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   (19441956)





Anne Applebaum

Iron Curtain. The Crushing of Eastern Europe (19441956)

 Anne Applebaum, 2013 All rights reserved

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    ;    ,   1951 ,  -       :                        [2 -       . .: Barbara Nowak. Serving Women and the State: The League of Women in Communist Poland, dissertation. Ohio State University, 2004.].

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 ,   ,       ,   .   ,  ,    ,   ,    ,    ,       .      ,      .                ,          ,      [4 - Benito Mussolini, Giovanni Gentile. Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions. Rome, 1935.].

          .     , ,    ,      ,      XX [5 -      .     ,           : Michael Geyer, Sheila Fitzpatrick. Introduction. Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared. Cambridge, 2009. [ :     , .   .     . , 2011.  . .]].                     .   1984      ,      .

,        ,     1949           ,    modernity.      ,  ,      ,   ,      .   ,      ,    ;       ,  [6 - .:  .  . .  . .: , 1996.].           1956,      .         .   ,          :  ;   ;      ;      .    ,         ;       ,    [7 - Carl Friedrich, Zbigniew Brzezinski. Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. Cambridge, 1956.].

   1940-   1950-      ,    .          .   ,      1947 ,     ,      ,              [8 - .: http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/doctrine/large/index.php].       .     ,   ,     1952,              :   ,    .           ,           [9 - . : Gregory Bush. Campaign Speeches of American Presidential Candidates, 19481984. New York, 1985. P. 42.].



         ,  , ,    ,     .          , ,    ?  19701980-  -,   ,   ,            .  ,          ;           ,    ;           ;         [10 - .: Michael Geyer, Sheila Fitzpatrick. Op. cit.].          ,    .

          .     ,      . ,    ,              ,                  :   ,              :            [11 - . : Richard Pipes. Communism: A History. New York, 2001. P. 105107. [ . . .:    , 2002. . 130.]].

   -      .    ,            ,       [12 - C.: Michael Halberstam. Totalitarianism and the Modern Conception of Politics. New Haven, 2000.].           ,  -    ,  ,  ,    .    ,     :       ,     [13 - Slavoj Zizek. Did Somebody Say Totalitarianism? Five Interventions in the (Mis)Use of a Notion. New York, 2001.  ,            - .].

      .       (, ,     [14 -  , ,   .  . .]),      (    ,  ,  ,          Apple       )[15 - .: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-peron/rick-santorum-gayrights_b_1195555.html; http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/1328239165001/the-ussmarch-toward-totalitarianism; http://articles.latimes.com/2011/dec/25/business/lafi-hiltzik-20111225.]. ,    ,      , ,   ,  ,           [16 - .: http://fare.tunes.org/liberty/library/toptt.html.].  ,         ,      .

  ,       , ,   ,       ,  ,         .   ,      .      ,      XX ,  ,   ,   ,   .  ,       .  , ,              .      ,   ,        ,     ,   ,         ,    [17 -  ,    , .  : William J. Dobson. The Dictator's Learning Curve. New York, 2012.].       .

   ,          ,     .                        ,     ,         .     . ,     ,  1934  1946          ,     ,      ,          .  ,     ,      ,             .

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   19451953    ,                    .  ,   ,    ,        [19 -       . .: Joseph Rothschild. Return to Diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe Since World War II. New York and Oxford, 2000. P. 7578.].   1950-       ,   ,         ,               .  ,           [20 - . 1949. 21 .],            .           .          : , ,         .  1961,     ,  ,     .

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        ,         .        ,  1939 ,          .    , ,          . 1           ,  17       .         ,     .    ,  ,    ,      ,       .  ,  ,   ,   ,     .          .

            .    ,   1939 ,   ,    ,  ,     .            :            ,       .    ,     ,         .

,       .           [22 - .: Hugh Seton-Watson. The New Imperialism: A Background Book. London, 1961. P. 81.].   ,  19441945    ; ,      -,    ; ,  19471948       ,      ,  .          .

             .             ,   ,  ,        .  1959           ,          ,      .       ,          ,       1945 ,        [23 - .:    : William Appleman Williams. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy. New York, 1959.      ,  ,  : Wilfried Loth. Stalin's Unwanted Child: The Soviet Union, the German Question and the Founding of the GDR. London, 1998.].

   ,      1944  1947 ,        ,     [24 - .: John Lewis Gaddis. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. Oxford, 1997; Kramer. Stalin, Soviet Policy, and the Consolidation of a Communist Bloc in Eastern Europe.].    ,  ,          ,     . ,                  ,      ,           .  1944       ,   ,             . (  ,            ,      .)   ,  ,         ;          [25 - .:    , .     , 19441953, . 1. ., 1999. . 2348; Norman Naimark. The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 19441953. Cambridge, 2010 (The Cambridge History of the Cold War).].

     -     . ,  ,       .         ,      .      -    ,         .         .        ,     .          ,     [26 - Ivo Banac, ed. The Diary of Georgi Dmitrov, 19331949. New Haven and London, 2003. P. 14.].

    ,        :           .  1930-              ,     ,       .                1945 [27 - Tony Judt, Timothy Snyder. Thinking the Twentieth Century. London, 2012. P. 190.].       ,   ,                .      :    ,     ,     .    ,     .

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            .  ,  ,     19451946 ,    .      ,    . -     ,     .      ,           .         ,    ,    ,         .             . ,    1945     -       :   ,    ,    [28 - Tomasz Goban-Klas. The Orchestration of the Media: The Politics of Mass Communications in Communist Poland and the Aftermath. Boulder, 1994. P. 54.].

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   ,   ,     ,           .         :   ,   ,    ,    .       .      ,     ,        .           .          (      ,  ),       ,     .   ,    ,     ,    ,       .




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notes








1


 -,  , , 16  2007.




2


      . .: Barbara Nowak. Serving Women and the State: The League of Women in Communist Poland, dissertation. Ohio State University, 2004.




3


    1923     ,    .    1925-     ,            .  .: Abbott Gleason. Totalitarianism: The Inner History of the Cold War. Oxford, 1995. . 1318.




4


Benito Mussolini, Giovanni Gentile. Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions. Rome, 1935.




5


     .     ,           : Michael Geyer, Sheila Fitzpatrick. Introduction. Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared. Cambridge, 2009. [ :     , .   .     . , 2011.  . .]




6


.:  .  . .  . .: , 1996.




7


Carl Friedrich, Zbigniew Brzezinski. Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. Cambridge, 1956.




8


.: http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/doctrine/large/index.php




9


. : Gregory Bush. Campaign Speeches of American Presidential Candidates, 19481984. New York, 1985. P. 42.




10


.: Michael Geyer, Sheila Fitzpatrick. Op. cit.




11


. : Richard Pipes. Communism: A History. New York, 2001. P. 105107. [ . . .:    , 2002. . 130.]




12


C.: Michael Halberstam. Totalitarianism and the Modern Conception of Politics. New Haven, 2000.




13


Slavoj Zizek. Did Somebody Say Totalitarianism? Five Interventions in the (Mis)Use of a Notion. New York, 2001.  ,            - .




14


 , ,   .  . .




15


.: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-peron/rick-santorum-gayrights_b_1195555.html; http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/1328239165001/the-ussmarch-toward-totalitarianism; http://articles.latimes.com/2011/dec/25/business/lafi-hiltzik-20111225.




16


.: http://fare.tunes.org/liberty/library/toptt.html.




17


 ,    , .  : William J. Dobson. The Dictator's Learning Curve. New York, 2012.




18


     ,     :      ,   ,    ,   1940-   1980-           ,     (, , , , ,     )      .       ,       ,    , ,     1949     (  ).      , ,          .  ,       ,     ,      ,          . .: Mark Kramer. Stalin, Soviet Policy, and the Consolidation of a Communist Bloc in Eastern Europe, 19441953, p. 1. ,       30  2010.




19


      . .: Joseph Rothschild. Return to Diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe Since World War II. New York and Oxford, 2000. P. 7578.




20


. 1949. 21 .




21


The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) Is the Leading and Guiding Force of Soviet Society (Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1951), p. 46.




22


.: Hugh Seton-Watson. The New Imperialism: A Background Book. London, 1961. P. 81.




23


.:    : William Appleman Williams. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy. New York, 1959.      ,  ,  : Wilfried Loth. Stalin's Unwanted Child: The Soviet Union, the German Question and the Founding of the GDR. London, 1998.




24


.: John Lewis Gaddis. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. Oxford, 1997; Kramer. Stalin, Soviet Policy, and the Consolidation of a Communist Bloc in Eastern Europe.




25


.:    , .     , 19441953, . 1. ., 1999. . 2348; Norman Naimark. The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 19441953. Cambridge, 2010 (The Cambridge History of the Cold War).




26


Ivo Banac, ed. The Diary of Georgi Dmitrov, 19331949. New Haven and London, 2003. P. 14.




27


Tony Judt, Timothy Snyder. Thinking the Twentieth Century. London, 2012. P. 190.




28


Tomasz Goban-Klas. The Orchestration of the Media: The Politics of Mass Communications in Communist Poland and the Aftermath. Boulder, 1994. P. 54.




29


         ,    ,   ,    , ,     -  .


