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Copyright  2019 by Thomas Sowell

This edition published by arrangement with Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books LLC, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, Inc. New York, NY, USA. via Igor Korzhenevskiy of Alexander Korzhenevski Agency (Russia).

All rights reserved



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 1.   



            [2 - .   (Fernand Braudel),  ,    (Richard Mayne) (-: The Penguin Press, 1994), . 17.].

 

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        .  -          ,              .      ,      ,      . , ,        ,            .    ,           ,  .

          2/3,    ,          ,     . ,     32/243[3 -    ,        ,       ,     ,     .     ,   ,         ,           ,   ,       .   ,     ,  ,        ,    .          ,     ,   , ,  ,     .]     .  ,       .  ,     ,     .   ,           .       ,         ,        [4 -    , , ,         ,    ,     .          ,    ,   ,    ,   ,    , ,      ,    ,  ,    .               ,    . ,     ,   .].

           ?     ,             , ,      ,           ,     .       ,             .  ,  ,    ,   ,       .

  ,         ,       ,   .  , , ,    ,       ,  ,      ,     .   1950    40%     .            [5 - (:      ,   , 1957), . 15.].

          ,         ,                  ,      .

     ,    ,      . ,             .

,   XX      .    ,        1470    IQ 140  .              ,         [6 -    1940             .  .  (Lewis M. Terman)  ., (:   , 1947), . 177.],        ,      1%     IQ.

        ,      ,   20%   .  150        8   ,          .            98    [7 -   (Malcolm Gladwell), (-: Little, Brown and Company, 2008), . 111.],       ,  IQ    1%.

   ,           IQ 140,      ,        IQ 140        - [8 -   (Malcolm Gladwell), (-: Little, Brown and Company, . 8990. .   .  (Joel N. Shurkin),  :   ,    (: Little, Brown and Company, 1992), . 35;   (Wolfgang Saxon),  . , 79,     , 14  1989., . D9; . .  (J. Y. Smith),  ,   , -, , Washington Post, 3  1988., . B6.]. ,            -    ,      IQ.   ,       ,             1%     IQ.

  ,           ,     . ,    ,           ,    .                 ,  [9 -   (Malcolm Gladwell), , . 111112.].

        ,      [10 -   (Malcolm Gladwell), , . 112.].   IQ       .

     -,          .         , ,    ,           ,  -       .         ,      [11 -       . .   (Thomas Sowell),  :  ,     (-: BasicBooks, 2001), . 4748.       . . . .  (J. D. Vance),  :        (-: HarperCollins, 2016), . 2, 129130, 205, 239.].

  ,    ,       ,    ,       ,       ,     .     ,      ,            - ,   ,         .

      ,                  .            ,      -.      ,     ,       .

,      ,              ,       .          ,               Professional Golfers Association  PGA [12 -          .  PGA,        . //]. [13 -   (Charles Murray),  :       ,  800.  ..  1950. (-: HarperCollins, 2003), . 9899.]

        PGA     [14 -   (Charles Murray),  :       ,  800.  ..  1950. (-: HarperCollins, 2003), . 99.],          ,         200    [15 -   (James Corrigan),       , The Daily Telegraph (), 5  2013., . 1617.].  , ,         ,        [16 -   (Charles Murray),  , . 102.].

           ,     ,              , ,        .    ,                    .               ,    , , ,  ,                 .

                        ,  ,        ,   .

,                10%     .        , ,   ,  (  )    ,      ,     [17 -   (Charles Murray),  , . 355361.].

           .      ,   ,              ,            [18 -  .    .  (John K. Fairbank and Edwin O. Reischauer), :    (: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), . 17.].

,     ,                   ,    .  ,      ,     ,                .

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      :   -         ,    ,   ,   ,         .           .

,    National Merit Scholarship [19 -      ,          .           ,        . //] ,        ,    ,         [20 -  .  (William D. Altus),     , Science,  151 (7  1966.), . 45.].         ,     [21 -  .  (William D. Altus),     , Science,  151 (7  1966.), . 45.].      ,            ,           ,     ?

        ,     ,     .

   IQ  ,     ,   IQ  ,   IQ     .  ,  IQ      ,   IQ   [22 -  . ,     .  (Julia M. Rohrer, Boris Egloff, and Stefan C. Schmukle),      ,    ,  112, 46 (17  2015.), . 14225.      IQ   .       IQ           IQ  120       IQ     ,    .     ,          ,  ,        ,     .].

     ,          .              ,          ,     [23 -   (Lillian Belmont)   .  (Francis A. Marolla),  ,    , Science,  182, 4117 (14  1973.), . 1098.]          [24 -  .  (Sandra E. Black),  .  (Paul J. Devereux)   .  (Kjell G. Salvanes),   ?    IQ  , CESifo Economic Studies,  57, 1/2011, . 103120.].          [25 -   (Lillian Belmont)   .  (Francis A. Marolla),  ,    , Science,  182, 4117 (14  1973.), . 10961097;  .  (Sandra E. Black),  .  (Paul J. Devereux)   .  (Kjell G. Salvanes),   ?    IQ  , CESifo Economic Studies,  57, 1/2011, . 109.].

  , -,        .   -     ( 1968 ) ,   -             ,      10     ,     [26 -     .. - (Sidney Cobb and John R. P. French, Jr.),    -,    ,  195, 4 (24  1966.), . 172173.].  1978 ,       -, ,   ,   ,   [27 -  .     (William A. Layman and Andrew Saueracker),          ,  ,  13 (1978), . 117123.].  ,     XIX ,    [28 -  .  (William D. Altus),     , Science,  151 (7  1966.), . 4449.  :  .  (Robert S. Albert),   :        .   :      ,    .    .  (Rena F. Subotnik and Karen D. Arnold) (, -: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1994), . 293.].

      ,     ,   ,    .                ,    .   ,   2003 , ,     22%     ,    11%  ,    ,  3%  ,   10-  [29 -  .      (Alison L. Booth and Hiau Joo Kee),    :         ,   ,  22, 2 ( 2009.), . 377.].

  20000      XX  ,      18% ,      ,    16% -  7% ,        .       . 23%  ,    ,      ,    19%,   .  5%  ,     ,    [30 -  . -,      (Robert J. Gary-Bobo, Ana Prieto and Natalie Picard),              ,   5514 ( 2006.),    , , . 22.].

,    ,        .   4000  ,   ,   ,      ,     [31 -  .     (Jere R. Behrman and Paul Taubman),  ,    ,   ,  4, 3,  2:      ( 1986.), . 136.].   ,           [32 -  .    .  (Philip S. Very and Richard W. Prull),  ,       ,   ,  116, 2 (1  1970.), . 219221.]     [33 -  .  (Richard L. Zweigenhaft),  ,      ,   ,  31, 2 ( 1975), . 208.].  29    ,    , 22   ,    [34 -  31  1993., ,    ,  ,    ,      ,   ,  ,  1994. (:   , 1994), . 19.].            [35 -  .. ,  .    . .  (Daniel S. P. Schubert, Mazie E. Wagner, and Herman J. P. Schubert),    :      ,  95, 1 (1977), . 147149.].

,    ,            : ,  ,  ,  ,   ,      ,   ,                      .

  ,          ,    ,       ,         .

     ,    IQ      ,   ,   [36 -  .  (Arthur R. Jensen),    (-: Harper & Row, 1972), . 143.].  ,     IQ      , ,         ,  IQ     IQ ,   [37 - .. ,    . .  (R. G. Record, Thomas McKeown and J. H. Edwards),          ,  34,  1 ( 1970), . 18, 19, 20.].    ,   ,     ,      :              .

       ,        ,           ,     [38 -  3        500000    80000  .  ,    ,   :      75000    200000  .   (Paul Tough),  ,   ,  New York Times, 26  2006., . 48. .    (Betty Hart)   .  (Todd R. Risley),         (: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., 1995), . 253. . :  .  (Edward C. Banfield),  :       (: Little, Brown, 1970), . 224229.].  ,   ,   ( ),    2100   ,           1200   ,    ,    , 600    [39 -     , The Economist, 26  2014., . 22.].   ,                [40 - ., ,  .  (Kay S. Hymowitz),     :        (:  . , 2006), . 7882;   (Betty Hart)   .  (Todd R. Risley),        , . 253;  .  (Edward C. Banfield),  , . 224229.     ,  -,   ,      .        .  ,    ,       ,                 . -  (George-Levi Gayle),   (Limor Golan)   .  (Mrhmet A. Soytas),        ,        ,     -,  100, 3 (  2018.), . 292.].

            ,    ,      .           ,          ,   ,        ,    :      ,    .

    ,   ,  -,        .                        ,             [41 -        .    (Thomas Sowell) ,   ,     (New York: Basic Books, 2016), . 178183, 360375, 382390.],         ,            .

                   ,    .              ,  ,          .

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     ,        ,  ,   XVIII ,  ,   XIX .     ,   .

       ,            . ,   XIV       ,      [42 -    (Henry Thomas Buckle),      (:   , 1970), . 52.].     XVIII  XIX           ,        ,    ,    ,    ,             .

 ,   ,          ,     ,      ,   ,      .     ,         ,     ,     ,          .

     ,     ,            .       ,   ,         .

   ,         XIX .   ,   ,      ,      1853  [43 -   (Irokawa Daikichi),   ,     .  (Marius B. Jansen) (:   , 1985), . 7.].   ,       ,     ,    ,     XX         .  ,    ,   ,     .

      ,   .                ,   :           XIX  XX .

             .

     :             ,                 .  ,       1600  1750    ,     [44 -   (Joel Mokyr),  :    (:   , 2017), . 256.].

         ,        ,          ,     ,    .         XIX .

  XVIII           ,    .           ,     .       1789 .   XIX               .

        ,      . ,  1880    30%     [45 -   (Steven Beller),   :         ,  1900.,    :     1800.   ,    ,      (Malcolm Gee, Tim Kirk and Jill Steward) (, : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 1999), . 150.].     XIX-   XX             ,  ,        .

 1870  1950                           .    XX ,     1%  ,   22%    , 32%    32%   [46 -   (Charles Murray),  , . 280, 282.].

,       ,                            .  ,            ,  ,         ,       ,              ,      ,       ,       ,        .

             ,        .         [47 -  .  (Charles O. Hucker),   :       (:   , 1975), . 65;   (Jacques Gernet),   ,  ,  . .     (J. R. Foster and Charles Hartman) (-:   , 1996), . 69.].      ,   ,   .         [48 -  .  (David S. Landes),    :    ,     (-: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998), . 9395;  .  (William H. McNeill),  :    (:   , 1991), . 526.]   ,        ,    [49 -  .  (David S. Landes),    , . 9495.].

   ,     XV ,          .   ,     ,         ,            .

        ,    -    ,  1433          ,    ,       ,    .            .

         ,   ,       ,       .          ,  ,      ,   ,     .  ,      ,  -    ,    ,                 .

 ,         ,      ,          .           ,  .   ,       ,   ,          [50 - ., ,   (Thomas Sowell), ,   ,    ,   I;    (Ellen Churchill Semple),    (-: Henry Holt and Company, 1911), . 144, 175, 397, 530, 531, 599, 600. ,     ,    .  , . 347.].         .                   .

     ,       ,    , ,  .        ,   :    ,    ,          .

   ,    ,      ,                .

 ,     ,        ,      -    .    ,       ,         .           ,   1994  57       ,    ,    [51 -   (Andrew Tanzer),  , Forbes, 18  1994., . 138144; :   , The Economist, 28  1994., . 32.].

    ,       ( ,   ) -    ,       .       ,       ,      .            .   ,          -   .               ,      ,    ,            .

  -           .             ,     .  ,       ,             [52 -   (Richard Rhodes),    (-: Simon & Schuster, 1986), . 13, 106, 188189, 305314;  .  (Silvan S. Schweber),   :   (, :   , 2008), . 138;   (Michio Kaku),  :           (-: W. W. Norton, 2004), . 187188;  .  (Howard M. Sachar),     (-: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), . 527;    ,     (-: Random House, 1999), . 591.].

    ,         -   .       /      ,           .      -,    .




     ,      .         ,      ,      ,   ,                 .   X     ,     ,    ,  ,      ,    ,    [53 -      (Bernard Lewis)    (-: W. W. Norton, 1982), . 139.].

          ,      ,           ,     .  ,                 ,    ,        ,    .     ,                  .

 ,    ,          .            (, Macys [54 -     ,   1858    . //]  Bloomingdales [55 -     ,       1861 . //])    ,    (. . , .. ),     (Hewlett Packard [56 - -    1939  -         . //]).  ,   ,   -    /         ,   .

   100   Eastman Kodak [57 -     ,  , ,       ,    . //]       .      XIX               ,      .      Kodak     ,       ,    ,  ,   ,   ,          .

    Kodak        ,     ,  ,          .    Kodak    .    Eastman Kodak       .            ,        ,   Fuji     XX   ,   1993      21% [58 -   (Giovanni Gavetti),   (Rebecca Henderson)    (Simona Giorgi), Kodak    (A), 9705448,   , 2  2005., . 3, 11.].

 Eastman Kodak   ,              .       Eastman Kodak      .  1988      145000    ,         16    1996  [59 -   Kodak? The Economist, 14  2012., . 6364.].        XXI ,     ,  Kodak  [60 -   (Mike Spector)    (Dana Mattioli),        Kodak? Wall Street Journal, 20  2012., . B1.].

      :     .        2000 ,          .    ,  2003,       . ,      ,         ,   2000 ,            [61 -  . - (Henry C. Lucas, Jr.),  :     (, : Praeger, 2008), . 157.].

 Eastman Kodak,         [62 -   (Giovanni Gavetti),   (Rebecca Henderson)    (Simona Giorgi), Kodak    (A), 9705448,   , 2  2005., . 4.],    ,           .     - ,     ,   Sony.         XX    XXI       Eastman Kodak [63 -   (Giovanni Gavetti),   (Rebecca Henderson)    (Simona Giorgi), Kodak    (A), 9705448,   , 2  2005., . 12.].

           Kodak,    ,      ,  Eastman Kodak   .     ,  ,     Kodak      .    Eastman Kodak          [64 -       Eastman Kodak  ..  ,                ,    ,          .    Eastman Kodak       Fuji,     .       ,      ,     .   ,    ,   ,      ,  ,   ,    (,   ) ,                    ,        .  .  (Joseph A. Schumpeter), ,   ,   (-: Harper & Brothers, 1950), . 84.        A&P,                .        A&P    ,    ,   A&P     ,         ,    A&P.  .  (Richard S. Tedlow),   :      (-: Basic Books, 1990), . 246.].




 ,     ,         ,             .

       ,   90%             [65 -   (Darrell Hess),   :  ,   (--, -: Pearson Education, Inc., 2014), . 200.].     ,         ,                .               ,    .

       ,       ,       ,       [66 - (, :       , 2008), . 29;  .  (Rachel I. Albrecht),  .  (Steven J. Goodman),  .  (Dennis E. Buechler),  .  (Richard J. Blakeslee)   .  (Hugh J. Christian),        ?  2016., . 2055; (: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2005),  3, . 583.].      ,          ,   .          20  ,     [67 -   (Darrell Hess),   ,  , . 198.].

         ,       (  ,     )   ,        [68 -  .  (Alan H. Strahler),    ,   (, -: Wiley, 2013), . 402403.].         ,              ,   .         :



              .   .     [69 -    (. Edward Osborne Wilson; 10  1929, ,  ,   26  2021)  , , , , ,    .       . //](1988)  43  ,        [70 -  .  (Bradley C. Bennett),      , BioScience,  42, 8 ( 1992.), . 599.].


                      :               ,       [71 -   (Ronald Fraser), ,   ,     (Alexander Frater) (: Little, Brown and Company, 1984), . 111.].

, ,    .         90%   .  , ,   90% ,   ,    ,   ,       ,   .     ,          [72 -   (Karen Kaplan),      , Los Angeles Times, 1  2005., . A12;   (Rick Weiss),      , Washington Post, 1  2005., . A3;  , The Economist, 5  1999., . 7778.].               ,    .







                ?   ,          . ,          ,    ,     ,      ,   .

  ,      . ,           [73 -  .  (David S. Landes),    , . 6.].   ,        ,      ,  ,    .   ,      ,                           .   , ,     ,            .




         ,          .                 ,      .

              3000   ,        1250   [74 - .. . ,    284602:     (:   , 1964),  2, . 841842.].  ,  ,   ,            .     ,                  [75 -    (Ellen Churchill Semple),   :      (-: Henry Holt and Company, 1931), . 5.].

  XIX   -               ,        [76 -  ,   (-:  Harper & Row, 1980), . 6566.].           ,  ,   ,        ,  ,     .

,   ,                   ,        .  ,    ,     ,     ,            .

    ,                          .  ,                    ,      .

,   ,          ,     ,    .        ,  ,    ,        ,        [77 - ., ,    (Ellen Churchill Semple),   , . 20, 280, 281282, 347, 521531, 599, 600;  ,        II,    (Si?n Reynolds) (:   , 1995),  1. I, . 34, 35;   (Thomas Sowell), ,   ,    , . 4554.].

                  ,  ,          .   ,         [78 -  .   . (James S. Gardner, et al.),   ,  :    ,    .   . (Martin F. Price, et al) (:   , 2013), . 288289; . .  (J. R. McNeill),   :   (-:   , 1992), . 223, 225227;    (Ellen Churchill Semple),   , . 578579.],       ,         .

             .           ,       [79 - ., ,  .  (Frederick R. Troeh)   .  and Louis M. Thompson),    ,   (, : , 2005), . 330;    . (Xiaobing Liu, et al.),    : ,   ,   ,  92 (2012), . 383402;   (Darrel Hess),   ,  , . 362363.].       ,       ,      ,       .

,    ,     ,  8%   ,    23%     53%     [80 -  . ,  .    .  (Andrew D. Mellinger, Jeffrey D. Sachs, and John L. Gallup), ,    ,     ,    . ,  .    .  (Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman and Meric S. Gertler) (:   , 2000), . 169.       , ,  ,      .    (Ellen Churchill Semple),   , . 280.].

           .                .   ,          ,          ,            .

, -     ,   ,        ,        ,                    [81 -    .    (Thomas Sowell) ,   ,    ,  I.      (Ellen Churchill Semple),   ,      (VIII),   (XIII),     (XI)           (XV  XVI).].

            ,     .          ,     ,     ,           .    ,          ,       .

,         ,    ,      ,                .     -                  , , ,    .               ,      .        -     ,             .

    ,    , ,   ,         .     ,                  .         ,                         ,    .

    1012%    [82 -  .   . (James S. Gardner, et al.),   ,  ,    .   . (Martin F. Price, et al), . 268.],     ,                     10      [83 -    2014   7,2  .        323  ,        61  . The Economist,    :  2017  (: Profile Books, 2016), . 14, 240.].             ,  ,  , ,   ,       ,        ,   .

    ,     ,    .         ,      .      ,    XX , ,         ,          [84 -  .  (Edward C. Banfield),     (-: Free Press, 1958), . 35, 4647.].                     ,             ,      .

      ,                .        .          ,              ,         ,      ,  ,           .          ,  ,          .

  ,         , ,     ,     ,    ,    .     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,                ,         .

 ,         ,                 ,     ,        . ,     ,       ,          .

      ,               [85 -   (Fernand Braudel),  ,    (Richard Mayne) (-: The Penguin Press, 1994), . 17.],    ,    ,      .    .     [86 -  ,      ,    ,  , . //]      ,       ,   ,       - ,     [87 -  .  (Donald L. Horowitz),     (:   , 1985), . 677.].            :        ,      ,    ( ) ,           [88 -   (Myron Weiner),       :    ,    ,    .   .   (Robert B. Goldmann and A. Jeyaratnam Wilson) (: Frances Pinter, 1984), . 64.].       ,           ,      [89 -  .  (Cynthia H. Enloe), ,     :    (-: Transaction Books, 1980), . 143.].

     ,   -    .   , ,          ,           ,      ,            ,          ,          [90 -  .  (Angelo M. Codevilla),  :      ,    (-: Basic Books, 1997), . 50.].

                    ,  80%        ,   , , , , , , , , ,    , , ,   ,        [91 -   (Charles Murray),  , . 298.].                    :    -   ,     ,   ,    [92 -   (Charles Murray),  , . 304, 305.].




   ,   -    ,    ,    ,      .  ,    ,     .

  , ,            ,         [93 -      ,         45  54             25 .             .  ,      (Kayla Fontenot, Jessica Semega and Melissa Kollar),      : 2017,   , . 60263 (:    , 2018),  1, . 2.     ,    .         2017 ,    ,   , 18  2017.,  3.].  ,          ,            -        ,         ,                 .

              . ,          51 ,      27  [94 - .    , S0201,      ,   1      2016 ,   -  9  2018.: https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/ jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_S0201&prodType=table.].

 ,             ,      ,    ,    /   ?  ,  -    ,    ,     ,         ?  27-     ,             ?

             ,  ,            ,   . , ,     ,   -,    .         ,             .              ,     ,             .

                       - .   ,              .        .  ,     ,     .


 

  ,               ,      ,  ,     ,      .   XX  ,     ,       [95 -          (Thomas Sowell)    (New York: Basic Books, 2013),  3.].       ,     ,        .              [96 -  .  (Thomas C. Leonard),      ,   ,  19, 4 ( 2005.), . 216.],  ,       ,      ,   -   .

            -     ,              .     XX         ,  :   .                 ,       .

 , ,            ,         ,   ,   ,  ,  .          .          ,         [97 -   (Sidney Webb),     :   ,  , . II ( 1910   1911), . 240;  .  (Thomas C. Leonard),      ,   ,  19, 4 ( 2005.), . 216;   (Richard Overy),  :     (-: Viking, 2009), . 93, 105, 106, 107, 124127;   (Donald MacKenzie),   ,   ,  6, 34 ( 1975.), . 518;   (Jakob Tanner),   1945.,    ,  10, 4 (2012), . 465.].

                  [98 -     .    (Thomas Sowell)   , . 2935.].         ,  ..           -     ,       [99 -  .  (Leon J. Kamin),    I.Q. (-: John Wiley and Sons, 1974), . 6.],   ,     (SAT [100 - SAT Reasoning Test ( Scholastic Aptitude Test)          . //]), ,            ,  ,     ,      [101 -  .  (Carl C. Brigham),    (:   , 1923), . 190.].

 ,             .        .     ,     .    ,      ,       ,    , -   , ,     ,       [102 - (-: World Almanac Books, 2013), . 335.].        ,    ,         , -   ,     [103 - ..  (E. A. Pearce)  ..  (C. G. Smith),       (-: Times Books, 1984), . 279, 380, 413.].

 ,              .  ,          ,    ,    ,           ,       1300   [104 - ..  (E. A. Pearce)  ..  (C. G. Smith),       (-: Times Books, 1984), . 132, 376.                    ,   ,    , -   ,       ,   .].            -   ,  .      ,       ,     .

    ,           ,      [105 -     .    (Thomas Sowell) ,   ,    , . 6264.].       ,      .           .                ,                .

        -         ,              .      -        ,     .    ,      .

                    [106 -   (Steven Pinker),    :    (-: Viking, 2011), . 8587.]. ,    The Economist[107 - The Economist       (    ).    The Economist Group. //],     8%  ,   38% .  , 80%         2%  [108 -  , The Economist, 7  2018., . 9.].

 ,      ,           . , ,  ,                  ,    ,          .

    XX                        ,       ,    .          ,       ,        .

 Mein Kampf[109 - Mein Kampf (.  )      ,  -   .            . . . //] ,         .            ,       2500        .     ,       ,  ,      .                   , ,   ,      .

             .              .         ,    ,   ,    ,       .   ,               ,                ,      .




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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/thomas-sowell-21062094/mify-o-neravenstve-otkuda-beretsya-diskriminaciya-72341419/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


  (Alan Greenspan),  :     (-: Penguin Press, 2007), . 95.




2


.   (Fernand Braudel),  ,    (Richard Mayne) (-: The Penguin Press, 1994), . 17.




3


   ,        ,       ,     ,     .     ,   ,         ,           ,   ,       .   ,     ,  ,        ,    .          ,     ,   , ,  ,     .




4


   , , ,         ,    ,     .          ,    ,   ,    ,   ,    , ,      ,    ,  ,    .               ,    . ,     ,   .




5


(:      ,   , 1957), . 15.




6


   1940             .  .  (Lewis M. Terman)  ., (:   , 1947), . 177.




7


  (Malcolm Gladwell), (-: Little, Brown and Company, 2008), . 111.




8


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12


         .  PGA,        . //




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54


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55


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56


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110


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