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The Lost Peace. How the West Failed to Prevent a Second Cold War



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,           .        ,          ,      ,         ,      .    ,     ,        ,    .           ,              ,   .      ,              ,          .

      ,        ,        1945.,     ,    ,        .   ,               ,    ,         .   .           ,        .         ,    .       ,    . ,   .    ,         .

   ,     .   1789.       .    1917.      ,         ,       .        1980-,      ,      .     ,          .   , ,  , ,   (       ),        ,        .   .

   ,     ,         ,      1987.     ,       .     :     ,        ,      .   1989.   ,         .           .        ,  ,    1991. .           - ,       .                   .

  1945.       ,    [1 - George Orwell, You and the Atomic Bomb, Tribune, 19 October 1945, https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essaysand-other-works/you-and-the-atom-bomb/].  ,   19891991.,           .    ,          .            1919.  :   .     ,     .  1939.        .    ,   1989.,        ,             ,        .             ,           .  ,           , ,          .       ,         ,       ,           .           ,     ,    ,    .

 [2 -              peace order  ,     world order  global order       . . .],   ,    ,   ,         ,    .       ,      .           .     ,    ,         ,   -     .  ,     :  ,         ,  ,  ,   ,    [3 - Gerry Simpson, Two Liberalisms, European Journal of International Law, 12/3, 2001, pp. 539, 560.].            .        ,          ,       ,       ,    .

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      ,   ,          ,    . ,  ,    ,  ,   .              .        ,     .       ,     , ,          .   ,              1950-        .           ,    ,    ,    ,      - .                ,              .

          ,        .  XIX.            ,       1945.                , ,    [4 - G.John Ikenberry, A World Safe for Democracy: Liberal Internationalism and the Crisis of Global Order (New Haven, CT and London, Yale University Press, 2020).].    ,        ,     :     ,    -  1944.,   ,      ,        4  1949.      ().          ,   -,                .          ,      ,       .                  .        ,          ,       ,        [5 -    . .: Perry Anderson, The H-Word: The Peripeteia of Hegemony (London, Verso, 2017) and James Martin, Hegemony (Cambridge, Polity, 2022).].

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   .       ,       ,      ,   [6 - Robert D.Kaplan, The Tragic Mind: Fear, Fate, and the Burden of Power (New Haven, CT and London, Yale University Press, 2023), p. xiv.        (The Battle of Good against Good), pp. 116.].    ,    ,          .       , ,  ,   .       ,         ,   ,        [7 - Max Weber, Politics as a Vocation, in H.H.Gerth and C.Wright Mills, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1946), pp. 77128.].    ,    ,                  .     ,        .        ,   ,          .       .         ,        .

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         ,          ,       .     ,    .          ,  ,   1963., ,       .       ,      ,     ,   [9 - President John F.Kennedy, Commencement Address at American University, 10 June 1963, https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-fkennedy-speeches/american-university-19630610].  ,     ,   ,  ,     ,    ,       .         ,        .            ?        ,    ,       .   ,    ,      .            .

     ,         .         ,    ,     ,        ,     ,     .    ,    ,            .              ,             .  -    ,  ,       .           2022.           - .   , -    ,      ,       , ,  ,   ,  ,    . -        ,     .          ,       .   ,       ,     .      ,             .       ( ),               .

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 1.  


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    -   ,             ,   -       .  ,           :        .     ,   .     ,   .   ,  .    ,   ,   ,    ,    .       :



         ,        .  ,           .                  ,     ,      .


 ,     ,     ,   ,        ,     ,     [63 - Kennedy, 1963 Commencement.].     ,          [64 - L.Fletcher Prouty, The CIA, Vietnam and the Plot to Assassinate John F Kennedy (New York, Skyhorse Publishing, 2011.].          1970-          ,          1979.       ,   .




 2.   


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      (),    1991.,           ,         1600 .           ,         .    , ,   ,      ,      ,  ,           .          2022.  12705 , 90       .        .   1990.                (),      ,        .    :      30.  ,      .     ,     ,       [67 - Ian Clark, The Post-Cold War Order: The Spoils of Peace (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 133.].          ,             .    2011.         2014.

           ,         ,       1520   .        , 6  1989.,                 .             :



,  XX     ,         ,           ,          . <>  :        ,         ,       . ,     .       [68 - .. . . . 15. 2010. . 156, 169.]





  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/richard-sakva/uteryannyy-mir-kak-zapad-ne-sumel-predotvratit-vtoruu-holodn-72459472/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


George Orwell, You and the Atomic Bomb, Tribune, 19 October 1945, https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essaysand-other-works/you-and-the-atom-bomb/




2


             peace order  ,     world order  global order       . . .




3


Gerry Simpson, Two Liberalisms, European Journal of International Law, 12/3, 2001, pp. 539, 560.




4


G.John Ikenberry, A World Safe for Democracy: Liberal Internationalism and the Crisis of Global Order (New Haven, CT and London, Yale University Press, 2020).




5


   . .: Perry Anderson, The H-Word: The Peripeteia of Hegemony (London, Verso, 2017) and James Martin, Hegemony (Cambridge, Polity, 2022).




6


Robert D.Kaplan, The Tragic Mind: Fear, Fate, and the Burden of Power (New Haven, CT and London, Yale University Press, 2023), p. xiv.        (The Battle of Good against Good), pp. 116.




7


Max Weber, Politics as a Vocation, in H.H.Gerth and C.Wright Mills, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1946), pp. 77128.




8


Institute for Economics and Peace, Positive Peace Report 2022, https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/PPR-2022-web-1.pdf, p. 2.




9


President John F.Kennedy, Commencement Address at American University, 10 June 1963, https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-fkennedy-speeches/american-university-19630610




10


Christopher Clark, A Rock of Order, review of Wolfram Siemann, trans. Diane Steuer, Metternich: Strategist and Visionary (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2019), in London Review of Books, 8 October 2020, pp. 57, at p. 5.

    ,      ,       ,                   . . .




11


E.H.Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis, 19191939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, reissued with a new introduction and additional material by Michael Cox (London, Palgrave, 2001 [1939]).




12


 : Richard Sakwa, New Cold War or Twenty Years Crisis?: Russia and International Politics, International Affairs, 84/2, March 2008, pp. 24167.




13


Edward Hallett Carr, Conditions of Peace (New York, Macmillan, 1943).




14


G.John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2001).




15


    ͻ      ,   : Simpson, Two Liberalisms, and Anne L.Clunan, Russia and the Liberal World Order, Ethics & International Affairs, 32/1, 2018, pp. 4559,        .




16


Thomas A.Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace (New York, Macmillan, 1944).




17


Ikenberry, World Safe for Democracy, p. 140.




18


The Atlantic Charter, 14 August 1941, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_16912.htm




19


Henry Kissinger, World Order: Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History (London, Allen Lane, 2014), p. 271.




20


           260 (III)     9  1948.       12  1951., https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/genocide.shtml




21


John Charvet and Elisa Kaczynska-Nay, The Liberal Project and Human Rights: The Theory and Practice of a New World Order (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 81109.




22


Cf.David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Cambridge, Polity, 1995).




23


John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War (London, Penguin, 2005), p. ix.




24


Ibid., p. 11.




25


Ibid., p. 18.




26


Geoffrey Roberts, Stalins Wars: From World War to Cold War, 19391953 (New Haven, CT and London, Yale University Press, 2008).




27


  .: Melvyn Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 1992); Melvyn Leffler (ed.), Origins of the Cold War: An International History (London, Routledge, 2005).




28


David Mayers, America and the Postwar World: Remaking International Society, 19451956 (London, Routledge, 2018).




29


Stephen Wertheim, Tomorrow the World: The Birth of US Global Supremacy (Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press, 2020), p. 1.




30


George F.Kennan [X], The Sources of Soviet Conduct, Foreign Affairs, 25, July 1947, p. 575.




31


Alan Cafruny, Vassilis K.Fouskas, William D.E.Mallinson and Andrey Voynitsky, Ukraine, Multipolarity and the Crisis of Grand Strategies, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, published online 14 June 2022 (emphasis in original).




32


John A.Thompson, The Appeal of America First, in Robert Jervis et al. (eds), Chaos in the Liberal Order (New York, Columbia University Press, 2018), p. 155.




33


Daniel Deudney and G.John Ikenberry, The Nature and Sources of Liberal International Order, Review of International Studies, 25/2, 1999, pp. 17996.




34


Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007).




35


The North Atlantic Treaty, Washington DC, 4 April 1949, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm




36


     ,        : Glenn Diesen. EUand NATO Relations with Russia: After the Collapse of the Soviet Union (London, Routledge, 2016).




37


John Ruggie, International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order, International Organization, 36/2, 1982, pp. 379415.




38


Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 19451963 (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1999).




39


A.J.Williams, Failed Imagination?: The Anglo-American New World Order from Wilson to Bush, 2nd edn (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2007).




40


Available at https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk




41


  .: Michael Cotey Morgan, The Final Act: The Helsinki Accords and the Transformation of the Cold War (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2018).




42


Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Final Act, 1 August 1975, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/5/c/39501.pdf




43


Samuel Moyn, The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History (Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press, 2012), p. 150.




44


               .    ,         . G.John Ikenberry and AnneMarie Slaughter, Forging a World of Liberty Under Law: US National Strategy Security in the Twenty-First Century (Princeton, NJ, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, 2006).




45


Fred Halliday, The Making of the Second Cold War (London, Verso, 1983).




46


 ,        3  1979.,          , .: Joe Lauria, What a US Trap for Russia Might Look Like, Consortium News, 4 February 2022, https://consortiumnews.com/2022/02/04/what-a-us-trap-for-russia-in-ukraine-might-look-like/




47


        .




48


..            // .. . .:  30. .:   , 20082022. [: .. . .] . 8. 2009. .11236.




49


Vendulka Kubalkova and A.A.Cruickshank, Thinking about Soviet New Thinking (Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1989).




50


RobertD. English, Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals and the End of the Cold War (New York, Columbia University Press, 2000).




51


  : .., ..     . .:  , 1984.     (   )           .    ()        .: Nick Bisley, The End of the Cold War and the Causes of the Soviet Collapse (Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2004).




52


Anatoly Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev: Notes from a Diary (Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), p. 51. [ ..    .   . : -, 1993].




53


Vladislav Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Press, 2007), p. 344.




54


Francis Fukuyama, The End of History, National Interest, 16, Summer 1989, pp. 317; Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York, Free Press, 1992).       : Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, in Kant: Political Writings, ed. Hans Reiss, 2nd enlarged edn (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 93130. [ .    // .:  8. ., 1994. . 7. .556.]




55


Andrei Sakharov, Progress, Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom (New York, W.W.Norton, 1970).




56


..      7  1988 . // .. . . . 13. 2009. .838.




57


    ,         1996.   1998.,       1999.




58


    : Andrei Kozyrev, The Firebird: A Memoir. The Elusive Fate of Russian Democracy (Pittsburgh, PA, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019).




59


Dwight D.Eisenhower, Chance for Peace Speech, 16 April 1953, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-the-chance-for-peacedelivered-before-the-american-society-newspaper-editors




60


Michael J.Glennon, National Security and Double Government (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015).




61


Dwight D.Eisenhower, Military-Industrial Complex Speech, 17 January 1961, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/eisenhower001.asp




62


     ,    . ., : James McCartney with Molly Sinclair McCartney, Americas War Machine: Vested Interests, Endless Conflicts (New York, Thomas Dunne Books, 2015).




63


Kennedy, 1963 Commencement.




64


L.Fletcher Prouty, The CIA, Vietnam and the Plot to Assassinate John F Kennedy (New York, Skyhorse Publishing, 2011.




65


Archie Brown, The Human Factor: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Thatcher and the End of the Cold War (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996).          .   ,       ,       ,      ,          . .: Philip Taubman, In the Nations Service: The Life and Times of George P.Shultz (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2023).




66


Joint Soviet-United States Statement on the Summit Meeting in Geneva, 21 November 1985, https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/joint-sovietunited-states-statement-summit-meeting-geneva.  -  21  1985 . https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/chronicle_1985_11_6.pdf




67


Ian Clark, The Post-Cold War Order: The Spoils of Peace (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 133.




68


.. . . . 15. 2010. . 156, 169.


