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               .   ,   ,    ,     ,        ,         .         ,       .

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         .  ,   - , ,      .          ,    ,    ,    [1 - Alex Shaw and Kristina R. Olson, Children Discard a Resource to Avoid Inequity, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141, no. 2 (2012): 382395, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025907 (https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025907).].

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, ,         -:        .             .  2019        ,  50% [3 - Bernie's Right: 3Billionaires Really Do Have More Wealth Than Half of America, Inequality.org (http://inequality.org/),  24 2020., https://inequality.org/great-divide/bernie-3-billionaires-more-wealth-half-america/ (https://inequality.org/great-divide/bernie-3-billionaires-more-wealth-half-america/).].     ,      ,       .


  

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      .   [7 -                (Black, White).      ,     ,         ,       .        ,  ,   ,         -   . <>    ,    White      ,    ,           ,             .Racial and Ethnic Identity, APA Style,  8 2021., https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/bias-free-language/racial-ethnic-minorities (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/bias-free-language/racial-ethnic-minorities).Ann Thuy Nguyen and Maya Pendleton, Recognizing Race in Language: Why We Capitalize 'Black' and 'White', Center for the Study of Social Policy, 23 2020., https://cssp.org/2020/03/recognizing-race-in-language-why-we-capitalize-black-and-white/ (https://cssp.org/2020/03/recognizing-race-in-language-why-we-capitalize-black-and-white/).] ,   ,       [8 - Anne Case and Angus Deaton, Mortality and Morbidity in the 21st Century, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2017, no. 1 (2017): 397476, https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2017.0005 (https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2017.0005).].    ,       .       :   ,   ,  [9 - Case and Deaton.].   ,                 ,   [10 - The Fed-Publications: Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households (SHED), Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System,  24 2020., https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/2020-economic-well-being-of-us-households-in-2019-financial-repercussions-from-covid-19.htm (https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/2020-economic-well-being-of-us-households-in-2019-financial-repercussions-from-covid-19.htm).Hispanic Women, Immigrants, Young Adults, Those with Less Education Hit Hardest by COVID19 Job Losses j Pew Research Center (blog),  13 2020., https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/09/hispanic-women-immigrants-young-adults-those-with-less-education-hit-hardest-by-covid-19-job-losses/ (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/09/hispanic-women-immigrants-young-adults-those-with-less-education-hit-hardest-by-covid-19-job-losses/).].

     ,    .             400%  ,            1960- ![11 - David H. Autor, Skills, Education, and the Rise of Earnings Inequality among the 'Other 99 Percent', Science 344, no. 6186 (23 2014.): 843851, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251868 (https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251868).],         :     ,   , , , , ,  ,   .       ,      ,   .

      ,      :     ,     ,   ,    .   , -,     (  , ,    ,        ); -,  ,         ,    ,        :   , ,     ,   [12 - Paul Myerscough, Short Cuts: The Pret Buzz, London Review of Books, 3 2013., https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v35/n01/paul-myerscough/short-cuts (https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v35/n01/paul-myerscough/short-cuts).].     , ,  ,       [13 - Fredrik deBoer, The Cult of Smart: How Our Broken Education System Perpetuates Social Injustice (New York: All Points Books, 2020).]:    ,       ,     ,       , ,    .

       1970- ,    2018        1,7  ,   [14 - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Education and Earnings,  3 2021., https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EAG_EARNINGS (https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode%3dEAG_EARNINGS).]. ,            ,   ,    .         ,    1980-   [15 - James J. Heckman and Paul A. LaFontaine, The American High School Graduation Rate: Trends and Levels, The Review of Economics and Statistics 92, no. 2 ( 2010.): 244262, https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.2010.12366 (https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.2010.12366).].

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    .     ,   ,  [18 -   2010       ,            ,    70000    .         (   ,    )      .  2021      .      :         ,          .       ,           .Daniel Kahneman and Angus Deaton, High Income Improves Evaluation of Life but Not Emotional Well-Being, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 38 (21 2010.): 1648916493, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011492107 (https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011492107).Matthew A. Killingsworth, Experienced Well-Being Rises with Income, Even above $75,000 per Year, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 4 (26 2021.): e2016976118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016976118 (https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016976118).].     :    ,      .     .  ,    , ,         ,       .

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         , , , .    ?  2020,   ,  - Amazon.com       13    [19 - Jack Pitcher, Jeff Bezos Adds Record $13 Billion in Single Day to His Fortune, Bloomberg Quint, 21 2020., https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/jeff-bezos-adds-record-13-billion-in-single-day-to-his-fortune (https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/jeff-bezos-adds-record-13-billion-in-single-day-to-his-fortune).], 32%         [20 - Alicia Adamczyk, 32% of U.S. Households Missed Their July Housing Payments, CNBC, 8 2020., https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/08/32-percent-of-us-households-missed-their-july-housing-payments.html (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/08/32-percent-of-us-households-missed-their-july-housing-payments.html).].     ,    ,     .      .

    ,    ,     ,   .        ,      -.     ?    ,    ?[21 - Richard Arneson, Four Conceptions of Equal Opportunity, The Economic Journal 128, no. 612 (1 2018.): F152173, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12531 (https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12531).] , ,   ,         ,         .

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  ,      ,       ,                 ,      [22 - Susan E. Mayer, What Money Can't Buy: Family Income and Children's Life Chances (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).].

                 .

-,  ,                .               ,                             [23 - Duncan, Greg J., and Richard J. Murnane, eds. Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Childrens Life Chances (New York: Chicago: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011).].

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   1.1        Nature Genetics[24 - James J. Lee et al., Gene Discovery and Polygenic Prediction from a Genome-Wide Association Study of Educational Attainment in 1.1 Million Individuals, Nature Genetics 50, no. 8 ( 2018.): 11121121, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0147-3 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0147-3).].        ,          (      3 (#litres_trial_promo)).   , ,     ,              .   :          ,  ,    .

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, ,     -       ,     .     .  :   .     ,   ,         ,         CRISPR[25 - Nathaniel Comfort, Nature Still Battles Nurture in the Haunting World of Social Genomics, Nature 553 (15 2018.): 278280, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-00578-5 (https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-00578-5).].  -  ,      ,       .    ,     ,        ,  , ,  , .

 ,  ,        ,  ,   .

             [26 - Ivar R. Hannikainen, Ideology Between the Lines: Lay Inferences About Scientists' Values and Motives, Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 6 (1 2019.): 832841, https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618790230 (https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618790230).].        ,       .     ,          (   4% ),       26%.

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 1869  ,        ,    [27 - Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences (London and New York: Macmillan, 1892).].  ,      ,      :        ,        ,        .      1889   [28 - Francis Galton, Naturallnheritance (New York and London: Macmillan, 1894).]           [29 - Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985; ., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).].      ,      ,     .

, ,              .     .         :       [30 - Kevles.],              ,   .          ,     ,   .  1883               ,     ,          [31 - Francis Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (London: Macmillan, 1883);  , Macmillan, 1907,   Project Gutenberg, http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11562 (http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11562).]. ,                             .

  1911.           軠      ,        [32 - Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics.].             ,          .      : ,   ,   .          .   , ,    . ,  ,        (,     ),  ,     ,      ,    .            ,           ,        [33 - Kevles.].

                     --  -.  1910           , ,        .

   ,           [34 - Harry Hamilton Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Chicago: Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago, 1922), http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hc4mzw (http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hc4mzw).].  1922   .      ,     ,  ,            ,           ,       ,          .    ,     <>       ,   , ,  , , , , , , , ,      .  1924                  [35 - Harry Laughlin and Eugenics: Laughlin's Model Law,   Harry H. Laughlin Papers, Truman State University,  28 2020., https://historyofeugenics.truman.edu/altering-lives/sterilization/model-law/ (https://historyofeugenics.truman.edu/altering-lives/sterilization/model-law/).].

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            .       !   ,  1933,      ,        . ,     ,        ,                 [38 - Dejarnette, Joseph S. (18661957), Encyclopedia Virginia,  28 2020., https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/DeJarnette_Joseph_Spencer_1866-1957#start_entry (https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/DeJarnette_Joseph_Spencer_1866-1957#start_entry).].

 1935       ,        ,       ,      .        ,    ,            [39 - Paul A. Lombardo, 'The American Breed': Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund, Albany Law Review 65, no. 3 (2002): 743830,   SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=313820 (https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract%3d313820).].     c        ,            [40 - Lombardo, The American Breed.].

             (Pioneer Fund),     1937     .    ,     ,            .             Erbkrank ( ),      [41 - Lombardo.].

   XX           . , ,  ,       ,        .       [42 - Jared Taylor, Southern Poverty Law Center,  28 2020., https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/mdividual/jared-taylor (https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/mdividual/jared-taylor).] ,      ,            .     Copy.    ,   ,     ?    (        )         .       ,  ,           [43 - Jared Taylor, Blueprint: How DNA Makes Us Who We Are, review, American Renaissance, 4 2019., https://www.amren.com/features/2019/01/blueprint-how-dna-makes-us-who-we-are/ (https://www.amren.com/features/2019/01/blueprint-how-dna-makes-us-who-we-are/).Robert Plomin, Blueprint: How DNA Makes Us Who We Are (MIT Press, 2018).].  2017       Unite the Right[44 - Hawes Spencer and Sheryl Gay Stolberg, White Nationalists March on University of Virginia, The New York Times, A12, 11 2017., https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/11/us/white-nationalists-rally-charlottesville-virginia.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/11/us/white-nationalists-rally-charlottesville-virginia.html).].       :              ,    .      ,     ,                  ,    .


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         ,    ,            The Bell Curve,    [45 - Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: Free Press, 1994).].   ( )       ,   ,        ,           . (      )        ,       .

         ,       .   ,     -,  ,         ,            .   ,                  (    ,        6 (#litres_trial_promo)).   ,        The Bell Curve,        IQ  [46 - Richard J. Herrnstein, I.Q. in the Meritocracy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973).],  1973.  ,          ,   ,       ,     .

  ,           .    The Bell Curve    ,             .         ?  .    ,             ,     .

       : 1)       - ,     -  ; 2)    ,    ,      .      The Bell Curve:                 .

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           ,      [47 - Elizabeth S. Anderson, What Is the Point of Equality?, Ethics 109, no. 2 ( 1999.): 287337, https://doi.org/10.1086/233897 (https://doi.org/10.1086/233897).]:



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    ,      .          ,    ?  ,        ,                     [48 - Remarks by the President on the Completion of the First Survey of the Entire Human Genome Project, White House press release, 26 2000., https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/WH/New/html/genome-20000626.html (https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/WH/New/html/genome-20000626.html).].        ,   :



   ,          . <>  ,     ,          ,    ,       ,   ,       99,9%.


      ,   .   ,            . ,        ,     ,    ,  ,        ,   ,     ,   ,   ,   ,                  ,      .       ,     .             .

        :         ,         ,    ,   [49 - J.B. S. Haldane, KARL PEARSON, 18571957, Biometrika 44, no. 34 ( 1957.): 303313, https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/44.34.303 (https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/44.3%E2%80%934.303).].  ,       -  .       ,     ,     ,       .      ,       .  ,    ,  ,     .            ,        .

     ,           .     ,  -  -      .   ,   ,   ,  ,          ,    ,        ,    .        ,              ,    ,    .          ,       ,             .

 ,  , : 1),            ; 2),      ,        ,  ,    ; 3)   ,         .     :      . <>   ,      [50 - Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Social Theory: Its Situation audits Task (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987; ., London and Brooklyn: Verso, 2004).Roberto Mangabeira Unger's Alternative Progressive Vision, The Nation, 21 2020., https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/roberto-mangabeira-ungers-alternative-progressive-vision/ (https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/roberto-mangabeira-ungers-alternative-progressive-vision/).].    ,    ,      , ,       .


   

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    9 (#litres_trial_promo),               ,      [51 - Jeremy Freese, Genetics and the Social Science Explanation of Individual Outcomes, American Journal of Sociology 114, suppl. S1 (2008): S135, https://doi.org/10.1086/592208 (https://doi.org/10.1086/592208).]. -              .           ,          .     ,   - ,   ,   ,    ,      [52 - Susan Mayer on What Money Can't Buy, Econlib,  22 2020., http://www.econtalk.org/susan-mayer-on-what-money-cant-buy/ (http://www.econtalk.org/susan-mayer-on-what-money-cant-buy/).] ( ).       ,       :    .

      ,       .       ,   .          ,       [53 - Jedidiah Carlson and Kelley Harris, Quantifying and Contextualizing the Impact of bioRxiv Preprints through Automated Social Media Audience Segmentation, PLOS Biology 18, no. 9 (22 2020.): e3000860, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000860 (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000860).].      ,         ,  Stormfront (   White Pride Worldwide      )[54 - Amy Harmon, Why White Supremacists Are Chugging Milk (and Why Geneticists Are Alarmed), The New York Times, 17 2018., https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/us/white-supremacists-science-dna.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/us/white-supremacists-science-dna.html).Aaron Panofsky and Joan Donovan, Genetic Ancestry Testing among White Nationalists: From Identity Repair to Citizen Science, Social Studies of Science49, no. 5 (1 2019.): 653681, https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312719861434 (https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312719861434).Michael Price, 'It's a Toxic Place.' How the Online World of White Nationalists Distorts Population Genetics, Science, May 22, 2018, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/05/it-s-toxic-place-how-online-world-white-nationalists-distorts-population-genetics (https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/05/it-s-toxic-place-how-online-world-white-nationalists-distorts-population-genetics).],           .       ,          bioRxiv,    ,             .

   . , ,           ,      (      ,         7 (#litres_trial_promo))[55 - Perline Demange et al., Investigating the Genetic Architecture of Non-cognitive Skills Using GWAS-by-Subtraction, Nature Genetics 53 (7 2021.): 3544, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-020-00754-2 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-020-00754-2).].    ,           Twitter   , ,       ,   , , ,    (.1.2).    , ,     , ,     (-,       )[56 - Pepe the Frog, Anti-Defamation League,  6 2020., https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/pepe-the-frog (https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/pepe-the-frog).].













  .       ,               .       .            ,               . , ,              .         [57 - Eric Turkheimer, Kathryn Paige Harden, and Richard E. Nisbett, Charles Murray Is Once Again Peddling Junk Science about Race and IQ, Vox, 18 2017., https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/5/18/15655638/charles-murray-race-iq-sam-harris-science-free-speech (https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/5/18/15655638/charles-murray-race-iq-sam-harris-science-free-speech).]:



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 4 (#litres_trial_promo) ,               ,                   .    ,  ,     ,         ,               [59 -  ,             .           ,    ,           .       ,    .        4 (#litres_trial_promo).Adam Auton et al., A Global Reference for Human Genetic Variation, Nature 526, no. 7571 ( 2015.): 6874, https://doi.org/10.1038/naturel5393 (https://doi.org/10.1038/naturel5393).].

        ,      .                            .    ,     4 (#litres_trial_promo),                ,      ,          . , ,     ,   ,       ,      ,      .

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      ,  ,   ,     .      .  ,         [60 - Roberto Tuchman and Isabelle Rapin, Epilepsy in Autism, The Lancet Neurology 1, no. 6 (1 2002.): 352358, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(02)00160-6 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422%2802%2900160-6).].       ,       ,            .        ,     IQ  .    20%  .

    ,       ,      , -  ,    . , ,                [61 - Christine A. Olson et al., The Gut Microbiota Mediates the Anti-Seizure Effects of the Ketogenic Diet, Cell 173, no. 7 (14 2018.): 17281741.el3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.027 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.027).].     ,             .

               1980-       [62 - Emily Perl Kingsley, Welcome to Holland, Contact 136, no. 1 ( 2001.): 14, https://doi.org/10.1080/13520806.2001.11758925 (https://doi.org/10.1080/13520806.2001.11758925).]. :    ,       ,       .    ,     ,       ,        . -   :         . - .         ,      [63 - Tara Lakes, I'm Tired of Holland and IWant to Go Home, Grace for That (), 10 2015., https://momlakes.wordpress.com/2015/06/10/im-tired-of-holland-and-i-want-to-go-home/ (https://momlakes.wordpress.com/2015/06/10/im-tired-of-holland-and-i-want-to-go-home/).].    - ,             -.

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notes


Notes





1


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2


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3


Bernie's Right: 3Billionaires Really Do Have More Wealth Than Half of America, Inequality.org (http://inequality.org/),  24 2020., https://inequality.org/great-divide/bernie-3-billionaires-more-wealth-half-america/ (https://inequality.org/great-divide/bernie-3-billionaires-more-wealth-half-america/).




4


Noah Snyder-Mackler et al., Social Determinants of Health and Survival in Humans and Other Animals, Science 368, no. 6493 (22 2020.): eaax9553, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax9553 (https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax9553).




5


Raj Chetty et al., The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 20012014, JAMA 315, no. 16 (26 2016.): 17501766, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.4226 (https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.4226).




6


Laurel Raffington et ah, Analysis of Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Pace of Aging Measured in Saliva DNA Methylation of Children and Adolescents, bioRxiv, 5 2020., 134502, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.134502 (https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.134502).




7


               (Black, White).      ,     ,         ,       .        ,  ,   ,         -   . <>    ,    White      ,    ,           ,             .

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Ann Thuy Nguyen and Maya Pendleton, Recognizing Race in Language: Why We Capitalize 'Black' and 'White', Center for the Study of Social Policy, 23 2020., https://cssp.org/2020/03/recognizing-race-in-language-why-we-capitalize-black-and-white/ (https://cssp.org/2020/03/recognizing-race-in-language-why-we-capitalize-black-and-white/).




8


Anne Case and Angus Deaton, Mortality and Morbidity in the 21st Century, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2017, no. 1 (2017): 397476, https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2017.0005 (https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2017.0005).




9


Case and Deaton.




10


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Hispanic Women, Immigrants, Young Adults, Those with Less Education Hit Hardest by COVID19 Job Losses j Pew Research Center (blog),  13 2020., https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/09/hispanic-women-immigrants-young-adults-those-with-less-education-hit-hardest-by-covid-19-job-losses/ (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/09/hispanic-women-immigrants-young-adults-those-with-less-education-hit-hardest-by-covid-19-job-losses/).




11


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12


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13


Fredrik deBoer, The Cult of Smart: How Our Broken Education System Perpetuates Social Injustice (New York: All Points Books, 2020).




14


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15


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16


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17


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18


  2010       ,            ,    70000    .         (   ,    )      .  2021      .      :         ,          .       ,           .

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20


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21


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22


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23


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24


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25


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26


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27


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28


Francis Galton, Naturallnheritance (New York and London: Macmillan, 1894).




29


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30


Kevles.




31


Francis Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (London: Macmillan, 1883);  , Macmillan, 1907,   Project Gutenberg, http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11562 (http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11562).




32


Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics.




33


Kevles.




34


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35


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36


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38


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39


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40


Lombardo, The American Breed.




41


Lombardo.




42


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43


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44


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45


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46


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50


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