Андрей Тихомиров
Funeral Cult

Archaeological research has established that people buried the dead in pits and caves already in the Stone Age, in the Middle and Late Paleolithic. Burials at sites have been discovered all over the globe. These burials expressed a known form of care for the deceased, which arose from the primitive man's explanation of the phenomenon of death as sleep, and from the religious beliefs that began to emerge. Over time, belief in the afterlife gave rise to a dual attitude towards the deceased in primitive society: on the one hand, caring for him, they decorated him, dressed him in a special suit, left him food, tools, weapons, and sometimes even means of transportation (sleds, boats, etc.); on the other hand, fearing the deceased, they tried to render him harmless and prevent his return: the corpse was sometimes tied in a flexed position (sitting, reclining), carried out through a specially made hole. The dead were sprinkled with red ochre, symbolizing blood, thus striving to form their afterlife.

In addition to the most common burial in the ground (burial ground, necropolis), cremation of corpses has been known since the Bronze Age. A burial ground is a place of many graves, burials, and burials. Burial grounds of the Ancient East, Greece, and Rome are known as necropolises. The term cemetery is usually used for Christian burial grounds. In a broad sense, burial grounds include both burial mounds with a mound consisting of earth or stones, and burials without preserved mounds, the so-called ground burial grounds. The term "burial ground" is more correctly applied to the latter. The most ancient burial grounds, built in the Paleolithic and Neolithic, are ground burial grounds with burials.

The burial rite was preserved in later eras. Beginning with the Bronze Age, burial grounds consisting only of cremations were known in Europe and Asia. In the Iron Age, there were burial grounds with a mixed burial rite (i.e. containing both inhumations and cremations).

This is especially noticeable in the ground burial grounds and burial mound groups of the Hallstatt culture in Western Europe, in the necropolises of the Greeks and Romans (wherever these peoples lived), in the burials of the Ananyino culture of the Kama region.

Among European peoples, after cremation of the deceased, the ashes were buried in the ground (burial fields, face urns); among some peoples of Central Asia, they were placed in miniature coffins (ossuaries), installed in special rooms (naus). Hindus still burn corpses on fires and throw the ashes into the water. Some peoples (for example, in Oceania) placed the corpse in a boat and launched it into the water. Australians, North American Indians, and some Siberian peoples left corpses in the air (on trees, platforms). Even today, the Parsis leave corpses in special towers for birds to eat, since they consider fire and earth to be sacred elements that cannot be "desecrated" by touching a corpse. With the collapse of the primitive communal system, burial rites sharply differentiated: a complex ritual was developed for the burial of tribal leaders, princes and shamans, and later priests and kings, the cult of ancestors grew into the cult of deceased kings and high priesthood. The belief that the soul will exist as long as the body survives gave rise to the customs of preserving the corpse (smoking among the Australians, mummification among the ancient Egyptians and Incas), as well as the creation of portrait images in the form of funeral masks, tomb figures, etc. In honor of the deceased, artificial mounds (barrows) were piled up on the graves, tombs, Egyptian pyramids were erected, funeral temples and chapels were built. To appease the spirit of the deceased ruler, sacrifices were made to him: slaves and wives were killed, cattle and horses were slaughtered (among the Scythians, the ancient Slavs, in the African states of Benin, Uganda). Feasts and games (funerals) were held over the grave. Among modern peoples, both burial in the ground and burning of corpses (cremation) are common. The Church attaches great importance to religious burial rites, instilling in the minds of believers that this is necessary for "salvation" in the "afterlife". Ritual burials bring huge incomes to the ministers of all religions. The civil funeral ceremony expresses love and respect for the deceased, honoring his merits to society.

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