# English Grammar with Kudjo Понятная и забавная грамматика для детей и взрослых. Part 2

Larisa Lubimova

Я придумала эту серию необычных книг по английской грамматике, на-

блюдая за жизнью своей собаки. Почему бы не сделать процесс обучения

забавным и легким с помощью главного героя — акиты Куджо? Простые

и понятные объяснения. Интересные упражнения. Увлекательные при-

ключения Куджо. Постепенное усложнение от простых предложений

уровня pre-intermediate до целых рассказов, которые мы придумываем

с вами вместе. Это самый естественный и эффективный способ начать

думать на английском и полюбить этот язык.

## Unit 1. Revision of Part 1

EXERCISE 1


Do you remember the story at the end of the first part of the book? Yes, you are right- the story about Kudjo and a mysterious egg.

Let’s continue.

Translate the continuation of the story:


Куджо осторожно заглянул в сарай. Он увидел на полу одеяло и разбитое яйцо. Он медленно подошел к скорлупе и вдруг услышал тихое шипение. Звук шел из большого старого холодильника, где Куджо обычно хранил свою еду. Он очень медленно открыл дверцу и увидел маленького зеленого дракончика, которые сидел на полке и доедал собачий корм. Когда дракончик увидел Куджо, он сразу перестал есть и шипеть, облизнулся и вдруг закричал: «Мамочка!»

Так у Куджо появился собственный питомец.

EXERCISE 2


Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form:


1 While Kudjo /stare/ at the dragon, he suddenly /jump/ out of the fridge and /hug/ Kudjo.

2 Kudjo never /want/ to have a pet dragon.


3 Kudjo never /see/ a real dragon before that morning.

4 Kudjo thinks that dragons /live/ on our planet a long time ago.

5 Kudjo /buy/ a leash for his new pet tomorrow.


EXERCISE 3


Finish the sentences:


1 When Kudjo saw what had happened to his food, he …..

2 While the dragon was sleeping in Kudjo’s bed …..

3 Kudjo has never thought that …..

4 Kudjo woke up and saw …..

5 Next morning Kudjo and the dragon are going to …..


EXERCISE 4


Find the proper verb and put it into the correct tense form: hop, eat, grow, jump, love, sleep, not hear


1 The dragon already ***** all Kudjo’s food.

2 Kudjo and the dragon ***** and ***** strange sounds in the barn.

3 The dragon ***** twice by the end of the month.

4 The dragon ***** and *****in the garden when the neighbour came in.

5 Kudjo ***** the dragon since the first time he saw him.


EXERCISE 5


Put the missing word:


1 Kudjo has thought a lot about ***** for his pet.

2 The dragon has one irritating habit – he ***** very loudly and Kudjo can’t sleep next to him.

3 They are ***** dragon-flies on the lawn now.

4 The dragon has no ***** and so he can’t fly.

5 They were having lunch when suddenly the dragon realised that he didn’t like ***** at all.


EXERCISE 6


Choose the correct option:


1 Kudjo ***** up with the name for his pet – Dradjo.

a has just come

b is just coming

c had just come


2 Dradjo and Kudjo ***** Monopoly when Chilly came to see them.

a are playing

b played

c were playing


3 Dradjo ***** new commands by the age of three months.

a has learnt

b had learnt

c learns


4 Dradjo and Kudjo ***** a mind-blowing party for all their neighbors next Sunday.

a are going to throw

b will throw

c threw


5 Nobody ***** how Dradjo’s egg appeared in the cave.

a knowed

b know

c knows

EXERCISE 7


Translate the continuation of the story:


К концу первого месяца Куджо научил своего питомца многим вещам.

«Не называй меня мамочкой.»

«Не клади лапы на стол.»

«Не выпускай пламя из пасти.»

«Не облизывай гостей.»

«Не храпи.»

Это было трудно, но Драджо был готов делать все, что скажет его хозяин, тем более, если у него в лапе была какая-нибудь вкусняшка.

Вчера Куджо начал учить своего питомца собачьему языку, а сегодня Драджо уже знал 100 слов!

> (продолжение следует)

## Unit 2. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense. Настоящее совершенное длительное время

This tense is used:


• for actions which started in the past and continue up to the present.

They have been playing «catch me, Monster’ since early morning. (They’re still playing.)


• for past actions of certain duration which have visible results or effects, in the present.

– Kudjo is very tired. He has been teaching his pet all day long.


• to express irritation, anger, annoyance, explanation or criticism.

– Who has been eating my treats? (showing anger)


• to put emphasis on duration, usually with for, since or how long.

– I’ve been teaching him since yesterday.


• The form is: Subject + have / has been + verb -ing.

– Kudjo has been trying to feed his pet since the morning.


EXERCISE 1


Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Continuous:


1 Dradjo /protect/ Kudjo’s sleep since lunch.


2 Kudjo /train/ Dradjo for three months.

3 Why are you so wet? – I /run/ in the rain.

4 Kudjo and Dradjo /live/ together for a few months.

5 Drajo /learn/ Doggish since Monday.

6 They /watch/a sci-fi movie about dragons for an hour.


the question form is:

> (Question word) +have/has + subject + been Ving?

How long has Kudjo been sleeping?

> the negative form is: Subject + have / has + not + been + Ving.

Drajo hasn’t been calling Kudjo as Mummy since their first training.


EXERCISE 2


Find the proper verb and put it into the correct Present Perfect Continuous form: relax, do, live, wander, gnaw, eat, look for


1 What you ***** in the attic since the morning? – I’ve been ***** a mouse-trap.

2 How long you ***** this bone? – I’ve been doing it for two days.

3 I ***** since yesterday. I’m as hungry as a hunter.

4 Where you ***** all day?

5 We ***** for ages. We must recharge our batteries.

6 How long *****in this house on your own? – Since last summer.

EXERCISE 3


Kudjo has found several things that made him annoyed. Try to guess the question he is asking:


For example,

The mat is covered in bread crumbles. – Who has been eating sandwiches on my mat?!


1 The fridge is half-empty. —

2 The toy is broken. —

3 The floor is dirty. —

4 The house looks messy. —

5 There’s a lot of water on the floor in the bathroom. —

6 There is smoke coming out of the kitchen. —

> The main signal words for this tense are since, for, how long, all day /week, month, year/ long.

EXERCISE 4


Put correct signal words in the gaps:


1 Kudjo has been trying to find out anything about Dradjo’s family ***** several months.

2 ***** has Dradjo been living with Kudjo?

3 Kudjo has been sleeping ***** lunch.

4 Kudjo has been lying and reading ***** an hour.

5 ***** have they been frolicking outside?

6 They have been doing monkey-business *****..

EXERCISE 5


Answer the questions using Present Perfect Continuous:


For example,

Dradjo looks excited. Why? — He has been looking forward to the trip to the cave.


1 Kudjo is tired. Why?

2 Dradjo is filthy. Why?

3 There is a nice smell from the kitchen. Why?

4 Kudjo looks worried. Why?

5 Kudjo sounds angry. Why?

6 Dradjo is sleepy. Why?


EXERCISE 6


Find and correct mistakes in 5 sentences:


1 Dradjo have been learning Doggish for a few months.

2 They have playing frisbee since the morning.

3 Dradjo has been sat in the fridge since he was hatched.

4 They have be making a tree-house for a month.

5 They have been preparing for the trip for yesterday

6 How long have they been packing?


EXERCISE 7


Choose the correct option:


1 Kudjo ***** about going to that cave for a long time.

a is thinking

b thinks

c has been thinking


2 They ***** to reveal the mystery of the egg tomorrow.

a are going

b go

c have been going


3 Kudjo’s paws ***** because he ***** all day long.

a hurt / has been running

b hurt / was running

c hurted / ran


4 They ***** since early this morning.

a are gardening

b garden

c have been gardening


5 They are covered in mud. They ***** football in the rain.

a are playing

b have been playing

c played


6 Kudjo ***** this book to his pet every evening.

a has been reading

b reads

c is reading


EXERCISE 8


Translate the story:


Куджо уже давно пытается узнать, как появилось яйцо с драконом в пещере. Он очень полюбил своего питомца и Драджо выглядит счастливым рядом с ним. Но время от времени дракончик грустит, потому что он хочет отыскать своих родителей и понять, как он очутился в той пещере один и где его настоящие мама с папой. Все сегодняшнее утро они проговорили о поисках следов семьи дракона и только что решили отправиться в ту саму пещеру, чтобы найти хоть какие-нибудь следы. Итак, они собираются отправиться в путь завтра рано утром.


(продолжение следует)


## Unit 3. The Present Perfect Simple versus The Present Perfect Continuous

We use Present Perfect Continuous to indicate actions and situations that started in the past and are continuing now while Present Perfect Simple shows completed actions.


We have been reading the book since the morning.

(We started and are still doing it)

что делаем? – читаем

We have read this book. (You can borrow it.)

что сделали? – прочитали


Generally, the focus of this tense is on duration while the focus of Present Perfect Simple on the result:

He has been tidying the house for three hours.

He has already tidied the house.

EXERCISE 1


Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous:


1 Kudjo /count/ treats. One is missing.

2 Kudjo /sleep/ since the morning walk.


3 They /build/ a tree-house. There’s a terrible mess around.

4 They /build/ the tree-house and are inviting everybody to visit it.

5 Kudjo /walk/ ten km and he can’t go any further without a rest.

6 Dradjo /babble/ without a stop for 2 hours.

7 How many treats you /eat/ today?


EXERCISE 2


Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous:


1 Dradjo /frolic/ in the garden and /eat/ all the strawberries.

2 They are not hungry. They /eat/ a lot of meat muffins for their breakfast.

3 Kudjo /read/ a lot recently. He /read/ two books this week.

4 Kudjo /clean/ the house and he is exhausted.

5 Kudjo /clean/ the house. Everything is sparkling clean.

6 It /not rain/ all day. Only for ten hours.

7 Dradjo /break/ two cups, three plates and four glasses so far.


Remember that non-continuous verbs (e.g. love, like, want, know, etc.) are not used in Present Perfect Continuous. If you have these verbs in your sentences, you should use Present Perfect instead.


For example,

He has known Kudjo for a year.


EXERCISE 3


Find the proper verb and put it into the correct form of Present Perfect Continuous or Present Perfect Simple: know, have, smell, want, belong, have, taste,


1 How long ***** this house ***** to Kudjo?

2 He ***** the milk for a few minutes. What’s up?

3 The tap water ***** strange since yesterday. Let’s call a plumber.

4 Kudjo ***** this pet for a year. He can’t imagine his life without Dradjo now.

5 They ***** this party since 7 pm. Now it’s midnight.

6 Kudjo ***** to have a pet for a long time.

7 How long ***** they ***** each other?


It’s easy to tell the difference between these tenses if you have signal verbs. Let’s refresh them together: time expressions for Present Perfect Continuous are for, since, how long, recently, lately , while markers for Present Perfect are just, ever, never, always, already, yet, since, so far, once, the first time, etc.


EXERCISE 4


Put correct signal words in the gaps:

for, since, yet, never, just, How long, already,


1 Kudjo has ***** had such a tasty big bone before.


2 They have been playing hide-and-seek ***** the morning.

3 ***** have they been thinking of going to that cave?

4 Dradjo hasn’t finished brushing his teeth *****.

5 They have ***** eaten all the food in the fridge.

6 They have been running in the rain ***** several hours.

7 Kudjo has ***** brought a new toy for Dradjo.


EXERCISE 5


Kudjo is asking Dradjo some questions. Answer these questions using the Present Perfect Continuous or Present Perfect Tenses:


1 How many Doggish words have you learnt so far?

2 Why do you look so sad?

3 Why are your eyes red?

4 Why are you wet?

5 Why are you covered in flour?

6 How long have you been walking today?

7 Why is our house in a terrible mess?


EXERCISE 6


Kudjo is texting a message to Chilly. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past, present and future tenses:


1 Sorry, I /not be/in touch for ages.

2 So many things /happen/ since I last saw you.

3 I /have/ a pet for a few months and he /live/ with me.

4 I’m sure you /not believe/ me, but my pet is a real dragon!

5 I /find/ his egg in a cave, where I /run/ to shelter from the pouring rain.

6 When he /hatch/ out, he /get/ into the fridge and /eat/ all my food there.

7 Now he /try/ to bake some weird muffins. He /do/ it since the morning and my kitchen /look/ terrible.


EXERCISE 7


Find and correct 7 mistakes in this message:


1 The muffins are smelling fantastic, but everything is covered in flour, butter and jam.

2 I’ve gave him the name Dradjo. Do you like it?

3 He is growing very fast day by day. He has already growed bigger than me!

4 Yesterday I have been walking him in the park when we met those angry stray dogs. When they saw Dradjo, they had rushed away.

5 We’ve thinking of looking for his parents recently.

6 We’re going to search for some traces in the cave, where I had found him.

7 I’ll drop you a line as soon as we come back from our trip.


EXERCISE 8


Choose the correct option:


1 They ***** for the trip for the last two hours.

a are preparing

b prepare

c have been preparing


2 It ***** hard since Monday.

a has been snowing

b is snowing

c has snowed


3 Look! Somebody black ***** to us.

a is running

b has run

c ran


4 Kudjo ***** his backpack when Dradjo ***** into the room with his empty bag.

a packed / walked

b had packed / walked

c packed / had walked


5 Dradjo ***** while Kudjo *****.

a was packing / was sleeping

b was packing /slept

c had packed /slept


6 He ***** his plan to Dradjo.

a has just explained

b had just explained

c has just been explaining


7 Somebody ***** my muffins.There are few left.

a has eaten

b has been eating

c ate


EXERCISE 9


Translate the story:


На рассвете. когда еще весь город спал, Куджо со своим питомцем отправился в путь. Солнце еще только вставало и было прохладно. Они прошли весь парк и подошли к тому месту, где начинался лес. Было уже тепло и они остановились, чтобы перекусить, так как рано утром дома им совсем не хотелось завтракать. Они сидели на берегу озера, жевали бутерброды, которые приготовил Куджо, и молчали. Дракончик думал о своих родителях, которые почему-то его бросили в пещере, а Куджо вспоминал тот день, когда нашел яйцо.

После перекуса они зашагали очень быстро и вскоре очутились в той части леса, где Куджо наткнулся на пещеру. Там было тихо и мрачно. Птицы не пели. Даже деревья не шелестели листьями. Вдруг они увидели пещеру прямо перед собой. Они посмотрели друг на друга, вздохнули и вошли внутрь.


## Unit 4. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense. Прошедшее совершенное длительное время

We use the Past Perfect Continuous to indicate actions and situations that started in the past and continued to or ended at a particular point in the past.


Kudjo had been running in the rain for a long time before he came in to a cave.


We use this tense with for and since to indicate how long something had been going on until a particular point in the past.


The structure of a positive sentence is:

> Subject + had been + Ving.

Kudjo had been kipping for two hours when Gradjo woke him up.

The structure of a negative sentence is:

> Subject + hadn’t been + Ving.

He hadn’t been trying to find the family until Kudjo told him to.


The structure of a question is:

> (question word) + had + subject + been + V-ing?

How long had Kudjo been sleeping by then?


EXERCISE 1


Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect Continuous:

1 They were tired because they /play/ dodgeball all afternoon.

2 By the time Kudjo got home, Dradjo /draw/ strange planets for two hours.

3 When he entered the house, he could smell roast meat and vanilla. Dradjo /cook/ his favourite meat muffins.

4 After they /travel/ for several hours, they met a strange creature.

5 They /sleep/ for an hour when someone knocked on the door.

6 /walk / they for a long time before they got lost?

7 It /snow/ all night and they couldn’t open the front door in the morning because of snow.

8 Dradjo was coal black after he /clean/ the chimney.

EXERCISE 2


Find the proper verb and put it into the correct the Past Perfect Continuous form: wait, jog, not garden, plan, cook, not walk, swim, watch.


1 They ***** this trip for ages, so nothing went wrong.


2 Kudjo ***** in a bog for some time when suddenly something caught his leg under the water.

3 They ***** for an hour when their guests finally came.

4 They ***** for long when they stopped for a bite.

5 Kudjo ***** in the park for some minutes when he saw a whimpering puppy.

6 They ***** for several hours before dinner was ready.

7 How long ***** they ***** a cartoon before the lights went off?

8 They ***** for long when it started to rain.


EXERCISE 3


Find and correct mistakes in 7 sentences:


1 His knees and hands were very dirty. He had crawled in the garden.

2 They were out of breath. They were chasing rats.

3 Kudjo had pretending to sleep until Dradjo stopped talking and fell asleep.

4 They have been fighting since lunch and neither wanted to make up first.

5 They had living in the country for a year before they decided to move to the city.

6 How long had you be following that sheep-dog yesterday?

7 Had they been played for a long time before the bulldog joined them?

8 They had been trying to behave themselves until the Doberman beauty went home.


Past Perfect Continuous is the past equivalent of Present Perfect Continuous and has the same functions but in the past.It shows actions of a certain duration that had visible results in the past. Compare:

Kudjo is starving. He hasn’t been eating long.

Kudjo was starving. He hadn’t been eating long.

EXERCISE 4


Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect Continuous or Present Perfect Continuous Tenses:


1 Kudjo has a backache. He /dig/ in the garden.

2 Kudjo was angry with his pet because Dradjo /eat/ his treats.

3 He is tired. He /tidy/ the house.

4 They look exhausted. They /chase/ the neighbour’s cats.

5 They /wait/ for hours before a cat got into their garden.

6 Kudjo had red eyes. He /read/ all night.

7 He /play/ with 101 dalmatians until midnight.

8 They /hide/ in bushes since Kudjo came back home.


EXERCISE 5


Finish the sentences with your ideas and the Past Perfect Continuous or Present Perfect Continuous tenses:


1 Kudjo is furious because…

2 Dradjo was exhausted because…

3 He had ketchup on his paw because…

4 Their house needs to be cleaned because…

5 Dradjo felt sick because…

6 His ear was scratched because…

7 Their legs are killing them because…

8 A little kitten was crying because…


EXERCISE 6


Answer the questions using the Past Perfect Continuous Tense:

For example,

Why was Dradjo tired this morning? – Because he had been preparing for the trip all night.


1 Why was Kudjo so sleepy?

2 Why was the house a mess on Monday morning?

3 Why did Dradjo have a terrible toothache?

4 Why was Kudjo so pleased with himself?

5 Why were Kudjo’s legs stiff?

6 Why was Kudjo as hungry as a hunter?

7 Why was Dradjo soaked through?

8 Why did they have tears in their eyes?


The signal words that we usually use with Past Perfect Continuous are the same as for Present Perfect Continuous but in the past: how long, since, until, till, for, all day/night, etc./


EXERCISE 7


Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Perfect Continuous or Present Perfect Continuous tenses and choose the correct signal word: For, all day, how long, all morning, until, since, all night, for


1 Kudjo /take/ a bubble bath ***** two hours.

2 ***** they /argue/ about their chores?

3 Yesterday he /make/ a mouse-trap *****.

4 He /write/ invitations ***** yesterday.

5 Dradjo /sleep/ fast ***** Kudjo came back from the grocery store.

6 He /not sleep/ a wink ***** because Dradjo’s snoring.

7 He /keep/ silent ***** yesterday.

8 They /discuss/ their plans ***** ages.

EXERCISE 8


Kudjo is texting a new message to Chilly. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past, present and future tenses:


1 I /wait/ for your answer since Friday but you /not text/ me yet.

2 We /come/ back from our trip. It was amazing and weird!

3 The night before our trip I /not sleep/ a wink, because Dradjo /stand/ next to me and talking about his fears and anxiety.


4 We /fall/ asleep only by 4 am. At the sunrise we /leave/our house for adventures. Sleepy and angry.

5 I /tell/ you everything about our trip when I see you next summer

6 Now we /experience/ a mix of feelings. Happiness and Sadness. Why? Something unexpected /happen/ in that cave.

7 Dradjo is confused. He /try/ to take the first serious decision in his life. Poor thing.

8 I can’t do anything. It’s up to him to decide. I /wait/ for his decision since we /come/ back home.


EXERCISE 9


Choose the correct option:


1 Kudjo couldn’t run because he ***** his leg.

a twisted

b had twisted

c has twisted


2 Nobody ***** to the party because Kudjo ***** to invite them.

a had come/forgot

b came/forgot

c came/had forgotten


3 Dradjo ***** so his eyes were wet and red.

a had been crying

b has been crying

c cried


4 They ***** the city before the sun *****.

a had left/rose

b left/had risen

c have left/rose


5 They ***** for several hours till they ***** the cave.

a were walking/saw

b had been walking/saw

c walked/saw


6 He ***** out of the window when he ***** Kudjo.

a looked/had seen

b was looking/had seen

c was looking/saw


7 They ***** a strange message which Dradjo’s parents *****.

a found/had left

b had found/left

c found/left


8 He ***** all night before taking the final decision.

a was thinking

b thought

c had been thinking


EXERCISE 10


Translate the story:


В пещере было темно и они стояли несколько минут, пока глаза не привыкли к темноте. Пещера казалась абсолютно пустой, но Драджо вдруг заметил какой-то странный металлический шар, который притягивал его. Он подошел и взял его в лапы. Шар внезапно засветился всеми цветами и начал издавать странные красивые звуки. Когда Драджо их услышал, он вдруг крепко обнял шар и заплакал. Потом он бросил шар на землю, тот покатился из пещеры и наши друзья побежали за ним. Шар катился довольно долго, пока не привел их к маленькому озеру, где они увидели настоящий космический корабль…

Когда Куджо забрал яйцо, драконы долго искали своего детеныша, но не нашли и улетели на свою планету драконов. Однако они оставили сообщение-шар и этот корабль для своего сына. Полетит Драджо к своим родным на планету драконов или останется здесь с Куджо? Мы узнаем об этом совсем скоро.

## Unit 5. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense versus The Past Perfect and The Past Continuous Tenses

The difference between the Past Perfect Continuous and Past Perfect is the same as between the Present Perfect Continuous and Present Perfect. The Past Perfect Simple Tense emphasises the completed action, while the Past Perfect Continuous emphasises its duration.


Compare:

By the time Kudjo returned home, Dradjo had woken up.

/что сделал? – проснулся/ – we are interested in the result

By the time Kudjo returned home, Dradjo had been sleeping for five hours.

/что делал? -спал/ – we are interested in the process

EXERCISE 1


Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect Simple or the Past Perfect Continuous Tenses:


1 By the age of eight Kudjo /read/ all these books.


2 He /read/ for two hours before Dradjo asked him to go out.

3 They /decorate/ the house with lights before the guests arrived.

4 They /eat/ anything before they set off.

5 Dradjo felt ill because he /drink/ ten glasses of milkshake.

6 He /run/, so he was hot and tired.

7 When they returned home, they already /take/ the decision to come back to the cave.

8 They /have/ fun only for an hour when suddenly the terrible thunderstorm began.

9 Kudjo just /finish/ his breakfast when Dradjo woke up.


EXERCISE 2


Find the proper verb and put it into the correct form of Past Simple, Past Perfect Continuous or Past Perfect Simple: get up/wait, wander/decide, hit/rise, injure/not walk, hear/see, wait/finish, pour/not can, be/snow, look/see


1 They ***** weird sounds before they ***** a shadow on the wall.

2 Kudjo ***** for ages before Dradjo ***** his breakfast.

3 They ***** for a few hours when they ***** to have a bite.

4 It ***** with rain for two days so they *****leave home.

5 Kudjo ***** his left paw so he ***** fast.

6 The front door ***** blocked because it ***** heavily all night.

7 When Kudjo *****, Dradjo ***** for him at the door since the sunrise.

8 When he ***** into the fridge, he ***** that all yummy sandwiches had disappeared miraculously.

9 They already ***** the road when the sun *****.


How to tell the difference between Past Perfect Continuous and Past Continuous as they both show the process in the past?

Past Continuous Tense is used to express interrupted actions in the past. The tense shows that a longer action is interrupted by a shorter action in the past. While they were walking on the street, they saw a stray skinny cat. /делал что-то, что было прервано другим действием/

Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express a past action which started in the past and continued (and we know how long the action had continued) till another action or time in the past.

Kudjo had been looking for the backpack for 2 hours when he found it under Dradjo’s mat. /делал что-то какое-то время и закончил раньше другого действия/


EXERCISE 3


Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect Continuous or Past Continuous:


1 When they came to the pet shop, a shopkeeper /have/ a tea break.

2 They /wait/ for twenty minutes until the shopkeeper finished having tea.

3 Kudjo and Chilly /take/ a nap after lunch when they heard a loud knock on the door.


4 They /sleep/ for an hour before that loud knock woke them up.

5 They /wait/ for good weather for a couple of days before they went fishing.

6 They /play/ backgammon when a kitten jumped onto the board.

7 They looked tired and filthy. They /play/ football.

8 They /wander/ since the morning until they found a nice spot to have a picnic.

9 They /hike/ when Dradjo tripped over a stone and hurt his paw badly.


EXERCISE 4


Make up the answers to Dradjo’s questions to Kudjo using the Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past perfect and Past Continuous Tenses:


1 How long had you been living here before you met me?

2 Where had I been before you found me?

3 What was I doing when you saw me the first time?

4 What did you do when you found my egg?

5 Had you had a pet before you met me?

6 What did you think when you saw me in the fridge?

7 How did you find yourself in that cave?

8 What else did you find in the cave?

9 Had you wanted to have a pet before I appeared?


EXERCISE 5


Finish the sentences using different past tenses:


1 Kudjo was sleeping fast while Dradjo …..

2 Kudjo was licking his paws because …..

3 Dradjo didn’t want to eat anything because …..

4 Kudjo and Dradjo were quarrelling because…..

5 They had gone to bed by the time ….

6 When they looked into the cave they …..

7 While Kudjo was hiding some treats, his pet …..

8 When they left home in the morning …..

9 Before they came back, …..


EXERCISE 6


Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past perfect and Past Continuous Tenses:


1 4 billion years ago there /exist/ only dragons on our planet.There were dragon animals, dragon birds and dragon fish.

2 They /live/ happily for ages until one day a terrible bang /shake/ the planet and /spread/ a very strong and aggressive virus all over the planet.

3 That virus /kill/ most dragons before they /decide/ to leave the planet for another one.

4 By the time the dragons /build/ a huge spaceship, only eleven dragons /survive/.

5 Anyway, they /fly/ to another planet, which was safe but gloomy with grey and brown scenery.

6 The dragons /live/ on that new planet free from care for ages when one day they /stumble/ across an old book with amazing pictures of the Earth.

7 A couple of dragons /read/ that book and /decide/ to fly to the Earth as they /want/ to see what /happen/ to the planet of their ancestors.

8 When they /land/ they were astonished to see a very beautiful place full of different colours, which they never /see/ before.

9 They /settle/ in one of the cosiest caves and /lay/ an egg very soon.


EXERCISE 7


Change the sentences using the tense in brackets:


For example,

He is taking a nap now. / Past Continuous/ – He was taking a nap when the smell of roast meat woke him up.


1 They have been chasing squirrels and look wet and tired./Past Perfect Continuous/

2 He has just finished his breakfast. /Past Simple/.

3 They have seen the best planet in the Universe./Past Perfect/

4 He is trying to hide his tears. /Past Continuous/

5 Who has been playing with my ball? /Past Perfect Continuous/

6 They didn’t like eating spinach when they were little./used to/

7 He doesn’t understand why the dog is barking at him. /Past Continuous/

8 He has been to many different places. /Past Perfect/

9 They are listening to a story about dragons now. /Past Perfect Continuous/


EXERCISE 8


Find and correct mistakes in 7 sentences.


1 He use to sleep with all his toys so as not to offend any of them.

2 Kudjo was sweating. He had been running after his pet.

3 Kudjo were running and jumping around a tree when I saw him.

4 The sandwich mysteriously disappeared before Kudjo returned to the room.

5 They played Monopoly when a loud knock on the door frightened them.

6 They had been knowing each other for ten months when they quarrelled for the first time.

7 Kudjo was hiding under the bed when Dradjo looked for him.

8 His paw was bleeding, he had been cutting it badly.

9 He had been waiting for an hour before Kudjo finally looked at him and said «Hello’.


EXERCISE 9


Kudjo is texting a message to Chilly. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past, present and future tenses:


1 Sorry. I /not be/ in touch for long. I /not be/ busy. I /feel/ upset.

2 Dradjo /take/ the final decision. He /leave/ me soon.

3 I /understand/ him. He /want/ to live with his real mum and dad on the planet with other dragons.

4 I hope one day I /visit/ him there.

5 Yesterday when we /talk/ about it, he /begin/ crying but /pretend/ that he /get/ something in his eye.

6 At that moment I /have/ something in my eye too and /regret/ that we /go/ to that cave and /find/ that spaceship.

7 All evening I /try/ to find any arguments to get him to stay here until I /realise/ that it was wrong.

8 Today I /not think/ so.

9 We /prepare/ for his departure since this morning and we still /have/ a lot to do. I /text/ you later.


EXERCISE 10


Choose the correct option:


1 They ***** together for over a year.

a have been

b were

c are


2 They ***** around when suddenly I ***** that it was their last day together.

a had kidded/realised

b were kidding/were realising

c were kidding/realised


3 Neither of them ***** while they *****.

a had been talking/were packing

b was talking/were packing

c talked/packed


4 Kudjo ***** a delicious dinner by the departure.

a cooked

b had cooked

c was cooking


5 They ***** at the table for ages but they ***** anything.

a had been sitting/haven’t eaten

b were sitting/hadn’t eaten

c had been sitting/hadn’t eaten


6 Kudjo ***** a lot of pics of Dradjo while he ***** the spaceship.

a took/checked

b was taking/had checked

c took /was checking


7 They ***** a spaceship before and were amazed.

a haven’t seen

b didn’t see

c hadn’t seen


8 Dradjo ***** so many things that they couldn’t cram everything inside.

a had collected

b collected

c has collected


9 Dradjo ***** Kudjo and *****.

a kissed/left

b was kissing/leaving

c kissed/had left


EXERCISE 11


Translate the story:


Вот и настал тот день, когда Драджо готовился лететь на планету Драконов. Они оба знали, что он принял правильное решение, но все равно им было очень грустно. Они провели вместе больше года и очень привязались друг к другу. Несколько последних дней до отлета они играли во все любимые игры, посещали все любимые места, прощались со всеми собаками, кошками и крысами района, пока не пришло время улетать. Куджо приготовил все любимые блюда Драджо на прощальный ужин, собрал сотню ланч-боксов в дорогу и подарил ему маленькую фигурку акиты на память.


Это был очень грустный день. Шел мелкий дождик. Все было серо-голубым и Куджо даже подумал, что теперь он знает, какого цвета грусть.

После того, как они все приготовили к отлету, запихнули все бесконечные коробки и сумки в корабль, дали друг другу важные инструкции, они сели около двери и замолчали.

Они сидели так до тех пор, пока не зажглась красная лампочка на корабле. Это был сигнал отправления. Куджо лизнул своего питомца в последний раз….

Он потом еще долго сидел на ступеньках и смотрел как серебристая точка в небе становится все меньше и меньше. Глаза были мокрыми. Наверное, из-за дождя.

## Unit 6. The Future Continuous Tense. Будущее продолженное время

The Future Continuous is used:


• for an action which will be in progress at a stated future time.

At 11 am tomorrow Kudjo will be playing the drums.

/действие будет происходить в определенное время в будущем/


• for an action which will definitely happen in the future as the result of a routine or arrangement.

We’ll be seeing our friends on Saturday evening. (We do it every Saturday)

/действие будет происходить, потому что всегда происходит/


• when we ask politely about someone’s plans for the near future. (What we want to know is if our wishes fit in with their plans.)

Will you be shopping tomorrow? (I want you to buy something for me)

/личная заинтересованность в планах собеседника/

> The positive form is: S + will be + Ving.

> He will be sleeping. Don’t come.

> The negative form: S + won’t be + Ving.

> He won’t be sleeping. You can come.

> The question form is: Will + S + be + Ving?

> Will Kudjo be sleeping this time tomorrow?

EXERCISE 1


Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Continuous:


1 At 10 am Kudjo /have/ breakfast with his friends.

2 This time next Monday he /swim/ in a pool for dogs.

3 you /do/ anything special next weekend?

4 he /go/ for a walk in the afternoon? I need to borrow his leash.

5 He /fly/ to France in two weeks.

6 Kudjo will be very busy. He /sleep/ all day.

7 At 11 pm Kudjo /see/ his friend Luna. They usually meet at this time every evening.

8 This time next year Kudjo definitely /sleep/ in the same place on the same rug.

9 What you /do/ in twenty years?

10 He /not do/ anything important. You can call on.

EXERCISE 2


Find the proper verb and put it into the correct Future Continuous form: not walk, kip, approach, have, not use, lie, cook, go, listen, pose


1 At this time next month Kudjo ***** a rest in the country.

2 He ***** in the grass and watching grasshoppers and flies.

3 He ***** along dusty city streets and smelling fumes.

4 This time tomorrow he ***** to his audiobook about dragons. He usually does it in the afternoon.

5 he ***** out at this time next month? Yes, he usually spends all his time out when we’re in the country.

6 you ***** to the city next week? I’d like you to get something for me.

7 Next Monday Kudjo ***** for photographs.

8 We ***** the car tomorrow. You can borrow it.

9 He ***** and you will be just in time to help him.

10 This time next Friday Dradjo ***** the planet of Dragons.


EXERCISE 3


Write what you will be doing at this definite time in the future:


1 at 5 pm tomorrow

2 at midnight tomorrow

3 at 10 am this Sunday

4 this time next week

5 this time next month

6 this time next year

7 in five years’ time

8 tomorrow evening

9 in two days

10 your next birthday


EXERCISE 4


Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Continuous, Past Continuous or Present Continuous Tenses:


1 Kudjo /watch/ his favourite series at 9 pm while I’m working.

2 Kudjo /hide/ under the table because he had broken my cup.

3 He is fed up with gloomy weather. Hopefully, when we wake up tomorrow, the sun /shine/.

4 He still /sleep/ fast and nothing can wake him up.


5 This time next week we /lie/ in the grass and eating ice-cream.

6 Look. A shadow /move/ here. Keep silent.

7 When I saw Kudjo, he /protect/ his friend from a gang of stray dogs.

8 They /stand/ like this while the dogs are running around.

9 They /play/ in the snow when those aggressive dogs appeared out of the blue.

10 They /relax/ at home now. Don’t bother them.


EXERCISE 5


Guess the answer using the Future Continuous, Past Continuous or Present Continuous Tenses:


1 What is Kudjo doing now?

2 What will he be doing this time tomorrow?

3 What was he doing at that time yesterday?

4 Where was Kudjo lying when he fell asleep yesterday?

5 Who is Kudjo meeting this weekend?

6 What will he be snacking on the next time he’s watching a movie?

7 Who will he be playing with during tonight’s walk?

8 What is he thinking about?

9 What was Kudjo listening to when you walked into the room?

10 Where will Kudjo be living in five years’ time?

EXERCISE 6


Change the sentences from Simple to Continuous using the tense in brackets.


For example,

He has watched 2 episodes so far. (Present Perfect Continuous) – He has been watching the episodes since the morning.


1 He stays at home in rainy and stormy weather. (Present Continuous)

2 He played backgammon with a clever skinny cat yesterday. (Past Continuous)

3 kudjo will read a book about up-bringing tomorrow. (Future Continuous)

4 Kudjo had had a surgery by the age of one. (Past Perfect Continuous)

5 Kudjo had eaten two packs of food by lunchtime. (Past Perfect Continuous)

6 Kudjo has drunk two litres of water today. (Present Perfect Continuous)

7 He went fishing with his friends and came back home hungry and wet. (Past Continuous)

8 Kudjo and I will go to a dog-show next time. (Future Continuous)

9 We play a lot of different games in a lift. (Present Continuous)

10 Kudjo has just cooked delicious roast turkey. (Present Perfect Continuous)

EXERCISE 7


Fill the gaps in the story with missing words:


Do you ***** in ghosts? I have started doing it recently. Ok. I’ll tell you how it happened.

One day Kudjo ***** up in a terrible mood because he ***** a nightmare about a ghost dog, which ***** him wherever he went. The nightmare was ***** and Kudjo couldn’t stop thinking about ghosts even after breakfast. But the sun *****. There were a lot of dogs and ***** walking outside. There was no sign of any ***** and Kudjo calmed down and even started jumping and kidding around. The weather was ***** and we decided to drive somewhere to have a *****. We ***** rather long when Kudjo suddenly spotted a nice ***** and we stopped there.There used to be an old ***** many years ago, but now we could see only abandoned ***** and playgrounds.The place looked ***** even though it was picturesque. We had made a ***** and started preparing ***** before we heard a strange howling sound. And one more. Kudjo and Luna didn’t want to give up grilled ***** and told me to ignore those *****.

By the way, I’ll never listen to them again!

Anyway, we went there to investigate the nature of the sounds. They were coming from the ***** house with a big ***** in the roof…


(to be continued)


EXERCISE 8


Finish the sentences using the tense in brackets:


1 By the time we came back, Kudjo …. (Past Perfect Continuous)

2 Look! What a mess. Kudjo … (Present Perfect)

3 While we were talking, Kudjo … (Past Continuous)

4 This time tomorrow Kudjo … (Future Continuous)

5 Since we moved to the country, Kudjo … (Present Perfect Continuous)

6 I guess Kudjo … (Future Simple)

7 Do you hear? What is the sound? Kudjo … (Present Continuous)

8 Before I could say anything, Kudjo … (Past Perfect)

9 When Kudjo was younger and more emotional, he … (Past Simple)

10 Sometimes Kudjo … (Present Simple)


EXERCISE 9


Find and correct mistakes in 9 sentences:


1 We had wandering for an hour when suddenly we met a strange creature.

2 This time next year we’ll sailing a yacht in the Dogatlantic.

3 This little stupid puppy has teared all the pages out of my book!

4 How long has your paw bled?

5 He had been fighting with aggressive village dogs since we came to the country.

6 While the dogs listened to a story, they were eating carrot sticks.

7 Kudjo woke up, looked around, sighed and falled asleep again.

8 I’ll be go shopping after lunch. Do you want me to buy something yummy for you?

9 Shall I help you with your bowl?

10 It is such thick fog that Kudjo is going cautiously as he isn’t seeing his way well.


EXERCISE 10


Kudjo is texting a message to Chilly. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past, present and future tenses :


1 How are you doing? What /happen/ in your life since the last message?

2 I bet you /not have/ so many adventures as us recently.

3 Do you remember that abandoned camp we /see/ once while we /drive/ to the country last summer?

4 We just /be/ there and we still /tremble/ with fear.

5 My mum /take/ us (Luna and me) there for a picnic today.

6 The grilled lamb /look/ tempting and /smell/ tasty and we /look/ forward to lunch when suddenly we /hear/ hair-rising sounds.

7 The girls /get/ scared stiff, of course, but I /decide/ to find out who /howl/ and /go/ bravely towards the deserted camp.

8 The howls /come/ out of a squalid blind house.

9 I never /hear/ such a yowl before then…

10 Sorry, I’ve got to go. By the way, you /visit/ us this summer?


EXERCISE 11


Choose the correct option:


1 This time tomorrow Kudjo and his friends ***** in a race.

a will compete

b will be competing

c were competing


2 They ***** after a squirrel for long until it climbed a high pine-tree.

a had been chasing

b were chasing

c chased


3 He ***** in ghosts.

a never believes

b has never believed

c never believed


4 They’re quite out of puff. They ***** away from a wild pig.

a have been running

b have run

c were running


5 What ***** from 11 to 12 tomorrow? – Nothing special. Why?

a were you doing

b have you been doing

c will you be doing


6 He ***** the Cattish language when a rat ***** him and got scared.

a was learning / heard

b learnt/heard

c has been learning/has heard


7 Kudjo ***** when you come. Be quiet.

a is sleeping

b will be sleeping

c has been sleeping


8 They ***** hide-and-seek since the morning and nobody ***** Kudjo yet.

a were playing/found

b are playing/has found

c have been playing/has found


9 They ***** in the rain and were soaked through.

a were walking

b had been walking

c walked

10 This time next week he ***** for a new journey.

a will prepare

b was preparing

c will be preparing


EXERCISE 12


Translate the story:


Итак, что же произошло в летнем заброшенном домике и кто так жутко завывал?

Куджо и Луна подползли к дому и прислушались. Тишина. Зловещая тишина. Им было слышно, как шипит мясо на огне и как звенит комар, но из домика не доносилось ни звука. Собаки осторожно открыли дверь и она заскрипела так громко, что они отскочили от испуга на несколько метров от дома.

Они постояли несколько минут, прежде чем войти в дом. В доме было темно и сыро. Куджо с Луной увидели несколько кроватей с матрасами, поломанные стулья и разбитое зеркало на стене. Луна (как настоящая девочка) сразу подошла в зеркало, чтобы взглянуть на себя. В тот же самый момент она завизжала и выскочила из дома. Куджо ничего не понял, но бросился за ней. Собаки пулей влетели в машину и Луна попыталась даже залезть под заднее сиденье. Они были настолько напуганы, что даже и не вспомнили про шашлык. Мы проехали несколько километров и только тогда Луна рассказала о том, что она увидела в зеркале.


(продолжение следует)

## Unit 7. The Future Perfect Tense. Будущее совершенное время

We use the future perfect simple to talk about actions that will be completed at a particular time in the future, often with by + a time expression (then, ten thirty, next week, this time next year).

> We form the future perfect simple with will + have + V3

> By ten thirty Kudjo will have finished the race.

> We usually use the short form of will (’ll) or will not (won’t) after a pronoun.

They’ll have finished the race by ten thirty.

They won’t have come back by then.

EXERCISE 1


Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect :


1 In two days Kudjo /finish/ reading the book.

2 By Monday Kudjo /learn/ twenty new Cattish words.

3 By the end of the day Kudjo /eat/ a bag of treats.

4 Kudjo /have/ a few nice dreams by the time I wake him up.

5 Kudjo and Luna /be/ friends for two years by June.

6 He /take/ me for a walk by lunchtime.

7 Kudjo /not return/ home by noon.

8 Kudjo /make/ friends with this bull by the end of the summer?

9 They /collect/ and /hide/ all the toys by then.

10 What he /do/ by the time I wake up in the morning?

11 Kudjo /drink/ all the bottled water by night and I’ll have to buy a lot more.


EXERCISE 2


Find the proper verb and put it into the correct Future Perfect form:


Do you know what will have happened by the time Kudjo is twenty? What do you think will have come true? Put T (true) or F (false):