106, 220.].    . . . .[72 - . ., . . ,  . ., 2015. .66.].  ,           ,         .    ,                [73 - RetishA. B. Russia's Peasants in Revolution and Civil War: Citizenship, Identity, and the Creation of the Soviet State, 19141922. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008. P.24. . : .    1914.    :    //     . ., 1999. .202215; MooreC. M. Demonstrations and Lamentations: Urban and Rural Responses to War in Russia in 1914// The Historian. 2009. Vol.71. 3. P.355375; .  ,   : -        1914.//        . ., 2014. .161174.].

,        ,       ,   ,  .    ,             ,        ,   .     ,       , ,   .      ,  ,     ,  ,   ,       ,      .  ,    ,    ,     ,        ,         ,   ,     ,   ,    ,    [74 -   .: HolmesR. Acts of War: The Behavior of Men in Battle. New York: The Free Press, 1986.].         ,    .      ,      ,     :   ,             .   ,      [75 - .  . .:, 1929. .75.].

   ,         ,  ,   ,    ,        .             ,      .  ,        ,          ,                     .  ,         ,      ,      :       ,        ,     ,    ,       ,     .             .                ,  -          ?




  


          .    ,      1914,        ,  .  1905        ,          ,        -  .   ,   1904,          ,     .           ,    ,    ,      ,      ,                 ,   .        19131914               .                   .

 1914                ,   -   ,   .             . ,         ,   ,              .    -          . . . .,              1891.

           .       ,    ,        . (    ,    .)      .     1905,    ,      ;   130      1906.    ,      ,  ,   ,   .        ,       ,       .  19051914           ,     .        ,       ,    ,         [76 - BushnellJ. Mutiny amid Repression: Russian Soldiers in the Revolution of 19051906. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1985; ManningB. W. Bayonets before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 18611914. Bloomington; Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1992. Chs 67 (. . .: . .   :   , 18611914/ . .  . . .. .: , 2016. .288390. . . .); SteinbergJ. W. All the Tsar's Men: Russia's General Staff and the Fate of the Empire 19891914. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Press, 2010. Chs 57.].   -        [77 - . .       //  . 2003. 2. .7286.].       .

          .             .             20 1914,      [78 -     ,    . 1914. 20. 192. .I. .30173031;     // - . 1914. 31. .458470. . : .        , 19181922// Cahiers du monde russe. 1997. Vol.38. 12: Guerre, guerres civiles et conflits nationaux dans l'Empire russe et en Russie sovitique, 19141922. P.117125; SmithJ. T. Russian Military Censorship during the First World War// Revolutionary Russia. 2001. Vol.14. 1. P.7195; AstashovA. B. Russian Military Censorship during the First World War: The Experience of Control over the Mood// Military Affairs in Russia's Great War and Revolution, 19141922. Book I: Military Experiences/ Ed. by L. S.Stoff, A. J.Heywood, B. I.Kolonitskii, J. W.Steinberg. Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2019. P.241264.].           :        .     .  ,     -     ,     ,   (   !)        ,       .  ,      ,     (morale  ),       ,            .             ,      .              ,   ,   ,             .          .            ,  ,          .   ,       1914    .




    


   ,        ,    8,8 .        ,       ,        ,     -. ( 1917    ,          [79 -     19141918 ( ). ., 1925. .18; StockdaleM. My Death for the Motherland Is Happiness// American Historical Review. 2004. Vol.109. 1 P.76116; StoffL. S. They Fought for the Motherland: Russia's Women Soldiers in World WarI and the Revolution. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2006.].)  ,       , ,        , , ,      [80 - StoffL. S. Russia's Sisters of Mercy and the Great War: More Than Binding Men's Wounds. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2015.].            .     ,            ,  ,      .  ,     ,        ,       .

         ,        ,  1- 2-      . . . .              .     ,      ,       140. .   120.    ,          .  2-  . .  .        70.    .  100.  ,      .       ,   ,   .           . . .,   2-       ,        .

      .                 ,    .       ,    ,              .        .            . ., . . . .,    ,     .   ,        1914,   5-        ,    ,      .       ,     (, i).        .           500. ,         ,        ,    .

            ,   -      ,    1812.          , ,   ,     ,  .  ,  ,   .     ,   ,   ,    ,    .       -  . .,    ,         .        .            . ,          .  ,    ,   ,    .    ,   ,  .        ,          ,            ,  ,       :  ?

      .         .  ,        ?         ?         ,     ,       ,      ,    ?  ,     ,          ,    .  ,       .              .            .     .            .    , ,      ,     ,     ,     2-     ,     ,     [81 - KnoxA. With the Russian Army, 19141917: In 2vols. London: Hutchinson & C


, 1921. Vol.1. P.5694.].

,      ,     :      .    ?     ? ,   ,              ?     ,        ,  . .,     ,    .           ,     .     ,    ,           [82 - Ibid. Vol.1. P.66.].

 ,           .   ,        1914,              .  ,      .        ,         ,    .   ,   ,              . ,      ,                  .   ,    ,  .   <>    [83 - . .2067. .1. .3856. .165.; .3853. .7273; .2933. .2.].




 :  


    ,        1914,         .         ,     ,       ,  .           ,           ,      .     ,    .             .  ,      ,   ,               ,    .         ,   ,   [84 - SumpfA. La Grande Guerre oublie: Russie 19141918. Paris, 2014.].

        ,     , ,        ,            .      ,    ,       ,          .           , -      ,    -  ,           .      ,            , ,  1916   .  , ,  ,           :  100.   1914          . ,            ,                        ,       .                   60.,       . ,      ,    ,    ,             .

,               ,         ,      ,      .  ,             ,    ,     ,        :     ,        ,         .        ,           ,   ,       ,              ,       .         黠 ,    ,   ,   ,      [85 - SumpfA. Russian Perception of No Man's Land during the First World War// Military Affairs in Russia's Great War and Revolution, 19141922. BookI. Bloomington, IN, 2019. P.1738; SumpfA. La Grande Guerre oublie: Russie 19141918. Paris, 2014. P.7483, .].       ,             ,           ,      -,  ,   [86 - LeedE. J. No Man's Land: Combat and Identity in World WarI. Cambridge; London; New York; Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1979. P.34.].

       ,  ,        ,         .         ,         :      11/2.    .    [87 - . .2067. .1. .3853. .542. .       :          (       )/ . ., .. : , 1932. .27.].       .            1914.           .       1915,         .     - ,     ,      , ,   ,  ,     ;      :    ,      200  [88 -         . , 1932. .25.].  ,   ,      .      .    ,   . ., ,             . (   ,    ,   [89 -  . .21.].)             .        .

   ,          ,    ,   ,     [90 - PlamperJ. Fear: Soldiers and Emotion in Early Twentieth Century Russian Military Psychology// Slavic Review. 2009. Vol.68. 2. P.259283.].    .    ,                 ,   ,      ,    .          ,   .                     .         .      ,    [91 - . .1088. .2. .164. .1; . .2067. .1. .3856. .164; .2048. .1. .905. .269.; .2067. .1. .2937. .32.].        1915   .             .         900    ,  ,        ,     .     .       -      [92 - Lobanov-RostovskyA. The Grinding Mill: Reminiscences of War and Revolution in Russia, 19131920. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1935. P.133. . : . .2003. .2. .669. .13, .].    , , ,   ,          ( . . .)[93 - . .2067. .1. .2937. .50; Lobanov-RostovskyA. The Grinding Mill: Reminiscences of War and Revolution in Russia, 19131920. P.133.].

              (  ), ,            .         ,        ,      .  ,       ,     ,      .          .   ,    ,      ,           .

             - ,          ,         . ,          .          ,   .  ,         ,       .

  . .,         ,     ,          ,         , -     [94 - SirotkinaI. The Politics of Etiology: Shell Shock in the Russian Army, 19141918// Madness and the Mad in Russian Culture/ Ed. by A.Brintlinger, I.Vinitsky. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015. P.118121.].          , 1915  ,    ,          ,     ,       .              1915,          .            ,  ,            [95 - . .2003. .2. .669. .13,  .; .   shellshock'  , 19141916//     . ., 1999. .315324.].   ,        ,     ,    .   1915        13. ;  1915     ,              [96 - . : MerridaleC. The Collective Mind: Trauma and Shell-Shock in Twentieth Century Russia// Journal of Contemporary History. 2000. Vol.35. 1. P.41.]. 1916    53 185 [97 -     19141918 ( ). ., 1924. .30.   . .,            ,  -  1 1914  30 1917       82 124. . .       // - . 1931. 56.].

                  ,       ,    ,          :    ,           15      1914   1917.          (   )   ,  , ,    , ,     , ,        -     ,           .  ,            ,      ,    ,     ,         .  ,    , ,    ,         ,       ,      [98 - WatsonP. War on the Mind: The Military Uses and Abuses of Psychology. London: Hutchinson, 1978.].

 ,            ,      [99 - CoppT., McAndrewB. Battle Exhaustion: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Canadian Army, 19391945. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990. P.109127. . : BrooksR. The Stress of Combat, the Combat of Stress: Caring Strategies Towards Ex-Service Men and Women. Brighton: The Alpha Press, 1999.]. ,                  .   ,      ,     ,                 .        ,      ,     ,        ,       .  1-        ,      ,   ,   ,             ,   , ,    ,   .            .

       -        1914,     ,    . .[100 - BrussilovA. A. A Soldier's Note-Book, 19141918. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1971. P.96 (.  . .: . .  :  . .; .: , 1929. .100. . . .).].                 ,        ,         .      - ,      ,   ,    .         ,     ,        .  ,   ,    ,  ,     .        ,     .         ,   ;    .  ,             .  ,     .          ,            .  ,         ,      ,      ,     ,        . ,      ,       ,      ,       ,      .           ,       .        ,     ,   ,         .   ,      ,      ,      [101 - ., : . .2003. .1. .1486. .78, 48, 190, 209; .2031. .1. .1184. .591.].

 ,                ,    .         ,    ,  ,     :     ,          .         ,           ,       .  ,   ,   ,     ,  ,      ,   .      , ,      ,  ,          ,   ,    ,    .

       ,    ,    .       (   ,   ); ,    (   850   ,    400,      );      ,        ,     (     );   ,       ( ,     (  ,   . . .)    ,   []       )[102 - . .2003. .1. .1486. .222224; .2031. .1. .1181. .253.; .1184. .35; .2067. .1. .2932. .16, 2728.].   ,    ,  [103 - . .2067. .1. .2937. .428.].        1914        ,       :    ,         ,     ,      ,    ,   [104 -  . .73. . :  . .3853. .73  73., 628629; .2932. .78.].      ,         -,      ,    :    ,    [105 -  . .3853. .74.; .2048. .1. .704. .11.,12.].     ,      ,        7-  . <>              ,    ,         [106 - . .2067. .1. .3853. .4041.].

  ,  ,           ,     ,     1914  1 1915      1,5  ,   45%      [107 -     19141918 ( ). ., 1925. .30.].        . .,     ,   ,       .   ,    -     1914/15    13. ,         ,   ,   ,    .     ,         ,   .     -,      .          ,          .       30.   10- ,    . .,  ,    [108 - . .             //  . 2011. 4. .4446; . .2067. .1. .2932. .27; Lobanov-RostovskyA. The Grinding Mill: Reminiscences of War and Revolution in Russia. New York, 1935. P.9. .   : SimmonsP. Desertion in the Russian Army, 19141917// Military Affairs in Russia's Great War and Revolution. BookI. Bloomington, IN, 2019. P.393415.].   ,    . .    ,          , ,        [109 - . .  .  . : YMCA-Press, 1985.].




  


             ,              ?          ,         .       ,     ,  ,    ,    ,         ;  , .    ,    .                     [110 - . .2067. .1. .2935. .2,30.]. ,  ,       .         , ,  ,       ,       ,        ,   ,     [111 -  . .11152. .3. .98; . .      :    19141917.// - . 2010. 7. .1620.].             .        ,   ,        ,   ,     ,      ,       ,    ,  ,         [112 - . .2067. .1. .3853. .73.].

    ,            .               ,        ,  1914,        ,        .       ,     ,       ,        .   ,  ,              .   ,           ,    ,     , -        .  ,     , . .-,     ,     ,          ,      ,      ,    .  ,       , ,   ,       ,    ,            (   )   ,      .     ,       ,         [113 - AHR Conversation: The Historical Study of Emotions// American Historical Review. 2012. Vol.117. 5. P.1510.].           ,    , ,   ,         ,    .    ,        ,       .    . ໠  .   [114 - StoffL. Russia's Sisters of Mercy and the Great War: More Than Binding Men's Wounds. P.142143.].

,   ,        .                     .  ,  ,         ,  1914   ,    [115 - . .2067. .1. .3853. .7273.]. ,  ,          ,   ,      .     ,        .  , ,  ,          ,    ,            [116 -  . .2937. .377.].      :    ,                  , ,   ,            . ( ,  ,      ,    .        [117 - GiddensA. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.].)        ,       [118 - AHR Conversation: The Historical Study of Emotions// American Historical Review. 2012. Vol.117. 5. P.1529.].

       .              (  ,   - !),       ,                   ,   .      ,                ,               ,    ,    . . .      :       ,   , - , ,  -     .                .  ,        ,       [119 - Lotman Yu.M. Universe of the Mind: A Semiotic Theory of Culture/ Transl. A.Shukman. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990. P.221.].

  . .       ,        ,           19141915     .            ,  -             ,  ,    [120 - CohenA. J. Imagining the Unimaginable: World War, Modern Art, and the Politics of Culture in Russia, 19141917. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.].        ,          ,     ,           .            ,         : , ,      ,      .      .         ,      ,    [121 - HynesS. The Soldiers' Tale: Bearing Witness to Modern War. New York, 1997.]. ,  ,       ,   ,   .

        ,  ,    ,  ?   ,          .   ,  . .    ,        ,       ,      ,        ,  ,    ,     .   ,   ,    ,    ,      ,      .    ,  , - ,    ,                     ,     ,  ,   -,              . .-,    - ,        -   [122 - WashburnS. Field Notes from the Russian Front. London: Andrew Melrose, 1915. P.167; WashburnS. The Russian Advance. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & C


, 1917. P.49; Lobanov-RostovskyA. The Grinding Mill: Reminiscences of War and Revolution in Russia, 19131920. New York, 1935.].          ,      1917.   ,  ,        ,           .

 ,             ,       .   . .,             ,    ,                    , -       ,     .          ,          ,           ,      ,        [123 - . .          //  . . 2001/2002. .:, 2004. .359.  . .      . .   :   (:     -    , 1917).].   . .,       󻠖    ,       .    ,  ,    (   ),     ,          ,  ,         [124 - . .       //  . 2003. 2. .7274.].

  . . . .    1914 ,    ,     . ,           ,    ,  ,            ,      ,     .    ,            [125 - . .1062. .1. .5 (18 1914).].     ,  -     ,          :          ,  ,   ,     ,     ,         [126 - . .2067. .1. .3853. .572  572.].                  ,       , ,   ,    . [   ]       ,  ,    ,     [127 -  . .2937. .160.].      ,             ,         [128 -  . .160.].

,  ,   80%      ,          , , ,   ,       .              -  ,      ,  , ,      ,           ,  ,     .   ,          ,     :        -,   ,         ,        .            .          ,   ,      ,    ,      .      ,      ,        ,    -        .  ,       ,       ,             [129 -  . .5; .2932. .21,36.].          ,       ,      ,         ,      ,     [130 -  . .2935. .576, 578. . :  . .2932. .78, 33; .2003. .1. .1486. .194205; .2067. .1. .3853. .7375.].

 ,    ,         ,    ,           ,   ,        .  ,         ,      ,        .       ,        ;     ,                    [131 - . .1088. .2. .164. .1; .2067. .1. .2937. .32.].    , , ,    , ,        ,     -      ,      ,     ,    [132 - ReddyW. M. The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2001. P.96111, 128.        ,      .].

  , , , ,     ,        ,          [133 - FarmboroughF. Nurse at the Russian Front: ADiary 191418. London: Constable, 1974.].              ,    1920-  (  1998)  . ., ,           -   1914[134 - . .   :  , 19141917:  2./ . .. .: , 19251927; . .   :   :      . .:, 1998.].  ,  ,     ,    . .     ,   ,     ,   ,     [135 - NarskiiI. V. The Frontline Experience of Russian Soldiers in 19141916// Russian Studies in History. 2013. Vol.51. 4. P.3234.].  , ,     ,    ,       . ,            ,       .

,            ,  ,       ,      , ,         .       ,        ,      .          ,        ,        ,       ,    , ,  ,                [136 - PetroneK. I Have Become a Stranger to Myself: The Wartime Memoirs of Lev Naumovich Voitolovskii// Military Affairs in Russia's Great War and Revolution. BookI. Bloomington, IN, 2019. P.199220.].       - . .,      . .-,   ,            ,      -[137 - AnskyS. [. .] The Enemy at His Pleasure: A Journey Through the Jewish Pale of Settlement During World WarI/ Ed. and transl. J.Neugroschel. New York: Henry Holt, 2002.].

       ,          ,      ,     ,              ( - )  [138 - Questions of Evidence: Proof, Practice, and Persuasion across the Disciplines/ Ed. by J.Chandler, A. I.Davidson, H.Harootunian. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1991. P.363509; Re-figuring Hayden White/ Ed. by F.Ankersmit, E.Domanska, H.Kellner. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009.]. (      ,        [139 - HalbwachsM. On Collective Memory/ Ed. and transl. L. A.Coser. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1992. .   : KleinK. L. On the Emergence of Memory in Historical Discourse// Representations. 2000. 69. P.127150.].)     ,   ,   1914,       ,    ,    .                   ,     ,       .           ,     ,     .     ,  ,          (      ,       )           .  ,    , ,   ,       ,       ,          , , ,   ,     , ,           ,         .

,        ,           ,          ,   -   ,   .  ,   ,    ,     .  ,      ,   ,         1918,       ,       [140 - MosseG. L. Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. P.70106.].

   ,    ,  ,                 ,              .         ,   ,    . ,         .            .  ,    ,          .           ,    ,    ,        .                  .




    


  ,       ,       .    1915       .       ,           .     .  10-    50. .         .         . ,      .   ,    ,  ,                ,   -          ,    ,      ,     .    ,      ,                .

     ,    ,       ,   ,            ,     . .   .          ,   ,        ,         ,     .                        ,   .     ,           .   -    ,            ,       .       .     120.   ,         [141 -      .: WatsonA. The Fortress: The Siege of Przemysl and the Making of Europe's Bloodlands. New York: Basic Books, 2020.].

   1915         .       .   -      . ,    Times .     ,             ,  ,             ,    ,       ,         ,    - .   1915          -   .  ,    ,  [142 -  .// . .2067. .1. .3853. .366; WashburnS. Field Notes from the Russian Front. London, 1915. P.169170, 205.].           .

    .       ,  -      .   ,            ,         ,        .                .        .            ;       .

      .     .   .   .   ,     .  . .,   ,   .        . ,      ,  .              ,      .   1915 ,  ,            .            . ʠ1 1915     1,2 ,  ,         ,  -    [143 - . .   (    16  2 1915)//   ,  . .: [ 22.]. : , 1926. .18. .66;     19141918 ( ). ., 1925. .30; StoneD. R. The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 19141917. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2015. P.146177.].

   ,   ,  ,       ,      .    ,     ,      ,     .    ,      ,    ,      [144 - FarmboroughF. Nurse at the Russian Front: ADiary 19141918. London, 1974. P.38.].    ,      ,  ,    ,         [145 - BrussilovA. A. A Soldier's Note-Book, 19141918. Westport, CT, 1971. P.136 (.  . .: . .  . .; ., 1929. .120160. . . .).].       ,     ,    .              .      ,      :    ,          .   ,     ,  ,   -           ,    ,       :          ,  ,   ,     [146 - . .2067. .1. .3853. .433434; .2031. .1. .1184. .13.].

  ,      ,             ,   ,     ,      ,      .           .    ,   :    ,     [147 -         . , 1932. .27.].




 2

   ?



  ,   1914    ,           .   ,              ,           .           ,    . . ,        ,   ,      ,   ,       ,     -  1870, -  1878     .     ,             ,        ,      ,      ,          .

          - ,           .     ,                 .  1913       ,  1910,         ,    1914    ,     ,          ,    .  19081911        ,    ,  19121914       .      , 19091913     2,5 .     .  1912 1913        17%.    ,    ,   1914   ,  ,        , ,    ,    [148 - . .         (19141917). .:   , 1960. .60; StoneN. The Eastern Front, 19141917. London; Sydney; Toronto: Hodder and Stoughton, 1975. P.3738;   :  XX/ . . . .. .:, 1998. .12205; McMeekinS. The Russian Origins of the First World War. London; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011. P.3337.].

        ?                 1915,          ?            .          1917    .               ?      1917                    ?        ,   ,       (  )    -    ?  ,      1914           ,    ,     .

          , ,        ,         .          ,          ,  1890- ,  - ,  19081913,                   .          ,      .      -,  -      ,         ,     ,    .  ,        ,   1917    




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=73147668)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes


Notes





1


    , 19181929: . / . . .. .:, 1998;     .  1917  1929.     . . / . . .. .: , 2000.




2


Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 19141921/ Ed. by E.Acton, V. Iu.Cherniaev, W. G.Rosenberg. London: Arnold, 1997; Bloomington; Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1997;    : 19141921/ . ., . ., . .. .: -, 2014.




3


RosenbergW. G. Liberals in the Russian Revolution: The Constitutional Democratic Party, 19171921. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974.




4


., :   ? , 18611917.     [47 1990.]/ . . . .. .: , 1992;  . 1917  : , ,  [  1115 1993.]/ . . . .. .: , 1994;         ?, 1861   1917. [  , 1215 1995.]/ . . . .. .: , 1997;      (   )/ . . . .. .:  , 1999;   ,   : 1880-   1920- .    / . . . .. .:  , 2003;           ( XIX   X).  .  . .:  , 2007;       XIXXX (  , -, 1417 2004)/ . . . ., .. .:  , 2009;      ,  XIX  XX.    (-, 710 2010)/ . . . ., ?.. .: -, 2013;        ,  XIX    .  , -, 1720 2013/ . . . ., .. .: -, 2014;    , 19141922.    (-, 911 1916)/ . . . ., .. .: -, 2017;    :        , 19171922.    (-, 1013 2019)/ . . . ., .. .: -, 2020.




5


Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory: Essays from the Sawyer Seminar/ Ed. by F. X.Blouin, W. G.Rosenberg. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006.




6


., : FuretF. Interpreting the French Revolution/ Transl. E.Forster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Paris: ditions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1981; FuretF. The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century/ Transl. D.Furet. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999 (. . .: .   / . . .. .:Ad Marginem, 1998. . . .).




7


MayerA. J. Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.




8


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9


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