Александр Чехановски
"Беовульф" Магия древнеанглийского языка. Том 1

(2210-2214):

Stān-beorh stēapne: stīg under lægfīftig wintru (wæs þā frōd cyning, eald ēðel-weard), oð þæt ān ongan deorcum nihtum draca rīcsian, sē þe on hēare hǣðe hord beweotode

"Прошло пятьдесят зим (был тогда мудрый король, старый страж отечества), до того, как один враг начал в тёмные ночи властвовать – дракон, что на высокой пустоши стерег клад, в крутом каменном холме, где тропа под ним лежала"

Добро пожаловать в мир «Беовульфа» – мир героев, чудовищ, пиров в великолепных чертогах и суровых морских странствий!

Пред вами не просто издание древнего текста, а настоящее погружение в эпическую вселенную, где легенда и история, язык и миф переплетаются в завораживающем танце.

Эта книга – ваш надежный путеводитель по вселенной поэмы «Беовульф». Она задумана, как комплексный инструмент для изучения этого величайшего памятника англосаксонской литературы.

Однако здесь вы найдете не только сам текст поэмы на языке оригинала и в современном английском переводе, но и ключ к пониманию этого текста – подробный учебник древнеанглийского языка, специально разработанный для читателей «Беовульфа». История древнанглийского языка, его трансморфмации в современный язык, словарь основных слов, глаголов, а также подробная и увлекательная энциклопедия по миру Беовульфа, с историческим контекстом.

Данная книга позволит не только погрузиться в мир легендарного эпоса, но и открыть для себя историю саксонского Семицарствия, скандинавской и германской эпической литературы, а также углубиться в лингвистику и семантику английского языка.

Вы сможете не только прочесть историю, но и прочувствовать дух того времени, века героев и легенд, услышав её из первых уст на языке жителей древнеанглийского королевства Уессекс. Произведение, что оказало огромное влияние на мировую культуру, уже скоро откроет вам свои тайны!

«Беовульф» – это гораздо больше, чем старинная поэма. Это зеркало, отражающее мировоззрение и ценности англосаксонской эпохи, времени формирования английской нации и языка. В нем запечатлены представления о чести, долге, храбрости, судьбе и загробной жизни, которые были жизненно важны для людей, живших в эпоху борьбы и постоянной опасности.

Но «Беовульф» говорит о вещах, актуальных и в наше время: о природе героизма, цене власти, противостоянии добра и зла.

Поэма рассказывает историю о легендарном герое, могучем геатском воине, который отправляется в Данию, чтобы помочь королю Хродгару избавиться от чудовища Гренделя, терроризирующего его великолепный чертог Хеорот. После победы над Гренделем, Беовульф сражается с матерью чудовища, а затем, став королем, вступает в финальную битву с драконом, защищая свой народ.

Что вы найдете в этой книге

Две версии поэмы: Чтобы вы смогли оценить красоту и сложность оригинального текста, как на древнеанглийском, так и в современном английском переводе. Это позволит вам насладиться историей, даже если вы никогда ранее не изучали англосаксонский язык.

Также вы найдете учебник древнеанглийского, что разработан специально для изучения «Беовульфа»! Благодаря ему вы сможете понять тонкосплетения и хитрости древнеанглийской фонетики, морфологии и синтаксиса, а также увидите, как они проявляются в «Беовульфе».

В помощь к учебнику разработаны два словаря «Беовульфа»: – ваш надежный помощник в чтении поэмы на языке оригинала. Созданные максимально удобными и понятными, чтобы вы могли быстро найти нужное слово и продолжить чтение. Они включают в себя наиболее частые слова, встречающиеся в поэме, с подробными определениями и грамматическими формами, а также сто основных глаголов, во всех формах с комментариями.

«Беовульф» – не только древний текст, это объект непрерывных исследований и интерпретаций. Вы узнаете, как менялось восприятие поэмы на протяжении веков, начиная с эпохи средневековья и заканчивая современностью. Прочтете о различных версиях происхождения поэмы, критических подходах к анализу «Беовульфа», о том, как он интерпретировался с точки зрения истории, литературы, мифологии и других дисциплин.

«Беовульф» и Толкин: Влияние «Беовульфа» на Дж. Р. Р. Толкиена, автора «Властелина колец», невозможно переоценить. Толкин был профессором англосаксонского языка и литературы и глубоко изучал поэму «Беовульф». В этом разделе мы рассмотрим, как мотивы, образы и идеи из «Беовульфа» нашли отражение в творчестве Толкиена, и как его взгляд повлиял на современное восприятие древней поэмы.

Интересные факты и легенды: «Беовульф» окружен множеством загадок и интересных фактов. В этой книге вы узнаете о том, как был найден манускрипт поэмы, его историю и о трудностях, с которыми пришлось столкнуться ученым, дабы расшифровать и опубликовать древнюю манускрипт. Мы также коснемся вопроса историчности «Беовульфа», его связях с реальными событиями и персонажами.

Приготовьтесь к путешествию!

Эта книга – не только монументальное исследование, но и приглашение к приключению! Путешествию в мир героев и чудовищ, в мир древнего языка и культуры! Возьмите в руки меч знаний и отправляйтесь по лебединой дороге к дальним берегам, за которыми лежит древний Хеорот! Давайте вместе откроем сокровищницу англосаксонской литературы!

Услышать «Беовульфа»: Как Поэзия Древних Улучшит Ваш Современный Английский

«Беовульф» – настоящее окно в мир, суровый и героический, где доблесть и чудовища, короли и выпивка, переплетаются в сложной ткани повествования. И, парадоксально, но именно в его изначальном, древнеанглийском звучании кроется самая большая магия. Почему же я рекомендую, пусть и с оговорками, погрузиться в англоязычный текст, а не довольствоваться роскошными переводами на русский? Ведь кажется, что родной язык – путь наименьшего сопротивления к пониманию?

Ответ кроется в самой природе «Беовульфа». Поэма является не сухим пересказом событий, но песней, пульсирующей в ритме аллитераций, хитросплетений кеннингов (метафорические описания, вроде «китовая дорога» для моря) и богатейшей палитре древнеанглийского языка, формировавшегося под влиянием скандинавских и германских культур.

Преодолевая трудности на своем пути, вы найдете настоящее сокровище поэзии древней культуры!

Прикосновение к подлиннику: Переводы, какими бы талантливыми они ни были, – это всегда интерпретация. Они неизбежно лишаются части первоначального колорита, ритма и нюансов. Чтение на английском (даже если вы начинающий) дает возможность ощутить атмосферу, которую перевод не в состоянии передать. Вы буквально слышите голос древних англосаксов, доносящийся сквозь века. Вы сможете почувствовать, как язык формирует сюжет, как структура стиха влияет на восприятие боя и пиров, как поэтические приемы усиливают драматизм.

Почему изучение «Беовульфа» на английском языке может быть не только полезным, но и увлекательным? Я хочу показать вам, что знакомство с языком автора – не банальное академическое упражнение, а настоящее путешествие в мир англосаксонской литературы. Оно поможет вам стать более выразительными и уверенными в использовании языка. И дело не только в расширении словарного запаса.

«Беовульф» – являет собой настоящую гармонию ритмов и образов, которая лучше всего звучит на языке, максимально близком к оригиналу. И перевод на английский, хороший перевод, может сохранить гораздо больше этой музыкальности, чем любой перевод на другой язык.

Поэзия как Тренажерный Зал для Вашего Английского:

Игра Аллитераций и Звуков: Представьте фразу: «Hroðgar maþelode, helm Scyldinga…» Даже если вы не знаете староанглийского, вы можете почувствовать это повторение «h» – это аллитерация, краеугольный камень англосаксонской поэзии. Перевод на английский, в отличие от русского, может сохранить эту игру звуков. Например: «Hrothgar spoke, helmet of the Scyldings…» – тут «h» остается, создавая то же ощущение торжественности и мощи. Попытка перевести это на русский приведет к полной потере звукового рисунка. Практический эффект: Читая вслух, вы тренируете артикуляцию, запоминаете ритм, обогащаете свой слух к нюансам английской фонетики.

Кеннинги – Головоломки для Воображения: Кеннинги – это метафорические описания, например, «whale-road» (китовый путь) для моря. Они заставляют мозг работать, создавать образы, видеть мир по-новому. Переводчик на английский, понимая принцип кеннинга, может создать новый, не менее яркий образ. Русский перевод часто упрощает, лишает образности. Практический эффект: Вы учитесь мыслить метафорически, видеть красоту в обыденных вещах, обогащаете свою речь яркими и запоминающимися выражениями.

Ритм и Структура – Скелет Поэзии: «Беовульф» написан аллитерационным стихом, с четким ритмом и структурой. Английский перевод, стремясь сохранить эту структуру, заставляет вас подсознательно чувствовать этот ритм, запоминать структуру фраз, строить собственные предложения в соответствии с этими правилами. Практический эффект: Ваша речь становится более плавной, ритмичной, выразительной. Вы начинаете чувствовать язык на интуитивном уровне.

Пример: Битва с Гренделем: Описание битвы с Гренделем полно напряженных, коротких фраз, передающих ярость схватки. Хороший английский перевод использует короткие, сильные слова, сохраняя динамику оригинала. Представьте: “ Beowulf seized him fast, and set against his shoulder; the bone-joints burst…» Это звучит мощно, агрессивно, передает физическое напряжение. Попытка «сгладить» это в русском переводе, сделать его более «литературным», неизбежно приведет к потере энергии. Практический эффект: сможете использовать короткие, но сильные слова для создания драматического эффекта, делая вашу речь более динамичной и убедительной.

Зачем начинать изучение «Беовульфа» с английского перевода?

«Беовульф» – настоящие врата в мир англосаксонской культуры, их ценностей и мировоззрения. Но, как и любые врата в прошлое, они закрыты для неподготовленного взгляда языковым барьером древнеанглийского.

Понимаю, что мысль о том, чтобы сразу окунуться в оригинал, кажется соблазнительной. Ведь только там, в переплетении аллитераций и метафор, спрятана истинная красота поэмы. Однако, представьте себе, что вы стоите перед огромным, сложным механизмом, не имея ни малейшего представления о его устройстве. Вы можете любоваться отдельными деталями, но целостной картины не увидите.

Именно поэтому я предлагаю начать знакомство с «Беовульфом» с его современного английского перевода. Не воспринимайте это как отступление от цели, а как мудрый подготовительный шаг. Современный английский – самый близкий «родственник» древнеанглийского, что сохранил многое из его структуры и словарного запаса. Вы сможете изучить ключевые слова и фразы: Обращайте внимание на то, как переводчик передает важные понятия и образы. Это поможет вам составить представление о словарном запасе древнеанглийского языка и подготовиться к чтению оригинала.

Самое главное – не просто прочитать перевод, но активно его изучать. Подчеркивайте интересные моменты, задавайте себе вопросы, пытайтесь понять, почему переводчик выбрал именно эти слова. Тогда перевод станет вашим проводником в мир «Беовульфа».

А теперь представьте, что у вас есть этот перевод, как надежный компас. Вы начинаете читать оригинал, и вот, вы видите незнакомые слова, сложные конструкции. Но не пугайтесь! У вас есть ваш «компас». Вы можете вернуться к переводу и посмотреть, как эта фраза была передана на современный английский.

Постепенно, шаг за шагом, вы будете разбираться в оригинале, ощущая невероятное удовлетворение от каждого расшифрованного предложения. Вы не только читаете поэму, вы ее переводите, вы становитесь ее соавтором. Вы чувствуете, как древние слова оживают под вашим взглядом, как между вами и англосаксонским поэтом возникает связь через века.

Я специально не предлагаю перевод на русский язык. Моя цель – не просто познакомить вас с «Беовульфом», а научить вас читать и понимать его самостоятельно.

Пусть это будет вашим личным приключением, вашим триумфом над временем и языком! Уверяю вас, радость от самостоятельного перевода «Беовульфа» ни с чем не сравнима. Это опыт, который останется с вами навсегда!

Работа с текстом. английская версия

В любых классических переводах задача интерпретатора, помимо очевидной, как донести сюжет до читателя, является перевод текста в наиболее близкой к оригиналу, форме. Поэтому такой перевод может отличаться архаичным языком, сложными синтаксическими конструкциями с использованием поэтических приемов, характерных для древнеанглийской поэзии, таких как аллитерация (повторение согласных звуков в начале слов) и кеннинги (метафорические выражения, заменяющие обычные слова).

Что такое архаизмы и зачем они нужны?

Архаизмы – это устаревшие слова и выражения, которые уже не используются в современном языке. Авторы сознательно используют архаизмы, чтобы создать ощущение древности и величия. Например, вместо «сказал» он может написать «поведал, глаголил», а вместо «корабль» – «морской конь».

Как подходить к переводу «Беовульфа» на русский язык?

Перевод поэзии – это всегда сложная задача, особенно когда речь идет о таком древнем и стилистически своеобразном тексте, как «Беовульф». Вот несколько советов, которые помогут вам:

Понимание оригинала: Прежде чем начать перевод, убедитесь, что вы полностью понимаете смысл каждой строки. Используйте словари, комментарии и другие ресурсы, чтобы разобраться во всех нюансах.

Обратите внимание на стиль перевода, сложные предложения и поэтические приемы. Постарайтесь передать эти особенности в своем переводе.

Поиск эквивалентов: Найдите русские слова и выражения, которые будут соответствовать архаизмам встречающимся в тексте. Для этого можно использовать древнерусский, церковно-славянский язык или архаичные слова. Например, вместо «spake» (говорил) можно использовать «изрёк».

Сохранение ритма и аллитерации: Попробуйте сохранить ритм и аллитерацию, если это возможно. Это поможет вам передать музыкальность поэмы. Хотя это весьма сложная задача даже для опытных исследователей.

Творческий подход: Перевод – это творческий процесс. Не бойтесь экспериментировать и искать нестандартные решения. Главное – сохранить дух и стиль оригинала.

Что мы будем делать?

В этой главе мы попробуем вместе перевести отрывок из «Беовульфа», разберем трудные слова и выражения, проанализируем стиль и обсудим какие трудности могут возникуть в результате перевода текста.

Then moved o’er the waters by might of the wind

that bark like a bird with breast of foam,

till in season due, on the second day,

the curved prow such course had run

that sailors now could see the land,

sea-cliffs shining, steep high hills,

headlands broad. Their haven was found,

their journey ended. Up then quickly

the Weders’ clansmen climbed ashore,

anchored their sea-wood, with armor clashing

and gear of battle: God they thanked

for passing in peace o’er the paths of the sea.

Now saw from the cliff a Scylding clansman,

a warden that watched the water-side,

how they bore o’er the gangway glittering shields,

war-gear in readiness; wonder seized him

to know what manner of men they were.

Straight to the strand his steed he rode,

Hrothgar’s henchman; with hand of might

he shook his spear, and spake in parley.

«Who are ye, then, ye armed men,

mailed folk, that yon mighty vessel

have urged thus over the ocean ways,

here o’er the waters? A warden I,

sentinel set o’er the sea-march here,

lest any foe to the folk of Danes

with harrying fleet should harm the land.

No aliens ever at ease thus bore them,

landed their linen-shields and left their spears

standing to await our questioning here.»

1. Словарный запас и терминология

Bark (n.): Здесь – корабль. Архаичное слово, подчеркивающее поэтичность.

Breast of foam: Пена у носа корабля (метафора).

In season due: В положенное время, вовремя.

Curved prow: Изогнутый нос корабля.

Haven (n.): Гавань, пристань.

Weders’ clansmen: Воины племени Ведеров (Беовульфа).

Sea-wood: Кеннинг для корабля (дословно – «морское древо»).

Gear of battle: Боевое снаряжение.

Paths of the sea: Морские пути.

Scylding clansman: Воин племени Скильдингов (датчан).

Warden (n.): Страж, охранник.

Water-side: Берег.

Gangway (n.): Трап (для схода с корабля).

Henchman (n.): Слуга, приближенный (в данном случае – Хродгара).

Hand of might: Могучая рука.

Spake in parley: Говорил, вел переговоры.

Mailed folk: Люди в доспехах.

Yon (adj.): Вон тот (устаревшая форма).

Vessel (n.): Судно, корабль.

Ocean ways: Морские пути.

Sea-march: Морская граница.

Harrying fleet: Грабительский флот.

Aliens (n.): Чужеземцы.

At ease: Спокойно, беззаботно.

Bore them: Вели себя, держались.

Linen-shields: Льняные щиты.

Редкие слова и словосочетания (с акцентом на перевод и контекст):

«Moved o’er the waters by might of the wind»: «Двигался по водам силой ветра». Архаичный синтаксис и лексика создают величественный тон.

«Anchored their sea-wood»: «Поставили на якорь свой морской корабль». Кеннинг «sea-wood» придает поэтичность.

«Passing in peace o’er the paths of the sea»: «Прошли в мире по морским путям». Подчеркивается благодарность за безопасное путешествие.

«Landed their linen-shields and left their spears standing to await our questioning here»: «Высадили свои льняные щиты и оставили копья стоять, ожидая нашего допроса». Описывает дерзкое поведение прибывших.

2. Грамматический анализ

Инверсия порядка слов: «Now saw from the cliff a Scylding clansman…”. Инверсия – частое явление в поэзии для создания ритма и акцента.

Использование устаревших форм глаголов: «Spake» (spoke), «bore» (behaved). Это придает тексту архаичный оттенок.

Обилие сложных предложений: Длинные, разветвленные предложения характерны для эпической поэзии.

Использование притяжательных местоимений: «Weders’ clansmen» (воины Ведеров).

3. Поэтический перевод на русский (в стиле, близком к оригиналу)

Сложность заключается в том, чтобы передать архаичный тон и поэтические приемы, не делая язык слишком искусственным.

1. вариант перевода

Тогда двинулся он по водам мощью ветра,

Тот челн, словно птица, с пеной груди,

Пока в час положенный, на вторые сутки,

Корма крутая не завершила бег свой,

Так что моряки узрели землю,

Морские утесы, сияющие, крутые холмы,

Мысы широкие.

Пристань найдена,

Путь завершен.

Вверх же быстро, Ведеров, дружинники взошли на берег,

Бросили якорь «морскому древу», со звоном доспехов

И воинским снаряжением: Бога благодарили

За то, что прошли в мире пути морские.

И вот узрел со скалы Скильдингов воин,

Страж, что стерег прибрежье,

Как несли по сходням, сверкающие щиты,

Воинское облаченье, готовое к битве;

изумленье объяло его,

Чтоб узнать, что за люди они.

Прямо к берегу конь его нес,

Хродгара слуга; рукою могучей

Он копье потряс и повел речь:

«Кто вы, воины в броне,

Народ в доспехах, что сие судно мощное

Направили так чрез волны океана,

Здесь по водам? Страж я,

Часовой, поставленный на морской границе здесь,

Чтоб враг какой народу Данов

Флотом грабительским не навредил земле.

Ни один чужеземец с легкостью так не являлся,

Щиты свои льняные высадил и копья оставил

Ждать нашего допроса здесь».

Примечание: Кеннинг «морское древо» переведен как «морскому древу», чтобы сохранить метафоричность.

2. вариант перевода:

Понесся тогда по волнам, гонимый ветром,

Челн, что птица морская, с пеною в груди,

Пока в час положенный, на вторые сутки,

Не лег перед путниками край земли,

И узрели мореходы утесы сверкающие,

Кручи прибрежные, мысы широкие.

Путь завершен, пристань найдена.

Вот взошли на берег Ведеров витязи,

Пришвартовали «древо морское»; звенела

Их стальная одежда; вознесли они хвалу

За то, что легки были пути морские.

И вот с утеса, страж Скильдингов,

Что берег их стерег на рубеже водном,

Увидел, как несут по сходням щиты

И доспехи, к бою готовые.

Душу его жгучее любопытство объяло,

Чтобы узнать, что за люди они.

Помчался он к берегу, слуга Хродгара,

Потряс могучим копьем и молвил:

«Кто вы, носители доспехов,

Воины в кольчугах, что пригнали корабль

Свой крутобокий чрез пути водные?

Я здесь стражу несу, берегу рубеж,

Чтоб враг какой с дружиной хищной

Не совершил налет на землю Данов.

Никто из чужеземцев не являлся так дерзко,

Не высаживал щиты, не оставлял копья

Без спроса моего и дозволенья!»

Сравните эти две версии, какая наиболее близка к оригиналу?

Сравнительный анализ: почему вторая версия органичнее и ближе к оригиналу?

На первый взгляд, оба перевода передают один и тот же смысл. Однако, если копнуть глубже, вторая версия демонстрирует более органичное и точное слияние смысла и поэтической формы, свойственное древнему эпосу. Проанализируем ключевые различия.

1. Ритм и синтаксис: дыхание эпоса

Ритм – это основа эпического повествования.

"Версия 1" использует более описательный, почти прозаический синтаксис. Фразы вроде «Корма крутая не завершила бег свой» грамматически корректны, но метафорически тяжеловесны и статичны. Разбивка «Пристань найдена, / Путь завершен.» на отдельные строки ослабляет их итоговую, аккордную силу.

"Версия 2" выстроена с учетом эпического ритма. Замена на «Не лег перед путниками край земли» – это классическая эпическая формула, которая не сообщает, а рисует прибытие. Сдвоенная фраза «Путь завершен, пристань найдена.» звучит как афористичный и весомый финальный аккорд этапа пути. Введение слова «Вот…» в начале предложения («Вот взошли на берег…») – это сознательное использование приема устного сказительства, который переключает внимание слушателя на новую сцену, создавая эффект присутствия.

2. Поэтическая лексика и метафоры: плоть и дух оригинала

Оба перевода стремятся к архаике, но Версия 2 делает это через более точные и вещественные образы, напрямую связанные с языком оригинала.

"Версия 1" оперирует хорошими, но общими словами: «со звоном доспехов», «воинским снаряжением». Слово «снаряжение» воспринимается как утилитарный инвентарь. «Воины в броне» – описательно, но не передает специфической эпической лексики.

"Версия 2" углубляется в поэтику оригинала, что видно по ключевым деталям:

«Стальная одежда»: Это не просто стилистический выбор. Это прямая и органичная калька с поэтических формул оригинала, таких как herewǣdum («воинские одежды»). Эта метафора передает восприятие доспехов не как инвентаря, а как неотъемлемой части воина, его второй кожи. Это мелкая, но важная деталь, углубляющая погружение в мир поэмы.

«Носители доспехов»: Эта фраза – точный перевод древнеанглийского слова searohæbbendra. Использование такой кальки делает язык перевода не просто «архаичным», а аутентично-эпическим, воссоздающим сам способ мышления и говорения героев.

«Витязи»: Этот термин – куда более подходящий и овеянный традицией эквивалент для обозначения æþelingas (князья, герои), нежели нейтральные «дружинники». Он несет мощный былинный ореол и сразу задает правильный социальный и героический статус персонажей.

3. Глаголы и энергия: оживление действия

Эпос живет сильными, указующими глаголами.

"Версия 1" : «Тогда двинулся он по водам…». Глагол «двинулся» передает начало действия, но ему не хватает эпической мощи и стремительности. «изумленье объяло его» описывает пассивное состояние.

"Версия 2" : «Понесся тогда по волнам…». Глагол «понесся» мгновенно задает динамичный и мощный ритм. Состояние стража передается более остро: «Душу его жгучее любопытство объяло», что заставляет его не просто наблюдать, а действовать – «Помчался». Это отражает немедленную реакцию, заложенную в оригинале. Краткость и энергия фразы «звенела / Их стальная одежда» создает почти осязаемый звуковой образ, заменяя более абстрактное описание.

Заключение

"Версия 2" является качественным улучшением, поскольку она работает на всех уровнях восприятия. Она не просто «сообщает» о событиях, а «разворачивает» их перед читателем, используя:

Выверенный ритм и синтаксис, имитирующие речь сказителя.

Точную, аутентичную лексику, основанную на поэтике оригинала («стальная одежда» для herewǣdum, «носители доспехов» для searohæbbendra, «витязи» для æþelingas), что погружает в мир германского эпоса.

Динамичные, энергичные глаголы («понесся», «помчался»), оживляющие действие.

Все это в совокупности работает на создание того самого торжественного и поэтического тона, который ощущается в древнем эпосе, но при этом, благодаря цельности и органичности приемов, звучит мощно и естественно на русском языке, полностью соответствуя поставленной в вашей книге переводческой задаче.

4. Анализ тем и мотивов

Путешествие и прибытие: Описание путешествия и прибытия геатов создает атмосферу предвкушения и значимости события.

Страж и защита: Роль стража подчеркивает важность защиты родины от врагов.

Подозрение и осторожность: Вопросы стража отражают подозрительность и необходимость установления личности прибывших.

Военная мощь: Описание доспехов и оружия геатов подчеркивает их воинскую силу.

5. Вопросы для обсуждения и анализа

Как архаичный язык перевода влияет на восприятие поэмы?

Какие поэтические приемы (аллитерация, метафоры, кеннинги) используются в этом отрывке?

Какую роль играет описание природы в создании атмосферы?

Какую картину англосаксонского общества рисует этот отрывок?

6. Задания

Следующие задания помогут на практике закрепить принципы работы с архаичным поэтическим текстом, рассмотренные в этой главе. Вы выступите в роли аналитика и переводчика.

6.1. Найдите архаизмы

Данный английский перевод «Беовульфа» сознательно использует лексику и синтаксис, имитирующие эпический стиль и создающие эффект исторической дистанции.

Составьте список из 7–10 примеров из приведенного отрывка, которые служат этой цели. Разделите их на две группы:Ваша задача:

Лексические архаизмы и поэтизмы: устаревшие или возвышенные слова и выражения.

Синтаксические архаизмы: грамматические конструкции, вышедшие из повседневного употребления.

Пример начала списка:

Лексические: «o'er» (over), «ye» (you), «steed» (horse), «folk» (people), «haven» (harbor), «henchman» (trusted follower)…

Синтаксические: «how they bore o’er the gangway glittering shields» (инверсия: прямое дополнение «glittering shields» стоит после обстоятельства), «No aliens ever at ease thus bore them» (архаичный порядок слов и отрицание)…

6.2. Создайте свой поэтический перевод

Основная сложность переводчика – перенести не только смысл, но и дух оригинала, используя ресурсы другого языка.

Переведите на русский язык следующий фрагмент, стараясь передать его архаичный и эпический настрой.

Используйте для этого:

Архаичную и высокую лексику (например, челн, влачить, дружина).

Инверсию для придания речи величавости.

Поэтические метафоры и сравнения.

Возьмем к примеру фрагмент для перевода:

the curved prow such course had run…

Then moved o’er the waters by might of the wind

that bark like a bird with breast of foam,

till in season due, on the second day

Пример-ориентир возможного перевода:

Дословный, метод калькирования:

Древо изогнутое носа, свой бег не свершило…»

«Вот понеслось по влаге морской, гонимой ветром мощным,

Судно, что птице подобно, с пеною, словно грудью,

Пока в свой черед, на закате вторых суток

Если честно, я всегда был приверженцем некоторого калькирования, дабы сохранить оригинал в его незыблемом виде, однако в такой версии отрывок звучит искусственно и не соответствует нормам русского языка.

Фраза «Древо изогнутое носа, свой бег не свершило» является калькой с английского синтаксиса, однако не создает желаемой поэтичности. Конечно же можно перевести это более поэтично : "Изогнутое древо носа, свой бег не свершило" , однако сам перевод все ещё остается трудно доступным для понимания .

А вот попытка перевести текст в более поэтичной форме:

Вот понеслась по волнам, вздымая пенную грудь,

Ладья, что птице морской была подобна,

Пока в свой черед, на исходе вторых суток,

Изогнутый нос ее пути не свершил....

Вопрос для размышления: Какие именно приёмы и слова в вашем переводе работают на создание архаичного и поэтического тона?

7. Заключение:

Изучение перевода «Беовульфа» позволяет нам оценить мастерство переводчика, стремящегося сохранить архаичный дух и поэтические особенности оригинала. Этот перевод, несмотря на свою сложность, открывает нам окно в мир англосаксонской культуры и героической поэзии. Анализ языка, стиля и тем этого отрывка углубляет наше понимание «Беовульфа» как выдающегося памятника мировой литературы.

Какой метод перевода звучит наилучшим образом- решать вам, ибо каждый слышит "Беовульфа" по-своему. Пробуйте разные подходы и методы, пока не выберите тот ,что наиболее соответствует вашему виденью поэмы, а также будет отвечать её поэтичности, духу времени и оригинальности повествования.

А теперь встречайте историю, коей больше 1200 лет!

BEOWULF (ENGLISH VERSION)

LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings

of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped,

we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes,

from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore,

awing the earls. Since erst he lay

friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him:

for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve,

till before him the folk, both far and near,

who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate,

gave him gifts: a good king he!

To him an heir was afterward born,

a son in his halls, whom heaven sent

to favor the folk, feeling their woe

that erst they had lacked an earl for leader

so long a while; the Lord endowed him,

the Wielder of Wonder, with world’s renown.

Famed was this Beowulf: far flew the boast of him,

son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.

So becomes it a youth to quit him well

with his father’s friends, by fee and gift,

that to aid him, aged, in after days,

come warriors willing, should war draw nigh,

liegemen loyal: by lauded deeds

shall an earl have honor in every clan.

Forth he fared at the fated moment,

sturdy Scyld to the shelter of God.

Then they bore him over to ocean’s billow,

loving clansmen, as late he charged them,

while wielded words the winsome Scyld,

the leader beloved who long had ruled…

In the roadstead rocked a ring-dight vessel,

ice-flecked, outbound, atheling’s barge:

there laid they down their darling lord

on the breast of the boat, the breaker-of-rings,

by the mast the mighty one. Many a treasure

fetched from far was freighted with him.

No ship have I known so nobly dight

with weapons of war and weeds of battle,

with breastplate and blade: on his bosom lay

a heaped hoard that hence should go

far o’er the flood with him floating away.

No less these loaded the lordly gifts,

thanes’ huge treasure, than those had done

who in former time forth had sent him

sole on the seas, a suckling child.

High o’er his head they hoist the standard,

a gold-wove banner; let billows take him,

gave him to ocean. Grave were their spirits,

mournful their mood. No man is able

to say in sooth, no son of the halls,

no hero «neath heaven, – who harbored that freight!

Now Beowulf bode in the burg of the Scyldings,

leader beloved, and long he ruled

in fame with all folk, since his father had gone

away from the world, till awoke an heir,

haughty Healfdene, who held through life,

sage and sturdy, the Scyldings glad.

Then, one after one, there woke to him,

to the chieftain of clansmen, children four:

Heorogar, then Hrothgar, then Halga brave;

and I heard that – was – ’s queen,

the Heathoscylfing’s helpmate dear.

To Hrothgar was given such glory of war,

such honor of combat, that all his kin

obeyed him gladly till great grew his band

of youthful comrades. It came in his mind

to bid his henchmen a hall uprear,

a master mead-house, mightier far

than ever was seen by the sons of earth,

and within it, then, to old and young

he would all allot that the Lord had sent him,

save only the land and the lives of his men.

Wide, I heard, was the work commanded,

for many a tribe this mid-earth round,

to fashion the folkstead. It fell, as he ordered,

in rapid achievement that ready it stood there,

of halls the noblest: Heorot he named it

whose message had might in many a land.

Not reckless of promise, the rings he dealt,

treasure at banquet: there towered the hall,

high, gabled wide, the hot surge waiting

of furious flame. Nor far was that day

when father and son-in-law stood in feud

for warfare and hatred that woke again.

With envy and anger an evil spirit

endured the dole in his dark abode,

that he heard each day the din of revel

high in the hall: there harps rang out,

clear song of the singer. He sang who knew

tales of the early time of man,

how the Almighty made the earth,

fairest fields enfolded by water,

set, triumphant, sun and moon

for a light to lighten the land-dwellers,

and braided bright the breast of earth

with limbs and leaves, made life for all

of mortal beings that breathe and move.

So lived the clansmen in cheer and revel

a winsome life, till one began

to fashion evils, that field of hell.

Grendel this monster grim was called,

march-riever mighty, in moorland living,

in fen and fastness; fief of the giants

the hapless wight a while had kept

since the Creator his exile doomed.

On kin of Cain was the killing avenged

by sovran God for slaughtered Abel.

Ill fared his feud, and far was he driven,

for the slaughter’s sake, from sight of men.

Of Cain awoke all that woful breed,

Etins and elves and evil-spirits,

as well as the giants that warred with God

weary while: but their wage was paid them!

WENT he forth to find at fall of night

that haughty house, and heed wherever

the Ring-Danes, outrevelled, to rest had gone.

Found within it the atheling band

asleep after feasting and fearless of sorrow,

of human hardship. Unhallowed wight,

grim and greedy, he grasped betimes,

wrathful, reckless, from resting-places,

thirty of the thanes, and thence he rushed

fain of his fell spoil, faring homeward,

laden with slaughter, his lair to seek.

Then at the dawning, as day was breaking,

the might of Grendel to men was known;

then after wassail was wail uplifted,

loud moan in the morn. The mighty chief,

atheling excellent, unblithe sat,

labored in woe for the loss of his thanes,

when once had been traced the trail of the fiend,

spirit accurst: too cruel that sorrow,

too long, too loathsome. Not late the respite;

with night returning, anew began

ruthless murder; he recked no whit,

firm in his guilt, of the feud and crime.

They were easy to find who elsewhere sought

in room remote their rest at night,

bed in the bowers, when that bale was shown,

was seen in sooth, with surest token, —

the hall-thane’s hate. Such held themselves

far and fast who the fiend outran!

Thus ruled unrighteous and raged his fill

one against all; until empty stood

that lordly building, and long it bode so.

Twelve years’ tide the trouble he bore,

sovran of Scyldings, sorrows in plenty,

boundless cares. There came unhidden

tidings true to the tribes of men,

in sorrowful songs, how ceaselessly Grendel

harassed Hrothgar, what hate he bore him,

what murder and massacre, many a year,

feud unfading, – refused consent

to deal with any of Daneland’s earls,

make pact of peace, or compound for gold:

still less did the wise men ween to get

great fee for the feud from his fiendish hands.

But the evil one ambushed old and young

death-shadow dark, and dogged them still,

lured, or lurked in the livelong night

of misty moorlands: men may say not

where the haunts of these Hell-Runes be.

Such heaping of horrors the hater of men,

lonely roamer, wrought unceasing,

harassings heavy. O’er Heorot he lorded,

gold-bright hall, in gloomy nights;

and ne’er could the prince approach his throne,

– «twas judgment of God, – or have joy in his hall.

Sore was the sorrow to Scyldings’-friend,

heart-rending misery. Many nobles

sat assembled, and searched out counsel

how it were best for bold-hearted men

against harassing terror to try their hand.

Whiles they vowed in their heathen fanes

altar-offerings, asked with words

that the slayer-of-souls would succor give them

for the pain of their people. Their practice this,

their heathen hope; «twas Hell they thought of

in mood of their mind. Almighty they knew not,

Doomsman of Deeds and dreadful Lord,

nor Heaven’s-Helmet heeded they ever,

Wielder-of-Wonder. – Woe for that man

who in harm and hatred hales his soul

to fiery embraces; – nor favor nor change

awaits he ever. But well for him

that after death-day may draw to his Lord,

and friendship find in the Father’s arms!

THUS seethed unceasing the son of Healfdene

with the woe of these days; not wisest men

assuaged his sorrow; too sore the anguish,

loathly and long, that lay on his folk,

most baneful of burdens and bales of the night.

This heard in his home Hygelac’s thane,

great among Geats, of Grendel’s doings.

He was the mightiest man of valor

in that same day of this our life,

stalwart and stately. A stout wave-walker

he bade make ready. Yon battle-king, said he,

far o’er the swan-road he fain would seek,

the noble monarch who needed men!

The prince’s journey by prudent folk

was little blamed, though they loved him dear;

they whetted the hero, and hailed good omens.

And now the bold one from bands of Geats

comrades chose, the keenest of warriors

e’er he could find; with fourteen men

the sea-wood he sought, and, sailor proved,

led them on to the land’s confines.

Time had now flown; afloat was the ship,

boat under bluff. On board they climbed,

warriors ready; waves were churning

sea with sand; the sailors bore

on the breast of the bark their bright array,

their mail and weapons: the men pushed off,

on its willing way, the well-braced craft.

Then moved o’er the waters by might of the wind

that bark like a bird with breast of foam,

till in season due, on the second day,

the curved prow such course had run

that sailors now could see the land,

sea-cliffs shining, steep high hills,

headlands broad. Their haven was found,

their journey ended. Up then quickly

the Weders’ clansmen climbed ashore,

anchored their sea-wood, with armor clashing

and gear of battle: God they thanked

for passing in peace o’er the paths of the sea.

Now saw from the cliff a Scylding clansman,

a warden that watched the water-side,

how they bore o’er the gangway glittering shields,

war-gear in readiness; wonder seized him

to know what manner of men they were.

Straight to the strand his steed he rode,

Hrothgar’s henchman; with hand of might

he shook his spear, and spake in parley.

«Who are ye, then, ye armed men,

mailed folk, that yon mighty vessel

have urged thus over the ocean ways,

here o’er the waters? A warden I,

sentinel set o’er the sea-march here,

lest any foe to the folk of Danes

with harrying fleet should harm the land.

No aliens ever at ease thus bore them,

linden-wielders: yet word-of-leave

clearly ye lack from clansmen here,

my folk’s agreement. – A greater ne’er saw I

of warriors in world than is one of you, —

yon hero in harness! No henchman he

worthied by weapons, if witness his features,

his peerless presence! I pray you, though, tell

your folk and home, lest hence ye fare

suspect to wander your way as spies

in Danish land. Now, dwellers afar,

ocean-travellers, take from me

simple advice: the sooner the better

I hear of the country whence ye came.»

To him the stateliest spake in answer;

the warriors’ leader his word-hoard unlocked:—

«We are by kin of the clan of Geats,

and Hygelac’s own hearth-fellows we.

To folk afar was my father known,

noble atheling, Ecgtheow named.

Full of winters, he fared away

aged from earth; he is honored still

through width of the world by wise men all.

To thy lord and liege in loyal mood

we hasten hither, to Healfdene’s son,

people-protector: be pleased to advise us!

To that mighty-one come we on mickle errand,

to the lord of the Danes; nor deem I right

that aught be hidden. We hear – thou knowest

if sooth it is – the saying of men,

that amid the Scyldings a scathing monster,

dark ill-doer, in dusky nights

shows terrific his rage unmatched,

hatred and murder. To Hrothgar I

in greatness of soul would succor bring,

so the Wise-and-Brave may worst his foes, —

if ever the end of ills is fated,

of cruel contest, if cure shall follow,

and the boiling care-waves cooler grow;

else ever afterward anguish-days

he shall suffer in sorrow while stands in place

high on its hill that house unpeered!»

Astride his steed, the strand-ward answered,

clansman unquailing: «The keen-souled thane

must be skilled to sever and sunder duly

words and works, if he well intends.

I gather, this band is graciously bent

to the Scyldings’ master. March, then, bearing

weapons and weeds the way I show you.

I will bid my men your boat meanwhile

to guard for fear lest foemen come, —

your new-tarred ship by shore of ocean

faithfully watching till once again

it waft o’er the waters those well-loved thanes,

– winding-neck’d wood, – to Weders’ bounds,

heroes such as the hest of fate

shall succor and save from the shock of war.»

They bent them to march, – the boat lay still,

fettered by cable and fast at anchor,

broad-bosomed ship. – Then shone the boars

over the cheek-guard; chased with gold,

keen and gleaming, guard it kept

o’er the man of war, as marched along

heroes in haste, till the hall they saw,

broad of gable and bright with gold:

that was the fairest, «mid folk of earth,

of houses «neath heaven, where Hrothgar lived,

and the gleam of it lightened o’er lands afar.

The sturdy shieldsman showed that bright

burg-of-the-boldest; bade them go

straightway thither; his steed then turned,

hardy hero, and hailed them thus:—

«Tis time that I fare from you. Father Almighty

in grace and mercy guard you well,

safe in your seekings. Seaward I go,

«gainst hostile warriors hold my watch.»

Stone-bright the street: it showed the way

to the crowd of clansmen. Corselets glistened

hand-forged, hard; on their harness bright

the steel ring sang, as they strode along

in mail of battle, and marched to the hall.

There, weary of ocean, the wall along

they set their bucklers, their broad shields, down,

and bowed them to bench: the breastplates clanged,

war-gear of men; their weapons stacked,

spears of the seafarers stood together,

gray-tipped ash: that iron band

was worthily weaponed! – A warrior proud

asked of the heroes their home and kin.

«Whence, now, bear ye burnished shields,

harness gray and helmets grim,

spears in multitude? Messenger, I,

Hrothgar’s herald! Heroes so many

ne’er met I as strangers of mood so strong.

«Tis plain that for prowess, not plunged into exile,

for high-hearted valor, Hrothgar ye seek!»

Him the sturdy-in-war bespake with words,

proud earl of the Weders answer made,

hardy «neath helmet: – «Hygelac’s, we,

fellows at board; I am Beowulf named.

I am seeking to say to the son of Healfdene

this mission of mine, to thy master-lord,

the doughty prince, if he deign at all

grace that we greet him, the good one, now.»

Wulfgar spake, the Wendles’ chieftain,

whose might of mind to many was known,

his courage and counsel: «The king of Danes,

the Scyldings’ friend, I fain will tell,

the Breaker-of-Rings, as the boon thou askest,

the famed prince, of thy faring hither,

and, swiftly after, such answer bring

as the doughty monarch may deign to give.»

Hied then in haste to where Hrothgar sat

white-haired and old, his earls about him,

till the stout thane stood at the shoulder there

of the Danish king: good courtier he!

Wulfgar spake to his winsome lord:—

«Hither have fared to thee far-come men

o’er the paths of ocean, people of Geatland;

and the stateliest there by his sturdy band

is Beowulf named. This boon they seek,

that they, my master, may with thee

have speech at will: nor spurn their prayer

to give them hearing, gracious Hrothgar!

In weeds of the warrior worthy they,

methinks, of our liking; their leader most surely,

a hero that hither his henchmen has led.»

HROTHGAR answered, helmet of Scyldings:—

«I knew him of yore in his youthful days;

his aged father was Ecgtheow named,

to whom, at home, gave Hrethel the Geat

his only daughter. Their offspring bold

fares hither to seek the steadfast friend.

And seamen, too, have said me this, —

who carried my gifts to the Geatish court,

thither for thanks, – he has thirty men’s

heft of grasp in the gripe of his hand,

the bold-in-battle. Blessed God

out of his mercy this man hath sent

to Danes of the West, as I ween indeed,

against horror of Grendel. I hope to give

the good youth gold for his gallant thought.

Be thou in haste, and bid them hither,

clan of kinsmen, to come before me;

and add this word, – they are welcome guests

to folk of the Danes.» [To the door of the hall

Wulfgar went] and the word declared:—

«To you this message my master sends,

East-Danes’ king, that your kin he knows,

hardy heroes, and hails you all

welcome hither o’er waves of the sea!

Ye may wend your way in war-attire,

and under helmets Hrothgar greet;

but let here the battle-shields bide your parley,

and wooden war-shafts wait its end.»

Uprose the mighty one, ringed with his men,

brave band of thanes: some bode without,

battle-gear guarding, as bade the chief.

Then hied that troop where the herald led them,

under Heorot’s roof: [the hero strode,]

hardy «neath helm, till the hearth he neared.

Beowulf spake, – his breastplate gleamed,

war-net woven by wit of the smith:—

«Thou Hrothgar, hail! Hygelac’s I,

kinsman and follower. Fame a plenty

have I gained in youth! These Grendel-deeds

I heard in my home-land heralded clear.

Seafarers say how stands this hall,

of buildings best, for your band of thanes

empty and idle, when evening sun

in the harbor of heaven is hidden away.

So my vassals advised me well, —

brave and wise, the best of men, —

O sovran Hrothgar, to seek thee here,

for my nerve and my might they knew full well.

Themselves had seen me from slaughter come

blood-flecked from foes, where five I bound,

and that wild brood worsted. I» the waves I slew

nicors by night, in need and peril

avenging the Weders, whose woe they sought, —

crushing the grim ones. Grendel now,

monster cruel, be mine to quell

in single battle! So, from thee,

thou sovran of the Shining-Danes,

Scyldings’-bulwark, a boon I seek, —

and, Friend-of-the-folk, refuse it not,

O Warriors’-shield, now I’ve wandered far, —

that I alone with my liegemen here,

this hardy band, may Heorot purge!

More I hear, that the monster dire,

in his wanton mood, of weapons recks not;

hence shall I scorn – so Hygelac stay,

king of my kindred, kind to me! —

brand or buckler to bear in the fight,

gold-colored targe: but with gripe alone

must I front the fiend and fight for life,

foe against foe. Then faith be his

in the doom of the Lord whom death shall take.

Fain, I ween, if the fight he win,

in this hall of gold my Geatish band

will he fearless eat, – as oft before, —

my noblest thanes. Nor need’st thou then

to hide my head; for his shall I be,

dyed in gore, if death must take me;

and my blood-covered body he’ll bear as prey,

ruthless devour it, the roamer-lonely,

with my life-blood redden his lair in the fen:

no further for me need’st food prepare!

To Hygelac send, if Hild should take me,

best of war-weeds, warding my breast,

armor excellent, heirloom of Hrethel

and work of Wayland. Fares Wyrd as she must.»

Hrothgar spake, the Scyldings’-helmet:—

«For fight defensive, Friend my Beowulf,

to succor and save, thou hast sought us here.

Thy father’s combat a feud enkindled

when Heatholaf with hand he slew

among the Wylfings; his Weder kin

for horror of fighting feared to hold him.

Fleeing, he sought our South-Dane folk,

over surge of ocean the Honor-Scyldings,

when first I was ruling the folk of Danes,

wielded, youthful, this widespread realm,

this hoard-hold of heroes. Heorogar was dead,

my elder brother, had breathed his last,

Healfdene’s bairn: he was better than I!

Straightway the feud with fee I settled,

to the Wylfings sent, o’er watery ridges,

treasures olden: oaths he swore me.

Sore is my soul to say to any

of the race of man what ruth for me

in Heorot Grendel with hate hath wrought,

what sudden harryings. Hall-folk fail me,

my warriors wane; for Wyrd hath swept them

into Grendel’s grasp. But God is able

this deadly foe from his deeds to turn!

Boasted full oft, as my beer they drank,

earls o’er the ale-cup, armed men,

that they would bide in the beer-hall here,

Grendel’s attack with terror of blades.

Then was this mead-house at morning tide

dyed with gore, when the daylight broke,

all the boards of the benches blood-besprinkled,

gory the hall: I had heroes the less,

doughty dear-ones that death had reft.

– But sit to the banquet, unbind thy words,

hardy hero, as heart shall prompt thee.»

Gathered together, the Geatish men

in the banquet-hall on bench assigned,

sturdy-spirited, sat them down,

hardy-hearted. A henchman attended,

carried the carven cup in hand,

served the clear mead. Oft minstrels sang

blithe in Heorot. Heroes revelled,

no dearth of warriors, Weder and Dane.

Unferth spake, the son of Ecglaf,

who sat at the feet of the Scyldings’ lord,

unbound the battle-runes. – Beowulf’s quest,

sturdy seafarer’s, sorely galled him;

ever he envied that other men

should more achieve in middle-earth

of fame under heaven than he himself. —

«Art thou that Beowulf, Breca’s rival,

who emulous swam on the open sea,

when for pride the pair of you proved the floods,

and wantonly dared in waters deep

to risk your lives? No living man,

or lief or loath, from your labor dire

could you dissuade, from swimming the main.

Ocean-tides with your arms ye covered,

with strenuous hands the sea-streets measured,

swam o’er the waters. Winter’s storm

rolled the rough waves. In realm of sea

a sennight strove ye. In swimming he topped thee,

had more of main! Him at morning-tide

billows bore to the Battling Reamas,

whence he hied to his home so dear

beloved of his liegemen, to land of Brondings,

fastness fair, where his folk he ruled,

town and treasure. In triumph o’er thee

Beanstan’s bairn his boast achieved.

So ween I for thee a worse adventure

– though in buffet of battle thou brave hast been,

in struggle grim, – if Grendel’s approach

thou darst await through the watch of night!»

Beowulf spake, bairn of Ecgtheow:—

«What a deal hast uttered, dear my Unferth,

drunken with beer, of Breca now,

told of his triumph! Truth I claim it,

that I had more of might in the sea

than any man else, more ocean-endurance.

We twain had talked, in time of youth,

and made our boast, – we were merely boys,

striplings still, – to stake our lives

far at sea: and so we performed it.

Naked swords, as we swam along,

we held in hand, with hope to guard us

against the whales. Not a whit from me

could he float afar o’er the flood of waves,

haste o’er the billows; nor him I abandoned.

Together we twain on the tides abode

five nights full till the flood divided us,

churning waves and chillest weather,

darkling night, and the northern wind

ruthless rushed on us: rough was the surge.

Now the wrath of the sea-fish rose apace;

yet me «gainst the monsters my mailed coat,

hard and hand-linked, help afforded, —

battle-sark braided my breast to ward,

garnished with gold. There grasped me firm

and haled me to bottom the hated foe,

with grimmest gripe. «Twas granted me, though,

to pierce the monster with point of sword,

with blade of battle: huge beast of the sea

was whelmed by the hurly through hand of mine.

ME thus often the evil monsters

thronging threatened. With thrust of my sword,

the darling, I dealt them due return!

Nowise had they bliss from their booty then

to devour their victim, vengeful creatures,

seated to banquet at bottom of sea;

but at break of day, by my brand sore hurt,

on the edge of ocean up they lay,

put to sleep by the sword. And since, by them

on the fathomless sea-ways sailor-folk

are never molested. – Light from east,

came bright God’s beacon; the billows sank,

so that I saw the sea-cliffs high,

windy walls. For Wyrd oft saveth

earl undoomed if he doughty be!

And so it came that I killed with my sword

nine of the nicors. Of night-fought battles

ne’er heard I a harder «neath heaven’s dome,

nor adrift on the deep a more desolate man!

Yet I came unharmed from that hostile clutch,

though spent with swimming. The sea upbore me,

flood of the tide, on Finnish land,

the welling waters. No wise of thee

have I heard men tell such terror of falchions,

bitter battle. Breca ne’er yet,

not one of you pair, in the play of war

such daring deed has done at all

with bloody brand, – I boast not of it! —

though thou wast the bane of thy brethren dear,

thy closest kin, whence curse of hell

awaits thee, well as thy wit may serve!

For I say in sooth, thou son of Ecglaf,

never had Grendel these grim deeds wrought,

monster dire, on thy master dear,

in Heorot such havoc, if heart of thine

were as battle-bold as thy boast is loud!

But he has found no feud will happen;

from sword-clash dread of your Danish clan

he vaunts him safe, from the Victor-Scyldings.

He forces pledges, favors none

of the land of Danes, but lustily murders,

fights and feasts, nor feud he dreads

from Spear-Dane men. But speedily now

shall I prove him the prowess and pride of the Geats,

shall bid him battle. Blithe to mead

go he that listeth, when light of dawn

this morrow morning o’er men of earth,

ether-robed sun from the south shall beam!»

Joyous then was the Jewel-giver,

hoar-haired, war-brave; help awaited

the Bright-Danes’ prince, from Beowulf hearing,

folk’s good shepherd, such firm resolve.

Then was laughter of liegemen loud resounding

with winsome words. Came Wealhtheow forth,

queen of Hrothgar, heedful of courtesy,

gold-decked, greeting the guests in hall;

and the high-born lady handed the cup

first to the East-Danes’ heir and warden,

bade him be blithe at the beer-carouse,

the land’s beloved one. Lustily took he

banquet and beaker, battle-famed king.

Through the hall then went the Helmings’ Lady,

to younger and older everywhere

carried the cup, till come the moment

when the ring-graced queen, the royal-hearted,

to Beowulf bore the beaker of mead.

She greeted the Geats’ lord, God she thanked,

in wisdom’s words, that her will was granted,

that at last on a hero her hope could lean

for comfort in terrors. The cup he took,

hardy-in-war, from Wealhtheow’s hand,

and answer uttered the eager-for-combat.

Beowulf spake, bairn of Ecgtheow:—

«This was my thought, when my thanes and I

bent to the ocean and entered our boat,

that I would work the will of your people

fully, or fighting fall in death,

in fiend’s gripe fast. I am firm to do

an earl’s brave deed, or end the days

of this life of mine in the mead-hall here.»

Well these words to the woman seemed,

Beowulf’s battle-boast. – Bright with gold

the stately dame by her spouse sat down.

Again, as erst, began in hall

warriors’ wassail and words of power,

the proud-band’s revel, till presently

the son of Healfdene hastened to seek

rest for the night; he knew there waited

fight for the fiend in that festal hall,

when the sheen of the sun they saw no more,

and dusk of night sank darkling nigh,

and shadowy shapes came striding on,

wan under welkin. The warriors rose.

Man to man, he made harangue,

Hrothgar to Beowulf, bade him hail,

let him wield the wine hall: a word he added:—

«Never to any man erst I trusted,

since I could heave up hand and shield,

this noble Dane-Hall, till now to thee.

Have now and hold this house unpeered;

remember thy glory; thy might declare;

watch for the foe! No wish shall fail thee

if thou bidest the battle with bold-won life.»

Then Hrothgar went with his hero-train,

defence-of-Scyldings, forth from hall;

fain would the war-lord Wealhtheow seek,

couch of his queen. The King-of-Glory

against this Grendel a guard had set,

so heroes heard, a hall-defender,

who warded the monarch and watched for the monster.

In truth, the Geats’ prince gladly trusted

his mettle, his might, the mercy of God!

Cast off then his corselet of iron,

helmet from head; to his henchman gave, —

choicest of weapons, – the well-chased sword,

bidding him guard the gear of battle.

Spake then his Vaunt the valiant man,

Beowulf Geat, ere the bed be sought:—

«Of force in fight no feebler I count me,

in grim war-deeds, than Grendel deems him.

Not with the sword, then, to sleep of death

his life will I give, though it lie in my power.

No skill is his to strike against me,

my shield to hew though he hardy be,

bold in battle; we both, this night,

shall spurn the sword, if he seek me here,

unweaponed, for war. Let wisest God,

sacred Lord, on which side soever

doom decree as he deemeth right.»

Reclined then the chieftain, and cheek-pillows held

the head of the earl, while all about him

seamen hardy on hall-beds sank.

None of them thought that thence their steps

to the folk and fastness that fostered them,

to the land they loved, would lead them back!

Full well they wist that on warriors many

battle-death seized, in the banquet-hall,

of Danish clan. But comfort and help,

war-weal weaving, to Weder folk

the Master gave, that, by might of one,

over their enemy all prevailed,

by single strength. In sooth «tis told

that highest God o’er human kind

hath wielded ever! – Thro’ wan night striding,

came the walker-in-shadow. Warriors slept

whose hest was to guard the gabled hall, —

all save one. «Twas widely known

that against God’s will the ghostly ravager

him could not hurl to haunts of darkness;

wakeful, ready, with warrior’s wrath,

bold he bided the battle’s issue.

Then from the moorland, by misty crags,

with God’s wrath laden, Grendel came.

The monster was minded of mankind now

sundry to seize in the stately house.

Under welkin he walked, till the wine-palace there,

gold-hall of men, he gladly discerned,

flashing with fretwork. Not first time, this,

that he the home of Hrothgar sought, —

yet ne’er in his life-day, late or early,

such hardy heroes, such hall-thanes, found!

To the house the warrior walked apace,

parted from peace; the portal opended,

though with forged bolts fast, when his fists had struck it,

and baleful he burst in his blatant rage,

the house’s mouth. All hastily, then,

o’er fair-paved floor the fiend trod on,

ireful he strode; there streamed from his eyes

fearful flashes, like flame to see.

He spied in hall the hero-band,

kin and clansmen clustered asleep,

hardy liegemen. Then laughed his heart;

for the monster was minded, ere morn should dawn,

savage, to sever the soul of each,

life from body, since lusty banquet

waited his will! But Wyrd forbade him

to seize any more of men on earth

after that evening. Eagerly watched

Hygelac’s kinsman his cursed foe,

how he would fare in fell attack.

Not that the monster was minded to pause!

Straightway he seized a sleeping warrior

for the first, and tore him fiercely asunder,

the bone-frame bit, drank blood in streams,

swallowed him piecemeal: swiftly thus

the lifeless corse was clear devoured,

e’en feet and hands. Then farther he hied;

for the hardy hero with hand he grasped,

felt for the foe with fiendish claw,

for the hero reclining, – who clutched it boldly,

prompt to answer, propped on his arm.

Soon then saw that shepherd-of-evils

that never he met in this middle-world,

in the ways of earth, another wight

with heavier hand-gripe; at heart he feared,

sorrowed in soul, – none the sooner escaped!

Fain would he flee, his fastness seek,

the den of devils: no doings now

such as oft he had done in days of old!

Then bethought him the hardy Hygelac-thane

of his boast at evening: up he bounded,

grasped firm his foe, whose fingers cracked.

The fiend made off, but the earl close followed.

The monster meant – if he might at all —

to fling himself free, and far away

fly to the fens, – knew his fingers’ power

in the gripe of the grim one. Gruesome march

to Heorot this monster of harm had made!

Din filled the room; the Danes were bereft,

castle-dwellers and clansmen all,

earls, of their ale. Angry were both

those savage hall-guards: the house resounded.

Wonder it was the wine-hall firm

in the strain of their struggle stood, to earth

the fair house fell not; too fast it was

within and without by its iron bands

craftily clamped; though there crashed from sill

many a mead-bench – men have told me —

gay with gold, where the grim foes wrestled.

So well had weened the wisest Scyldings

that not ever at all might any man

that bone-decked, brave house break asunder,

crush by craft, – unless clasp of fire

in smoke engulfed it. – Again uprose

din redoubled. Danes of the North

with fear and frenzy were filled, each one,

who from the wall that wailing heard,

God’s foe sounding his grisly song,

cry of the conquered, clamorous pain

from captive of hell. Too closely held him

he who of men in might was strongest

in that same day of this our life.

Not in any wise would the earls’-defence

suffer that slaughterous stranger to live,

useless deeming his days and years

to men on earth. Now many an earl

of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral,

fain the life of their lord to shield,

their praised prince, if power were theirs;

never they knew, – as they neared the foe,

hardy-hearted heroes of war,

aiming their swords on every side

the accursed to kill, – no keenest blade,

no farest of falchions fashioned on earth,

could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

He was safe, by his spells, from sword of battle,

from edge of iron. Yet his end and parting

on that same day of this our life

woful should be, and his wandering soul

far off flit to the fiends’ domain.

Soon he found, who in former days,

harmful in heart and hated of God,

on many a man such murder wrought,

that the frame of his body failed him now.

For him the keen-souled kinsman of Hygelac

held in hand; hateful alive

was each to other. The outlaw dire

took mortal hurt; a mighty wound

showed on his shoulder, and sinews cracked,

and the bone-frame burst. To Beowulf now

the glory was given, and Grendel thence

death-sick his den in the dark moor sought,

noisome abode: he knew too well

that here was the last of life, an end

of his days on earth. – To all the Danes

by that bloody battle the boon had come.

From ravage had rescued the roving stranger

Hrothgar’s hall; the hardy and wise one

had purged it anew. His night-work pleased him,

his deed and its honor. To Eastern Danes

had the valiant Geat his vaunt made good,

all their sorrow and ills assuaged,

their bale of battle borne so long,

and all the dole they erst endured

pain a-plenty. – «Twas proof of this,

when the hardy-in-fight a hand laid down,

arm and shoulder, – all, indeed,

of Grendel’s gripe, – «neath the gabled roof’

Many at morning, as men have told me,

warriors gathered the gift-hall round,

folk-leaders faring from far and near,

o’er wide-stretched ways, the wonder to view,

trace of the traitor. Not troublous seemed

the enemy’s end to any man

who saw by the gait of the graceless foe

how the weary-hearted, away from thence,

baffled in battle and banned, his steps

death-marked dragged to the devils’ mere.

Bloody the billows were boiling there,

turbid the tide of tumbling waves

horribly seething, with sword-blood hot,

by that doomed one dyed, who in den of the moor

laid forlorn his life adown,

his heathen soul, -and hell received it.

Home then rode the hoary clansmen

from that merry journey, and many a youth,

on horses white, the hardy warriors,

back from the mere. Then Beowulf’s glory

eager they echoed, and all averred

that from sea to sea, or south or north,

there was no other in earth’s domain,

under vault of heaven, more valiant found,

of warriors none more worthy to rule!

(On their lord beloved they laid no slight,

gracious Hrothgar: a good king he!)

From time to time, the tried-in-battle

their gray steeds set to gallop amain,

and ran a race when the road seemed fair.

From time to time, a thane of the king,

who had made many vaunts, and was mindful of verses,

stored with sagas and songs of old,

bound word to word in well-knit rime,

welded his lay; this warrior soon

of Beowulf’s quest right cleverly sang,

and artfully added an excellent tale,

in well-ranged words, of the warlike deeds

he had heard in saga of Sigemund.

Strange the story: he said it all, —

the Waelsing’s wanderings wide, his struggles,

which never were told to tribes of men,

the feuds and the frauds, save to Fitela only,

when of these doings he deigned to speak,

uncle to nephew; as ever the twain

stood side by side in stress of war,

and multitude of the monster kind

they had felled with their swords. Of Sigemund grew,

when he passed from life, no little praise;

for the doughty-in-combat a dragon killed

that herded the hoard: under hoary rock

the atheling dared the deed alone

fearful quest, nor was Fitela there.

Yet so it befell, his falchion pierced

that wondrous worm, – on the wall it struck,

best blade; the dragon died in its blood.

Thus had the dread-one by daring achieved

over the ring-hoard to rule at will,

himself to pleasure; a sea-boat he loaded,

and bore on its bosom the beaming gold,

son of Waels; the worm was consumed.

He had of all heroes the highest renown

among races of men, this refuge-of-warriors,

for deeds of daring that decked his name

since the hand and heart of Heremod

grew slack in battle. He, swiftly banished

to mingle with monsters at mercy of foes,

to death was betrayed; for torrents of sorrow

had lamed him too long; a load of care

to earls and athelings all he proved.

Oft indeed, in earlier days,

for the warrior’s wayfaring wise men mourned,

who had hoped of him help from harm and bale,

and had thought their sovran’s son would thrive,

follow his father, his folk protect,

the hoard and the stronghold, heroes’ land,

home of Scyldings. – But here, thanes said,

the kinsman of Hygelac kinder seemed

to all: the other was urged to crime!

And afresh to the race, the fallow roads

by swift steeds measured! The morning sun

was climbing higher. Clansmen hastened

to the high-built hall, those hardy-minded,

the wonder to witness. Warden of treasure,

crowned with glory, the king himself,

with stately band from the bride-bower strode;

and with him the queen and her crowd of maidens

measured the path to the mead-house fair.

Hrothgar spake, – to the hall he went,

stood by the steps, the steep roof saw,

garnished with gold, and Grendel’s hand:—

«For the sight I see to the Sovran Ruler

be speedy thanks! A throng of sorrows

I have borne from Grendel; but God still works

wonder on wonder, the Warden-of-Glory.

It was but now that I never more

for woes that weighed on me waited help

long as I lived, when, laved in blood,

stood sword-gore-stained this stateliest house, —

widespread woe for wise men all,

who had no hope to hinder ever

foes infernal and fiendish sprites

from havoc in hall. This hero now,

by the Wielder’s might, a work has done

that not all of us erst could ever do

by wile and wisdom. Lo, well can she say

whoso of women this warrior bore

among sons of men, if still she liveth,

that the God of the ages was good to her

in the birth of her bairn. Now, Beowulf, thee,

of heroes best, I shall heartily love

as mine own, my son; preserve thou ever

this kinship new: thou shalt never lack

wealth of the world that I wield as mine!

Full oft for less have I largess showered,

my precious hoard, on a punier man,

less stout in struggle. Thyself hast now

fulfilled such deeds, that thy fame shall endure

through all the ages. As ever he did,

well may the Wielder reward thee still!»

Beowulf spake, bairn of Ecgtheow:—

«This work of war most willingly

we have fought, this fight, and fearlessly dared

force of the foe. Fain, too, were I

hadst thou but seen himself, what time

the fiend in his trappings tottered to fall!

Swiftly, I thought, in strongest gripe

on his bed of death to bind him down,

that he in the hent of this hand of mine

should breathe his last: but he broke away.

Him I might not – the Maker willed not —

hinder from flight, and firm enough hold

the life-destroyer: too sturdy was he,

the ruthless, in running! For rescue, however,

he left behind him his hand in pledge,

arm and shoulder; nor aught of help

could the cursed one thus procure at all.

None the longer liveth he, loathsome fiend,

sunk in his sins, but sorrow holds him

tightly grasped in gripe of anguish,

in baleful bonds, where bide he must,

evil outlaw, such awful doom

as the Mighty Maker shall mete him out.»

More silent seemed the son of Ecglaf

in boastful speech of his battle-deeds,

since athelings all, through the earl’s great prowess,

beheld that hand, on the high roof gazing,

foeman’s fingers, – the forepart of each

of the sturdy nails to steel was likest, —

heathen’s «hand-spear,» hostile warrior’s

claw uncanny. «Twas clear, they said,

that him no blade of the brave could touch,

how keen soever, or cut away

that battle-hand bloody from baneful foe.

THERE was hurry and hest in Heorot now

for hands to bedeck it, and dense was the throng

of men and women the wine-hall to cleanse,

the guest-room to garnish. Gold-gay shone the hangings

that were wove on the wall, and wonders many

to delight each mortal that looks upon them.

Though braced within by iron bands,

that building bright was broken sorely;

rent were its hinges; the roof alone

held safe and sound, when, seared with crime,

the fiendish foe his flight essayed,

of life despairing. – No light thing that,

the flight for safety, – essay it who will!

Forced of fate, he shall find his way

to the refuge ready for race of man,

for soul-possessors, and sons of earth;

and there his body on bed of death

shall rest after revel. Arrived was the hour

when to hall proceeded Healfdene’s son:

the king himself would sit to banquet.

Ne’er heard I of host in haughtier throng

more graciously gathered round giver-of-rings!

Bowed then to bench those bearers-of-glory,

fain of the feasting. Featly received

many a mead-cup the mighty-in-spirit,

kinsmen who sat in the sumptuous hall,

Hrothgar and Hrothulf. Heorot now

was filled with friends; the folk of Scyldings

ne’er yet had tried the traitor’s deed.

To Beowulf gave the bairn of Healfdene

a gold-wove banner, guerdon of triumph,

broidered battle-flag, breastplate and helmet;

and a splendid sword was seen of many

borne to the brave one. Beowulf took

cup in hall: for such costly gifts

he suffered no shame in that soldier throng.

For I heard of few heroes, in heartier mood,

with four such gifts, so fashioned with gold,

on the ale-bench honoring others thus!

O’er the roof of the helmet high, a ridge,

wound with wires, kept ward o’er the head,

lest the relict-of-files should fierce invade,

sharp in the strife, when that shielded hero

should go to grapple against his foes.

Then the earls’-defence on the floor bade lead

coursers eight, with carven head-gear,

adown the hall: one horse was decked

with a saddle all shining and set in jewels;

«twas the battle-seat of the best of kings,

when to play of swords the son of Healfdene

was fain to fare. Ne’er failed his valor

in the crush of combat when corpses fell.

To Beowulf over them both then gave

the refuge-of-Ingwines right and power,

o’er war-steeds and weapons: wished him joy of them.

Manfully thus the mighty prince,

hoard-guard for heroes, that hard fight repaid

with steeds and treasures contemned by none

who is willing to say the sooth aright.

AND the lord of earls, to each that came

with Beowulf over the briny ways,

an heirloom there at the ale-bench gave,

precious gift; and the price bade pay

in gold for him whom Grendel erst

murdered, – and fain of them more had killed,

had not wisest God their Wyrd averted,

and the man’s brave mood. The Maker then

ruled human kind, as here and now.

Therefore is insight always best,

and forethought of mind. How much awaits him

of lief and of loath, who long time here,

through days of warfare this world endures!

Then song and music mingled sounds

in the presence of Healfdene’s head-of-armies

and harping was heard with the hero-lay

as Hrothgar’s singer the hall-joy woke

along the mead-seats, making his song

of that sudden raid on the sons of Finn.

Healfdene’s hero, Hnaef the Scylding,

was fated to fall in the Frisian slaughter.

Hildeburh needed not hold in value

her enemies’ honor! Innocent both

were the loved ones she lost at the linden-play,

bairn and brother, they bowed to fate,

stricken by spears; «twas a sorrowful woman!

None doubted why the daughter of Hoc

bewailed her doom when dawning came,

and under the sky she saw them lying,

kinsmen murdered, where most she had kenned

of the sweets of the world! By war were swept, too,

Finn’s own liegemen, and few were left;

in the parleying-place he could ply no longer

weapon, nor war could he wage on Hengest,

and rescue his remnant by right of arms

from the prince’s thane. A pact he offered:

another dwelling the Danes should have,

hall and high-seat, and half the power

should fall to them in Frisian land;

and at the fee-gifts, Folcwald’s son

day by day the Danes should honor,

the folk of Hengest favor with rings,

even as truly, with treasure and jewels,

with fretted gold, as his Frisian kin

he meant to honor in ale-hall there.

Pact of peace they plighted further

on both sides firmly. Finn to Hengest

with oath, upon honor, openly promised

that woful remnant, with wise-men’s aid,

nobly to govern, so none of the guests

by word or work should warp the treaty,

or with malice of mind bemoan themselves

as forced to follow their fee-giver’s slayer,

lordless men, as their lot ordained.

Should Frisian, moreover, with foeman’s taunt,

that murderous hatred to mind recall,

then edge of the sword must seal his doom.

Oaths were given, and ancient gold

heaped from hoard. – The hardy Scylding,

battle-thane best, on his balefire lay.

All on the pyre were plain to see

the gory sark, the gilded swine-crest,

boar of hard iron, and athelings many

slain by the sword: at the slaughter they fell.

It was Hildeburh’s hest, at Hnaef’s own pyre

the bairn of her body on brands to lay,

his bones to burn, on the balefire placed,

at his uncle’s side. In sorrowful dirges

bewept them the woman: great wailing ascended.

Then wound up to welkin the wildest of death-fires,

roared o’er the hillock: heads all were melted,

gashes burst, and blood gushed out

from bites of the body. Balefire devoured,

greediest spirit, those spared not by war

out of either folk: their flower was gone.

Then hastened those heroes their home to see,

friendless, to find the Frisian land,

houses and high burg. Hengest still

through the death-dyed winter dwelt with Finn,

holding pact, yet of home he minded,

though powerless his ring-decked prow to drive

over the waters, now waves rolled fierce

lashed by the winds, or winter locked them

in icy fetters. Then fared another

year to men’s dwellings, as yet they do,

the sunbright skies, that their season ever

duly await. Far off winter was driven;

fair lay earth’s breast; and fain was the rover,

the guest, to depart, though more gladly he pondered

on wreaking his vengeance than roaming the deep,

and how to hasten the hot encounter

where sons of the Frisians were sure to be.

So he escaped not the common doom,

when Hun with «Lafing,» the light-of-battle,

best of blades, his bosom pierced:

its edge was famed with the Frisian earls.

On fierce-heart Finn there fell likewise,

on himself at home, the horrid sword-death;

for Guthlaf and Oslaf of grim attack

had sorrowing told, from sea-ways landed,

mourning their woes. Finn’s wavering spirit

bode not in breast. The burg was reddened

with blood of foemen, and Finn was slain,

king amid clansmen; the queen was taken.

To their ship the Scylding warriors bore

all the chattels the chieftain owned,

whatever they found in Finn’s domain

of gems and jewels. The gentle wife

o’er paths of the deep to the Danes they bore,

led to her land. The lay was finished,

the gleeman’s song. Then glad rose the revel;

bench-joy brightened. Bearers draw

from their «wonder-vats» wine. Comes Wealhtheow forth,

under gold-crown goes where the good pair sit,

uncle and nephew, true each to the other one,

kindred in amity. Unferth the spokesman

at the Scylding lord’s feet sat: men had faith in his spirit,

his keenness of courage, though kinsmen had found him

unsure at the sword-play. The Scylding queen spoke:

«Quaff of this cup, my king and lord,

breaker of rings, and blithe be thou,

gold-friend of men; to the Geats here speak

such words of mildness as man should use.

Be glad with thy Geats; of those gifts be mindful,

or near or far, which now thou hast.

Men say to me, as son thou wishest

yon hero to hold. Thy Heorot purged,

jewel-hall brightest, enjoy while thou canst,

with many a largess; and leave to thy kin

folk and realm when forth thou goest

to greet thy doom. For gracious I deem

my Hrothulf, willing to hold and rule

nobly our youths, if thou yield up first,

prince of Scyldings, thy part in the world.

I ween with good he will well requite

offspring of ours, when all he minds

that for him we did in his helpless days

of gift and grace to gain him honor!»

Then she turned to the seat where her sons were placed,

Hrethric and Hrothmund, with heroes’ bairns,

young men together: the Geat, too, sat there,

Beowulf brave, the brothers between.

A cup she gave him, with kindly greeting

and winsome words. Of wounden gold,

she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain,

corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest

that ever I knew the earth around.

Ne’er heard I so mighty, «neath heaven’s dome,

a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore

to his bright-built burg the Brisings’ necklace,

jewel and gem casket. – Jealousy fled he,

Eormenric’s hate: chose help eternal.

Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting,

on the last of his raids this ring bore with him,

under his banner the booty defending,

the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o’erwhelmed him

what time, in his daring, dangers he sought,

feud with Frisians. Fairest of gems

he bore with him over the beaker-of-waves,

sovran strong: under shield he died.

Fell the corpse of the king into keeping of Franks,

gear of the breast, and that gorgeous ring;

weaker warriors won the spoil,

after gripe of battle, from Geatland’s lord,

and held the death-field. Din rose in hall.

Wealhtheow spake amid warriors, and said:—

«This jewel enjoy in thy jocund youth,

Beowulf lov’d, these battle-weeds wear,

a royal treasure, and richly thrive!

Preserve thy strength, and these striplings here

counsel in kindness: requital be mine.

Hast done such deeds, that for days to come

thou art famed among folk both far and near,

so wide as washeth the wave of Ocean

his windy walls. Through the ways of life

prosper, O prince! I pray for thee

rich possessions. To son of mine

be helpful in deed and uphold his joys!

Here every earl to the other is true,

mild of mood, to the master loyal!

Thanes are friendly, the throng obedient,

liegemen are revelling: list and obey!»

Went then to her place. – That was proudest of feasts;

flowed wine for the warriors. Wyrd they knew not,

destiny dire, and the doom to be seen

by many an earl when eve should come,

and Hrothgar homeward hasten away,

royal, to rest. The room was guarded

by an army of earls, as erst was done.

They bared the bench-boards; abroad they spread

beds and bolsters. – One beer-carouser

in danger of doom lay down in the hall. —

At their heads they set their shields of war,

bucklers bright; on the bench were there

over each atheling, easy to see,

the high battle-helmet, the haughty spear,

the corselet of rings. «Twas their custom so

ever to be for battle prepared,

at home, or harrying, which it were,

even as oft as evil threatened

their sovran king. – They were clansmen good.

THEN sank they to sleep. With sorrow one bought

his rest of the evening, – as ofttime had happened

when Grendel guarded that golden hall,

evil wrought, till his end drew nigh,

slaughter for sins. «Twas seen and told

how an avenger survived the fiend,

as was learned afar. The livelong time

after that grim fight, Grendel’s mother,

monster of women, mourned her woe.

She was doomed to dwell in the dreary waters,

cold sea-courses, since Cain cut down

with edge of the sword his only brother,

his father’s offspring: outlawed he fled,

marked with murder, from men’s delights

warded the wilds. – There woke from him

such fate-sent ghosts as Grendel, who,

war-wolf horrid, at Heorot found

a warrior watching and waiting the fray,

with whom the grisly one grappled amain.

But the man remembered his mighty power,

the glorious gift that God had sent him,

in his Maker’s mercy put his trust

for comfort and help: so he conquered the foe,

felled the fiend, who fled abject,

reft of joy, to the realms of death,

mankind’s foe. And his mother now,

gloomy and grim, would go that quest

of sorrow, the death of her son to avenge.

To Heorot came she, where helmeted Danes

slept in the hall. Too soon came back

old ills of the earls, when in she burst,

the mother of Grendel. Less grim, though, that terror,

e’en as terror of woman in war is less,

might of maid, than of men in arms

when, hammer-forged, the falchion hard,

sword gore-stained, through swine of the helm,

crested, with keen blade carves amain.

Then was in hall the hard-edge drawn,

the swords on the settles, and shields a-many

firm held in hand: nor helmet minded

nor harness of mail, whom that horror seized.

Haste was hers; she would hie afar

and save her life when the liegemen saw her.

Yet a single atheling up she seized

fast and firm, as she fled to the moor.

He was for Hrothgar of heroes the dearest,

of trusty vassals betwixt the seas,

whom she killed on his couch, a clansman famous,

in battle brave. – Nor was Beowulf there;

another house had been held apart,

after giving of gold, for the Geat renowned. —

Uproar filled Heorot; the hand all had viewed,

blood-flecked, she bore with her; bale was returned,

dole in the dwellings: «twas dire exchange

where Dane and Geat were doomed to give

the lives of loved ones. Long-tried king,

the hoary hero, at heart was sad

when he knew his noble no more lived,

and dead indeed was his dearest thane.

To his bower was Beowulf brought in haste,

dauntless victor. As daylight broke,

along with his earls the atheling lord,

with his clansmen, came where the king abode

waiting to see if the Wielder-of-All

would turn this tale of trouble and woe.

Strode o’er floor the famed-in-strife,

with his hand-companions, – the hall resounded, —

wishing to greet the wise old king,

Ingwines’ lord; he asked if the night

had passed in peace to the prince’s mind.

HROTHGAR spake, helmet-of-Scyldings:—

«Ask not of pleasure! Pain is renewed

to Danish folk. Dead is Aeschere,

of Yrmenlaf the elder brother,

my sage adviser and stay in council,

shoulder-comrade in stress of fight

when warriors clashed and we warded our heads,

hewed the helm-boars; hero famed

should be every earl as Aeschere was!

But here in Heorot a hand hath slain him

of wandering death-sprite. I wot not whither,

proud of the prey, her path she took,

fain of her fill. The feud she avenged

that yesternight, unyieldingly,

Grendel in grimmest grasp thou killedst, —

seeing how long these liegemen mine

he ruined and ravaged. Reft of life,

in arms he fell. Now another comes,

keen and cruel, her kin to avenge,

faring far in feud of blood

so that many a thane shall think, who e’er

sorrows in soul for that sharer of rings,

this is hardest of heart-bales. The hand lies low

that once was willing each wish to please.

Land-dwellers here and liegemen mine,

who house by those parts, I have heard relate

that such a pair they have sometimes seen,

march-stalkers mighty the moorland haunting,

wandering spirits: one of them seemed,

so far as my folk could fairly judge,

of womankind; and one, accursed,

in man’s guise trod the misery-track

of exile, though huger than human bulk.

Grendel in days long gone they named him,

folk of the land; his father they knew not,

nor any brood that was born to him

of treacherous spirits. Untrod is their home;

by wolf-cliffs haunt they and windy headlands,

fenways fearful, where flows the stream

from mountains gliding to gloom of the rocks,

underground flood. Not far is it hence

in measure of miles that the mere expands,

and o’er it the frost-bound forest hanging,

sturdily rooted, shadows the wave.

By night is a wonder weird to see,

fire on the waters. So wise lived none

of the sons of men, to search those depths!

Nay, though the heath-rover, harried by dogs,

the horn-proud hart, this holt should seek,

long distance driven, his dear life first

on the brink he yields ere he brave the plunge

to hide his head: «tis no happy place!

Thence the welter of waters washes up

wan to welkin when winds bestir

evil storms, and air grows dusk,

and the heavens weep. Now is help once more

with thee alone! The land thou knowst not,

place of fear, where thou findest out

that sin-flecked being. Seek if thou dare!

I will reward thee, for waging this fight,

with ancient treasure, as erst I did,

with winding gold, if thou winnest back.»

Beowulf F spake, bairn of Ecgtheow:

«Sorrow not, sage! It beseems us better

friends to avenge than fruitlessly mourn them.

Each of us all must his end abide

in the ways of the world; so win who may

glory ere death! When his days are told,

that is the warrior’s worthiest doom.

Rise, O realm-warder! Ride we anon,

and mark the trail of the mother of Grendel.

No harbor shall hide her – heed my promise! —

enfolding of field or forested mountain

or floor of the flood, let her flee where she will!

But thou this day endure in patience,

as I ween thou wilt, thy woes each one.»

Leaped up the graybeard: God he thanked,

mighty Lord, for the man’s brave words.

For Hrothgar soon a horse was saddled

wave-maned steed. The sovran wise

stately rode on; his shield-armed men

followed in force. The footprints led

along the woodland, widely seen,

a path o’er the plain, where she passed, and trod

the murky moor; of men-at-arms

she bore the bravest and best one, dead,

him who with Hrothgar the homestead ruled.

On then went the atheling-born

o’er stone-cliffs steep and strait defiles,

narrow passes and unknown ways,

headlands sheer, and the haunts of the Nicors.

Foremost he fared, a few at his side

of the wiser men, the ways to scan,

till he found in a flash the forested hill

hanging over the hoary rock,

a woful wood: the waves below

were dyed in blood. The Danish men

had sorrow of soul, and for Scyldings all,

for many a hero, «twas hard to bear,

ill for earls, when Aeschere’s head

they found by the flood on the foreland there.

Waves were welling, the warriors saw,

hot with blood; but the horn sang oft

battle-song bold. The band sat down,

and watched on the water worm-like things,

sea-dragons strange that sounded the deep,

and nicors that lay on the ledge of the ness —

such as oft essay at hour of morn

on the road-of-sails their ruthless quest, —

and sea-snakes and monsters. These started away,

swollen and savage that song to hear,

that war-horn’s blast. The warden of Geats,

with bolt from bow, then balked of life,

of wave-work, one monster, amid its heart

went the keen war-shaft; in water it seemed

less doughty in swimming whom death had seized.

Swift on the billows, with boar-spears well

hooked and barbed, it was hard beset,

done to death and dragged on the headland,

wave-roamer wondrous. Warriors viewed

the grisly guest. Then girt him Beowulf

in martial mail, nor mourned for his life.

His breastplate broad and bright of hues,

woven by hand, should the waters try;

well could it ward the warrior’s body

that battle should break on his breast in vain

nor harm his heart by the hand of a foe.

And the helmet white that his head protected

was destined to dare the deeps of the flood,

through wave-whirl win: «twas wound with chains,

decked with gold, as in days of yore

the weapon-smith worked it wondrously,

with swine-forms set it, that swords nowise,

brandished in battle, could bite that helm.

Nor was that the meanest of mighty helps

which Hrothgar’s orator offered at need:

«Hrunting» they named the hilted sword,

of old-time heirlooms easily first;

iron was its edge, all etched with poison,

with battle-blood hardened, nor blenched it at fight

in hero’s hand who held it ever,

on paths of peril prepared to go

to folkstead of foes. Not first time this

it was destined to do a daring task.

For he bore not in mind, the bairn of Ecglaf

sturdy and strong, that speech he had made,

drunk with wine, now this weapon he lent

to a stouter swordsman. Himself, though, durst not

under welter of waters wager his life

as loyal liegeman. So lost he his glory,

honor of earls. With the other not so,

who girded him now for the grim encounter.

BEOWULF spake, bairn of Ecgtheow:—

«Have mind, thou honored offspring of Healfdene

gold-friend of men, now I go on this quest,

sovran wise, what once was said:

if in thy cause it came that I

should lose my life, thou wouldst loyal bide

to me, though fallen, in father’s place!

Be guardian, thou, to this group of my thanes,

my warrior-friends, if War should seize me;

and the goodly gifts thou gavest me,

Hrothgar beloved, to Hygelac send!

Geatland’s king may ken by the gold,

Hrethel’s son see, when he stares at the treasure,

that I got me a friend for goodness famed,

and joyed while I could in my jewel-bestower.

And let Unferth wield this wondrous sword,

earl far-honored, this heirloom precious,

hard of edge: with Hrunting I

seek doom of glory, or Death shall take me.»

After these words the Weder-Geat lord

boldly hastened, biding never

answer at all: the ocean floods

closed o’er the hero. Long while of the day

fled ere he felt the floor of the sea.

Soon found the fiend who the flood-domain

sword-hungry held these hundred winters,

greedy and grim, that some guest from above,

some man, was raiding her monster-realm.

She grasped out for him with grisly claws,

and the warrior seized; yet scathed she not

his body hale; the breastplate hindered,

as she strove to shatter the sark of war,

the linked harness, with loathsome hand.

Then bore this brine-wolf, when bottom she touched,

the lord of rings to the lair she haunted

whiles vainly he strove, though his valor held,

weapon to wield against wondrous monsters

that sore beset him; sea-beasts many

tried with fierce tusks to tear his mail,

and swarmed on the stranger. But soon he marked

he was now in some hall, he knew not which,

where water never could work him harm,

nor through the roof could reach him ever

fangs of the flood. Firelight he saw,

beams of a blaze that brightly shone.

Then the warrior was ware of that wolf-of-the-deep,

mere-wife monstrous. For mighty stroke

he swung his blade, and the blow withheld not.

Then sang on her head that seemly blade

its war-song wild. But the warrior found

the light-of-battle was loath to bite,

to harm the heart: its hard edge failed

the noble at need, yet had known of old

strife hand to hand, and had helmets cloven,

doomed men’s fighting-gear. First time, this,

for the gleaming blade that its glory fell.

Firm still stood, nor failed in valor,

heedful of high deeds, Hygelac’s kinsman;

flung away fretted sword, featly jewelled,

the angry earl; on earth it lay

steel-edged and stiff. His strength he trusted,

hand-gripe of might. So man shall do

whenever in war he weens to earn him

lasting fame, nor fears for his life!

Seized then by shoulder, shrank not from combat,

the Geatish war-prince Grendel’s mother.

Flung then the fierce one, filled with wrath,

his deadly foe, that she fell to ground.

Swift on her part she paid him back

with grisly grasp, and grappled with him.

Spent with struggle, stumbled the warrior,

fiercest of fighting-men, fell adown.

On the hall-guest she hurled herself, hent her short sword,

broad and brown-edged, the bairn to avenge,

the sole-born son. – On his shoulder lay

braided breast-mail, barring death,

withstanding entrance of edge or blade.

Life would have ended for Ecgtheow’s son,

under wide earth for that earl of Geats,

had his armor of war not aided him,

battle-net hard, and holy God

wielded the victory, wisest Maker.

The Lord of Heaven allowed his cause;

and easily rose the earl erect.

«Mid the battle-gear saw he a blade triumphant,

old-sword of Eotens, with edge of proof,

warriors’ heirloom, weapon unmatched,

– save only «twas more than other men

to bandy-of-battle could bear at all —

as the giants had wrought it, ready and keen.

Seized then its chain-hilt the Scyldings’ chieftain,

bold and battle-grim, brandished the sword,

reckless of life, and so wrathfully smote

that it gripped her neck and grasped her hard,

her bone-rings breaking: the blade pierced through

that fated-one’s flesh: to floor she sank.

Bloody the blade: he was blithe of his deed.

Then blazed forth light. «Twas bright within

as when from the sky there shines unclouded

heaven’s candle. The hall he scanned.

By the wall then went he; his weapon raised

high by its hilts the Hygelac-thane,

angry and eager. That edge was not useless

to the warrior now. He wished with speed

Grendel to guerdon for grim raids many,

for the war he waged on Western-Danes

oftener far than an only time,

when of Hrothgar’s hearth-companions

he slew in slumber, in sleep devoured,

fifteen men of the folk of Danes,

and as many others outward bore,

his horrible prey. Well paid for that

the wrathful prince! For now prone he saw

Grendel stretched there, spent with war,

spoiled of life, so scathed had left him

Heorot’s battle. The body sprang far

when after death it endured the blow,

sword-stroke savage, that severed its head.

Soon, then, saw the sage companions

who waited with Hrothgar, watching the flood,

that the tossing waters turbid grew,

blood-stained the mere. Old men together,

hoary-haired, of the hero spake;

the warrior would not, they weened, again,

proud of conquest, come to seek

their mighty master. To many it seemed

the wolf-of-the-waves had won his life.

The ninth hour came. The noble Scyldings

left the headland; homeward went

the gold-friend of men. But the guests sat on,

stared at the surges, sick in heart,

and wished, yet weened not, their winsome lord

again to see. Now that sword began,

from blood of the fight, in battle-droppings,

war-blade, to wane: «twas a wondrous thing

that all of it melted as ice is wont

when frosty fetters the Father loosens,

unwinds the wave-bonds, wielding all

seasons and times: the true God he!

Nor took from that dwelling the duke of the Geats

precious things, though a plenty he saw,

save only the head and that hilt withal

blazoned with jewels: the blade had melted,

burned was the bright sword, her blood was so hot,

so poisoned the hell-sprite who perished within there.

Soon he was swimming who safe saw in combat

downfall of demons; up-dove through the flood.

The clashing waters were cleansed now,

waste of waves, where the wandering fiend

her life-days left and this lapsing world.

Swam then to strand the sailors’-refuge,

sturdy-in-spirit, of sea-booty glad,

of burden brave he bore with him.

Went then to greet him, and God they thanked,

the thane-band choice of their chieftain blithe,

that safe and sound they could see him again.

Soon from the hardy one helmet and armor

deftly they doffed: now drowsed the mere,

water «neath welkin, with war-blood stained.

Forth they fared by the footpaths thence,

merry at heart the highways measured,

well-known roads. Courageous men

carried the head from the cliff by the sea,

an arduous task for all the band,

the firm in fight, since four were needed

on the shaft-of-slaughter strenuously

to bear to the gold-hall Grendel’s head.

So presently to the palace there

foemen fearless, fourteen Geats,

marching came. Their master-of-clan

mighty amid them the meadow-ways trod.

Strode then within the sovran thane

fearless in fight, of fame renowned,

hardy hero, Hrothgar to greet.

And next by the hair into hall was borne

Grendel’s head, where the henchmen were drinking,

an awe to clan and queen alike,

a monster of marvel: the men looked on.

Beowulf spake, bairn of Ecgtheow:—

«Lo, now, this sea-booty, son of Healfdene,

Lord of Scyldings, we’ve lustily brought thee,

sign of glory; thou seest it here.

Not lightly did I with my life escape!

In war under water this work I essayed

with endless effort; and even so

my strength had been lost had the Lord not shielded me.

Not a whit could I with Hrunting do

in work of war, though the weapon is good;

yet a sword the Sovran of Men vouchsafed me

to spy on the wall there, in splendor hanging,

old, gigantic, – how oft He guides

the friendless wight! – and I fought with that brand,

felling in fight, since fate was with me,

the house’s wardens. That war-sword then

all burned, bright blade, when the blood gushed o’er it,

battle-sweat hot; but the hilt I brought back

from my foes. So avenged I their fiendish deeds

death-fall of Danes, as was due and right.

And this is my hest, that in Heorot now

safe thou canst sleep with thy soldier band,

and every thane of all thy folk

both old and young; no evil fear,

Scyldings’ lord, from that side again,

aught ill for thy earls, as erst thou must!»

Then the golden hilt, for that gray-haired leader,

hoary hero, in hand was laid,

giant-wrought, old. So owned and enjoyed it

after downfall of devils, the Danish lord,

wonder-smiths’ work, since the world was rid

of that grim-souled fiend, the foe of God,

murder-marked, and his mother as well.

Now it passed into power of the people’s king,

best of all that the oceans bound

who have scattered their gold o’er Scandia’s isle.

Hrothgar spake – the hilt he viewed,

heirloom old, where was etched the rise

of that far-off fight when the floods o’erwhelmed,

raging waves, the race of giants

(fearful their fate!), a folk estranged

from God Eternal: whence guerdon due

in that waste of waters the Wielder paid them.

So on the guard of shining gold

in runic staves it was rightly said

for whom the serpent-traced sword was wrought,

best of blades, in bygone days,

and the hilt well wound. – The wise-one spake,

son of Healfdene; silent were all:—

«Lo, so may he say who sooth and right

follows «mid folk, of far times mindful,

a land-warden old, that this earl belongs

to the better breed! So, borne aloft,

thy fame must fly, O friend my Beowulf,

far and wide o’er folksteads many. Firmly thou shalt all maintain,

mighty strength with mood of wisdom. Love of mine will I assure thee,

as, awhile ago, I promised; thou shalt prove a stay in future,

in far-off years, to folk of thine,

to the heroes a help. Was not Heremod thus

to offspring of Ecgwela, Honor-Scyldings,

nor grew for their grace, but for grisly slaughter,

for doom of death to the Danishmen.

He slew, wrath-swollen, his shoulder-comrades,

companions at board! So he passed alone,

chieftain haughty, from human cheer.

Though him the Maker with might endowed,

delights of power, and uplifted high

above all men, yet blood-fierce his mind,

his breast-hoard, grew, no bracelets gave he

to Danes as was due; he endured all joyless

strain of struggle and stress of woe,

long feud with his folk. Here find thy lesson!

Of virtue advise thee! This verse I have said for thee,

wise from lapsed winters. Wondrous seems

how to sons of men Almighty God

in the strength of His spirit sendeth wisdom,

estate, high station: He swayeth all things.

Whiles He letteth right lustily fare

the heart of the hero of high-born race, —

in seat ancestral assigns him bliss,

his folk’s sure fortress in fee to hold,

puts in his power great parts of the earth,

empire so ample, that end of it

this wanter-of-wisdom weeneth none.

So he waxes in wealth, nowise can harm him

illness or age; no evil cares

shadow his spirit; no sword-hate threatens

from ever an enemy: all the world

wends at his will, no worse he knoweth,

till all within him obstinate pride

waxes and wakes while the warden slumbers,

the spirit’s sentry; sleep is too fast

which masters his might, and the murderer nears,

stealthily shooting the shafts from his bow!

«UNDER harness his heart then is hit indeed

by sharpest shafts; and no shelter avails

from foul behest of the hellish fiend.

Him seems too little what long he possessed.

Greedy and grim, no golden rings

he gives for his pride; the promised future

forgets he and spurns, with all God has sent him,

Wonder-Wielder, of wealth and fame.

Yet in the end it ever comes

that the frame of the body fragile yields,

fated falls; and there follows another

who joyously the jewels divides,

the royal riches, nor recks of his forebear.

Ban, then, such baleful thoughts, Beowulf dearest,

best of men, and the better part choose,

profit eternal; and temper thy pride,

warrior famous! The flower of thy might

lasts now a while: but erelong it shall be

that sickness or sword thy strength shall minish,

or fang of fire, or flooding billow,

or bite of blade, or brandished spear,

or odious age; or the eyes’ clear beam

wax dull and darken: Death even thee

in haste shall o’erwhelm, thou hero of war!

So the Ring-Danes these half-years a hundred I ruled,

wielded «neath welkin, and warded them bravely

from mighty-ones many o’er middle-earth,

from spear and sword, till it seemed for me

no foe could be found under fold of the sky.

Lo, sudden the shift! To me seated secure

came grief for joy when Grendel began

to harry my home, the hellish foe;

for those ruthless raids, unresting I suffered

heart-sorrow heavy. Heaven be thanked,

Lord Eternal, for life extended

that I on this head all hewn and bloody,

after long evil, with eyes may gaze!

– Go to the bench now! Be glad at banquet,

warrior worthy! A wealth of treasure

at dawn of day, be dealt between us!»

Glad was the Geats’ lord, going betimes

to seek his seat, as the Sage commanded.

Afresh, as before, for the famed-in-battle,

for the band of the hall, was a banquet dight

nobly anew. The Night-Helm darkened

dusk o’er the drinkers. The doughty ones rose:

for the hoary-headed would hasten to rest,

aged Scylding; and eager the Geat,

shield-fighter sturdy, for sleeping yearned.

Him wander-weary, warrior-guest

from far, a hall-thane heralded forth,

who by custom courtly cared for all

needs of a thane as in those old days

warrior-wanderers wont to have.

So slumbered the stout-heart. Stately the hall

rose gabled and gilt where the guest slept on

till a raven black the rapture-of-heaven

blithe-heart boded. Bright came flying

shine after shadow. The swordsmen hastened,

athelings all were eager homeward

forth to fare; and far from thence

the great-hearted guest would guide his keel.

Bade then the hardy-one Hrunting be brought

to the son of Ecglaf, the sword bade him take,

excellent iron, and uttered his thanks for it,

quoth that he counted it keen in battle,

«war-friend» winsome: with words he slandered not

edge of the blade: «twas a big-hearted man!

Now eager for parting and armed at point

warriors waited, while went to his host

that Darling of Danes. The doughty atheling

to high-seat hastened and Hrothgar greeted.

Beowulf spake, bairn of Ecgtheow:—

«Lo, we seafarers say our will,

far-come men, that we fain would seek

Hygelac now. We here have found

hosts to our heart: thou hast harbored us well.

If ever on earth I am able to win me

more of thy love, O lord of men,

aught anew, than I now have done,

for work of war I am willing still!

If it come to me ever across the seas

that neighbor foemen annoy and fright thee, —

as they that hate thee erewhile have used, —

thousands then of thanes I shall bring,

heroes to help thee. Of Hygelac I know,

ward of his folk, that, though few his years,

the lord of the Geats will give me aid

by word and by work, that well I may serve thee,

wielding the war-wood to win thy triumph

and lending thee might when thou lackest men.

If thy Hrethric should come to court of Geats,

a sovran’s son, he will surely there

find his friends. A far-off land

each man should visit who vaunts him brave.»

Him then answering, Hrothgar spake:—

«These words of thine the wisest God

sent to thy soul! No sager counsel

from so young in years e’er yet have I heard.

Thou art strong of main and in mind art wary,

art wise in words! I ween indeed

if ever it hap that Hrethel’s heir

by spear be seized, by sword-grim battle,

by illness or iron, thine elder and lord,

people’s leader, – and life be thine, —

no seemlier man will the Sea-Geats find

at all to choose for their chief and king,

for hoard-guard of heroes, if hold thou wilt

thy kinsman’s kingdom! Thy keen mind pleases me

the longer the better, Beowulf loved!

Thou hast brought it about that both our peoples,

sons of the Geat and Spear-Dane folk,

shall have mutual peace, and from murderous strife,

such as once they waged, from war refrain.

Long as I rule this realm so wide,

let our hoards be common, let heroes with gold

each other greet o’er the gannet’s-bath,

and the ringed-prow bear o’er rolling waves

tokens of love. I trow my landfolk

towards friend and foe are firmly joined,

and honor they keep in the olden way.»

To him in the hall, then, Healfdene’s son

gave treasures twelve, and the trust-of-earls

bade him fare with the gifts to his folk beloved,

hale to his home, and in haste return.

Then kissed the king of kin renowned,

Scyldings’ chieftain, that choicest thane,

and fell on his neck. Fast flowed the tears

of the hoary-headed. Heavy with winters,

he had chances twain, but he clung to this, —

that each should look on the other again,

and hear him in hall. Was this hero so dear to him.

his breast’s wild billows he banned in vain;

safe in his soul a secret longing,

locked in his mind, for that loved man

burned in his blood. Then Beowulf strode,

glad of his gold-gifts, the grass-plot o’er,

warrior blithe. The wave-roamer bode

riding at anchor, its owner awaiting.

As they hastened onward, Hrothgar’s gift

they lauded at length. – «Twas a lord unpeered,

every way blameless, till age had broken

it spareth no mortal – his splendid might.

Came now to ocean the ever-courageous

hardy henchmen, their harness bearing,

woven war-sarks. The warden marked,

trusty as ever, the earl’s return.

From the height of the hill no hostile words

reached the guests as he rode to greet them;

but «Welcome!» he called to that Weder clan

as the sheen-mailed spoilers to ship marched on.

Then on the strand, with steeds and treasure

and armor their roomy and ring-dight ship

was heavily laden: high its mast

rose over Hrothgar’s hoarded gems.

A sword to the boat-guard Beowulf gave,

mounted with gold; on the mead-bench since

he was better esteemed, that blade possessing,

heirloom old. – Their ocean-keel boarding,

they drove through the deep, and Daneland left.

A sea-cloth was set, a sail with ropes,

firm to the mast; the flood-timbers moaned;

nor did wind over billows that wave-swimmer blow

across from her course. The craft sped on,

foam-necked it floated forth o’er the waves,

keel firm-bound over briny currents,

till they got them sight of the Geatish cliffs,

home-known headlands. High the boat,

stirred by winds, on the strand updrove.

Helpful at haven the harbor-guard stood,

who long already for loved companions

by the water had waited and watched afar.

He bound to the beach the broad-bosomed ship

with anchor-bands, lest ocean-billows

that trusty timber should tear away.

Then Beowulf bade them bear the treasure,

gold and jewels; no journey far

was it thence to go to the giver of rings,

Hygelac Hrethling: at home he dwelt

by the sea-wall close, himself and clan.

Haughty that house, a hero the king,

high the hall, and Hygd right young,

wise and wary, though winters few

in those fortress walls she had found a home,

Haereth’s daughter. Nor humble her ways,

nor grudged she gifts to the Geatish men,

of precious treasure. Not Thryth’s pride showed she,

folk-queen famed, or that fell deceit.

Was none so daring that durst make bold

(save her lord alone) of the liegemen dear

that lady full in the face to look,

but forged fetters he found his lot,

bonds of death! And brief the respite;

soon as they seized him, his sword-doom was spoken,

and the burnished blade a baleful murder

proclaimed and closed. No queenly way

for woman to practise, though peerless she,

that the weaver-of-peace from warrior dear

by wrath and lying his life should reave!

But Hemming’s kinsman hindered this. —

For over their ale men also told

that of these folk-horrors fewer she wrought,

onslaughts of evil, after she went,

gold-decked bride, to the brave young prince,

atheling haughty, and Offa’s hall

o’er the fallow flood at her father’s bidding

safely sought, where since she prospered,

royal, throned, rich in goods,

fain of the fair life fate had sent her,

and leal in love to the lord of warriors.

He, of all heroes I heard of ever

from sea to sea, of the sons of earth,

most excellent seemed. Hence Offa was praised

for his fighting and feeing by far-off men,

the spear-bold warrior; wisely he ruled

over his empire. Eomer woke to him,

help of heroes, Hemming’s kinsman,

Grandson of Garmund, grim in war.

Hastened the hardy one, henchmen with him,

sandy strand of the sea to tread

and widespread ways. The world’s great candle,

sun shone from south. They strode along

with sturdy steps to the spot they knew

where the battle-king young, his burg within,

slayer of Ongentheow, shared the rings,

shelter-of-heroes. To Hygelac

Beowulf’s coming was quickly told, —

that there in the court the clansmen’s refuge,

the shield-companion sound and alive,

hale from the hero-play homeward strode.

With haste in the hall, by highest order,

room for the rovers was readily made.

By his sovran he sat, come safe from battle,

kinsman by kinsman. His kindly lord

he first had greeted in gracious form,

with manly words. The mead dispensing,

came through the high hall Haereth’s daughter,

winsome to warriors, wine-cup bore

to the hands of the heroes. Hygelac then

his comrade fairly with question plied

in the lofty hall, sore longing to know

what manner of sojourn the Sea-Geats made.

«What came of thy quest, my kinsman Beowulf,

when thy yearnings suddenly swept thee yonder

battle to seek o’er the briny sea,

combat in Heorot? Hrothgar couldst thou

aid at all, the honored chief,

in his wide-known woes? With waves of care

my sad heart seethed; I sore mistrusted

my loved one’s venture: long I begged thee

by no means to seek that slaughtering monster,

but suffer the South-Danes to settle their feud

themselves with Grendel. Now God be thanked

that safe and sound I can see thee now!»

Beowulf spake, the bairn of Ecgtheow:—

««Tis known and unhidden, Hygelac Lord,

to many men, that meeting of ours,

struggle grim between Grendel and me,

which we fought on the field where full too many

sorrows he wrought for the Scylding-Victors,

evils unending. These all I avenged.

No boast can be from breed of Grendel,

any on earth, for that uproar at dawn,

from the longest-lived of the loathsome race

in fleshly fold! – But first I went

Hrothgar to greet in the hall of gifts,

where Healfdene’s kinsman high-renowned,

soon as my purpose was plain to him,

assigned me a seat by his son and heir.

The liegemen were lusty; my life-days never

such merry men over mead in hall

have I heard under heaven! The high-born queen,

people’s peace-bringer, passed through the hall,

cheered the young clansmen, clasps of gold,

ere she sought her seat, to sundry gave.

Oft to the heroes Hrothgar’s daughter,

to earls in turn, the ale-cup tendered, —

she whom I heard these hall-companions

Freawaru name, when fretted gold

she proffered the warriors. Promised is she,

gold-decked maid, to the glad son of Froda.

Sage this seems to the Scylding’s-friend,

kingdom’s-keeper: he counts it wise

the woman to wed so and ward off feud,

store of slaughter. But seldom ever

when men are slain, does the murder-spear sink

but briefest while, though the bride be fair!

«Nor haply will like it the Heathobard lord,

and as little each of his liegemen all,

when a thane of the Danes, in that doughty throng,

goes with the lady along their hall,

and on him the old-time heirlooms glisten

hard and ring-decked, Heathobard’s treasure,

weapons that once they wielded fair

until they lost at the linden-play

liegeman leal and their lives as well.

Then, over the ale, on this heirloom gazing,

some ash-wielder old who has all in mind

that spear-death of men, – he is stern of mood,

heavy at heart, – in the hero young

tests the temper and tries the soul

and war-hate wakens, with words like these:—

Canst thou not, comrade, ken that sword

which to the fray thy father carried

in his final feud, «neath the fighting-mask,

dearest of blades, when the Danish slew him

and wielded the war-place on Withergild’s fall,

after havoc of heroes, those hardy Scyldings?

Now, the son of a certain slaughtering Dane,

proud of his treasure, paces this hall,

joys in the killing, and carries the jewel

that rightfully ought to be owned by thee!

Thus he urges and eggs him all the time

with keenest words, till occasion offers

that Freawaru’s thane, for his father’s deed,

after bite of brand in his blood must slumber,

losing his life; but that liegeman flies

living away, for the land he kens.

And thus be broken on both their sides

oaths of the earls, when Ingeld’s breast

wells with war-hate, and wife-love now

after the care-billows cooler grows.

«So I hold not high the Heathobards’ faith

due to the Danes, or their during love

and pact of peace. – But I pass from that,

turning to Grendel, O giver-of-treasure,

and saying in full how the fight resulted,

hand-fray of heroes. When heaven’s jewel

had fled o’er far fields, that fierce sprite came,

night-foe savage, to seek us out

where safe and sound we sentried the hall.

To Hondscio then was that harassing deadly,

his fall there was fated. He first was slain,

girded warrior. Grendel on him

turned murderous mouth, on our mighty kinsman,

and all of the brave man’s body devoured.

Yet none the earlier, empty-handed,

would the bloody-toothed murderer, mindful of bale,

outward go from the gold-decked hall:

but me he attacked in his terror of might,

with greedy hand grasped me. A glove hung by him

wide and wondrous, wound with bands;

and in artful wise it all was wrought,

by devilish craft, of dragon-skins.

Me therein, an innocent man,

the fiendish foe was fain to thrust

with many another. He might not so,

when I all angrily upright stood.

«Twere long to relate how that land-destroyer

I paid in kind for his cruel deeds;

yet there, my prince, this people of thine

got fame by my fighting. He fled away,

and a little space his life preserved;

but there staid behind him his stronger hand

left in Heorot; heartsick thence

on the floor of the ocean that outcast fell.

Me for this struggle the Scyldings’-friend

paid in plenty with plates of gold,

with many a treasure, when morn had come

and we all at the banquet-board sat down.

Then was song and glee. The gray-haired Scylding,

much tested, told of the times of yore.

Whiles the hero his harp bestirred,

wood-of-delight; now lays he chanted

of sooth and sadness, or said aright

legends of wonder, the wide-hearted king;

or for years of his youth he would yearn at times,

for strength of old struggles, now stricken with age,

hoary hero: his heart surged full

when, wise with winters, he wailed their flight.

Thus in the hall the whole of that day

at ease we feasted, till fell o’er earth

another night. Anon full ready

in greed of vengeance, Grendel’s mother

set forth all doleful. Dead was her son

through war-hate of Weders; now, woman monstrous

with fury fell a foeman she slew,

avenged her offspring. From Aeschere old,

loyal councillor, life was gone;

nor might they e’en, when morning broke,

those Danish people, their death-done comrade

burn with brands, on balefire lay

the man they mourned. Under mountain stream

she had carried the corpse with cruel hands.

For Hrothgar that was the heaviest sorrow

of all that had laden the lord of his folk.

The leader then, by thy life, besought me

(sad was his soul) in the sea-waves’ coil

to play the hero and hazard my being

for glory of prowess: my guerdon he pledged.

I then in the waters – «tis widely known —

that sea-floor-guardian savage found.

Hand-to-hand there a while we struggled;

billows welled blood; in the briny hall

her head I hewed with a hardy blade

from Grendel’s mother, – and gained my life,

though not without danger. My doom was not yet.

Then the haven-of-heroes, Healfdene’s son,

gave me in guerdon great gifts of price.

«So held this king to the customs old,

that I wanted for nought in the wage I gained,

the meed of my might; he made me gifts,

Healfdene’s heir, for my own disposal.

Now to thee, my prince, I proffer them all,

gladly give them. Thy grace alone

can find me favor. Few indeed

have I of kinsmen, save, Hygelac, thee!»

Then he bade them bear him the boar-head standard,

the battle-helm high, and breastplate gray,

the splendid sword; then spake in form:—

«Me this war-gear the wise old prince,

Hrothgar, gave, and his hest he added,

that its story be straightway said to thee. —

A while it was held by Heorogar king,

for long time lord of the land of Scyldings;

yet not to his son the sovran left it,

to daring Heoroweard, – dear as he was to him,

his harness of battle. – Well hold thou it all!»

And I heard that soon passed o’er the path of this treasure,

all apple-fallow, four good steeds,

each like the others, arms and horses

he gave to the king. So should kinsmen be,

not weave one another the net of wiles,

or with deep-hid treachery death contrive

for neighbor and comrade. His nephew was ever

by hardy Hygelac held full dear,

and each kept watch o’er the other’s weal.

I heard, too, the necklace to Hygd he presented,

wonder-wrought treasure, which Wealhtheow gave him

sovran’s daughter: three steeds he added,

slender and saddle-gay. Since such gift

the gem gleamed bright on the breast of the queen.

Thus showed his strain the son of Ecgtheow

as a man remarked for mighty deeds

and acts of honor. At ale he slew not

comrade or kin; nor cruel his mood,

though of sons of earth his strength was greatest,

a glorious gift that God had sent

the splendid leader. Long was he spurned,

and worthless by Geatish warriors held;

him at mead the master-of-clans

failed full oft to favor at all.

Slack and shiftless the strong men deemed him,

profitless prince; but payment came,

to the warrior honored, for all his woes. —

Then the bulwark-of-earls bade bring within,

hardy chieftain, Hrethel’s heirloom

garnished with gold: no Geat e’er knew

in shape of a sword a statelier prize.

The brand he laid in Beowulf’s lap;

and of hides assigned him seven thousand,

with house and high-seat. They held in common

land alike by their line of birth,

inheritance, home: but higher the king

because of his rule o’er the realm itself.

Now further it fell with the flight of years,

with harryings horrid, that Hygelac perished,

and Heardred, too, by hewing of swords

under the shield-wall slaughtered lay,

when him at the van of his victor-folk

sought hardy heroes, Heatho-Scilfings,

in arms o’erwhelming Hereric’s nephew.

Then Beowulf came as king this broad

realm to wield; and he ruled it well

fifty winters, a wise old prince,

warding his land, until One began

in the dark of night, a Dragon, to rage.

In the grave on the hill a hoard it guarded,

in the stone-barrow steep. A strait path reached it,

unknown to mortals. Some man, however,

came by chance that cave within

to the heathen hoard. In hand he took

a golden goblet, nor gave he it back,

stole with it away, while the watcher slept,

by thievish wiles: for the warden’s wrath

prince and people must pay betimes!

Thatway he went with no will of his own,

in danger of life, to the dragon’s hoard,

but for pressure of peril, some prince’s thane.

He fled in fear the fatal scourge,

seeking shelter, a sinful man,

and entered in. At the awful sight

tottered that guest, and terror seized him;

yet the wretched fugitive rallied anon

from fright and fear ere he fled away,

and took the cup from that treasure-hoard.

Of such besides there was store enough,

heirlooms old, the earth below,

which some earl forgotten, in ancient years,

left the last of his lofty race,

heedfully there had hidden away,

dearest treasure. For death of yore

had hurried all hence; and he alone

left to live, the last of the clan,

weeping his friends, yet wished to bide

warding the treasure, his one delight,

though brief his respite. The barrow, new-ready,

to strand and sea-waves stood anear,

hard by the headland, hidden and closed;

there laid within it his lordly heirlooms

and heaped hoard of heavy gold

that warden of rings. Few words he spake:

«Now hold thou, earth, since heroes may not,

what earls have owned! Lo, erst from thee

brave men brought it! But battle-death seized

and cruel killing my clansmen all,

robbed them of life and a liegeman’s joys.

None have I left to lift the sword,

or to cleanse the carven cup of price,

beaker bright. My brave are gone.

And the helmet hard, all haughty with gold,

shall part from its plating. Polishers sleep

who could brighten and burnish the battle-mask;

and those weeds of war that were wont to brave

over bicker of shields the bite of steel

rust with their bearer. The ringed mail

fares not far with famous chieftain,

at side of hero! No harp’s delight,

no glee-wood’s gladness! No good hawk now

flies through the hall! Nor horses fleet

stamp in the burgstead! Battle and death

the flower of my race have reft away.»

Mournful of mood, thus he moaned his woe,

alone, for them all, and unblithe wept

by day and by night, till death’s fell wave

o’erwhelmed his heart. His hoard-of-bliss

that old ill-doer open found,

who, blazing at twilight the barrows haunteth,

naked foe-dragon flying by night

folded in fire: the folk of earth

dread him sore. «Tis his doom to seek

hoard in the graves, and heathen gold

to watch, many-wintered: nor wins he thereby!

Powerful this plague-of-the-people thus

held the house of the hoard in earth

three hundred winters; till One aroused

wrath in his breast, to the ruler bearing

that costly cup, and the king implored

for bond of peace. So the barrow was plundered,

borne off was booty. His boon was granted

that wretched man; and his ruler saw

first time what was fashioned in far-off days.

When the dragon awoke, new woe was kindled.

O’er the stone he snuffed. The stark-heart found

footprint of foe who so far had gone

in his hidden craft by the creature’s head. —

So may the undoomed easily flee

evils and exile, if only he gain

the grace of The Wielder! – That warden of gold

o’er the ground went seeking, greedy to find

the man who wrought him such wrong in sleep.

Savage and burning, the barrow he circled

all without; nor was any there,

none in the waste… Yet war he desired,

was eager for battle. The barrow he entered,

sought the cup, and discovered soon

that some one of mortals had searched his treasure,

his lordly gold. The guardian waited

ill-enduring till evening came;

boiling with wrath was the barrow’s keeper,

and fain with flame the foe to pay

for the dear cup’s loss. – Now day was fled

as the worm had wished. By its wall no more

was it glad to bide, but burning flew

folded in flame: a fearful beginning

for sons of the soil; and soon it came,

in the doom of their lord, to a dreadful end.

THEN the baleful fiend its fire belched out,

and bright homes burned. The blaze stood high

all landsfolk frighting. No living thing

would that loathly one leave as aloft it flew.

Wide was the dragon’s warring seen,

its fiendish fury far and near,

as the grim destroyer those Geatish people

hated and hounded. To hidden lair,

to its hoard it hastened at hint of dawn.

Folk of the land it had lapped in flame,

with bale and brand. In its barrow it trusted,

its battling and bulwarks: that boast was vain!

To Beowulf then the bale was told

quickly and truly: the king’s own home,

of buildings the best, in brand-waves melted,

that gift-throne of Geats. To the good old man

sad in heart, «twas heaviest sorrow.

The sage assumed that his sovran God

he had angered, breaking ancient law,

and embittered the Lord. His breast within

with black thoughts welled, as his wont was never.

The folk’s own fastness that fiery dragon

with flame had destroyed, and the stronghold all

washed by waves; but the warlike king,

prince of the Weders, plotted vengeance.

Warriors’-bulwark, he bade them work

all of iron – the earl’s commander —

a war-shield wondrous: well he knew

that forest-wood against fire were worthless,

linden could aid not. – Atheling brave,

he was fated to finish this fleeting life,

his days on earth, and the dragon with him,

though long it had watched o’er the wealth of the hoard! —

Shame he reckoned it, sharer-of-rings,

to follow the flyer-afar with a host,

a broad-flung band; nor the battle feared he,

nor deemed he dreadful the dragon’s warring,

its vigor and valor: ventures desperate

he had passed a-plenty, and perils of war,

contest-crash, since, conqueror proud,

Hrothgar’s hall he had wholly purged,

and in grapple had killed the kin of Grendel,

loathsome breed! Not least was that

of hand-to-hand fights where Hygelac fell,

when the ruler of Geats in rush of battle,

lord of his folk, in the Frisian land,

son of Hrethel, by sword-draughts died,

by brands down-beaten. Thence Beowulf fled

through strength of himself and his swimming power,

though alone, and his arms were laden with thirty

coats of mail, when he came to the sea!

Nor yet might Hetwaras haughtily boast

their craft of contest, who carried against him

shields to the fight: but few escaped

from strife with the hero to seek their homes!

Then swam over ocean Ecgtheow’s son

lonely and sorrowful, seeking his land,

where Hygd made him offer of hoard and realm,

rings and royal-seat, reckoning naught

the strength of her son to save their kingdom

from hostile hordes, after Hygelac’s death.

No sooner for this could the stricken ones

in any wise move that atheling’s mind

over young Heardred’s head as lord

and ruler of all the realm to be:

yet the hero upheld him with helpful words,

aided in honor, till, older grown,

he wielded the Weder-Geats. – Wandering exiles

sought him o’er seas, the sons of Ohtere,

who had spurned the sway of the Scylfings’-helmet,

the bravest and best that broke the rings,

in Swedish land, of the sea-kings’ line,

haughty hero. Hence Heardred’s end.

For shelter he gave them, sword-death came,

the blade’s fell blow, to bairn of Hygelac;

but the son of Ongentheow sought again

house and home when Heardred fell,

leaving Beowulf lord of Geats

and gift-seat’s master. – A good king he!

THE fall of his lord he was fain to requite

in after days; and to Eadgils he proved

friend to the friendless, and forces sent

over the sea to the son of Ohtere,

weapons and warriors: well repaid he

those care-paths cold when the king he slew.

Thus safe through struggles the son of Ecgtheow

had passed a plenty, through perils dire,

with daring deeds, till this day was come

that doomed him now with the dragon to strive.

With comrades eleven the lord of Geats

swollen in rage went seeking the dragon.

He had heard whence all the harm arose

and the killing of clansmen; that cup of price

on the lap of the lord had been laid by the finder.

In the throng was this one thirteenth man,

starter of all the strife and ill,

care-laden captive; cringing thence

forced and reluctant, he led them on

till he came in ken of that cavern-hall,

the barrow delved near billowy surges,

flood of ocean. Within «twas full

of wire-gold and jewels; a jealous warden,

warrior trusty, the treasures held,

lurked in his lair. Not light the task

of entrance for any of earth-born men!

Sat on the headland the hero king,

spake words of hail to his hearth-companions,

gold-friend of Geats. All gloomy his soul,

wavering, death-bound. Wyrd full nigh

stood ready to greet the gray-haired man,

to seize his soul-hoard, sunder apart

life and body. Not long would be

the warrior’s spirit enwound with flesh.

Beowulf spake, the bairn of Ecgtheow:—

«Through store of struggles I strove in youth,

mighty feuds; I mind them all.

I was seven years old when the sovran of rings,

friend-of-his-folk, from my father took me,

had me, and held me, Hrethel the king,

with food and fee, faithful in kinship.

Ne’er, while I lived there, he loathlier found me,

bairn in the burg, than his birthright sons,

Herebeald and Haethcyn and Hygelac mine.

For the eldest of these, by unmeet chance,

by kinsman’s deed, was the death-bed strewn,

when Haethcyn killed him with horny bow,

his own dear liege laid low with an arrow,

missed the mark and his mate shot down,

one brother the other, with bloody shaft.

A feeless fight, and a fearful sin,

horror to Hrethel; yet, hard as it was,

unavenged must the atheling die!

Too awful it is for an aged man

to bide and bear, that his bairn so young

rides on the gallows. A rime he makes,

sorrow-song for his son there hanging

as rapture of ravens; no rescue now

can come from the old, disabled man!

Still is he minded, as morning breaks,

of the heir gone elsewhere; another he hopes not

he will bide to see his burg within

as ward for his wealth, now the one has found

doom of death that the deed incurred.

Forlorn he looks on the lodge of his son,

wine-hall waste and wind-swept chambers

reft of revel. The rider sleepeth,

the hero, far-hidden; no harp resounds,

in the courts no wassail, as once was heard.

«THEN he goes to his chamber, a grief-song chants

alone for his lost. Too large all seems,

homestead and house. So the helmet-of-Weders

hid in his heart for Herebeald

waves of woe. No way could he take

to avenge on the slayer slaughter so foul;

nor e’en could he harass that hero at all

with loathing deed, though he loved him not.

And so for the sorrow his soul endured,

men’s gladness he gave up and God’s light chose.

Lands and cities he left his sons

(as the wealthy do) when he went from earth.

There was strife and struggle «twixt Swede and Geat

o’er the width of waters; war arose,

hard battle-horror, when Hrethel died,

and Ongentheow’s offspring grew

strife-keen, bold, nor brooked o’er the seas

pact of peace, but pushed their hosts

to harass in hatred by Hreosnabeorh.

Men of my folk for that feud had vengeance,

for woful war («tis widely known),

though one of them bought it with blood of his heart,

a bargain hard: for Haethcyn proved

fatal that fray, for the first-of-Geats.

At morn, I heard, was the murderer killed

by kinsman for kinsman, with clash of sword,

when Ongentheow met Eofor there.

Wide split the war-helm: wan he fell,

hoary Scylfing; the hand that smote him

of feud was mindful, nor flinched from the death-blow.

– «For all that he gave me, my gleaming sword

repaid him at war, – such power I wielded, —

for lordly treasure: with land he entrusted me,

homestead and house. He had no need

from Swedish realm, or from Spear-Dane folk,

or from men of the Gifths, to get him help, —

some warrior worse for wage to buy!

Ever I fought in the front of all,

sole to the fore; and so shall I fight

while I bide in life and this blade shall last

that early and late hath loyal proved

since for my doughtiness Daeghrefn fell,

slain by my hand, the Hugas’ champion.

Nor fared he thence to the Frisian king

with the booty back, and breast-adornments;

but, slain in struggle, that standard-bearer

fell, atheling brave. Not with blade was he slain,

but his bones were broken by brawny gripe,

his heart-waves stilled. – The sword-edge now,

hard blade and my hand, for the hoard shall strive.»

Beowulf spake, and a battle-vow made

his last of all: «I have lived through many

wars in my youth; now once again,

old folk-defender, feud will I seek,

do doughty deeds, if the dark destroyer

forth from his cavern come to fight me!»

Then hailed he the helmeted heroes all,

for the last time greeting his liegemen dear,

comrades of war: «I should carry no weapon,

no sword to the serpent, if sure I knew

how, with such enemy, else my vows

I could gain as I did in Grendel’s day.

But fire in this fight I must fear me now,

and poisonous breath; so I bring with me

breastplate and board. From the barrow’s keeper

no footbreadth flee I. One fight shall end

our war by the wall, as Wyrd allots,

all mankind’s master. My mood is bold

but forbears to boast o’er this battling-flyer.

– Now abide by the barrow, ye breastplate-mailed,

ye heroes in harness, which of us twain

better from battle-rush bear his wounds.

Wait ye the finish. The fight is not yours,

nor meet for any but me alone

to measure might with this monster here

and play the hero. Hardily I

shall win that wealth, or war shall seize,

cruel killing, your king and lord!»

Up stood then with shield the sturdy champion,

stayed by the strength of his single manhood,

and hardy «neath helmet his harness bore

under cleft of the cliffs: no coward’s path!

Soon spied by the wall that warrior chief,

survivor of many a victory-field

where foemen fought with furious clashings,

an arch of stone; and within, a stream

that broke from the barrow. The brooklet’s wave

was hot with fire. The hoard that way

he never could hope unharmed to near,

or endure those deeps, for the dragon’s flame.

Then let from his breast, for he burst with rage,

the Weder-Geat prince a word outgo;

stormed the stark-heart; stern went ringing

and clear his cry «neath the cliff-rocks gray.

The hoard-guard heard a human voice;

his rage was enkindled. No respite now

for pact of peace! The poison-breath

of that foul worm first came forth from the cave,

hot reek-of-fight: the rocks resounded.

Stout by the stone-way his shield he raised,

lord of the Geats, against the loathed-one;

while with courage keen that coiled foe

came seeking strife. The sturdy king

had drawn his sword, not dull of edge,

heirloom old; and each of the two

felt fear of his foe, though fierce their mood.

Stoutly stood with his shield high-raised

the warrior king, as the worm now coiled

together amain: the mailed-one waited.

Now, spire by spire, fast sped and glided

that blazing serpent. The shield protected,

soul and body a shorter while

for the hero-king than his heart desired,

could his will have wielded the welcome respite

but once in his life! But Wyrd denied it,

and victory’s honors. – His arm he lifted

lord of the Geats, the grim foe smote

with atheling’s heirloom. Its edge was turned

brown blade, on the bone, and bit more feebly

than its noble master had need of then

in his baleful stress. – Then the barrow’s keeper

waxed full wild for that weighty blow,

cast deadly flames; wide drove and far

those vicious fires. No victor’s glory

the Geats’ lord boasted; his brand had failed,

naked in battle, as never it should,

excellent iron! – «Twas no easy path

that Ecgtheow’s honored heir must tread

over the plain to the place of the foe;

for against his will he must win a home

elsewhere far, as must all men, leaving

this lapsing life! – Not long it was

ere those champions grimly closed again.

The hoard-guard was heartened; high heaved his breast

once more; and by peril was pressed again,

enfolded in flames, the folk-commander!

Nor yet about him his band of comrades,

sons of athelings, armed stood

with warlike front: to the woods they bent them,

their lives to save. But the soul of one

with care was cumbered. Kinship true

can never be marred in a noble mind!

WIGLAF his name was, Weohstan’s son,

linden-thane loved, the lord of Scylfings,

Aelfhere’s kinsman. His king he now saw

with heat under helmet hard oppressed.

He minded the prizes his prince had given him,

wealthy seat of the Waegmunding line,

and folk-rights that his father owned

Not long he lingered. The linden yellow,

his shield, he seized; the old sword he drew: —

as heirloom of Eanmund earth-dwellers knew it,

who was slain by the sword-edge, son of Ohtere,

friendless exile, erst in fray

killed by Weohstan, who won for his kin

brown-bright helmet, breastplate ringed,

old sword of Eotens, Onela’s gift,

weeds of war of the warrior-thane,

battle-gear brave: though a brother’s child

had been felled, the feud was unfelt by Onela.

For winters this war-gear Weohstan kept,

breastplate and board, till his bairn had grown

earlship to earn as the old sire did:

then he gave him, mid Geats, the gear of battle,

portion huge, when he passed from life,

fared aged forth. For the first time now

with his leader-lord the liegeman young

was bidden to share the shock of battle.

Neither softened his soul, nor the sire’s bequest

weakened in war. So the worm found out

when once in fight the foes had met!

Wiglaf spake, – and his words were sage;

sad in spirit, he said to his comrades:—

«I remember the time, when mead we took,

what promise we made to this prince of ours

in the banquet-hall, to our breaker-of-rings,

for gear of combat to give him requital,

for hard-sword and helmet, if hap should bring

stress of this sort! Himself who chose us

from all his army to aid him now,

urged us to glory, and gave these treasures,

because he counted us keen with the spear

and hardy «neath helm, though this hero-work

our leader hoped unhelped and alone

to finish for us, – folk-defender

who hath got him glory greater than all men

for daring deeds! Now the day is come

that our noble master has need of the might

of warriors stout. Let us stride along

the hero to help while the heat is about him

glowing and grim! For God is my witness

I am far more fain the fire should seize

along with my lord these limbs of mine!

Unsuiting it seems our shields to bear

homeward hence, save here we essay

to fell the foe and defend the life

of the Weders’ lord. I wot «twere shame

on the law of our land if alone the king

out of Geatish warriors woe endured

and sank in the struggle! My sword and helmet,

breastplate and board, for us both shall serve!»

Through slaughter-reek strode he to succor his chieftain,

his battle-helm bore, and brief words spake:—

«Beowulf dearest, do all bravely,

as in youthful days of yore thou vowedst

that while life should last thou wouldst let no wise

thy glory droop! Now, great in deeds,

atheling steadfast, with all thy strength

shield thy life! I will stand to help thee.»

At the words the worm came once again,

murderous monster mad with rage,

with fire-billows flaming, its foes to seek,

the hated men. In heat-waves burned

that board to the boss, and the breastplate failed

to shelter at all the spear-thane young.

Yet quickly under his kinsman’s shield

went eager the earl, since his own was now

all burned by the blaze. The bold king again

had mind of his glory: with might his glaive

was driven into the dragon’s head, —

blow nerved by hate. But Naegling was shivered,

broken in battle was Beowulf’s sword,

old and gray. «Twas granted him not

that ever the edge of iron at all

could help him at strife: too strong was his hand,

so the tale is told, and he tried too far

with strength of stroke all swords he wielded,

though sturdy their steel: they steaded him nought.

Then for the third time thought on its feud

that folk-destroyer, fire-dread dragon,

and rushed on the hero, where room allowed,

battle-grim, burning; its bitter teeth

closed on his neck, and covered him

with waves of blood from his breast that welled.

«Twas now, men say, in his sovran’s need

that the earl made known his noble strain,

craft and keenness and courage enduring.

Heedless of harm, though his hand was burned,

hardy-hearted, he helped his kinsman.

A little lower the loathsome beast

he smote with sword; his steel drove in

bright and burnished; that blaze began

to lose and lessen. At last the king

wielded his wits again, war-knife drew,

a biting blade by his breastplate hanging,

and the Weders’-helm smote that worm asunder,

felled the foe, flung forth its life.

So had they killed it, kinsmen both,

athelings twain: thus an earl should be

in danger’s day! – Of deeds of valor

this conqueror’s-hour of the king was last,

of his work in the world. The wound began,

which that dragon-of-earth had erst inflicted,

to swell and smart; and soon he found

in his breast was boiling, baleful and deep,

pain of poison. The prince walked on,

wise in his thought, to the wall of rock;

then sat, and stared at the structure of giants,

where arch of stone and steadfast column

upheld forever that hall in earth.

Yet here must the hand of the henchman peerless

lave with water his winsome lord,

the king and conqueror covered with blood,

with struggle spent, and unspan his helmet.

Beowulf spake in spite of his hurt,

his mortal wound; full well he knew

his portion now was past and gone

of earthly bliss, and all had fled

of his file of days, and death was near:

«I would fain bestow on son of mine

this gear of war, were given me now

that any heir should after me come

of my proper blood. This people I ruled

fifty winters. No folk-king was there,

none at all, of the neighboring clans

who war would wage me with «warriors’-friends’

and threat me with horrors. At home I bided

what fate might come, and I cared for mine own;

feuds I sought not, nor falsely swore

ever on oath. For all these things,

though fatally wounded, fain am I!

From the Ruler-of-Man no wrath shall seize me,

when life from my frame must flee away,

for killing of kinsmen! Now quickly go

and gaze on that hoard «neath the hoary rock,

Wiglaf loved, now the worm lies low,

sleeps, heart-sore, of his spoil bereaved.

And fare in haste. I would fain behold

the gorgeous heirlooms, golden store,

have joy in the jewels and gems, lay down

softlier for sight of this splendid hoard

my life and the lordship I long have held.»

I have heard that swiftly the son of Weohstan

at wish and word of his wounded king, —

war-sick warrior, – woven mail-coat,

battle-sark, bore «neath the barrow’s roof.

Then the clansman keen, of conquest proud,

passing the seat, saw store of jewels

and glistening gold the ground along;

by the wall were marvels, and many a vessel

in the den of the dragon, the dawn-flier old:

unburnished bowls of bygone men

reft of richness; rusty helms

of the olden age; and arm-rings many

wondrously woven. – Such wealth of gold,

booty from barrow, can burden with pride

each human wight: let him hide it who will! —

His glance too fell on a gold-wove banner

high o’er the hoard, of handiwork noblest,

brilliantly broidered; so bright its gleam,

all the earth-floor he easily saw

and viewed all these vessels. No vestige now

was seen of the serpent: the sword had ta’en him.

Then, I heard, the hill of its hoard was reft,

old work of giants, by one alone;

he burdened his bosom with beakers and plate

at his own good will, and the ensign took,

brightest of beacons. – The blade of his lord

– its edge was iron – had injured deep

one that guarded the golden hoard

many a year and its murder-fire

spread hot round the barrow in horror-billows

at midnight hour, till it met its doom.

Hasted the herald, the hoard so spurred him

his track to retrace; he was troubled by doubt,

high-souled hero, if haply he’d find

alive, where he left him, the lord of Weders,

weakening fast by the wall of the cave.

So he carried the load. His lord and king

he found all bleeding, famous chief

at the lapse of life. The liegeman again

plashed him with water, till point of word

broke through the breast-hoard. Beowulf spake,

sage and sad, as he stared at the gold. —

«For the gold and treasure, to God my thanks,

to the Wielder-of-Wonders, with words I say,

for what I behold, to Heaven’s Lord,

for the grace that I give such gifts to my folk

or ever the day of my death be run!

Now I’ve bartered here for booty of treasure

the last of my life, so look ye well

to the needs of my land! No longer I tarry.

A barrow bid ye the battle-fanned raise

for my ashes. «Twill shine by the shore of the flood,

to folk of mine memorial fair

on Hrones Headland high uplifted,

that ocean-wanderers oft may hail

Beowulf’s Barrow, as back from far

they drive their keels o’er the darkling wave.»

From his neck he unclasped the collar of gold,

valorous king, to his vassal gave it

with bright-gold helmet, breastplate, and ring,

to the youthful thane: bade him use them in joy.

«Thou art end and remnant of all our race

the Waegmunding name. For Wyrd hath swept them,

all my line, to the land of doom,

earls in their glory: I after them go.»

This word was the last which the wise old man

harbored in heart ere hot death-waves

of balefire he chose. From his bosom fled

his soul to seek the saints’ reward.

IT was heavy hap for that hero young

on his lord beloved to look and find him

lying on earth with life at end,

sorrowful sight. But the slayer too,

awful earth-dragon, empty of breath,

lay felled in fight, nor, fain of its treasure,

could the writhing monster rule it more.

For edges of iron had ended its days,

hard and battle-sharp, hammers’ leaving;

and that flier-afar had fallen to ground

hushed by its hurt, its hoard all near,

no longer lusty aloft to whirl

at midnight, making its merriment seen,

proud of its prizes: prone it sank

by the handiwork of the hero-king.

Forsooth among folk but few achieve,

– though sturdy and strong, as stories tell me,

and never so daring in deed of valor, —

the perilous breath of a poison-foe

to brave, and to rush on the ring-board hall,

whenever his watch the warden keeps

bold in the barrow. Beowulf paid

the price of death for that precious hoard;

and each of the foes had found the end

of this fleeting life. Befell erelong

that the laggards in war the wood had left,

trothbreakers, cowards, ten together,

fearing before to flourish a spear

in the sore distress of their sovran lord.

Now in their shame their shields they carried,

armor of fight, where the old man lay;

and they gazed on Wiglaf. Wearied he sat

at his sovran’s shoulder, shieldsman good,

to wake him with water. Nowise it availed.

Though well he wished it, in world no more

could he barrier life for that leader-of-battles

nor baffle the will of all-wielding God.

Doom of the Lord was law o’er the deeds

of every man, as it is to-day.

Grim was the answer, easy to get,

from the youth for those that had yielded to fear!

Wiglaf spake, the son of Weohstan, —

mournful he looked on those men unloved:—

«Who sooth will speak, can say indeed

that the ruler who gave you golden rings

and the harness of war in which ye stand

– for he at ale-bench often-times

bestowed on hall-folk helm and breastplate,

lord to liegemen, the likeliest gear

which near of far he could find to give, —

threw away and wasted these weeds of battle,

on men who failed when the foemen came!

Not at all could the king of his comrades-in-arms

venture to vaunt, though the Victory-Wielder,

God, gave him grace that he got revenge

sole with his sword in stress and need.

To rescue his life, «twas little that I

could serve him in struggle; yet shift I made

(hopeless it seemed) to help my kinsman.

Its strength ever waned, when with weapon I struck

that fatal foe, and the fire less strongly

flowed from its head. – Too few the heroes

in throe of contest that thronged to our king!

Now gift of treasure and girding of sword,

joy of the house and home-delight

shall fail your folk; his freehold-land

every clansman within your kin

shall lose and leave, when lords highborn

hear afar of that flight of yours,

a fameless deed. Yea, death is better

for liegemen all than a life of shame!»

That battle-toil bade he at burg to announce,

at the fort on the cliff, where, full of sorrow,

all the morning earls had sat,

daring shieldsmen, in doubt of twain:

would they wail as dead, or welcome home,

their lord beloved? Little kept back

of the tidings new, but told them all,

the herald that up the headland rode. —

«Now the willing-giver to Weder folk

in death-bed lies; the Lord of Geats

on the slaughter-bed sleeps by the serpent’s deed!

And beside him is stretched that slayer-of-men

with knife-wounds sick: no sword availed

on the awesome thing in any wise

to work a wound. There Wiglaf sitteth,

Weohstan’s bairn, by Beowulf’s side,

the living earl by the other dead,

and heavy of heart a head-watch keeps

o’er friend and foe. – Now our folk may look

for waging of war when once unhidden

to Frisian and Frank the fall of the king

is spread afar. – The strife began

when hot on the Hugas Hygelac fell

and fared with his fleet to the Frisian land.

Him there the Hetwaras humbled in war,

plied with such prowess their power o’erwhelming

that the bold-in-battle bowed beneath it

and fell in fight. To his friends no wise

could that earl give treasure! And ever since

the Merowings’ favor has failed us wholly.

Nor aught expect I of peace and faith

from Swedish folk. «Twas spread afar

how Ongentheow reft at Ravenswood

Haethcyn Hrethling of hope and life,

when the folk of Geats for the first time sought

in wanton pride the Warlike-Scylfings.

Soon the sage old sire of Ohtere,

ancient and awful, gave answering blow;

the sea-king he slew, and his spouse redeemed,

his good wife rescued, though robbed of her gold,

mother of Ohtere and Onela.

Then he followed his foes, who fled before him

sore beset and stole their way,

bereft of a ruler, to Ravenswood.

With his host he besieged there what swords had left,

the weary and wounded; woes he threatened

the whole night through to that hard-pressed throng:

some with the morrow his sword should kill,

some should go to the gallows-tree

for rapture of ravens. But rescue came

with dawn of day for those desperate men

when they heard the horn of Hygelac sound,

tones of his trumpet; the trusty king

had followed their trail with faithful band.

THE bloody swath of Swedes and Geats

and the storm of their strife, were seen afar,

how folk against folk the fight had wakened.

The ancient king with his atheling band

sought his citadel, sorrowing much:

Ongentheow earl went up to his burg.

He had tested Hygelac’s hardihood,

the proud one’s prowess, would prove it no longer,

defied no more those fighting-wanderers

nor hoped from the seamen to save his hoard,

his bairn and his bride: so he bent him again,

old, to his earth-walls. Yet after him came

with slaughter for Swedes the standards of Hygelac

o’er peaceful plains in pride advancing,

till Hrethelings fought in the fenced town.

Then Ongentheow with edge of sword,

the hoary-bearded, was held at bay,

and the folk-king there was forced to suffer

Eofor’s anger. In ire, at the king

Wulf Wonreding with weapon struck;

and the chieftain’s blood, for that blow, in streams

flowed «neath his hair. No fear felt he,

stout old Scylfing, but straightway repaid

in better bargain that bitter stroke

and faced his foe with fell intent.

Nor swift enough was the son of Wonred

answer to render the aged chief;

too soon on his head the helm was cloven;

blood-bedecked he bowed to earth,

and fell adown; not doomed was he yet,

and well he waxed, though the wound was sore.

Then the hardy Hygelac-thane,

when his brother fell, with broad brand smote,

giants’ sword crashing through giants’-helm

across the shield-wall: sank the king,

his folk’s old herdsman, fatally hurt.

There were many to bind the brother’s wounds

and lift him, fast as fate allowed

his people to wield the place-of-war.

But Eofor took from Ongentheow,

earl from other, the iron-breastplate,

hard sword hilted, and helmet too,

and the hoar-chief’s harness to Hygelac carried,

who took the trappings, and truly promised

rich fee «mid folk, – and fulfilled it so.

For that grim strife gave the Geatish lord,

Hrethel’s offspring, when home he came,

to Eofor and Wulf a wealth of treasure,

Each of them had a hundred thousand

in land and linked rings; nor at less price reckoned

mid-earth men such mighty deeds!

And to Eofor he gave his only daughter

in pledge of grace, the pride of his home.

«Such is the feud, the foeman’s rage,

death-hate of men: so I deem it sure

that the Swedish folk will seek us home

for this fall of their friends, the fighting-Scylfings,

when once they learn that our warrior leader

lifeless lies, who land and hoard

ever defended from all his foes,

furthered his folk’s weal, finished his course

a hardy hero. – Now haste is best,

that we go to gaze on our Geatish lord,

and bear the bountiful breaker-of-rings

to the funeral pyre. No fragments merely

shall burn with the warrior. Wealth of jewels,

gold untold and gained in terror,

treasure at last with his life obtained,

all of that booty the brands shall take,

fire shall eat it. No earl must carry

memorial jewel. No maiden fair

shall wreathe her neck with noble ring:

nay, sad in spirit and shorn of her gold,

oft shall she pass o’er paths of exile

now our lord all laughter has laid aside,

all mirth and revel. Many a spear

morning-cold shall be clasped amain,

lifted aloft; nor shall lilt of harp

those warriors wake; but the wan-hued raven,

fain o’er the fallen, his feast shall praise

and boast to the eagle how bravely he ate

when he and the wolf were wasting the slain.»

So he told his sorrowful tidings,

and little he lied, the loyal man

of word or of work. The warriors rose;

sad, they climbed to the Cliff-of-Eagles,

went, welling with tears, the wonder to view.

Found on the sand there, stretched at rest,

their lifeless lord, who had lavished rings

of old upon them. Ending-day

had dawned on the doughty-one; death had seized

in woful slaughter the Weders’ king.

There saw they, besides, the strangest being,

loathsome, lying their leader near,

prone on the field. The fiery dragon,

fearful fiend, with flame was scorched.

Reckoned by feet, it was fifty measures

in length as it lay. Aloft erewhile

it had revelled by night, and anon come back,

seeking its den; now in death’s sure clutch

it had come to the end of its earth-hall joys.

By it there stood the stoups and jars;

dishes lay there, and dear-decked swords

eaten with rust, as, on earth’s lap resting,

a thousand winters they waited there.

For all that heritage huge, that gold

of bygone men, was bound by a spell,

so the treasure-hall could be touched by none

of human kind, – save that Heaven’s King,

God himself, might give whom he would,

Helper of Heroes, the hoard to open, —

even such a man as seemed to him meet.

A PERILOUS path, it proved, he trod

who heinously hid, that hall within,

wealth under wall! Its watcher had killed

one of a few, and the feud was avenged

in woful fashion. Wondrous seems it,

what manner a man of might and valor

oft ends his life, when the earl no longer

in mead-hall may live with loving friends.

So Beowulf, when that barrow’s warden

he sought, and the struggle; himself knew not

in what wise he should wend from the world at last.

For princes potent, who placed the gold,

with a curse to doomsday covered it deep,

so that marked with sin the man should be,

hedged with horrors, in hell-bonds fast,

racked with plagues, who should rob their hoard.

Yet no greed for gold, but the grace of heaven,

ever the king had kept in view.

Wiglaf spake, the son of Weohstan:—

«At the mandate of one, oft warriors many

sorrow must suffer; and so must we.

The people’s-shepherd showed not aught

of care for our counsel, king beloved!

That guardian of gold he should grapple not, urged we,

but let him lie where he long had been

in his earth-hall waiting the end of the world,

the hest of heaven. – This hoard is ours

but grievously gotten; too grim the fate

which thither carried our king and lord.

I was within there, and all I viewed,

the chambered treasure, when chance allowed me

(and my path was made in no pleasant wise)

under the earth-wall. Eager, I seized

such heap from the hoard as hands could bear

and hurriedly carried it hither back

to my liege and lord. Alive was he still,

still wielding his wits. The wise old man

spake much in his sorrow, and sent you greetings

and bade that ye build, when he breathed no more,

on the place of his balefire a barrow high,

memorial mighty. Of men was he

worthiest warrior wide earth o’er

the while he had joy of his jewels and burg.

Let us set out in haste now, the second time

to see and search this store of treasure,

these wall-hid wonders, – the way I show you, —

where, gathered near, ye may gaze your fill

at broad-gold and rings. Let the bier, soon made,

be all in order when out we come,

our king and captain to carry thither

– man beloved – where long he shall bide

safe in the shelter of sovran God.»

Then the bairn of Weohstan bade command,

hardy chief, to heroes many

that owned their homesteads, hither to bring

firewood from far – o’er the folk they ruled —

for the famed-one’s funeral. “ Fire shall devour

and wan flames feed on the fearless warrior

who oft stood stout in the iron-shower,

when, sped from the string, a storm of arrows

shot o’er the shield-wall: the shaft held firm,

featly feathered, followed the barb.»

And now the sage young son of Weohstan

seven chose of the chieftain’s thanes,

the best he found that band within,

and went with these warriors, one of eight,

under hostile roof. In hand one bore

a lighted torch and led the way.

No lots they cast for keeping the hoard

when once the warriors saw it in hall,

altogether without a guardian,

lying there lost. And little they mourned

when they had hastily haled it out,

dear-bought treasure! The dragon they cast,

the worm, o’er the wall for the wave to take,

and surges swallowed that shepherd of gems.

Then the woven gold on a wain was laden —

countless quite! – and the king was borne,

hoary hero, to Hrones-Ness.

THEN fashioned for him the folk of Geats

firm on the earth a funeral-pile,

and hung it with helmets and harness of war

and breastplates bright, as the boon he asked;

and they laid amid it the mighty chieftain,

heroes mourning their master dear.

Then on the hill that hugest of balefires

the warriors wakened. Wood-smoke rose

black over blaze, and blent was the roar

of flame with weeping (the wind was still),

till the fire had broken the frame of bones,

hot at the heart. In heavy mood

their misery moaned they, their master’s death.

Wailing her woe, the widow old,

her hair upbound, for Beowulf’s death

sung in her sorrow, and said full oft

she dreaded the doleful days to come,

deaths enow, and doom of battle,

and shame. – The smoke by the sky was devoured.

The folk of the Weders fashioned there

on the headland a barrow broad and high,

by ocean-farers far descried:

in ten days’ time their toil had raised it,

the battle-brave’s beacon. Round brands of the pyre

a wall they built, the worthiest ever

that wit could prompt in their wisest men.

They placed in the barrow that precious booty,

the rounds and the rings they had reft erewhile,

hardy heroes, from hoard in cave, —

trusting the ground with treasure of earls,

gold in the earth, where ever it lies

useless to men as of yore it was.

Then about that barrow the battle-keen rode,

atheling-born, a band of twelve,

lament to make, to mourn their king,

chant their dirge, and their chieftain honor.

They praised his earlship, his acts of prowess

worthily witnessed: and well it is

that men their master-friend mightily laud,

heartily love, when hence he goes

from life in the body forlorn away.

Thus made their mourning the men of Geatland,

for their hero’s passing his hearth-companions:

quoth that of all the kings of earth,

of men he was mildest and most beloved,

to his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.

Глава 1. История Англо-саксонского языка

Данная глава представляет собой исследование древнеанглийского языка (Ānglisc), западногерманского языка, на котором говорили на территории Англии и южной Шотландии с середины V по середину XII века. Являясь прямым предком современного английского языка, древнеанглийский играет ключевую роль в понимании эволюции языка, культуры и истории англосаксонского мира. В данной главе вы увидите максимально детализированный и всесторонний обзор древнеанглийского языка, охватывающий аспекты его структуры, истории, социолингвистического контекста и влияния на последующее развитие английского языка.

1. Наименование и происхождение термина

Использование термина «древнеанглийский язык» для обозначения языка англосаксонской Англии является лингвистическим соглашением, призванным отделить эту раннюю стадию развития английского языка от последующих периодов. Сами носители языка именовали его как Ænglisc, Englisc или Anglisc, что в буквальном переводе означает «английский язык», то есть язык англов. Термин «англосаксонский язык», часто используемый в литературе, представляет собой более широкое понятие, охватывающее не только язык, но и культуру, историю и общественную жизнь англосаксонской Англии в целом. Следует учитывать, что англосаксонское общество формировалось в результате взаимодействия нескольких германских племен, включая англов, саксов, ютов и фризов, и их языковые диалекты сыграли свою роль в формировании древнеанглийского языка.

Историю древнеанглийского языка принято делить на четыре этапа:

Первый этап – доисторический (примерно 450–650 гг. н.э.). Этот период характеризуется тем, что древнеанглийский известен нам преимущественно по реконструкциям, так как письменные источники практически отсутствуют (за исключением немногочисленных эпиграфических находок). Данный язык, или группа близких диалектов, использовавшихся англами, саксами и ютами, и являющийся предшественником письменного древнеанглийского, также называют прото-древнеанглийским.

Второй этап – ранний (приблизительно 650–900 гг. н.э.). Это время ознаменовано появлением первых рукописных текстов, связанных с именами таких авторов, как Кэдмон, Беда, Киневульф и Олдхельм.

Третий этап – поздний (примерно 900–1150 гг. н.э.). Это заключительная фаза развития языка, предшествующая нормандскому завоеванию Англии и последующему переходу к среднеанглийскому периоду.

После древнеанглийского периода наступает среднеанглийский (1150–1500), за ним – ранненовоанглийский (1500–1650) и, наконец, новоанглийский (после 1650). В Шотландии же выделяют раннешотландский (до 1450), среднешотландский (ок. 1450–1700) и новошотландский (после 1700) языки.

А теперь обо всем подробнее:

1.2 Влияние других языков на формирование древнеанглийского языка

Древнеанглийский язык формировался под воздействием различных языков, с которыми он контактировал в разные периоды своей истории. Это влияние проявилось как в лексике, так и в грамматике и фонетике.

Кельтское влияние: Кельтские языки, на которых говорило коренное население Британии до прихода германских племен, оказали ограниченное влияние на древнеанглийский язык. Это влияние в основном ограничивается топонимикой (названиями местностей), такими как названия рек и холмов. Количество кельтских заимствований в древнеанглийском языке относительно невелико, что свидетельствует о культурном доминировании англосаксов.

Латинское влияние: Латинский язык оказал более существенное влияние на древнеанглийский язык, начиная с периода римского правления в Британии (43—410 гг. н.э.). Латинский язык был языком администрации, торговли, армии и культуры. После принятия христианства в VII веке латинский язык стал языком церкви, образования и науки. В древнеанглийский язык вошло большое количество латинских слов, связанных с религией, образованием, наукой, правом и повседневной жизнью.

Древнескандинавское влияние: Самое значительное влияние на древнеанглийский язык оказал древнескандинавский язык, на котором говорили викинги, вторгавшиеся в Англию в VIII – XI веках. Викинги завоевали значительную часть Англии (Данелаг), что привело к тесному языковому контакту. Древнескандинавский язык оказал существенное влияние на словарный состав и грамматику древнеанглийского языка, особенно в северных и восточных диалектах.

1.3 До нашей эры

Приблизительно в 800 году до нашей эры на территорию Британии мигрировали кельтские племена, принадлежащие к индоевропейской языковой семье. Коренное население, обитавшее там ранее, не оказало заметного влияния на формирование английского языка.

В период с 55 по 54 годы до нашей эры римляне осуществили вторжение в Британию. Гай Юлий Цезарь предпринял две военные экспедиции на остров. В 44 году нашей эры Британия получила статус провинции Римской империи. Остров посещали такие императоры, как Клавдий, Адриан и Септимий Север.

В 410 году, по приказу императора Гонория, Британия утратила статус римской провинции. В 449 году на территорию Британии проникли германские племена, включающие англов, саксов, ютов и фризов. Англосаксонский язык начал постепенно вытеснять кельтские языки из повседневного общения. В современном английском языке от языка древних бриттов остались лишь названия некоторых поселений и водоемов, например, Эйвон (от кельтского «река»).

На основе диалектов германских завоевателей сформировался язык, известный как англосаксонский или древнеанглийский. Этот язык вытеснил кельтский и латынь на большей части территории Римской Британии, позднее вошедшей в состав Королевства Англия, в то время как кельтские языки сохранились в Шотландии, Уэльсе и Корнуолле.

Благодаря германским племенам, в английский язык проникли некоторые латинские слова: wine (вино) от латинского vinum, pear (груша) от латинского pirum, pepper (перец) от латинского piper.

Древнеанглийский язык частично сохранился в диалектах современного английского. К основным диалектам относились мерсийский, нортумбрийский, кентиш и западносаксонский, последний из которых стал основой литературной нормы в древнеанглийский период, хотя доминирующим в среднеанглийский период и современном английском стал мерсийский диалект.

На древнеанглийском языке были записаны рунические тексты, известные как англосаксонские руны, которые позже были заменены древнеанглийским латинским алфавитом. На древнеанглийском языке создавались произведения времен Альфреда Великого. Самым известным произведением является эпическая поэма «Беовульф», авторство которой неизвестно.

Важным памятником древнеанглийской литературы является Англосаксонская летопись, представляющая собой сборник записей о событиях, которые велись в англосаксонских монастырях начиная с VII века и были дополнены в Уинчестере в IX веке.

Глава 2. Воины Севера: Великое Переселение Англов, Саксов и Ютов в Британию

Эпиграф: “В те времена, когда Римская империя, как могучий дуб, начала увядать, на ее периферии, в туманных землях за Северным морем, пробудились племена, чьи корабли вскоре должны были прочертить кровавые и славные борозды на холмах Британии.”

1. Предпосылки: Откуда взялись англы, саксы и юты?

Введение:

Период между V и VII веками н.э. является одним из самых трансформационных в истории Британских островов. Это эпоха, когда привычный уклад жизни, унаследованный от римского владычества, был разрушен, уступив место новому, совершенно иному миру. Миру, который формировался под натиском миграций народов, известных нам сегодня как англы, саксы и юты. Их прибытие не было внезапным нашествием, а скорее сложным, многоаспектным процессом, который перекроил политическую карту, социальную структуру, язык и культуру Британии, заложив основы того, что впоследствии станет Англией.

2. Первая родина

Саксы, известные также как древние саксы или континентальные саксы, были германским народом, населявшим в раннем Средневековье регион «Древней Саксонии» (лат. Antiqua Saxonia).

К началу IX века эти земли, расположенные между нижним течением Рейна и Эльбы на территории современной северной Германии, были преобразованы Каролингами в племенное герцогство. Их соседями были другие носители западно-германских диалектов: на юге – франки и тюринги, а на севере – прибрежные фризы и англы. Именно эти северные народы изначально часто объединялись под общим названием «саксы» в контексте ранних набегов и поселений в римской Британии и Галлии. К востоку от саксов проживали славяноязычные народы, такие как ободриты.

Политическая история континентальных саксов остается туманной вплоть до VIII века и конфликта между их полулегендарным героем Видукиндом и франкским императором Карлом Великим. До этого поражения они, по всей видимости, не были политически едины и, согласно источникам, управлялись региональными «сатрапами». Предыдущие правители Австразии, как Меровинги, так и Каролинги, вели многочисленные кампании против саксов – как на западе, близ рек Липпе, Эмс и Везер, так и дальше на востоке, в районе Тюрингии и Богемии, на землях, которые позднее в средневековых источниках будут названы «Северной Швабией». Карл Великий окончательно покорил всех саксов после победы в затяжных Саксонских войнах (772–804 гг. н.э.), и включив Саксонию в состав Каролингских владений. Под властью франков Саксония была преобразована в единое герцогство, встроенное в политическую структуру будущей Священной Римской империи. Ранние правители этого Герцогства Саксонского расширяли свои территории – а с ними и владения Империи – на восток, за счет славяноязычных вендов.

Задолго до каких-либо четких исторических упоминаний Саксонии ,как государства, название «саксы» использовалось для обозначения прибрежных разбойников, атаковавших Римскую империю с севера от Рейна, в том же смысле, что и много позже термин «викинг». В эти ранние набеги и переселения были вовлечены фризы, англы и юты, и термин «саксон» в то время не обозначал какое-либо конкретное племя.

Пытаясь найти самое первое упоминание о саксах, историки обращаются к труду древнегреческого учёного Птолемея «География», созданному во II веке н.э. В некоторых более поздних копиях этой работы встречается название племени «Saxones», жившего к северу от устья реки Эльбы. Однако проблема в том, что во многих других, не менее авторитетных рукописях, на этом же месте написано слово «Axones».

Это разночтение породило научный спор. Некоторые исследователи, такие как Матиас Шпрингер, полагают, что «Saxones» – это ошибка переписчиков, которые столкнулись с незнакомым названием «Axones» (которое, возможно, относилось к племени автонов, описанных у Тацита) и «исправили» его на более известный им термин. Другие же учёные, например, Шютте, считают, что именно «Saxones» является правильным вариантом, так как рукописи с этим чтением в целом качественнее.

Прямое и бесспорное свидетельство о саксах во II веке , как таковое отсутствует. Однако если допустить, что Птолемей действительно имел в виду саксов, то их первоначальная родина располагалась в том же регионе, что и у англов, – к северу от устья Эльбы. В более позднюю эпоху эти территории стали сердцем саксонских земель и были известны, как Нордальбингия (буквально «земли к северу от Эльбы»). Таким образом, данная гипотеза помещает саксов на историческую карту уже во II веке нашей эры.»

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