    .   
 


              ?        ?        ?     ,   , , ,        ,  , ,     .  19501960-      :  ,  ,   ,        .        ,    ,     .    , ,     .





 

    .   



  .  : . .   , ,   ,       ; ..   ,      ,       -



 ., 2025

 . ,  , 2025

 Π  , 2025


* * *


     (19472020)










         .       ,         ,    .       ,    ,   ,   ,   .                ,        .

        ,        ,       .          ,      ,     .

          ,     .           .       ,  ,   ,    .      :     ,  ,  , .

,           ,       .      .     ,      ,       [1 - .: .  . ., 2001. .136.]. ,     ,        .    , , , ,      [2 - .: PittsV. Reading the Body Through aCultural Lens// Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 2002. Vol.31. 3. P.363.].

     ,              [3 - .: . -:  //  . 2010. 14. .87.].      ,    , ,  .          ,           .   ,                 .

       .     ,    2017        ,         .. .[4 -             ,          ,        .].     (    )      ,       ,   ,           .   [5 -       .] ,           ,     ,             ,    1950-    1960-   .      ,  ,  ,   [6 - . .   1960-    :  // : [ ]/ .  . .,2017. .44,54.].     ,   ,     ,     ,      ,     [7 - .:  . .4849.].

       ,      : 2012       ,       , 2015-     , 2017-      ..

 [8 -         /  ,  1950-    1960- ,  ,  .],       ,     . ,      ,          .           ,    .        1950-   1960-  ,         .            ,     [9 -     ,       ,     ,   ,      (., . . -:   . :  , 2008. .131).],   ,     ,      .         :         ,        ,       ,          ,   ,    .  ,    ,    ,          .

       (, , )        ,   ,   , ,    ,  .



   .         .     1956,    ,           ,        .        1953,   .          ,      ,  ,  .        ( ,  ),     .  1954     ,      .         ,             ,          1953.

    .      .     1953   1956 (   XX ).    1962, ,   ,   [10 - ., : . .    //    (19592000). .,2000. .19.].       [11 -     13 1962,            .       ,      ,         ,      .].     1964,             .       ,         .   ,    ,       1968,      [12 - 19641968   ,      , ,     ,       ,        .       .           ,     ,          (., ., . //    (19592000). .,2000. .1011).].

 .        19531964,      1968.           .             , ,  .                -;      .               ,  ,        .

     ,    ,      ,     ,    [13 -      ,      .                    .].                .          ,           ,      .

         ;  ,     ,    ,         .    ,     ,       ,     ,    .

           , ,    ,     .              ,        [14 - . . //     :  . ., 1999. .3:  1950-   1990- . .358.].         ,    ,  .      ,    ,       ,        ,         .        ,       ,            ,         .

         .   , ,    ,         (      ):   ,  ,    .   ,    ,     ,   ,      .  ,         ,  ,       .

 [15 -     1899      .         1923,      .          ,           1930-  ,        (.: .   ,  Kraft Durch Freude//    : . ./  . . .. ., 2006. .243).]   [16 -         ,        ,    .     1930  1941   , 1945  1949,   .       .  ,   I     ,             :               (. II,   廠//    . .158).      1930-         (.: .  ,     //    . ., 2006. .174).            18.],  ,  ,   ,       ,     .  ,        [17 - ,          .         ,       (   )     ,     . ,              ,         .        (  )     ,    .]      ,      .            ,    ,    -    .   ,      ,       ,     .     , ,     ,   .

      , ,  , ,   ,         .  ,                ,     .

            ,    :          ,   ,     .        ,    ,    ,   .

         ,      . ,       [18 -     . [   . .   (1527 1959).] ., 1960.]   -   ,     .         .          60-.   ,   1990- .  ,     ,    ,     ,       ,  ,  .







     ,         2012[19 - .      : . . . .:, 2012.].          ,      ,    ,   . ., . ., . ., . .       ,     .

    ,  ,    . ., . ., . ., . ., . ., . ., . ., . ., . ., . .          . .,         ,     2015.

 ,    ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,            .

          ,    .

       ,  ,  ,     .

  ,           ,     ,      .

          ,   .

           ,            .       2025,          , ,     .

     ,  ,     ,   ,               ,  ,     :  ,  ,    ,  ,  ,    ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    .

             ,      ,         .




 

  





 :      


        ,     ,     :       ,      . ,            ,      ,     .

       .           ,    ,  ,     (          )[20 - JeffreyI. Photography: AConcise History. London, 2006. P.204.].               1955,    .   500      ,     .        ,        .           [21 - HirschR. Seizing the Light: A History of photography. Boston [et al.]: McGraw-Hill, 2000. P.355.].     ,      ,    [22 - . . .,2008. .247.].          ,     ,     ,      ,    ,   [23 -  . .246.].            1948    ,         ,          [24 - MarienM. W. Photography: ACultural History. London, 2002. P.314, 316.].

          , -          [25 - Ibid. P.314.].   ,     ,    ,   .          [26 - JeffreyI. Photography: AConcise History. P.212213.].           ,        [27 - HirschR. Seizing the Light: A History of photography. P.345.].     ,    [28 -     ,     .       ,    ,  ,    ..       ,    ,         .].  1952        ,    ,   .    ,    ,        [29 - JeffreyI. Photography P.205, 207, 208.].

  ,    ,     ,  [30 - HirschR. Seizing the Light P.354.]. ,      ,             .           ,    ,      .     ,    .   ,   ,  :   , , ;      .              .      ,       ,    ,     [31 - Ibid. P.356357.].

        ,    ,    .    ,    ,                .    ,     .      ( ,  ),      (),      ( ,  ).  ,   MOMA        ,  1966   , ,   ,  :    , , ,    [32 - SzarkowskiJ. Introduction to the Catalog of the Exhibition, in: The Photographer's Eye. New York, 2009. P.612.].      ,   .

        ,          .  , ,   ,    ,   .    50-     ,   .        ,  ,     ,          ,     [33 - .  . 1950-//  . 2000. 6. .111.].

         .             .         ,     .

              ,    .         ,    .       .   ,      ,     .       :



           .        ,      ,              [34 - . . . .112.].


   ,     .      ,   .     ,  ,  .               ,       .      . ,          ,   .

         ,         .         -,    ,         ,      ,         [35 - .  //  . 2019. 108. URL: http://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/89/article/1959.].     ,      ,    ;           [36 - MarksL. U. The Skin of the Film. Intercultural Cinema, Embodiment, and the Senses. Durham and London, 2000. P.162.].

    ,             .   ,        ,           .     ,       :       ,       [37 - MarksL. U. The Skin of the Film. P.163.].        ,  ,       ,    .  -.

     ,       ,  , ,   ,   ,  ,      ,      (  ,    ,  )[38 - . . .].             .

  ,   ,     ,  . ,           ,        ,     .

          1960- ,         ,   .     -: , , , ,       ,    -.     ,      .  ,       (1932),        ( 1961).  ,   ,    (1946)  ,      XVIII.       Life     ,       [39 - MaiselA. Bedlam 1946: Most U. S.Mental Hospitals are a Shame and aDisgrace [Photo of the author and Jerry Cooke]// Life Magazine. 1946. May 6. P.102118.].  1969               ,    ,    .[40 - Morire di classe. La condizione manicomiale fotografata da Carla Cerati e Gianni Berengo Gardin/ Eds. F.Basaglia, F.Ongaro Basaglia. Turin, 1969.]       ,      ,        .  1960-        , 1970-    ,      .  1976           ,           .          81,     [41 - Ward 81/ Photographs by Mary Ellen Mark and text by Karen Folger Jacobs with an introduction by Milos Forman. New York, 1979.].

,   , XIX,         .      ,    ,  .  ,  ,   ,                .      ,      (1862)   ,    -,     (1869),    (18761877)     ,   (1893)  .      ,      ,   ,        ,    [42 - . .     . ., 2014. .134135.].

        (       ,    )    .        :



 -           :  ,  , , ,      .     [43 -   . .   //  : 3. .3:  : XX. .,2016. .342343.].


             (1955)  ,   (1959).       - ,     ,     ,   ,     ,       [44 -  . .344.].        (1966)   ,   , ,  ,    ,     .

         ,     ,    ,    ,       ,      , ,   ,     ,  , .          ,        ,   .

            ,          [45 - ,      (SutkusA. Blind Pioneer [Foto]// Lietuvos fotomenininku sajunga/ Sudare Stanislovas Zvirgzdas. Vilnius, 2004. P.155).].          ,       .         ,       ,    .

       ,      ,    (  , 1950-;  , 19631965;  , 1967),   (, 1956),   (, 1962;    , 1965)  .        ,        ,       .            .

     ,           ,       .      -    . , ,  (, -, 2017)    ,               ,        .          (   1946  ,        )[46 - . . -    . , , . .,2017. .182, 190.].         [47 - ., ,  : . . , 1963; . .   , 1968; . .   , 1968; . .  , 1960-; . .  , 1968;   . . 1960- ;  . ., . ., . .  .    , . .        .,  .,  .  .],      .         4  .

 ,                  19451960-    ,       .       :      1940-  1950-     ,  ,   ..          ,      , , , .        ,    ( )    , , .    ,       :  ,     ( ,  ,    .)   ,  ,   . ,       ,              /[48 - .:  . .182184, 191.].

             ,            ,        [49 -  ,      2017,     ,     1960- :        .   ,        .    ,      ,         ,    .]. ,    ?      ,   ,      ,    ,  ?[50 -      . .:    , 19501980- : .  . . 2012/ .  , .-. -     ; .-. . .. .,2014. .440476.]            ,     ,   [51 -    ĸ,    1950- .        ,      1930- .      (   ,     ),     ,            (DegotE. The Copy Is the Crime: Unofficial Art and the Appropriation of Official Photography, in: Beyond Memory: Soviet Nonconformist Photography and Photo-related Works of Art. New Brunswick: Rutger's University Press, 2004. P.113).].

    ,       :        ,     ,       [52 -  . .1112.].                 ,      .




  


        .    1950-        28,  ,   - [53 - .  . .144.].         .  1959       ,   軠  ,  500,   250 [54 -  . .9425. .2. .285. .64.].      (,   ..),    ,    [55 - , , 1955         ໠/     ,     ,    ,  6. . ( . .9425. .2. .234. .87).         .   1960    700. .,   ໠ 150.,  ໠ 140. ( . .317. .3637).     1958  350. . ( . .285. .11).].    1957    ,     130 1960[56 -  . .9425. .2. .317. .4748.].      . Ѡ1956    The Moscow News   ,        ()[57 -   30. ,      ,         ( . .9425. .2. .233. .92).].    (  1955)    (  1956)       ( , , , , ,   )[58 -  . .9425. .2. .233. .40,88.].           ,    ໠ , , , , , , . ,         ,     ,      [59 - .   :   // Cahiers du Monde Russe (EHESS, Paris). 2015. Vol.56. 23. P.429465.].

        ,    [60 -      :    5366,    300-,       (  1939.)  22 186 ,    1440- (. .9425. .1. .214. .56).].    1956   . .          ,     ,       ,    :



         ,        [61 -  . .4851. .5. .583. .5156.].


 1960     ,   ,       (    1955),          ,        ,           ,        ,         ,             ,        [62 -  . .5759.].

     [63 - [.]    . URL: http://www.photohistory.ru/1207248170259168.html.].      ,  ,   ,   .  1957     , 1959   200 [64 - . .   :  ,      (-- ). , 2008. .320.].     ,          .  ,  ,   ,    (3, 3)        1955    5,  ,      , , ,   [65 - . .2329. .2. .369. .1726, 28,37.].

 1954            :



              .  1954      24,5 .      18 . .           .       ,     [66 -  . .261. .100.].


   :    1960  55 . ,         ,        ,   [67 -  . .102, 105.].    ,               .

        ,     ,       . ,          ,    . ,          1955          .   ,  ,    , , ,     [68 -  . .8581. .2. .436. .8.].

      .           -          .           ,      :



       ,   , ,      ,   [69 -  . .437. .4748.].


 ,            -    ,   ,        , ,   ,        ,     .                      1956.                 ,        .

 1959    ,       .     ,   ,   ,   ,       ,             [70 - BarkhatovaE. Soviet Policy on Photography, in: Beyond Memory: Soviet Nonconformist Photography and Photo-related Works of Art. New Brunswick, 2004. P.5253.].      ,       (1960)    .                 ,    -,            [71 - Ibid.].




      


      .       ,      ,    ,           .         [72 - . .  :  //   : . . . , 2005. .136142.].                ,  .     -      ,     ,        .  ,        ,    ,          .            .

    ,      ,  ,  ,     ,        .             . ,      ,        ,          .  ,    ,     .

               .    ,         .     ,      ,   ,     (   , ).       ,  ,  .

        .           [73 -                   (., : .    //  . 1966. 2. .1219).     .      ,   ,  ,  .      19601970- ,      ,   ,  ,  ,  .       - ( ,  ,  ,  ) (.: . .   :      .       //    , 19501980: .  . . 2012. .,2014. .216).],     ,     ,    1950-   .     ,       [74 -       ,  ,      ,       (,   ,  ,          ),    ,   ,    ,  .    .     ,     .     .    .  (TaggJ. The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories. Basingstoke, 1988; Evidence, Truth and Order: AMeans of Surveillance, in: Visual culture | Eds. Jessica Evans, Stuart Hall. London, 1999. P.244273; The Disciplinary Frame: Photographic truths and the capture of meanings. Minneapolis, 2009).].

 II,     ,  1932      - ,       .         ,   [75 - . II,   廠//    : . ./  . . .. ., 2006. .153.].      ,     , ,       ,   ,     [76 -     ,   ,    ,    (. . . .154).].     ,        .  1930-      ,  ,  ,     ,    ,  ,      ,        .        ,  .

     ;     ,  ,          ,   ,          ,   .        ,      .         [77 - .   . .,1991. .176.]   .             ,   , ,  ,  ,     .             [78 - ., : . . , 1960; . . -, 1961; . . , , 1962; . .  , 1962; . . , 1960; , 1961;  , 1963.     .: . .  , 1960;      ,  1963;       : . .   , 1964; . . .  , 1962; . . , 1956; . .  , 1964; . .  , 1964; . . , 1964; . .  , 1960-;   , 1963.].

        ,  ,         .           ,      ,      , [79 - ., : .  []//  . 1968. 4. .8. (       .)].              [80 -      ,      .]     .      ,       .

       .        ,        ,    .      ,       .     ,        ,  .

       .     , ,          ,   .    ,  ,    .

   [81 -      .    ,    1953    .         ,  ,   ,    ,      ,        ,     ,         (.: . .    .     . .,1997. .3132).]       ,               (., ,   [82 - SutkusA. Kasdienybes archyvai: 19591993: nepublikuotos fotografijos = Daily life archives: 19591993: unpublished photographs. Vilnius, 2003.]).   ,           ,      ,   .      ,            . ,     ,         . ,       . , ,       ,     ,    .            ,    -    [83 - JurenaiteR. Reclaiming the salt of the earth: Lithuanian photography reconsidered, in: Beyond Memory: Soviet Nonconformist Photography and Photo-related Works of Art. New Brunswick, 2004. P.247.].  ,        ,        .              ,            .

        :         .

       .          1950-    1960-      .      ,         . ,       [84 -  ( . pictorial  )     XIX   XX.,     .        .]  ,             .




  :      


          ,      ,         ,         .

        1926,       1942  1956.      ,             .

       (      ),  (      )   ,    .      ,       [85 -      ,     -  -  (.    //  . 1964. 12. .25).].   ,  ,  , ,      ,   ,        .         ,     ,       ,  [86 - .    //  . 1963. 9. .811.]   [87 -     ໠//  . 1963. 3. .1217.].       - , ,      , ,     ,  .

      ,    1960-     ,    . ,         1920- ,   .      ,    .    ,   ,      [88 - ., ., . .  . .//  . 1957. 1. .62.] (    , 1962,    ).      ,       -,       ,  ,    .   1960-       :    ,      ,   .  1963      -,  ,  -,  ,  ,     ,  ,   .          .

        .    ,       , ,   ,    ,   ,     ,    .                , , , .

      ,    ,       ,          .        .  ,                ,          .

 1958    ,            :



  ,    ,     ,        . <>   ,           , -    .  ,  ,     ,      .             17 .   ,        (   ).         ,      [89 - .    //  . 1958. 3. .5.].


      ໠   ,   ,       .

              ,     .            ,   .            ,       ,        [90 - ., : .   //  . 1961. 5. .36.].

          ,   ,  ,     .    ,      ,    ,        :



  ,     ,         .        ,  ,      [91 - .    //  . 1964. 5. .28.].


    ,      ,     .

       :



   ,         ,  ,   -      ,       [92 - .    //  . 1964. 12. .25.].


  ,  , 1968,     :



-    ,        ,          ,    [93 - .    //  . 1968. 5. .25.].


        -,        [94 -  . .26.].      ,       (   , , ),    .   ,         ,       :



     , , ,    ,    []      ,   [95 - -.   //  . 1964. 6. .15. . : .     //  . 1965. 7. .2831.].


         .




   - 


      ,   .    (., 2016)      ,      .  ,        1980-,   1990-,      ,      ,           ,       .       ,     (  -),   .            .          ,    ,           ,  [96 - .: .   ,   :   . .:  , 2016. .37, 40,43.].                 [97 -  . .280.].         ,       ,      .         ,      ,       ,    .       ,         ,    .             ,      [98 - .: .   ,   .   . .79, 554.].       [99 -             ( 1950-   1980- .). ., : . . . .36.       The Many Faces of Late Socialism: The Individual in the Eastern Bloc, 19531988 (, 2016).]   ,    ,     ,      .

           .             : ʠ1 1946     46 ,         25[100 - .  . .,2002. .15.]. . .        [101 -          . 1953 (.: . . :   . .,1991. .42).].     : 1956    560  ,   19571958      ;  1956    500  [102 - .  . .141.].   1950-        .  VI     (   1957),      [103 - ,  ,    :     -: , ,     (.       19531964. .,2004. .244).],      ,  ,      :



             ,     .       .  , , ,       [104 - .  . .283.].


 1959      ,         ,     .     ,   .    ,         ,      XX  [105 - . //   . .6. ., 2003. .15.].        [106 -  ,  ,        .     []/  .. , 24 2018.;     []/  .. , 28 2020.].

         (  ),    (    )[107 - .   ,   .   . .319.].   ,        ,   ,          ,                   [108 -  . .321.].  , ,     ,          ,     .       ,    ,      ʠ     -        .     ,           ,      .       :     ,      [109 -  . .325, 330, 332, 334, 391.].        ,        ,   .

             ,     ,      ,          1950-    1960- .          ,        .

       ,    ,       .       30     VI     .     1950-     [110 - BarkhatovaE. Soviet Policy on Photography. P.52.].  1966       -,        2182  71.  ,     500 , - 66     .          .               [111 - Ibid. P.52, 57.],        .    ,           .

       ,     ,    . ,       , ,         ,        .       ,   -,  ,  ,  ,    ,      ,  ,    .

    -,           1950-,     1972.           , ,          .  1960          -  [112 -     //  . 1960. 6. .3839.].  1966   -      ,   [113 - -.  //  . 1966. 10. .2527.].       [114 - .     //  . 1966. 2. .2729.].  1968    -        [115 - .    //  . 1968. 3. .1620.].    ,   ,  ,          ,       , - ,       .

     .    ,    ,    . , ⠹4  1963   1930-   ,  ,  [116 -    //  . 1963. 4. .2630.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=73145598)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes


Notes





1


.: .  . ., 2001. .136.




2


.: PittsV. Reading the Body Through aCultural Lens// Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 2002. Vol.31. 3. P.363.




3


.: . -:  //  . 2010. 14. .87.




4


            ,          ,        .




5


      .




6


. .   1960-    :  // : [ ]/ .  . .,2017. .44,54.




7


.:  . .4849.




8


        /  ,  1950-    1960- ,  ,  .




9


    ,       ,     ,   ,      (., . . -:   . :  , 2008. .131).




10


., : . .    //    (19592000). .,2000. .19.




11


    13 1962,            .       ,      ,         ,      .




12


19641968   ,      , ,     ,       ,        .       .           ,     ,          (., ., . //    (19592000). .,2000. .1011).




13


     ,      .                    .




14


. . //     :  . ., 1999. .3:  1950-   1990- . .358.




15


    1899      .         1923,      .          ,           1930-  ,        (.: .   ,  Kraft Durch Freude//    : . ./  . . .. ., 2006. .243).




16


        ,        ,    .     1930  1941   , 1945  1949,   .       .  ,   I     ,             :               (. II,   廠//    . .158).      1930-         (.: .  ,     //    . ., 2006. .174).            18.




17


,          .         ,       (   )     ,     . ,              ,         .        (  )     ,    .




18


    . [   . .   (1527 1959).] ., 1960.




19


.      : . . . .:, 2012.




20


JeffreyI. Photography: AConcise History. London, 2006. P.204.




21


HirschR. Seizing the Light: A History of photography. Boston [et al.]: McGraw-Hill, 2000. P.355.




22


. . .,2008. .247.




23


 . .246.




24


MarienM. W. Photography: ACultural History. London, 2002. P.314, 316.




25


Ibid. P.314.




26


JeffreyI. Photography: AConcise History. P.212213.




27


HirschR. Seizing the Light: A History of photography. P.345.




28


    ,     .       ,    ,  ,    ..       ,    ,         .




29


JeffreyI. Photography P.205, 207, 208.




30


HirschR. Seizing the Light P.354.




31


Ibid. P.356357.




32


SzarkowskiJ. Introduction to the Catalog of the Exhibition, in: The Photographer's Eye. New York, 2009. P.612.




33


.  . 1950-//  . 2000. 6. .111.




34


. . . .112.




35


.  //  . 2019. 108. URL: http://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/89/article/1959.




36


MarksL. U. The Skin of the Film. Intercultural Cinema, Embodiment, and the Senses. Durham and London, 2000. P.162.




37


MarksL. U. The Skin of the Film. P.163.




38


. . .




39


MaiselA. Bedlam 1946: Most U. S.Mental Hospitals are a Shame and aDisgrace [Photo of the author and Jerry Cooke]// Life Magazine. 1946. May 6. P.102118.




40


Morire di classe. La condizione manicomiale fotografata da Carla Cerati e Gianni Berengo Gardin/ Eds. F.Basaglia, F.Ongaro Basaglia. Turin, 1969.




41


Ward 81/ Photographs by Mary Ellen Mark and text by Karen Folger Jacobs with an introduction by Milos Forman. New York, 1979.




42


. .     . ., 2014. .134135.




43


  . .   //  : 3. .3:  : XX. .,2016. .342343.




44


 . .344.




45


,      (SutkusA. Blind Pioneer [Foto]// Lietuvos fotomenininku sajunga/ Sudare Stanislovas Zvirgzdas. Vilnius, 2004. P.155).




46


. . -    . , , . .,2017. .182, 190.




47


., ,  : . . , 1963; . .   , 1968; . .   , 1968; . .  , 1960-; . .  , 1968;   . . 1960- ;  . ., . ., . .  .    , . .        .,  .,  .  .




48


.:  . .182184, 191.




49


 ,      2017,     ,     1960- :        .   ,        .    ,      ,         ,    .




50


     . .:    , 19501980- : .  . . 2012/ .  , .-. -     ; .-. . .. .,2014. .440476.




51


   ĸ,    1950- .        ,      1930- .      (   ,     ),     ,            (DegotE. The Copy Is the Crime: Unofficial Art and the Appropriation of Official Photography, in: Beyond Memory: Soviet Nonconformist Photography and Photo-related Works of Art. New Brunswick: Rutger's University Press, 2004. P.113).




52


 . .1112.




53


.  . .144.




54


 . .9425. .2. .285. .64.




55


, , 1955         ໠/     ,     ,    ,  6. . ( . .9425. .2. .234. .87).         .   1960    700. .,   ໠ 150.,  ໠ 140. ( . .317. .3637).     1958  350. . ( . .285. .11).




56


 . .9425. .2. .317. .4748.




57


  30. ,      ,         ( . .9425. .2. .233. .92).




58


 . .9425. .2. .233. .40,88.




59


.   :   // Cahiers du Monde Russe (EHESS, Paris). 2015. Vol.56. 23. P.429465.




60


     :    5366,    300-,       (  1939.)  22 186 ,    1440- (. .9425. .1. .214. .56).




61


 . .4851. .5. .583. .5156.




62


 . .5759.




63


[.]    . URL: http://www.photohistory.ru/1207248170259168.html.




64


. .   :  ,      (-- ). , 2008. .320.




65


. .2329. .2. .369. .1726, 28,37.




66


 . .261. .100.




67


 . .102, 105.




68


 . .8581. .2. .436. .8.




69


 . .437. .4748.




70


BarkhatovaE. Soviet Policy on Photography, in: Beyond Memory: Soviet Nonconformist Photography and Photo-related Works of Art. New Brunswick, 2004. P.5253.




71


Ibid.




72


. .  :  //   : . . . , 2005. .136142.




73


                  (., : .    //  . 1966. 2. .1219).     .      ,   ,  ,  .      19601970- ,      ,   ,  ,  ,  .       - ( ,  ,  ,  ) (.: . .   :      .       //    , 19501980: .  . . 2012. .,2014. .216).




74


      ,  ,      ,       (,   ,  ,          ),    ,   ,    ,  .    .     ,     .     .    .  (TaggJ. The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories. Basingstoke, 1988; Evidence, Truth and Order: AMeans of Surveillance, in: Visual culture | Eds. Jessica Evans, Stuart Hall. London, 1999. P.244273; The Disciplinary Frame: Photographic truths and the capture of meanings. Minneapolis, 2009).




75


. II,   廠//    : . ./  . . .. ., 2006. .153.




76


    ,   ,    ,    (. . . .154).




77


.   . .,1991. .176.




78


., : . . , 1960; . . -, 1961; . . , , 1962; . .  , 1962; . . , 1960; , 1961;  , 1963.     .: . .  , 1960;      ,  1963;       : . .   , 1964; . . .  , 1962; . . , 1956; . .  , 1964; . .  , 1964; . . , 1964; . .  , 1960-;   , 1963.




79


., : .  []//  . 1968. 4. .8. (       .)




80


     ,      .




81


     .    ,    1953    .         ,  ,   ,    ,      ,        ,     ,         (.: . .    .     . .,1997. .3132).




82


SutkusA. Kasdienybes archyvai: 19591993: nepublikuotos fotografijos = Daily life archives: 19591993: unpublished photographs. Vilnius, 2003.




83


JurenaiteR. Reclaiming the salt of the earth: Lithuanian photography reconsidered, in: Beyond Memory: Soviet Nonconformist Photography and Photo-related Works of Art. New Brunswick, 2004. P.247.




84


 ( . pictorial  )     XIX   XX.,     .        .




85


     ,     -  -  (.    //  . 1964. 12. .25).




86


.    //  . 1963. 9. .811.




87


    ໠//  . 1963. 3. .1217.




88


., ., . .  . .//  . 1957. 1. .62.




89


.    //  . 1958. 3. .5.




90


., : .   //  . 1961. 5. .36.




91


.    //  . 1964. 5. .28.




92


.    //  . 1964. 12. .25.




93


.    //  . 1968. 5. .25.




94


 . .26.




95


-.   //  . 1964. 6. .15. . : .     //  . 1965. 7. .2831.




96


.: .   ,   :   . .:  , 2016. .37, 40,43.




97


 . .280.




98


.: .   ,   .   . .79, 554.




99


            ( 1950-   1980- .). ., : . . . .36.       The Many Faces of Late Socialism: The Individual in the Eastern Bloc, 19531988 (, 2016).




100


.  . .,2002. .15.




101


         . 1953 (.: . . :   . .,1991. .42).




102


.  . .141.




103


,  ,    :     -: , ,     (.       19531964. .,2004. .244).




104


.  . .283.




105


. //   . .6. ., 2003. .15.




106


 ,  ,        .     []/  .. , 24 2018.;     []/  .. , 28 2020.




107


.   ,   .   . .319.




108


 . .321.




109


 . .325, 330, 332, 334, 391.




110


BarkhatovaE. Soviet Policy on Photography. P.52.




111


Ibid. P.52, 57.




112


    //  . 1960. 6. .3839.




113


-.  //  . 1966. 10. .2527.




114


.     //  . 1966. 2. .2729.




115


.    //  . 1968. 3. .1620.




116


   //  . 1963. 4. .2630.


