:   .  ,    
 


 ,     #1
  :      ,  .        ,   .     ,   ,   :   IP  DNS,   ,   VPN,      ,   ,    .  ,   ,       , ,  ,  ,   .             ,       .





 

:   .  ,    



1.1  ARPANET   

 ,                 .        .

  XIX          .  XX          :   ,     Colossus  , ENIAC  .      ,       .

     .  SAGE       :          ,     .     , ,   ,      .    NORAD        .

  1960-  ARPANET,     ,  ,    .   , ,         :        .  TCP/IP,       ,    .

        ,     command & control         . ,       ,         .

   

      -   .        ,    .            ,    ,      .    ,  -  Google, Meta  Amazon,        -,    .

        (transit fees).    (Tier-1),      ,       .       :   ,       .

     -

      ,        .                   .          .

     -       ,  ,     .          .   ,   ,    .

   -      ,    ,    ,    .        .

  

  

      ,        .         :  ,  ,   .              .

TCP  UDP     

     ,    - .     ,        TCP  UDP.

  -,     ,      .

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

,       .

:

   ,

 ,

 ,     ,

    .

    TCP  , :

  ;

    ;

 ,  - ;

,      .

,   TCP:

 (HTTP/HTTPS),

 (SMTP, IMAP),

  (FTP),

.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

  ,     .       ,   - .

        ,  -  .

  UDP:

  ,

   ,

     .

      .

,   UDP:

    (Zoom, Skype),

-,

   ,

DNS-.

:

      TCP      UDP

            

            

             

      , ,       , , , DNS

       IP-    .

IP     ,     .      :    80,   25, DNS  53   .     IP,      ,    .

    IP,      ,    .

  ,  IP   ,     ,  DNS-    Windows      :

ipconfig /all

  :

        IP-  ;

       (   );

      DNS-;

      MAC- ;

        (Ethernet, Wi-Fi)   .

     ,          .     ,     .

   - ,      

    .          ,       .        :                 -   .

  -      -              .

  

ICANN, RIPE, 

    .   ,            .

ICANN   ,      (.com, .org  ..)    DNS.

RIPE NCC    IP-.        .

     ,    :  ,  ,     (IX).           .

    

      :     ,      .

ICANN  RIPE   ,   ,         ,    .

  ,        :   ,      .            ,    .

2.1 IP-:   

 ,       ,      Wi-Fi     ,     .    IP- ( . Internet Protocol address).

  (192.168)  

     ,         .      .       .

     IP-,       .     192.168.x.x, :

         192.168.0.12

        192.168.0.15

        192.168.0.20

      ,      IP-  ,    .

   ,  google.com,       ,           IP.

 :  IP     ,     .

   IP

 IP-  :

    ,    .      .

      (    ).     ,     (,    ).

 IP   .  ,  ,           .

    IP      2ip.ru  whatismyip.com.

2.2 DNS    

     -  google.com,     .      ,   IP-.  google.com        .   DNS     .

 DNS  google.com  IP

DNS (Domain Name System)      .    (, ),  DNS     (IP-),    .

   :

1.       ,     IP- google.com. ,      .

2.           DNS-: ,   IP  google.com?

3.      DNS- , : 142.250.74.206.

4.              ,  .

DNS-      ,   :      .   -   DNS- .

 :

Google DNS  8.8.8.8  8.8.4.4

Cloudflare DNS  1.1.1.1  1.0.0.1

Yandex DNS  77.88.8.8  77.88.8.1 (  : ,   ,     )

AdGuard DNS  94.140.14.14  94.140.15.15 (    ,    )

OpenDNS  208.67.222.222  208.67.220.220 (      )

         ,   DNS-       .

      DNS-.               IP-    .      flushdns,   DNS-.

  :

Windows:    ( ? CMD)  

ipconfig /flushdns

   ,    .

macOS:    

sudo dscacheutil -flushcache; sudo killall -HUP mDNSResponder

   ,   .

Linux:    ,   .   systemd:

sudo systemd-resolve flush-caches

       IP-   DNS-,          .

 ,      ,       ,      .

          DNS

,       :       .    ,   .  ?

,    DNS-.  ,      .          ,    .

  :

  (     DNS-).

   DNS-  , 8.8.8.8  1.1.1.1.

         ,      .

: DNS     ,     .   ,   .     ,      .

 ,      DNS.   http://test.vsi.ru/        IP http://80.82.32.2.     IP   ,      ,  ,  DNS-  ,        .

  :

      .

     .

   DNS-      .

    :

  DNS (, 1.1.1.1).

  DNS  flushdns.

        ,    DNS-   .

                 ,    .

2.3   NAT    

,     , ,     .  -     IP-.       ?

:           ,      .      NAT.

      IP

       .      ,    ,     .     .

   IP-,  94.25.16.112.    .     ( , , )    .        .

        IP-  192.168.0.12, 192.168.0.15  ..      .

   NAT  Network Address Translation,    .  NAT:

       IP;

   ,        ;

        IP.

  ,   

,     YouTube.      Google,    :    ?      8 !

 :    ,  ,    ,     ( ,  ). ,   ,    :     192.168.0.12,  54831.    .

   NAT          ,   .     .

,    :

   -  NAT-     ;

                .

  : NAT   ,      ,        IP.

3.1    

        

  ,      ,      Wi-Fi,    .         ,   .   ,      ,  .

  

- (ISP, Internet Service Provider)   ,     .  :

/  ,   : , , , .  ..

       .

   ,          .     .

     ,    ,    ,  ,      .

    ,     

,      ,        .  ?

      .    ,      .   -  ,  ,             .

:

              .

      CDN- YouTube       .

          .

 :         .

       .   ,        VPN.

:    ,     .    -        ,      .

  

 ( )              .       (ADSL,  ),      ,   .

   .              .     ,     .

     .    ,       , ,     .            .

    .         .           .

 ,   ,          ,      .

   ,      ADSL, 4G       .    ,        .

3.2      

 ,   

       ,  :   ?   ?  ?   ?

          .       .

 google.com   

 (ping)   ,     ()    ,     .      ,        .

 Windows:

ping google.com

 Linux/macOS    .     :

  142.250.74.206:  =32 =24 TTL=115

  :

=24   .  = .

TTL     (    ).

        ,   (     ).

  :  ?  ?   ?

  (tracert/traceroute)

  ,     ,    ?       ,       .

 Windows:

tracert google.com

 Linux/macOS:

traceroute google.com

    (hops)           . :

1 192.168.0.1 <1 ms

2 10.10.0.1 5 ms

3 94.25.16.1 12 ms

4  .

9 142.250.74.206 25 ms

  -   * * *     (  300+ )  ,   .

:

       ?    ;

  23-  ?   ;

    ?       .

 - 

   :

         .

       ,  .

        .

          ping   .    ,   .

 ,         .  ,   ,     .

3.3    (TTL)

  -   

       ,            ,   .         ,     .

  ,    ?  ?        ?        ,       TTL.

  TTL

TTL   Time To Live   .         ,    (, hops),    .

:

   TTL = 64.

 ,      , TTL   1.

 TTL  0   .

     ,          -.

    

    tracert ( traceroute),      TTL = 1, 2, 3,   .   ,  TTL ,   : ,  ,    .       .

TTL       :

  142.250.74.206:  =32 =24 TTL=115

  TTL       .  TTL = 1,       , -      .

  

TTL  :

    ;

     ;

     "" .

 TTL      ,  ,     ,       .

, TTL   ,    ,           .

  URL  

   ,        ,  URL     Uniform Resource Locator,     .   ,          .

 URL     ,          . :

http://      ,   HyperText Transfer Protocol,   .

https://    HTTP,  , HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure,   ,  .

        HTTP  HTTPS.  ,          http://,        https://.

  :   Google    HTTPS  ,          .      -       HTTPS.

      :

     SSL-, HTTPS-  ,    .

     HTTP,         HTTPS         .

     (,   )    HTTPS            .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/aleksandr-sivichev/samouchitel-internet-i-seti-dlya-teh-kto-vchera-kupil-k-72239317/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .


