Английский язык для экономистов
Основы экономического английского
Айви Вордс

© Айви Вордс, 2025

ISBN 978-5-0068-8114-3

Создано в интеллектуальной издательской системе Ridero

Предисловие

Дорогие читатели!

Вы держите в руках книгу, предназначенную для тех, кто хочет не только лучше понять основы экономики, но и изучить её на английском языке. Я написала эту книгу с намерением помочь вам освоить ключевые экономические концепции, улучшая при этом знания английского языка, который всё больше становится основным языком общения в мире бизнеса и экономики.

Каждая глава начинается с диалога, в котором обсуждаются важные экономические идеи. Это поможет вам не только понять саму концепцию, но и увидеть, как она применяется в реальных ситуациях. Читайте внимательно, обращая внимание на контекст, в котором используются экономические термины.

В каждой главе вы найдете список полезных фраз и выражений, которые часто используются в экономической сфере. Изучайте их, запоминайте и старайтесь использовать в своей речи и письме. Это поможет вам говорить и думать на экономическом английском.

После каждой главы я предложила вам упражнения для закрепления материала. Они включают:

Matching: Соотнесение терминов с их значениями.

Fill in the blanks: Заполнение пропусков для улучшения понимания и использования новых слов.

Translation: Перевод фраз и предложений на английский и наоборот.

Speaking practice: Практика диалогов, чтобы развить навыки общения на экономические темы.

Независимо от того, изучаете ли вы экономику профессионально, готовитесь к экзаменам или просто хотите расширить кругозор, я уверена, что эта книга будет полезна. Она поможет вам уверенно использовать английский язык в профессиональной и академической сфере.

Успехов в обучении и на пути к новым вершинам!

Economics

Anna and Mark are sitting in the university library after their first economics lecture.

Anna: Mark, can I ask you something? I’m still a little confused about today’s lecture.

Mark: Of course. What’s the problem?

Anna: The professor said that economics is a science. But it doesn’t feel like physics or chemistry.

Mark: That’s true. Economics is different. It is a social science.

Anna: Social science? What does that mean?

Mark: It studies how people behave and make choices when resources are limited.

Anna: So it’s more about people than numbers?

Mark: Both. Economists study human behavior, but they also use data and statistics to understand economic problems.

Anna: Can you give me an example?

Mark: Sure. Economists study why prices rise, why some people lose jobs, or how governments spend money.

Anna: Do they experiment in labs?

Mark: Not usually. They use models, data, and real-life situations instead.

Anna: What’s an economic model?

Mark: It’s a simplified description of reality that helps explain how the economy works.

Anna: And is this useful in everyday life?

Mark: Yes. It helps people, firms, and governments make better decisions.

Anna: So economics combines theory and practice.

Mark: Exactly. It’s a science that explains real-life economic decisions.

Полезные фразы и выражения

Economics is a science – Экономика – это наука

social science – социальная наука

to study human behavior – изучать поведение людей

to make choices – делать выбор

limited resources – ограниченные ресурсы

to use data and statistics – использовать данные и статистику

economic problems – экономические проблемы

to analyze real-life situations – анализировать реальные ситуации

economic model – экономическая модель

a simplified description of reality – упрощённое описание реальности

to understand how the economy works – понимать, как работает экономика

to make better decisions – принимать более эффективные решения

individuals, firms, and governments – люди, фирмы и правительства

theoretical and practical – теоретический и практический

to explain economic processes – объяснять экономические процессы

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

social science

limited resources

economic model

make choices

data

B

a. данные

b. делать выбор

c. социальная наука

d. экономическая модель

e. ограниченные ресурсы

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка:

(science, behavior, decisions, model, data)

Economics is a social __________.

Economists study human __________.

People and governments make economic __________.

An economic __________ helps explain reality.

Economists collect and analyze __________.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Экономика изучает поведение людей.

Экономисты используют данные и модели.

Правительства принимают экономические решения.

B. Translate into Russian:

4. Economics helps us understand real-life situations.

5. Economic models explain economic processes.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what economics as a science means.

Student B: Explain how economics studies human behavior and uses data.

Student A: Ask about economic models.

Student B: Explain how models help understand real-life decisions.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – c

2 – e

3 – d

4 – b

5 – a

2. Fill in the blanks

science

behavior

decisions

model

data

3. Translation

A.

Economics studies human behavior.

Economists use data and models.

Governments make economic decisions.

B.

4. Экономика помогает нам понимать реальные жизненные ситуации.

5. Экономические модели объясняют экономические процессы.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog) – пример

Student A: Hi! Can you explain what economics as a science means?

Student B: Sure! Economics is a social science that studies how people make choices with limited resources.

Student A: Do economists work in laboratories?

Student B: Not usually. They use data, statistics, and models to analyze real-life problems.

Student A: Can you give an example of an economic problem?

Student B: Yes. For example, why prices rise or how governments spend money.

Student A: So economics helps make better decisions?

Student B: Exactly! It combines theory and practical applications.

Scarcity and Choice

Anna and Mark are sitting in the university cafeteria during a break.

Anna: Mark, I still don’t understand why the professor keeps talking about scarcity.

Mark: Scarcity is one of the most important concepts in economics.

Anna: What does it mean exactly?

Mark: It means that resources are limited, but people’s wants are unlimited.

Anna: So we can’t have everything we want?

Mark: Exactly. Scarcity forces people, firms, and governments to make choices.

Anna: Can you give me an example?

Mark: Sure. Imagine a country has limited money. It can spend it on hospitals, schools, or roads, but not on all three at the same time.

Anna: I see. So making choices is really important in economics.

Mark: Yes. And when we make choices, we face trade-offs. Choosing one thing means giving up another.

Anna: Trade-offs… like opportunity cost?

Mark: Exactly! Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative we give up when we make a choice.

Anna: That makes sense. So scarcity leads to choices, and choices have costs.

Mark: Right. Understanding scarcity and choice helps us make better economic decisions.

Полезные фразы и выражения

scarcity – нехватка, ограниченность

limited resources – ограниченные ресурсы

unlimited wants – неограниченные потребности

to make choices – делать выбор

trade-off – компромисс, альтернативный выбор

opportunity cost – альтернативная стоимость

individuals, firms, and governments – люди, фирмы и правительства

to face a decision – сталкиваться с выбором

to give up – отказаться, пожертвовать

the next best alternative – следующая лучшая альтернатива

economic decision – экономическое решение

to understand economic problems – понимать экономические проблемы

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

scarcity

trade-off

opportunity cost

limited resources

choices

B

a. альтернативная стоимость

b. компромисс, альтернативный выбор

c. ограниченные ресурсы

d. нехватка, ограниченность

e. выборы, решения

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (scarcity, choices, trade-off, opportunity cost, resources)

Economics studies how people make __________ with limited __________.

Scarcity means we cannot have everything we want.

A __________ occurs when choosing one thing requires giving up another.

The value of the next best alternative is called __________.

Understanding scarcity helps us make better economic __________.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Ограниченные ресурсы заставляют людей делать выбор.

Выбор одного варианта означает отказ от другого.

Альтернативная стоимость помогает понять последствия решений.

B. Translate into Russian:

Scarcity forces people to make choices.

Trade-offs are part of everyday economic decisions.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what scarcity means.

Student B: Explain that scarcity is limited resources and unlimited wants.

Student A: Ask about trade-offs and opportunity cost.

Student B: Explain how choosing one thing means giving up another and what opportunity cost is.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What does scarcity mean in economics?

Student B: Scarcity means resources are limited, but people want more than they can have.

Student A: How does scarcity affect choices?

Student B: Scarcity forces people, firms, and governments to make choices and face trade-offs.

Student A: What is opportunity cost?

Student B: Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative we give up when making a decision.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – d

2 – b

3 – a

4 – c

5 – e

2. Fill in the blanks

choices, resources

scarcity

trade-off

opportunity cost

decisions

3. Translation

A.

Limited resources force people to make choices.

Choosing one option means giving up another.

Opportunity cost helps understand the consequences of decisions.

B.

Нехватка заставляет людей делать выбор.

Компромиссы являются частью повседневных экономических решений.

Opportunity Cost

Anna and Mark are walking in the park after an economics class.

Anna: Mark, I hear a lot about opportunity cost in class, but I’m still not sure I understand it.

Mark: Opportunity cost is a very important concept. It helps us understand the real cost of our choices.

Anna: Real cost? I thought cost is just the money we spend.

Mark: That’s a common mistake. Opportunity cost is not only money. It’s the value of the next best alternative we give up.

Anna: Can you give me an example?

Mark: Sure. Imagine you have two hours free. You can either study economics or watch a movie. If you choose to study, the opportunity cost is the enjoyment you would have gotten from the movie.

Anna: Oh, I see. So every choice has an opportunity cost.

Mark: Exactly. Even governments and firms face opportunity costs. For example, if a government spends money on defense, the opportunity cost might be less money for education.

Anna: So understanding opportunity cost helps us make better decisions?

Mark: Yes. It shows what we give up when we choose one option over another.

Полезные фразы и выражения

opportunity cost – альтернативная стоимость

the next best alternative – следующая лучшая альтернатива

to give up – отказаться, пожертвовать

real cost – реальная стоимость

to make a choice – сделать выбор

limited resources – ограниченные ресурсы

individuals, firms, and governments – люди, фирмы и правительства

to face a decision – сталкиваться с выбором

to understand the consequences – понимать последствия

economic decision – экономическое решение

trade-off – компромисс, альтернативный выбор

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

opportunity cost

trade-off

next best alternative

give up

real cost

B

a. следующая лучшая альтернатива

b. компромисс, альтернативный выбор

c. отказаться, пожертвовать

d. альтернативная стоимость

e. реальная стоимость

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (opportunity cost, alternative, give up, choice, resources)

Every __________ has an opportunity cost.

Opportunity cost is the value of the next best __________.

When we make a decision, we often have to __________ something.

Governments use limited __________ to make economic decisions.

Understanding opportunity cost helps people make better __________.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Альтернативная стоимость показывает, что мы теряем, делая выбор.

Каждое решение имеет свои последствия.

Даже правительства сталкиваются с альтернативными издержками.

B. Translate into Russian:

Opportunity cost helps us understand the consequences of our choices.

Every decision involves giving up something.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what opportunity cost means.

Student B: Explain that it is the value of the next best alternative we give up.

Student A: Ask for an example.

Student B: Explain using a choice between studying and watching a movie, or government spending.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What is opportunity cost?

Student B: Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative we give up when we make a choice.

Student A: Can you give me an example?

Student B: Sure. If you spend two hours studying instead of watching a movie, the opportunity cost is the enjoyment of the movie.

Student A: Do governments face opportunity costs too?

Student B: Yes. For example, spending money on defense may mean less money for education.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – d

2 – b

3 – a

4 – c

5 – e

2. Fill in the blanks

choice

alternative

give up

resources

decisions

3. Translation

A.

Opportunity cost shows what we give up when making a choice.

Every decision has consequences.

Even governments face opportunity costs.

B.

Альтернативная стоимость помогает нам понять последствия наших выборов.

Каждое решение связано с отказом от чего-то.

Factors of Production

Anna and Mark are sitting in a cafe after their economics lecture.

Anna: Mark, today the professor talked about factors of production. Can you explain what they are?

Mark: Sure! Factors of production are the resources used to produce goods and services.

Anna: What kinds of resources are we talking about?

Mark: There are four main types: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

Anna: Can you explain each one?

Mark: Of course. Land refers to natural resources like soil, water, and minerals. Labor is the human effort used in production. Capital is the machinery, tools, and buildings that help produce goods. Entrepreneurship is the ability to combine these resources to create products and services.

Anna: So entrepreneurs take risks and organize resources?

Mark: Exactly. They make decisions about what to produce and how to produce it.

Anna: Are these factors limited?

Mark: Yes, all factors of production are limited, which is why scarcity exists.

Anna: I see. So understanding these factors helps us understand how the economy works.

Mark: Right. They are the building blocks of all economic activity.

Полезные фразы и выражения

factors of production – факторы производства

land – земля, природные ресурсы

labor – труд

capital – капитал, средства производства

entrepreneurship – предпринимательство

natural resources – природные ресурсы

human effort – человеческий труд

machinery, tools, and buildings – машины, инструменты и здания

to produce goods and services – производить товары и услуги

to combine resources – комбинировать ресурсы

to take risks – рисковать

economic activity – экономическая деятельность

scarcity – ограниченность ресурсов

to understand how the economy works – понимать, как работает экономика

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

land

labor

capital

entrepreneurship

factors of production

B

a. предпринимательство

b. капитал, средства производства

c. труд

d. земля, природные ресурсы

e. факторы производства

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship, production)

__________ of production are resources used to produce goods and services.

__________ includes soil, water, and minerals.

__________ is the human effort used in production.

__________ refers to machinery, tools, and buildings.

__________ is the ability to combine resources and take risks to produce goods.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Факторы производства включают землю, труд, капитал и предпринимательство.

Предприниматели объединяют ресурсы и принимают риски.

Капитал включает машины, инструменты и здания.

B. Translate into Russian:

Factors of production are essential for all economic activity.

Land and labor are limited resources.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what factors of production are.

Student B: Explain the four types: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

Student A: Ask for examples of each factor.

Student B: Give examples like soil and water for land, workers for labor, machinery for capital, and a business owner for entrepreneurship.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What are factors of production?

Student B: Factors of production are resources used to produce goods and services.

Student A: What are the main types?

Student B: Land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

Student A: Can you give examples?

Student B: Sure. Land is soil and water, labor is workers, capital is machines, and entrepreneurship is the business owner who organizes resources.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – d

2 – c

3 – b

4 – a

5 – e

2. Fill in the blanks

Factors

Land

Labor

Capital

Entrepreneurship

3. Translation

A.

Factors of production include land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurs combine resources and take risks.

Capital includes machinery, tools, and buildings.

B.

Факторы производства необходимы для всей экономической деятельности.

Земля и труд – ограниченные ресурсы.

Economic Agents

Anna and Mark are walking home after their economics lecture.

Anna: Mark, today the professor mentioned economic agents. I’m not sure what that means.

Mark: Economic agents are individuals, firms, and governments who make economic decisions.

Anna: So everyone who participates in the economy is an economic agent?

Mark: Exactly. Individuals make choices about what to buy, how much to save, or what career to pursue.

Anna: And firms?

Mark: Firms decide what goods and services to produce, how to produce them, and at what price to sell.

Anna: What about governments?

Mark: Governments make decisions about taxation, spending, and regulation. They try to manage the economy and provide public goods.

Anna: So all these agents interact in the economy?

Mark: Yes, and their decisions affect each other. For example, if households save more money, firms may invest less, and the government may adjust its policies.

Anna: I see. Understanding economic agents helps explain how the economy works.

Mark: Exactly. They are the main players in every economic system.

Полезные фразы и выражения

economic agents – экономические агенты

individuals – люди

firms – фирмы

governments – правительства

to make economic decisions – принимать экономические решения

to produce goods and services – производить товары и услуги

to consume – потреблять

to save – откладывать, сберегать

to invest – инвестировать

taxation – налогообложение

spending – расходы

regulation – регулирование

public goods – общественные блага

to interact – взаимодействовать

economic system – экономическая система

to affect each other – влиять друг на друга

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

individuals

firms

governments

economic agents

public goods

B

a. экономические агенты

b. общественные блага

c. правительства

d. люди

e. фирмы

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (individuals, firms, governments, decisions, interact)

__________, firms, and governments are economic agents.

Individuals make economic __________ about consumption and savings.

Firms decide what to produce and how to sell it.

Governments make policies on taxation, spending, and regulation.

Economic agents __________ in the economy and influence each other.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Экономические агенты принимают решения, которые влияют на экономику.

Фирмы решают, что производить и по какой цене продавать.

Правительства управляют расходами и налогами.

B. Translate into Russian:

Individuals, firms, and governments are the main economic agents.

Public goods are provided by the government for everyone.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask who economic agents are.

Student B: Explain that they are individuals, firms, and governments.

Student A: Ask what each agent does.

Student B: Explain the roles of individuals, firms, and governments in the economy.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What are economic agents?

Student B: Economic agents are individuals, firms, and governments who make economic decisions.

Student A: What do individuals do?

Student B: Individuals make choices about what to buy, save, or invest.

Student A: And firms?

Student B: Firms decide what to produce, how to produce it, and at what price to sell.

Student A: How about governments?

Student B: Governments manage taxation, spending, regulation, and provide public goods.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – d

2 – e

3 – c

4 – a

5 – b

2. Fill in the blanks

Individuals

decisions

Firms

Governments

interact

3. Translation

A.

Economic agents make decisions that affect the economy.

Firms decide what to produce and at what price to sell.

Governments manage spending and taxation.

B.

Люди, фирмы и правительства – главные экономические агенты.

Общественные блага предоставляются правительством для всех.

Economic Systems

Anna and Mark are sitting in the university library after their lecture on economic systems.

Anna: Mark, today the professor talked about different economic systems. Can you explain what they are?

Mark: Sure! An economic system is the way a society organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Anna: So it’s about how an economy works?

Mark: Exactly. There are three main types: traditional, command, and market economies. Some countries also have mixed economies.

Anna: Can you explain each one?

Mark: Of course. A traditional economy relies on customs, traditions, and habits. People produce what they need and trade locally.

Anna: And a command economy?

Mark: In a command economy, the government makes most economic decisions, controls resources, and decides what to produce.

Anna: What about a market economy?

Mark: In a market economy, individuals and firms make economic decisions. Prices are determined by supply and demand.

Anna: And mixed economies?

Mark: Mixed economies combine elements of command and market systems. Governments intervene in some areas but leave others to the market.

Anna: I see. Understanding economic systems helps explain why countries make different choices.

Mark: Exactly. Each system has advantages and disadvantages.

Полезные фразы и выражения

economic system – экономическая система

production, distribution, and consumption – производство, распределение и потребление

traditional economy – традиционная экономика

command economy – командная экономика

market economy – рыночная экономика

mixed economy – смешанная экономика

government control – контроль правительства

supply and demand – спрос и предложение

to organize economic activity – организовывать экономическую деятельность

individuals and firms – люди и фирмы

advantages and disadvantages – преимущества и недостатки

to intervene – вмешиваться

economic decisions – экономические решения

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

traditional economy

command economy

market economy

mixed economy

economic system

B

a. смешанная экономика

b. командная экономика

c. традиционная экономика

d. экономическая система

e. рыночная экономика

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (traditional, command, market, mixed, government)

A __________ economy relies on customs and traditions.

A __________ economy is controlled mostly by the government.

A __________ economy allows individuals and firms to make decisions.

A __________ economy combines elements of command and market systems.

In a command economy, the __________ makes most economic decisions.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

В традиционной экономике люди производят то, что им нужно, и обмениваются товарами.

В рыночной экономике цены определяются спросом и предложением.

Смешанная экономика сочетает элементы командной и рыночной систем.

B. Translate into Russian:

Economic systems organize production, distribution, and consumption.

Each system has advantages and disadvantages.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what an economic system is.

Student B: Explain that it is the way society organizes production, distribution, and consumption.

Student A: Ask about the different types of economic systems.

Student B: Explain traditional, command, market, and mixed economies with examples.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What is an economic system?

Student B: An economic system is the way a society organizes production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Student A: What types of economic systems exist?

Student B: Traditional, command, market, and mixed economies.

Student A: Can you give examples?

Student B: Sure. A traditional economy relies on customs, a command economy is controlled by the government, a market economy is guided by supply and demand, and a mixed economy combines government intervention with market freedom.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – c

2 – b

3 – e

4 – a

5 – d

2. Fill in the blanks

traditional

command

market

mixed

government

3. Translation

A.

In a traditional economy, people produce what they need and trade goods.

In a market economy, prices are determined by supply and demand.

A mixed economy combines elements of command and market systems.

B.

Экономические системы организуют производство, распределение и потребление.

Каждая система имеет свои преимущества и недостатки.

Supply

Anna and Mark are sitting in the university cafeteria discussing today’s lecture.

Anna: Mark, the professor talked about supply today. Can you explain what it means?

Mark: Sure! Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to sell at different prices over a period of time.

Anna: So it depends on price?

Mark: Exactly. Generally, when the price increases, producers are willing to supply more. When the price decreases, they supply less.

Anna: What affects supply besides price?

Mark: Several factors, such as the cost of production, technology, taxes, subsidies, and the number of sellers in the market.

Anna: Can you give an example?

Mark: Sure. If the price of apples goes up, farmers may plant more apple trees. But if labor or fertilizer costs increase, they may produce less.

Anna: I see. So supply is about the producer’s side of the market.

Mark: Yes, and it interacts with demand to determine prices and quantities in the market.

Полезные фразы и выражения

supply – предложение

quantity supplied – количество, предлагаемое к продаже

producers – производители

price – цена

cost of production – издержки производства

technology – технологии

taxes – налоги

subsidies – субсидии

number of sellers – количество продавцов

market – рынок

to be willing and able – быть готовым и способным

to interact with demand – взаимодействовать со спросом

to determine prices – определять цены

good or service – товар или услуга

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

supply

producers

price

quantity supplied

cost of production

B

a. цена

b. предложение

c. производители

d. количество, предлагаемое к продаже

e. издержки производства

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (supply, price, producers, technology, market)

__________ is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing to sell.

When __________ increases, producers usually supply more.

__________ are the ones who produce goods and services.

Improvements in __________ can increase supply.

Supply interacts with demand in the __________ to determine prices.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Предложение зависит от цены и издержек производства.

Производители готовы продавать больше, если цена растет.

Технологии и налоги влияют на предложение.

B. Translate into Russian:

Supply is the producer’s side of the market.

The number of sellers affects the total supply.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what supply means.

Student B: Explain that it is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to sell at different prices.

Student A: Ask what factors affect supply.

Student B: Explain the role of price, production costs, technology, taxes, subsidies, and number of sellers.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What is supply in economics?

Student B: Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to sell at different prices over a period of time.

Student A: What factors affect supply besides price?

Student B: Costs of production, technology, taxes, subsidies, and the number of sellers all affect supply.

Student A: Can you give an example?

Student B: Sure. If apple prices increase, farmers may produce more apples, but higher costs of labor or fertilizer may reduce supply.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – b

2 – c

3 – a

4 – d

5 – e

2. Fill in the blanks

Supply

price

Producers

technology

market

3. Translation

A.

Supply depends on price and production costs.

Producers are willing to sell more if the price rises.

Technology and taxes affect supply.

B.

Предложение – это сторона рынка производителей.

Количество продавцов влияет на общий объём предложения.

Demand

Anna and Mark are sitting in the park after their economics lecture.

Anna: Mark, today the professor explained demand. Can you remind me what it means?

Mark: Sure! Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices over a period of time.

Anna: So it’s the consumer’s side of the market?

Mark: Exactly. Demand shows how much people want and can afford at different prices.

Anna: And what affects demand besides price?

Mark: Many factors: income, tastes and preferences, prices of related goods, expectations, and the number of buyers.

Anna: Can you give an example?

Mark: Sure. If the price of coffee goes down, people may buy more. But if their income falls, they might buy less.

Anna: I see. So demand interacts with supply to determine market prices and quantities.

Mark: Right. Understanding demand helps businesses and governments make better economic decisions.

Полезные фразы и выражения

demand – спрос

quantity demanded – количество, требуемое к покупке

consumers – потребители

price – цена

income – доход

tastes and preferences – вкусы и предпочтения

related goods – связанные товары

expectations – ожидания

number of buyers – количество покупателей

market – рынок

to be willing and able – быть готовым и способным

to interact with supply – взаимодействовать с предложением

to determine market prices – определять рыночные цены

good or service – товар или услуга

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

demand

consumers

price

quantity demanded

income

B

a. доход

b. спрос

c. потребители

d. количество, требуемое к покупке

e. цена

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (market, consumers, preferences, demand, price)

__________ is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing to buy.

When __________ changes, the quantity demanded usually changes.

__________ decide what to buy based on price and income.

Tastes and __________ affect demand.

Demand interacts with supply in the __________ to determine prices.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Спрос зависит от цены, дохода и предпочтений потребителей.

Когда цена падает, количество покупаемого товара обычно растет.

Количество покупателей влияет на общий спрос.

B. Translate into Russian:

Demand is the consumer’s side of the market.

Expectations about the future can affect demand.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what demand means.

Student B: Explain that it is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices.

Student A: Ask what factors affect demand.

Student B: Explain the role of income, tastes, prices of related goods, expectations, and number of buyers.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What is demand?

Student B: Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices over a period of time.

Student A: What factors affect demand besides price?

Student B: Income, tastes and preferences, prices of related goods, expectations, and the number of buyers all affect demand.

Student A: Can you give an example?

Student B: Sure. If the price of coffee goes down, people may buy more. But if their income falls, they might buy less.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – b

2 – c

3 – e

4 – d

5 – a

2. Fill in the blanks

Demand

price

Consumers

preferences

market

3. Translation

A.

Demand depends on price, income, and consumer preferences.

When price falls, the quantity demanded usually increases.

The number of buyers affects total demand.

B.

Спрос – это сторона рынка потребителей.

Ожидания о будущем могут влиять на спрос.

Market Equilibrium

Anna and Mark are sitting in a cafe discussing the lecture on market equilibrium.

Anna: Mark, I’m a little confused about market equilibrium. Can you explain it?

Mark: Of course! Market equilibrium is the point where the quantity demanded by consumers equals the quantity supplied by producers.

Anna: So it’s when the market «balances»?

Mark: Exactly. At this point, the price is called the equilibrium price, and the quantity is the equilibrium quantity.

Anna: What happens if the price is higher than the equilibrium price?

Mark: Then there is a surplus. Producers supply more than consumers want to buy.

Anna: And if the price is lower?

Mark: Then there is a shortage. Consumers want more than producers are willing to sell.

Anna: I see. So supply and demand interact to determine the equilibrium.

Mark: Right. Understanding equilibrium helps predict how markets respond to changes in supply or demand.

Полезные фразы и выражения

market equilibrium – рыночное равновесие

quantity demanded – количество, требуемое к покупке

quantity supplied – количество, предлагаемое к продаже

equilibrium price – цена равновесия

equilibrium quantity – количество равновесия

surplus – избыток

shortage – дефицит

to balance – балансировать

to interact – взаимодействовать

consumers – потребители

producers – производители

supply and demand – предложение и спрос

to respond to changes – реагировать на изменения

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

market equilibrium

equilibrium price

equilibrium quantity

surplus

shortage

B

a. дефицит

b. рыночное равновесие

c. количество равновесия

d. цена равновесия

e. избыток

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (equilibrium price, shortage, producers, quantity demanded, market equilibrium)

__________ occurs when quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.

The __________ is the price at which the market is in balance.

If consumers want more than producers supply, there is a __________.

__________ is the amount that consumers want to buy at a given price.

Understanding market equilibrium helps predict how __________ respond to changes.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Рыночное равновесие – это точка, где спрос равен предложению.

Если цена выше равновесной, возникает избыток.

Если цена ниже равновесной, возникает дефицит.

B. Translate into Russian:

The equilibrium price balances quantity demanded and quantity supplied.

Supply and demand interact to determine market prices.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what market equilibrium means.

Student B: Explain that it is the point where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.

Student A: Ask what happens if the price is above or below equilibrium.

Student B: Explain that a surplus occurs if the price is too high and a shortage if the price is too low.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What is market equilibrium?

Student B: Market equilibrium is the point where the quantity demanded by consumers equals the quantity supplied by producers.

Student A: What happens if the price is higher than equilibrium?

Student B: Then there is a surplus because producers supply more than consumers want to buy.

Student A: And if the price is lower?

Student B: Then there is a shortage because consumers want more than producers are willing to sell.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – b

2 – d

3 – c

4 – e

5 – a

2. Fill in the blanks

Market equilibrium

equilibrium price

shortage

quantity demanded

producers

3. Translation

A.

Market equilibrium is the point where demand equals supply.

If the price is above equilibrium, there is a surplus.

If the price is below equilibrium, there is a shortage.

B.

Цена равновесия балансирует количество спроса и предложения.

Предложение и спрос взаимодействуют, чтобы определить рыночные цены.

Elasticity of Demand and Supply

Anna and Mark are discussing elasticity after their economics lecture.

Anna: Mark, I heard the professor talk about elasticity. What does it mean in economics?

Mark: Elasticity measures how much the quantity demanded or supplied responds to changes in price.

Anna: So it shows sensitivity to price changes?

Mark: Exactly. If demand or supply changes a lot when the price changes, it is called elastic. If it changes a little, it is inelastic.

Anna: Can you give an example of elastic demand?

Mark: Sure. Luxury goods like designer clothes usually have elastic demand because people can delay or avoid buying them if the price rises.

Anna: And inelastic demand?

Mark: Necessities like food or medicine have inelastic demand because people need them regardless of price.

Anna: What about supply elasticity?

Mark: It shows how much producers change the quantity they supply when prices change. Some goods, like manufactured products, have more elastic supply, while others, like land, are less elastic.

Anna: I see. So elasticity helps understand how markets react to price changes.

Mark: Exactly. It’s very useful for businesses and policymakers.

Полезные фразы и выражения

elasticity – эластичность

price elasticity of demand – ценовая эластичность спроса

price elasticity of supply – ценовая эластичность предложения

elastic – эластичный

inelastic – неэластичный

sensitive to price changes – чувствительный к изменениям цены

quantity demanded – количество, требуемое к покупке

quantity supplied – количество, предлагаемое к продаже

luxury goods – предметы роскоши

necessities – необходимые товары

producers – производители

market – рынок

to react to price changes – реагировать на изменения цены

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

elastic

inelastic

luxury goods

necessities

producers

B

a. производители

b. необходимые товары

c. предметы роскоши

d. эластичный

e. неэластичный

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (quantity supplied, inelastic, elastic, quantity demanded, producers)

__________ shows how much the amount that consumers want changes with price.

If demand or supply changes a lot with price, it is called __________.

If demand changes very little with price, it is called __________.

__________ is the amount that producers are willing to sell at different prices.

__________ are responsible for supplying goods and services in the market.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Эластичность показывает, как сильно количество спроса или предложения реагирует на изменения цены.

Предметы роскоши обычно имеют эластичный спрос.

Необходимые товары имеют неэластичный спрос.

B. Translate into Russian:

Elasticity helps businesses and governments understand market reactions.

Supply elasticity shows how producers respond to price changes.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what elasticity means in economics.

Student B: Explain that it measures how much quantity demanded or supplied changes when price changes.

Student A: Ask about elastic and inelastic demand.

Student B: Explain the difference and give examples of luxury goods and necessities.

Student A: Ask about supply elasticity.

Student B: Explain how producers change quantity supplied in response to price changes.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What is elasticity in economics?

Student B: Elasticity measures how much the quantity demanded or supplied changes when the price changes.

Student A: What does elastic and inelastic demand mean?

Student B: Elastic demand changes a lot with price, like luxury goods. Inelastic demand changes very little, like necessities.

Student A: And what about supply elasticity?

Student B: Supply elasticity shows how much producers change the quantity they supply when prices change.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – d

2 – e

3 – c

4 – b

5 – a

2. Fill in the blanks

quantity demanded

elastic

inelastic

quantity supplied

producers

3. Translation

A.

Elasticity shows how much quantity demanded or supplied responds to price changes.

Luxury goods usually have elastic demand.

Necessities have inelastic demand.

B.

Эластичность помогает бизнесу и правительствам понимать реакции рынка.

Эластичность предложения показывает, как производители реагируют на изменения цены.

Types of Goods

Anna and Mark are sitting in the library after a lecture about types of goods.

Anna: Mark, the professor mentioned different types of goods. Can you explain them?

Mark: Sure! Goods can be classified in several ways, such as normal and inferior goods, public and private goods, and complementary and substitute goods.

Anna: What are normal and inferior goods?

Mark: Normal goods are those for which demand increases when income rises. Inferior goods are those for which demand decreases when income rises.

Anna: And public and private goods?

Mark: Private goods are rival and excludable. If one person consumes them, another cannot. Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable, like street lighting or national defense.

Anna: What about complementary and substitute goods?

Mark: Complementary goods are used together, like coffee and sugar. Substitute goods can replace each other, like tea and coffee.

Anna: I see. Understanding types of goods helps businesses and governments make better decisions.

Mark: Exactly! It helps explain consumer behavior and market outcomes.

Полезные фразы и выражения

types of goods – типы товаров

normal goods – нормальные товары

inferior goods – некачественные (инфериорные) товары

public goods – общественные товары

private goods – частные товары

complementary goods – дополнительные, взаимодополняющие товары

substitute goods – заменяющие товары

rival – конкурентный

excludable – исключаемый

non-rival – неконкурентный

non-excludable – не исключаемый

consumer behavior – поведение потребителей

market outcomes – результаты рынка

income – доход

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

normal goods

inferior goods

public goods

private goods

complementary goods

B

a. общественные товары

b. нормальные товары

c. некачественные (инфериорные) товары

d. дополнительные товары

e. частные товары

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (substitute goods, private goods, complementary goods, income, public goods)

__________ are used together, like coffee and sugar.

__________ are goods that can replace each other, like tea and coffee.

__________ are non-rival and non-excludable, like street lighting.

__________ are rival and excludable, like a sandwich or a phone.

Demand for normal goods usually rises with higher __________.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Нормальные товары пользуются большим спросом при росте дохода.

Общественные товары не являются конкурентными и не исключаемыми.

Взаимодополняющие товары используются вместе.

B. Translate into Russian:

Substitute goods can replace each other in consumption.

Understanding types of goods helps explain consumer behavior.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask about different types of goods.

Student B: Explain normal, inferior, public, private, complementary, and substitute goods with examples.

Student A: Ask why it is important to understand types of goods.

Student B: Explain that it helps businesses and governments understand consumer behavior and market outcomes.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! Can you explain the types of goods?

Student B: Sure! There are normal and inferior goods, public and private goods, and complementary and substitute goods.

Student A: Can you give examples?

Student B: Normal goods increase in demand when income rises, inferior goods decrease. Private goods are rival and excludable, public goods are non-rival and non-excludable. Complementary goods are used together, like coffee and sugar, and substitute goods can replace each other, like tea and coffee.

Student A: Why is it important to understand these types?

Student B: It helps businesses and governments understand consumer behavior and predict market outcomes.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – b

2 – c

3 – a

4 – e

5 – d

2. Fill in the blanks

complementary goods

substitute goods

public goods

private goods

income

3. Translation

A.

Normal goods increase in demand when income rises.

Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable.

Complementary goods are used together.

B.

Заменяющие товары могут заменять друг друга в потреблении.

Понимание типов товаров помогает объяснить поведение потребителей.

Market Failure

Anna and Mark are sitting in the library after a lecture on market failure.

Anna: Mark, what exactly is market failure?

Mark: Market failure occurs when the market does not allocate resources efficiently, and as a result, the outcome is not socially optimal.

Anna: Can you give an example?

Mark: Sure. Pollution is a classic example. Firms may produce goods without paying for the environmental damage, which harms society.

Anna: What else causes market failure?

Mark: Public goods, like street lighting, can cause market failure because they are non-excludable and non-rival, so private markets may not provide them. Externalities, monopolies, and information asymmetry are also causes.

Anna: How can the government help?

Mark: Governments can intervene with taxes, subsidies, regulations, or providing public goods directly.

Anna: I see. So market failure shows that sometimes markets alone cannot ensure efficient outcomes.

Mark: Exactly. Understanding market failure helps policymakers correct inefficiencies.

Полезные фразы и выражения

market failure – рыночная неэффективность

resources – ресурсы

efficient allocation – эффективное распределение

socially optimal – социально оптимальный

externalities – внешние эффекты

public goods – общественные товары

monopoly – монополия

information asymmetry – информационная асимметрия

government intervention – вмешательство государства

taxes – налоги

subsidies – субсидии

regulations – регулирование

to allocate resources – распределять ресурсы

to correct inefficiencies – исправлять неэффективность

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

market failure

externalities

monopoly

information asymmetry

government intervention

B

a. монополия

b. рыночная неэффективность

c. внешние эффекты

d. вмешательство государства

e. информационная асимметрия

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (taxes, public goods, resources, subsidies, efficient allocation)

Market failure occurs when __________ are not used effectively.

Governments can provide __________ directly if the market does not.

To correct market failure, governments may impose __________.

Governments can offer __________ to encourage certain production or consumption.

The goal is to achieve __________ of resources.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Рыночная неэффективность возникает, когда ресурсы распределяются неэффективно.

Внешние эффекты могут причинять вред обществу.

Государство может вмешиваться через налоги и субсидии.

B. Translate into Russian:

Market failure shows that markets alone cannot always ensure socially optimal outcomes.

Monopolies and information asymmetry are causes of market failure.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what market failure means.

Student B: Explain that it occurs when the market does not allocate resources efficiently.

Student A: Ask for examples.

Student B: Explain examples like pollution, public goods, monopolies, externalities, and information asymmetry.

Student A: Ask how the government can help.

Student B: Explain taxes, subsidies, regulations, and providing public goods.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What is market failure?

Student B: Market failure occurs when the market does not allocate resources efficiently, so the outcome is not socially optimal.

Student A: Can you give examples?

Student B: Pollution, public goods, monopolies, externalities, and information asymmetry are common causes.

Student A: How can the government help?

Student B: Governments can impose taxes, provide subsidies, set regulations, or supply public goods directly.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – b

2 – c

3 – a

4 – e

5 – d

2. Fill in the blanks

resources

public goods

taxes

subsidies

efficient allocation

3. Translation

A.

Market failure occurs when resources are not used effectively.

Externalities can harm society.

Governments can intervene through taxes and subsidies.

B.

Рыночная неэффективность показывает, что рынки сами не всегда могут обеспечить социально оптимальные результаты.

Монополии и информационная асимметрия – причины рыночной неэффективности.

Externalities

Anna and Mark are sitting in the park discussing externalities.

Anna: Mark, I heard the term «externalities» in class. What does it mean?

Mark: Externalities are costs or benefits of economic activities that affect third parties, who are not directly involved in the activity.

Anna: Can you give an example of a negative externality?

Mark: Sure. Pollution is a classic negative externality. A factory may produce goods, but the smoke harms nearby residents.

Anna: And a positive externality?

Mark: Education is a good example. If you study and get an education, society benefits because you contribute more to the economy.

Anna: How can governments reduce negative externalities?

Mark: Through taxes, regulations, or fines.

Anna: And encourage positive externalities?

Mark: Governments can provide subsidies or support programs to increase beneficial activities.

Anna: I see. So externalities show that private decisions can have wider social effects.

Mark: Exactly! Understanding externalities helps policymakers improve social welfare.

Полезные фразы и выражения

externalities – внешние эффекты

negative externalities – негативные внешние эффекты

positive externalities – положительные внешние эффекты

third parties – третьи лица

costs – издержки

benefits – выгоды

pollution – загрязнение

education – образование

taxes – налоги

subsidies – субсидии

regulations – регулирование

social welfare – социальное благосостояние

economic activity – экономическая деятельность

to affect others – влиять на других

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

externalities

negative externalities

positive externalities

third parties

social welfare

B

a. третьи лица

b. социальное благосостояние

c. внешние эффекты

d. положительные внешние эффекты

e. негативные внешние эффекты

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (pollution, subsidies, benefits, taxes, education)

__________ is an example of a negative externality.

Governments can encourage positive externalities, like __________, by offering support.

Positive externalities provide additional __________ to society.

To reduce negative externalities, governments can impose __________.

Subsidies are used to promote beneficial economic activities such as __________.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Внешние эффекты – это последствия экономической деятельности, влияющие на третьих лиц.

Загрязнение – это негативный внешний эффект.

Государство может стимулировать положительные внешние эффекты через субсидии.

B. Translate into Russian:

Externalities show that private actions can have wider social effects.

Understanding externalities helps improve social welfare.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what externalities mean.

Student B: Explain that they are costs or benefits of economic activities affecting third parties.

Student A: Ask for examples of negative and positive externalities.

Student B: Give examples like pollution (negative) and education (positive).

Student A: Ask how the government can address externalities.

Student B: Explain taxes, subsidies, and regulations.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What are externalities?

Student B: Externalities are costs or benefits of economic activities that affect third parties.

Student A: Can you give examples?

Student B: Pollution is a negative externality, and education is a positive externality.

Student A: How can the government deal with them?

Student B: Governments can impose taxes and regulations to reduce negative externalities and provide subsidies to encourage positive ones.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – c

2 – e

3 – d

4 – a

5 – b

2. Fill in the blanks

Pollution

education

benefits

taxes

education

3. Translation

A.

Externalities are costs or benefits of economic activities affecting third parties.

Pollution is a negative externality.

Governments can encourage positive externalities through subsidies.

B.

Внешние эффекты показывают, что частные действия могут оказывать более широкое влияние на общество.

Понимание внешних эффектов помогает улучшить социальное благосостояние.

Public Goods

Anna and Mark are sitting in the park after a lecture on public goods.

Anna: Mark, can you explain what public goods are?

Mark: Sure! Public goods are goods that are non-rival and non-excludable. This means that one person’s use does not reduce availability for others, and no one can be prevented from using them.

Anna: Can you give an example?

Mark: Street lighting, national defense, and clean air are classic examples.

Anna: How are public goods different from private goods?

Mark: Private goods are rival and excludable. If one person consumes them, another cannot, and producers can restrict access.

Anna: Why do public goods cause problems in the market?

Mark: Because of the «free rider» problem. People may benefit without paying, so private markets may not provide enough of these goods.

Anna: How can the government help?

Mark: Governments provide public goods directly or fund them with taxes.

Полезные фразы и выражения

public goods – общественные товары

private goods – частные товары

non-rival – неконкурентный

non-excludable – не исключаемый

rival – конкурентный

excludable – исключаемый

free rider problem – проблема безбилетника

to provide – предоставлять

to fund – финансировать

government intervention – вмешательство государства

street lighting – уличное освещение

national defense – национальная оборона

clean air – чистый воздух

market failure – рыночная неэффективность

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

public goods

private goods

non-rival

non-excludable

free rider problem

B

a. неконкурентный

b. частные товары

c. проблема безбилетника

d. не исключаемый

e. общественные товары

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (street lighting, national defense, taxes, private goods, clean air)

__________ and national defense are examples of public goods.

One person’s use of a public good does not reduce its availability, like __________.

Governments often fund public goods through __________.

__________ are rival and excludable, unlike public goods.

Environmental protection ensures that everyone has access to __________.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Общественные товары не являются конкурентными и не исключаемыми.

Проблема безбилетника возникает, когда люди пользуются благами, не платя за них.

Государство финансирует общественные товары через налоги.

B. Translate into Russian:

Street lighting is a classic example of a public good.

Private goods can be restricted to certain consumers.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what public goods are.

Student B: Explain that they are non-rival and non-excludable.

Student A: Ask for examples.

Student B: Give examples like street lighting, national defense, and clean air.

Student A: Ask why markets may not provide public goods.

Student B: Explain the free rider problem and government intervention.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What are public goods?

Student B: Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable, meaning one person’s use does not reduce availability for others, and no one can be excluded.

Student A: Can you give examples?

Student B: Street lighting, national defense, and clean air.

Student A: Why don’t private markets provide enough of them?

Student B: Because of the free rider problem. People may benefit without paying, so the government often provides them or funds them through taxes.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – e

2 – b

3 – a

4 – d

5 – c

2. Fill in the blanks

Street lighting

street lighting

taxes

Private goods

clean air

3. Translation

A.

Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable.

The free rider problem occurs when people benefit without paying.

Governments fund public goods through taxes.

B.

Уличное освещение – классический пример общественного товара.

Частные товары могут быть ограничены для определённых потребителей.

Taxes and Subsidies

Anna and Mark are sitting in the library discussing government policies.

Anna: Mark, can you explain what taxes and subsidies are?

Mark: Sure! Taxes are compulsory payments to the government, usually on income, goods, or services. They are used to fund public goods and government activities.

Anna: And subsidies?

Mark: Subsidies are financial support from the government to encourage production or consumption of certain goods. They make goods cheaper for consumers or profitable for producers.

Anna: How do taxes affect the market?

Mark: Taxes increase the cost of goods or reduce consumers’ income, which usually decreases demand.

Anna: And subsidies?

Mark: Subsidies reduce costs for producers or prices for consumers, which usually increases supply or demand.

Anna: So taxes and subsidies are tools for government intervention.

Mark: Exactly! They help correct market failures and achieve social goals.

Полезные фразы и выражения

taxes – налоги

subsidies – субсидии

government intervention – вмешательство государства

public goods – общественные товары

financial support – финансовая поддержка

production – производство

consumption – потребление

demand – спрос

supply – предложение

market failure – рыночная неэффективность

social goals – социальные цели

to encourage – поощрять, стимулировать

to reduce costs – снижать издержки

to increase supply – увеличивать предложение

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

taxes

subsidies

government intervention

supply

demand

B

a. спрос

b. субсидии

c. предложение

d. налоги

e. вмешательство государства

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (decrease, production, financial support, cheaper, increase)

Taxes usually __________ consumers’ demand for goods.

Subsidies provide __________ to producers or consumers.

Subsidies make goods __________ for consumers.

Taxes can reduce __________ of goods.

Subsidies usually __________ supply or demand.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Налоги увеличивают стоимость товаров или уменьшают доход потребителей.

Субсидии поощряют производство или потребление определённых товаров.

Правительство использует налоги и субсидии для исправления рыночной неэффективности.

B. Translate into Russian:

Taxes and subsidies are tools of government intervention.

Subsidies help make goods more affordable and production more profitable.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what taxes and subsidies are.

Student B: Explain that taxes are compulsory payments to the government and subsidies are financial support to encourage production or consumption.

Student A: Ask how taxes affect the market.

Student B: Explain that taxes reduce demand or increase costs.

Student A: Ask how subsidies affect the market.

Student B: Explain that subsidies reduce costs, increase supply, or increase demand.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What are taxes and subsidies?

Student B: Taxes are compulsory payments to the government. Subsidies are financial support to encourage production or consumption of certain goods.

Student A: How do taxes affect the market?

Student B: Taxes usually reduce demand or increase the cost of goods.

Student A: And subsidies?

Student B: Subsidies reduce costs for producers or consumers, which usually increases supply or demand.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – d

2 – b

3 – e

4 – c

5 – a

2. Fill in the blanks

decrease

financial support

cheaper

production

increase

3. Translation

A.

Taxes increase the cost of goods or reduce consumers’ income.

Subsidies encourage production or consumption of certain goods.

The government uses taxes and subsidies to correct market failure.

B.

Налоги и субсидии – это инструменты вмешательства государства.

Субсидии помогают сделать товары более доступными и производство более прибыльным.

Cost—Benefit Analysis

Anna and Mark are sitting in the library after a lecture about cost—benefit analysis.

Anna: Mark, what is cost—benefit analysis?

Mark: Cost—benefit analysis is a method to compare the costs and benefits of a decision or project. It helps determine whether it is worthwhile.

Anna: Can you give an example?

Mark: Sure. Suppose a government plans to build a new highway. They estimate the construction costs and compare them with benefits like reduced travel time, fewer accidents, and economic growth.

Anna: So if the benefits outweigh the costs, the project is worth doing?

Mark: Exactly. If costs are higher than benefits, the project may not be justified.

Anna: Is it only for governments?

Mark: No, businesses and individuals also use cost—benefit analysis to make informed decisions.

Anna: I see. So it’s a tool to evaluate decisions based on their advantages and disadvantages.

Mark: Right! It helps allocate resources efficiently and choose the best option.

Полезные фразы и выражения

cost—benefit analysis – анализ издержек и выгод

costs – издержки

benefits – выгоды

worthwhile – стоящий, целесообразный

to estimate – оценивать

to compare – сравнивать

decision – решение

project – проект

economic growth – экономический рост

travel time – время в пути

to allocate resources – распределять ресурсы

advantages and disadvantages – преимущества и недостатки

informed decisions – обоснованные решения

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

cost—benefit analysis

costs

benefits

worthwhile

project

B

a. проект

b. издержки

c. выгоды

d. целесообразный

e. анализ издержек и выгод

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (estimate, compare, travel time, economic growth, allocate resources)

Cost—benefit analysis helps to __________ the costs and benefits of a decision.

Governments can __________ costs and benefits to decide whether a project is worthwhile.

A new highway may reduce __________ for commuters.

Large infrastructure projects can promote __________.

Cost—benefit analysis helps to efficiently __________.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Анализ издержек и выгод помогает оценить, стоит ли проект.

Если выгоды превышают издержки, проект целесообразен.

Анализ издержек и выгод используется бизнесом, правительством и отдельными людьми.

B. Translate into Russian:

Cost—benefit analysis is a tool to make informed decisions.

Comparing costs and benefits helps choose the best option.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what cost—benefit analysis means.

Student B: Explain that it is a method to compare costs and benefits of a project or decision.

Student A: Ask for an example.

Student B: Give an example like building a highway and estimating costs and benefits.

Student A: Ask who uses it.

Student B: Explain that governments, businesses, and individuals use it to make informed decisions.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What is cost—benefit analysis?

Student B: It is a method to compare the costs and benefits of a decision or project.

Student A: Can you give an example?

Student B: For example, a government may plan a new highway and compare construction costs with benefits like reduced travel time and economic growth.

Student A: Who uses it?

Student B: Governments, businesses, and individuals all use cost—benefit analysis to make informed decisions.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – e

2 – b

3 – c

4 – d

5 – a

2. Fill in the blanks

estimate

compare

travel time

economic growth

allocate resources

3. Translation

A.

Cost—benefit analysis helps evaluate whether a project is worthwhile.

If benefits outweigh costs, the project is worthwhile.

Cost—benefit analysis is used by businesses, governments, and individuals.

B.

Анализ издержек и выгод – это инструмент для принятия обоснованных решений.

Сравнение издержек и выгод помогает выбрать лучший вариант.

Consumer Behavior

Anna and Mark are sitting in the library after a lecture about consumer behavior.

Anna: Mark, what does «consumer behavior» mean?

Mark: Consumer behavior studies how individuals make decisions to spend their money on goods and services.

Anna: What factors influence these decisions?

Mark: Many factors, like income, prices, tastes and preferences, advertising, and social influences.

Anna: How do consumers make choices when resources are limited?

Mark: They try to maximize their satisfaction, which economists call «utility,» while staying within their budget.

Anna: What is utility?

Mark: Utility is the satisfaction or benefit a person gets from consuming a good or service.

Anna: Can you give an example?

Mark: Sure. If you buy an ice cream and it makes you happy, the happiness is the utility. If money is limited, you have to decide how to spend it to get the most utility.

Anna: So understanding consumer behavior helps firms and governments make better decisions.

Mark: Exactly! It explains patterns of consumption and predicts how people respond to changes in prices or income.

Полезные фразы и выражения

consumer behavior – поведение потребителей

to make decisions – принимать решения

goods and services – товары и услуги

income – доход

prices – цены

tastes and preferences – вкусы и предпочтения

advertising – реклама

social influences – социальное влияние

resources – ресурсы

utility – полезность

satisfaction – удовлетворение

budget – бюджет

to maximize satisfaction – максимизировать удовлетворение

patterns of consumption – модели потребления

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

consumer behavior

income

utility

budget

advertising

B

a. реклама

b. полезность

c. доход

d. поведение потребителей

e. бюджет

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (satisfaction, prices, tastes, resources, social influences)

Consumers try to maximize __________ when spending money.

Decisions are influenced by __________, like friends and family.

People’s __________ affect what goods and services they choose.

Limited __________ force consumers to make choices.

Changes in __________ can change consumption patterns.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Поведение потребителей изучает, как люди принимают решения о покупке товаров и услуг.

Полезность – это удовлетворение, которое человек получает от потребления товара.

Доход, цены, вкусы и социальное влияние влияют на выбор потребителей.

B. Translate into Russian:

Consumers try to maximize utility while staying within their budget.

Understanding consumer behavior helps firms predict how people respond to changes in prices or income.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what consumer behavior means.

Student B: Explain that it studies how people make decisions to spend money on goods and services.

Student A: Ask what factors influence consumer choices.

Student B: Explain factors like income, prices, tastes, advertising, and social influences.

Student A: Ask why understanding consumer behavior is important.

Student B: Explain that it helps firms and governments predict consumption patterns and respond to changes in prices or income.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What is consumer behavior?

Student B: Consumer behavior studies how people make decisions to spend money on goods and services.

Student A: What factors influence these decisions?

Student B: Income, prices, tastes and preferences, advertising, and social influences.

Student A: Why is it important to understand consumer behavior?

Student B: It helps firms and governments predict consumption patterns and respond to changes in prices or income.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – d

2 – c

3 – b

4 – e

5 – a

2. Fill in the blanks

satisfaction

social influences

tastes

resources

prices

3. Translation

A.

Consumer behavior studies how people make decisions to spend money on goods and services.

Utility is the satisfaction a person gets from consuming a good.

Income, prices, tastes, and social influences affect consumer choices.

B.

Потребители стараются максимизировать полезность, оставаясь в рамках своего бюджета.

Понимание поведения потребителей помогает фирмам прогнозировать реакцию людей на изменения цен или дохода.

Utility Theory

Anna and Mark are sitting in the library after a lecture about utility theory.

Anna: Mark, I keep hearing about utility theory. What is it exactly?

Mark: Utility theory is the study of how consumers make choices to maximize their satisfaction or happiness, which economists call utility.

Anna: How do consumers decide what to buy?

Mark: Consumers allocate their limited resources to different goods and services to get the most satisfaction.

Anna: Is utility measurable?

Mark: Not directly. Economists often use «utils» as a hypothetical unit of satisfaction to compare options.

Anna: What is the law of diminishing marginal utility?

Mark: It says that as a person consumes more of a good, the additional satisfaction from each extra unit decreases.

Anna: Can you give an example?

Mark: Sure. The first slice of pizza may bring a lot of satisfaction, but the fourth or fifth slice gives much less.

Anna: So utility theory helps explain consumer choices and demand?

Mark: Exactly! It shows how people make decisions based on preferences, income, and prices.

Полезные фразы и выражения

utility theory – теория полезности

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