i i iii (i-i)
 i


   i  ii  i iii    i  ii,  i i     i i .  ii i   i   : i  i. i    ii, '  i, , i   i i  i i.

In the glossary of legal terminology brought to your attention, the author provides the translation of the terms and their brief description of some sections of the legal system. In the glossary, the terms are presented alphabetically in two languages: Ukrainian and English. The glossary will be useful for legal professionals, translators, and the general public.





 i

i i iii (i-i)



   i  ii  i iii  i i i  i , i  i  .  ii i   i . i    ii, '  i, , i   i i  i i.

 ii  i   i i :

1. i   i

2.  i 

3. i  .

4.   

5.     

6.  

7. i 

8.   , i   

9.   i . i . ,

10.   i   

11. i  iii

12.  i.  . i    i

13.  i    ii- i

14.    .  i

15. i. i  i  i   i.

16.  . i i, i i ii  .

17. ii i.   .  

18.   .   i  i.  i i

19. i .   

20.      i

21. ii iii.   

22.  iiii  iii  (INS)

i  ii   i i     i  ii.  ii   ii i i     i i i     ii   i.

ii i    i     -i i . ii iii  i  -ii i    ,        ,  -i     .   i i i   i   ii i -ii i .

i   i  ii  ii  i ii i  . i   i  i  'i i:  ( )    i  i . i,  i ,  i  stare decisis (  i i)  i   i      . i i   i  i    iii i . i i,  i   ii i   '      ii.   i i  , i   i  i  i.

 i i i i i i: i , ii , i , i , i  ( i i),  , ,  ,  , i . i   i  :    i.   i   .  i i i     ,   i ii :    .  i i i   ,  .  ii  ii iii    i   i       ii.

i     .  i   ,  ,   i   i  i   ii ii   ,      i   i i, i i iii (, ' i i  i   i i,    i, i  iii  i  ' i ).   i     ,  ii  ii  i i i,   i   'i   i i i,   i ii.

i     .  i  i  ,   iii  .    ,  i   iii, i i ( ii ii).  iii   ,   i. , ,    i i         (  i- i   i   i- i  i).    i   i   .  i i i i   i.

 iii i i  i ii   i   ,   ii  i 17  1787,    ,   i   . i     .

 -i  i'  i  i ii, i  ii ,  i.  i -ii i     i ii  .  i -i      ii .      (  ).     i  .

 i -i   i     i ,    i    i i .  i   i i i -i . i i    :      i,     ',   .       ,    i  i  i. -i , , i   ii : ii (ii)   i (i)   ii . i  i  , ,    i i ; i      . -,  ,       i i ii -i    i  iii  ,   i i  -      . -, ii      ' i  ii  ,       .

   ii  i, ii ,    ,    , ii  i i ,  i i ;      ii   ,       ii.   i  i ii    i- ', i  i i  i .  i i   i: i () , i , ii , i , i- , i- ,  ,  ,  , i   i .

The glossary of legal terminology presented to your attention contains legal terms in two languages English and Ukrainian and their a brief description. In the glossary, the terms are presented in Latin alphabetical order. The glossary will be helpful for law-related workers, people engaged in legal literature translations, and the general public.

The glossary discusses terms in the following sections of the legal system:

1. Judicial systems and jurisdiction

2. The procedure of criminal proceedings

3. Civil litigation.

4. Stages of the trial

5. Preliminary hearing and jury trial

6. Legal ethics

7. Constitutional law

8. Crimes against the person, property, and human habitation

9. Offenses and causing harm. Intentional offenses. Murder,

10. Crimes against morality and drug abuse

11. Negligence and liability

12. Conclusion of contracts. Contract requirements. Third parties and contract execution

13. Unified Commercial Code and contracts for the sale of goods

14. Personal property and liens. Intellectual property

15. Wills. The main provisions of the will and essential reservations and instructions.

16. Disinheritance. Revocation of the will, expiration, and exceptions.

17. Absence of a will. A personal representative of the property. Agency law

18. Settlement of property status. Acquisition of ownership of the real estate. Multiple ownership of the real estate

19. Mortgage loans. Landlord and tenant

20. The procedure of marriage and divorce

21. Commercial organizations. Bankruptcy Law

22. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) 

The difficulty of translating terms lies in different legal systems in English-speaking countries and the Ukrainian. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to find similar legal terms in these legal systems, and some terms were described by direct translation from one language to another.

The leading legal systems in named countries are the Anglo-Saxon and Romano-Germanic legal systems. The most critical differences in the Anglo-Saxon and Romano-Germanic law systems are that the Anglo-Saxon system of law is based on judicial precedents. In contrast, the Romano-Germanic system is based on normative legal acts. Anglo-Saxon law is not divided into public and private (Anglo-Saxon law does not have a structure of clarity and systematicity, unlike the Romano-Germanic legal system).

English law is the legal system of England and most of the states of the British Commonwealth of Nations and the United States. English law can be divided into two inextricably linked branches: general (or case law) and the law of statutes  acts of Parliament.

The essence of English common law is that the courts create it. Thus, in the course of hearings, based on the principle of stare decisis ("strictly adhering to what was decided earlier"), apply legal precedents to the facts and circumstances of each particular trial. The degree of legal force of judicial decisions depends on the court's position in the hierarchy of the judicial system. The hierarchy's highest court of appeal decisions is a binding legal precedent for application by lower courts.

Statutes are a codified reflection of case law since they are sets of rules from judicial precedents. The Parliament only has to bring the process to a logical conclusion by adopting the so-called "acts on legal reforms," amending the existing statutes, and formalizing the already actively applied law norms.

In English law, the following main branches are distinguished: Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Family Law, Tort Law, Contract Law (in Business), Property Law, Trusts, Labor Law, Evidentiary Law, Criminal Law.

English law distinguishes the following types of law: common law and the law of equity, and also public and private law. The distinction between civil and criminal liability is central to English law  the procedure for judicial protection and terminology depends on it. The critical difference between public and personal law is who triggers the mechanisms of official coercion: the state or an individual. In the field of business, private law is most applicable, especially corporate law.

Criminal law is part of public law. A private person does not pursue the criminal, but by the state, because society as a whole suffers from the crime  the scale of the harmfulness of the consequences is used to explain why the same act can entail both criminal and civil liability (for example, drunk driving with a downed pedestrian entails both criminal prosecutions for threatening the whole society with drunk driving and civil liability for harming the health of an individual). To find the defendant guilty, the public prosecutor must prove that the actions or omissions had socially dangerous consequences or that the defendant failed to fulfill the obligation to take all necessary measures to avoid criminally punishable consequences.

Civil law is an element of private law. The names of civil cases reflect the fact that a private person initiated the coercion. The plaintiff must convince the court that the veracity of his statements is more likely than improbable (the principle of greater probability). Civil liability is not a punishment but serves as compensation. Therefore, for example, debt collection in civil proceedings cannot entail restriction of the debtor's freedom. The dispute may be settled out of court at the discretion of the parties. In the field of civil legal relations, the law of justice is most often applied.

An essential difference between the American legal system and the English one is the presence of a written Basic Law, which in the country is the Constitution of September 17, 1787, consisting of a preamble, seven articles, and twenty-seven amendments. English case law is not applied unconditionally.

The Romano-Germanic legal family includes the legal systems of Western, Central, Southern Europe and the Ukrainian. The main feature of the Romano-Germanic legal system is its formation based on the reception of Roman law. An essential element of Romano-Germanic law is its pronounced codification character. The main source of law is the law (normative legal act). It has a clear sectoral division of legal norms.

The historical feature of Romano-Germanic law is the elevated status of private law relative to public law; that is, the principle of the importance of personal law and the secondary nature of public law is observed. The concept of a legal norm is one of the most important elements of Romano-Germanic law. The understanding of the legal norm boils down to the following: the rule of law is a rule of conduct that is general and generally binding, is of great importance. The legal norm is considered an abstract order, as the highest rule of behavior for citizens and state bodies. Normative legal acts, as a rule, are constructed according to the following hierarchical scheme: constitutional (organic) laws  ordinary (current) laws  by-laws. The leading role in lawmaking belongs to the legislator, as a rule, to a representative body of state power; the prevailing legal doctrine is the doctrine of the rule of law. Firstly, it means that the law has the highest legal force, and all other normative legal acts must be brought into line with the law, and in case of contradiction of the law, any act can be protested or canceled. Secondly, under the doctrine of the rule of law, the law enforcement officer is obliged to act strictly under the law, without creating new legal norms.

The sources of law in the Ukrainian are the Constitution, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, presidential decrees and orders, Government resolutions and orders, departmental acts of federal executive authorities, constitutions (charters) of subjects of the Ukrainian, laws of subjects of the Ukrainian, acts of executive authorities of subjects of the Ukrainian, acts of local self-government bodies; also, international treaties and agreements, if they have been duly ratified, are sources of law.

Ukrainians legal system is a combination of the national system of law and international legal obligations of the Ukrainian, the legal culture of Ukrainian society, and legal practice in Ukraine. In the Ukrainian legal system, it is traditionally possible to distinguish: constitutional (state) law, civil law, administrative law, criminal law, civil procedure law, criminal procedure law, agricultural law, land law, labor law, family law, financial law.



 (. abortus  )   ii     i     ii .    i  i ,   iii, ii  ii.   ii       12 i ii. i 12 i 28     i ,  i, ii  i i,   -i  i  iii ii.

Abortionor feticide is the act of stopping a pregnancy and means the killing of a fetus in the womb.

 iii   ii iii,    i 'i i i i   i   i. i  ' iii.

Absolute liability is liability for an act that causes harm without regard to fault or negligenceit is also called strict liability. 

-  (    i).   i i i i.    i  ,  i  i   . i -     iii i i   i  i i i       .   i,    i .

AB trust is a type of marital deduction trust that reduces the second spouse's taxation to die by limiting the amount in that persons estate to a not-taxable sum. It is also called the bypass trust, credit shelter trust, and exemption equivalent trust. 

    i    i  .

The automatic stay, also known as automatic suspension, is a self-operating postponement of collection proceedings against a debtor.

   i i ,   i, 'i i  i  i , i,  i ' .    i  i    .

Copyright is the exclusive right given to an author, composer, artist, or photographer to publish and sell exclusively a creative work for the author's life plus 70 years. 

   i   ,   i ;   iii,  i  i.

An agent is a person authorized to act on behalf of another and subject to the others control; it is also called a surrogate or the factor, a bailee to whom goods are consigned for sale. 

i i. i   i ' ii  ()   ii  ()  i  ii ii   i  ii,      i ii    .

Agency means a relationship that exists when one person is authorized to act under the control of another person. 

   . i  i      ,    i     (i,   i)   ,     i ,  i   i .

A court-appointed attorney is available if youre facing criminal charges and cannot afford a private defense attorney. You may qualify for a court-appointed lawyer.

       ii,  i i;  i  iii i  .

Attorneyclient privilege is related to the duty of confidentiality that an attorney has with a client, but it comes from evidence law. It protects a lawyer from having to testify against his or her client even when issued a subpoena. 

 i    ii iii, ii  i     -   i,    i i i i.

Adequate provocation is a provocation that a reasonable person might naturally be induced to commit the act after losing self-control. 

ii  ,    i    i.

The administrator is a male appointed by the court to administer the estate of an intestate decedent.

ii a      ,       ,   i  ii , i  i   i  .

Administrator d.b.n. is a person appointed by the court to complete the settlement of an estate in which a previously appointed administrator has died, resigned or been removed. (d.b.n. is an abbreviation for de bonis non.) 

ii ,    ,  i      i   i  i      i.

The personal representative is the executor or administrator of a deceased person.

ii    i  ,    i  ,             i    .

An administrator with the will annexed is a person appointed by the court to administer a testate estate in which no executor is nominated or the executor has died or, for some reason, does not settle the estate. Also called administrator c.t.a., administrator cum testamento annexo, and administrator w.w.a. 

ii    i  ,    i  ,         .

An administrator cum testamento annexo is a person appointed by the court to administer a testate estate in which no executor is nominated or in which the executor has died or, for some reason, does not settle the estate. 

ii   i    ,  i      i   i  i      i (,    i).   ii i   i.

An administrator ad litem is an administrator appointed by the court to represent the interests of an estate in an action. 

ii   i     ii,      i  i i.

Administrator pendente lite is a temporary administrator appointed by the court to protect estate assets when a will is challenged.

ii  . iii  i    ( )      (' , ii, i i i    ) i ,  ' () iii.

The administrative hearing process is similar to being in court for a trial. However, an administrative hearing involves disputes under the authority of governmental agencies.



   i ii i  ;   '.

Adultery is voluntary sexual intercourse by a married person with someone other than that persons spouse or by an unmarried person with a married person. 

    .

Assetsmeansproperty.

           .

Bankruptcy estate is the collection of the legal or equitable interests of the bankrupt debtors property at the time of the bankruptcy filing. The extent of the bankruptcy estate is listed in Section 541 of the bankruptcy code. 

 i i  -   ,   ,   ,  i  ,   ,  i i   i i  .

A quitclaim deed is a deed to real property in which the grantor transfers only their interest, if any, in the property and gives no warranties of title. It is also called a deed without covenants and a fiduciary deed. 

 i  i  i  i   i   i i  i, i ,      i.

Severance of actions means the separation of lawsuits or prosecutions involving multiple parties into separate, independent cases, resulting in individual, final judgments. 

       ii  ii () ii .     ()   , i  i   i.

Acceptance means that the offer consents (agrees) to the terms of the offer, an acceptance occurs, and an agreement comes into existence. 

  , i  .

The offeree is one to whom an offer is made. 

i  , i i i ii.

Shareholders or stockholders are people who own shares in a corporation. 

i i  ,  i  i  ii ii.

A stock certificate is a document that evidences ownership of stock in a corporation.

ii   iii     i  i     ,   i      i ii.

An alibi is a defense that places the defendant in a place other than the crime scene, making it impossible for them to commit the crime. 

i     ' i  i   ii i i.

Child support is the legal obligation of parents to contribute to the economic maintenance and education of their children. It is sometimes called maintenance. 

 i i    i i , i  ,    i.

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) procedures include mediation and arbitration, which are procedures for settling disputes by means other than litigation. 

 ii i (ABA)  i i ii i   ;   ii    i    i , ' i  i.

The American Bar Association (ABA) is the largest voluntary bar association in the United States. It sets academic standards for law schools and formulates a model of ethics codes related to the legal profession.

ii  i,    i  i   i, i  , i i      ii i , ii   '   i i.

Amnesty is the government's action by which all persons or groups of persons who have committed a criminal offenseusually of a political nature that threatens the sovereignty of the government (such as Sedition or treason)are granted Immunity from prosecution.

i      i i i ( i i i   )    i  .    i        .

Amortization means reducing or decreasing over time. In a loan, it shows how the loan balance is reduced until it is paid off. 

     ,      i ii  ,  ,    i.    i , i, i .    ,    :  ,     i   ii,  i , i     i i . i     .

Defeasible estate is an estate that can be lost or defeated. A defeasible estate is created when a grantor transfers land conditionally. Upon the happening of the event or condition stated by the grantor, the transfer may be void or at least subject to annulment. Three types of defeasible estates are the fee simple determinable, the fee simple subject to an executory limitation or interest, and the fee simple subject to a subsequent condition. A life estate may also be defeasible.

    ii, , ,  i . ii.

Extinction is the act of extinguishing or putting to an end. 

    i, ,    i    , i  ,    .

An annulment is a judicial declaration that no valid marriage ever existed.

 ( i, i . annullo-)   -,   i.

Avoid means to annul, cancel, or make void. To get out of a voidable contract, repudiate. It's also called disaffirm. 

i   ,      ii     i .

The appeal is a request to a higher court to review a lower court's decision. 

i  -,   i       i,   i .

An appeal bond is a bond often required as security to guarantee the cost of an appeal, especially in civil cases. 

i i       i i  ii.

Appellate jurisdiction means the power to hear a case when it is appealed. 

i    ,   i  . ii    i i  i.   i  i i  i i ii.     i  i i. i  i   ii iii,   ,   ,   i iii.

A court of appeals, also called an appellate court, reviews the decisions of a lower court. 

i      i ii,   i    i  .

An arbitrator is a neutral third party in an arbitration session who listens to both sides and decides on the dispute. 

i    ,       i i  i  i.

Arbitration is a method of settling disputes in which a neutral third party makes a decision after hearing the arguments on both sides. 

   i  i, '     i (    i i )     .

Arrest means to deprive a person of their liberty. 

   i  i   i i i i.

A paralegal is a non-lawyer employee trained or educated to do substantive legal work under the supervision of employing attorneys. Sometimes, paralegal and legal assistant are used synonymously. 

ii i ()  i ii,     i  .       i  i  i i  , i   i i     i  .

A homeowners association (HOA) is a non-profit organization that markets and manages a housing development.

ii ii  iii    ,    i iii,     ii.

A condominium association is a group of condominium unit owners that manages and maintains a condominium. 

   i, i ii   .  i   i , i,   i.

Paraphernalia is personal belongings or the things you need to do a task. Examples of the paraphernalia of motherhood are baby bottles, car seats, strollers, and diapers. Personal belongings are articles used in a particular activity; they are equipment.

i. i      ,     i.

Auction sale is a sale of property to the highest bidder. 

i   i   i,   ii    ,    i.

An auction without reserve is an auction in which the auctioneer must sell the goods to the highest bidder. 

i   i.  i   ,         .

An auction with reserve is an auction in which the auctioneer may withdraw the goods without accepting the highest bid. 



     ii,  ,     i  i    i i.

Tenements means everything of a permanent nature that may be possessed and, in a more restrictive sense, houses or dwellings.

i   ii   ii.      i  ,    i,  i/ i   i  .

Indifferent, marked by a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern for something; apathetic; indifferent to suffering and poverty. It is also marked by no particular liking for or dislike of something.

  i ii   ii  i .

Baselines are horizontal lines running east and west in the United States government survey. 

 i       i    i   , i  , ii.  i    ,   i.

A balloon mortgage is a mortgage with low fixed payments during the life of the loan, ending with one large final payment. 

     ii, i     i .  i i ,     iii  .      .

A bankruptcy is the state of a person (including a business) who cannot pay debts as they become due. 

  ,   ii  ii,   i .  i    i i  ii  i  i  i .    iii  - (i ),  -  i,       ( ).    iii   i    i . ,      ,  i ii  .

Bankruptcy is a legal process that aims to give debtors overwhelmed with debt a fresh start and provide a fair way of distributing a debtors assets among all creditors. 

  i   .      i '      . ii  ii      i     -' i.

Bankruptcy wage earners plan. According to Chapter 13, bankruptcy is also a wage earner's plan. It enables individuals with regular income to develop a plan to repay all or part of their debts. Under this chapter, debtors propose a repayment plan to make installments to creditors over three to five years.

    .

Patricide means the killing of ones father. 

i i .  i i i i i  ii    , i-ii, i-  i, i   i i (  i i ), , i       i' , i.

The term "pro bono," which is short for pro bono publico, is a Latin term that means "for the public good." Although the term is used in different contexts to mean the offering of free services, it has a very specific meaning to legal professionals.

 i     ,  - i (, ),   i i . i  i:   ,    ; i i; i ; i .

Gratuitous bailment is for the sole benefit of either the bailor or the bailee, in which no consideration is given by one of the parties in exchange for the benefits bestowed by the other. 

     i  i.

Quiet enjoyment means the right of a tenant to possess the rented property and to be undisturbed in that possession. 

i         ii      , i     i.

Unjust enrichment occurs when one person retains money, property, or other benefits that, in equity and justice, belong to another.

  i'i     ,  i ii.

Irretrievable breakdownIrretrievable breakdown means conflicts in personalities and dispositions that are so deep as irreconcilable and irremediable and render it impossible for the parties to continue to live together in a normal marital relationship. It is also called incompatibility and irreconcilable differences.

  ,   i   i    .  '  i  i,  i  i ,  i   i.

Proximate cause is the dominant or moving cause. Proximate cause, or legal cause, is an underlying cause of an accident. Proximate cause is often used to determine liability for torts and criminal offenses. 

     i   i. i    i i i.    .

Tenancy at will is an estate in real property for an indefinite period.

  i  i ,    i i  .

Freehold estate means an estate in which the holder owns the land for life or forever. 

  i    i,    i i       i    -i ii  i i.   i    i   ,     i  - , i i   .

Fee simple is a legal term in real estate that means full and irrevocable ownership of land and any buildings on that land. Fee simple is the highest form of ownership  the land is owned outright, without any limitations or restrictions other than local zoning ordinances.

  i,  i   ,  i ,  i  i  . :  i  i.  i  i,      i . i  i .    i  ,   -     i, i  .

A simple determinable fee applies to real estate that can end automatically due to some event. It is also called a determinable fee. 

iii ( ii)    i ii  i iii:     i  i ; ,    i i i  .

A beneficiary is someone who actually receives a gift under a will; also, one for whose benefit a trust is created. This is also called a cestui que trust. 

iii ()  i   , i   i.   ,   i i   ii  , i   i i  i i    i .

Cestui que trust is one for whose benefit a trust is created and also called the beneficiary. 

ii    ,  i   i ii,   ,  ,  i  (  i   ).     .

Beneficial title is the right to beneficial enjoyment. It is also called equitable title. 

ii   i  ii  ii ,         ii , i  ,  i,  .

An indigent person is extremely poor, lacking the primary resources of everyday life. Often, the indigent lack not only money but also homes.

ii   , i  i i, , ii  i i  i ,     ii ii.

Refugees are people who have fled war, violence, conflict, or persecution and have crossed an international border to find safety in another country. Refugees are defined and protected in international law.

i-   '   i i  i ii   ii ii    i i i  i.

Co-partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on as co-owners of a business for profit. It is also called partnership. 

i   ii. i    i  .  i   .   ,     iii  i.    , i i i  i.   i  .

Affray, in many legal jurisdictions, related to English common law, is a public order offense consisting of the fighting of one or more persons in a public place to terrorize ordinary people.

i i   i  i i .

Pain and suffering means physical discomfort and emotional trauma.

i    i    ii .

The Bill of Rights is the first of ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. 

ii   i   i iii,  , , ii, i, , i  ii   .

Collateral descendants (relatives) are relatives not in a direct line, such as brothers, sisters, nieces, nephews, uncles, aunts, and cousins. 

i i  ,  ii,   i ii ii.  ii  i i  ii i i ,  i  ii, i   ,  '     ,   .

The eleemosynary corporation is a corporation that is created for charitable and benevolent purposes. 

i ii  ,  ii,   i ii ii.  iii  i i  ii i i ,  i  ii, i   ,  '     ,   .

Benefit corporations exist under benefit corporation statutes, and their purpose is to create some general public benefit rather than simply to maximize shareholder profit. 

i  i   i i   i ,   i i  (  5 ii i  ) i  ii,     ii.

A charitable remainder unitrust is a trust in which a fixed percentage of income (at least 5 percent of the trust corpus) is given annually to a beneficiary and the remainder to a charity. 

i    i, (i i)   ,   ii i  i  ,     ii.

A charitable remainder annuity trust is a trust in which a fixed amount of income is given annually to a beneficiary, and the remainder is given to a charity. 

i   ,   i i.

A charitable trust is established for charitable purposes and is also called a public trust. 

  ii   i   ,      i ,   i i i ,     i ii  i  i  i.

Debtor-in-possession is another name for a debtor in Chapter 11, 12, and 13 bankruptcy cases. A debtor in possession or DIP in United States bankruptcy law is a person or corporation who has filed a bankruptcy petition but remains in possession of the property upon which a creditor has a lien or similar security interest.

        ()  .

Fratricide means the killing of ones brother. 

    i       i  ;    i  i ;   i i    i i  i    i i,   i ii.

To be tried means to litigate a legal controversy; to argue a lawsuit in court as an attorney, to sit in the role of a judge or jury to investigate and decide upon questions of law and fact presented in such an action.



  ,   .

A consignee is one to whom a consignment is made. 

i       i  .

Legal fees are charges for a lawyers time and efforts. 

    -.  i i      i i i  i  i i    ,     i.

Homicide means the killing of a human being by a human being. 

     i i ii i.

Felonious homicide is homicide done with the intent to commit a felony. 

 i i   i i i   ii.    i ( ), ,   i,       i i  i  i .

Matricide means killing ones mother. 

     i  i  i ,  i     i  , i   .   i    i  ,    "",   i i ii i.

First-degree murder is murder committed with premeditation, malice aforethought, or with extreme atrocity or cruelty, or while in the commission of crimes like burglary, robbery, or rape. Definitions of first-degree murder vary jurisdictionally. 

    i  ii   ,   i   i.

Fraud in the inducement is a fraud that causes another to enter into a contract.

  .  i i i        i  . i i,   i'i  i.    1/2 i i i,    i .

Dower, according to common law, is a widow's right to a life estate, which is one-third of all real property her husband owns during coverture. 

   i     .

A promissory note is a written promise by the borrower to pay a sum of money to the lender. 

 i   ,  i   i ii  ii, i   ( i   i).    i  i i i.

A grand jury consists of not more than 23 people who listen to and see a prosecutors evidence and decide whether or not to charge someone with the commission of a crime. 

  ii  i i -i ii  ii     ,     i i.

A verdict is the decision of a jury.

,     ,       .

A verdict contrary to the law is a verdict that is incorrect as a matter of law. 

ii    i , ii  ii,  i i i.

Verification is a written statement or declaration made under penalty of perjury, often placed at the end of a document (such as a pleading), that the underlying document is valid.

i  " "  i    i  ii i  i  ,      i .  i - i   ,    " ", ,       i i   .

The case in chief involves introducing evidence to prove the allegations made in the pleadings and the opening statement. 

 -i   " ". ,       i        i i.

Veto means Latin for I forbidthe right of the President of the United States to strike down a piece of legislation.

      i i ,  ii  i III ii .

The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest court in the federal judicial system, created by Article III of the U.S. Constitution.

   i,  ,  i       i .    .

A mutual mistake is when both parties are mistaken about an essential or material aspect of an agreement. It is also called a bilateral mistake. 

ii    i, i   ii  i i , , i  i , i  i   ,   i i   i i    i  ( .. ) .

Fungible goods or materials refer to goods or materials (components) that are interchangeable for commercial purposes and whose properties are identical. Some of these similar items are originating, but others are not. 

i  i ( i i i).  ,  ,     i, i   i    ii i.

Mutuum is a loan of goods on the agreement that the borrower may consume them and return to the lender an equivalent in kind and quantity. 

 i.   i  i    -  i  i   i   i,  i  .

Recuse means if someone, such as a judge, withdraws from a legal case. They state that they will not be involved in making decisions about the case, for example, because they consider themselves biased. 

 i  i  i   ii i  i  ,     i iii   ii ii   i i  .

Incarceration is the detention of a person, often in a correctional or psychiatric facility. The term is frequently used to refer to criminal sentences imposed by a court of law.

  i  i          i   i i  i.

A wage earners plan is a plan for the installment payments of outstanding debts under a Chapter 13 bankruptcy.

  i   ii       ,   / ii i    i i  .

Acknowledgment is a formal declaration before an authorized official, by a person who executes an instrument, that an act or deed is their free act or deed. 

   i    ,  i           i i   i   i ;    ,  i      i   i  i ' .

Plea to the charge means that the defendant will plead guilty to a less serious charge or to one of several charges in return for the dismissal of other charges; it may also mean that the defendant will plead guilty to the original criminal charge in return for a more lenient sentence.

 .   i   ,   i    i   i   .

Conviction means being found guilty of a crime.

 i i  i  ii    i;  i i   i      .

Confession and avoidance is a defense that admits the plaintiffs allegations but introduces another factor that avoids liabilityalso called an affirmative defense. 

 ,  i     i iii.

Set aside means make void. It is also called reverse. 

  ,     .   ,    ,     i i, i     . i i  ,        i,     .

Can plead guilty, not guilty or no contest. Pleading guilty means you admit the charges, you have no defense for your actions, and the court can levy punishment against you. Pleading no contest or nolo contendere means you admit no guilt for the crime, but the court can determine the punishment.

  . , i    i,   i, , ii  i i        i  ,  i  i  ,   ,    ii  '  ,   i  i      .

A citation is a written order by a judge (or a police officer) commanding a person to appear in court for a particular purpose. It can also refer to legal authority, like a case or a statute. 

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The exclusionary rule is a court-created doctrine holding that evidence obtained by an unconstitutional search or seizure cannot be used at the trial of a defendant. 

  ,   ii     i; ii  .

An executor is a person nominated in a decedent's will to carry out the terms of the will; apersonal representative of an estate. Generally, this term is used whether the executor is male or female.

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A principal in the first degree is one who actually commits a felony. 

     ,    ,   i,  i i i    .

A principal in the second degree is one who did not commit the crime but was present, aiding and abetting another in the commission of a felony. 

,   '   . ,       ,  . ii i     i    ii,  i ii     i    i i i .

An executor de son tort is a person who performs the duties of an executor without authority. 

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Executrix is a female nominated in a decedent's will to carry out the terms of the will; apersonal representative of an estate. 

   i ,     i.    i iii, i    , i  .

The executive branch is the branch of government headed by the president of the United States. It includes the cabinet, which are the executive departments appointed by the president. 

 i i    ,   ii i     i   , i  i        i   i.

Substantial performance is a doctrine allowing a contracting party to sue the other party for breach, even though slight omissions or deviations were made in the first partys contract performance. 

     'i;  '; i i i ii, ii  i  i, i ii   i   .

Performance means fulfilling a contract by doing what is agreed to under the contract's terms. 

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RansomRansom is:1. Something paid or demanded the freedom of a captured person. 2. The act of freeing from captivity by paying a price.

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Redeem means to release from a lien (property), repay (a bond), or redeem (pledged property).

    ,  i   ii  .

Kidnapping is an act or instance or the crime of seizing, confining, inveigling, abducting, or carrying away a person by force or fraud, often with a demand for ransom or in furtherance of another crime.

          , i i  i .

Extortion is the corrupt demand or receiving by a person in the office of a fee for services that should be performed gratuitously.

   ,   i i  i   i       i  i, i   i.   i   ,  i ii,     .   i .

Escheat is the reversion of property to the state if the property owner dies without heirs. 

 ,  i.  i i   i  i,    i    i.

Mens rea refers to criminal intent. The literal translation from Latin is "guilty mind." In criminal law, mens rea is the mental state of a defendant who is accused of committing a crime, the state of mind statutorily required to convict a particular defendant of a specific crime. 

  i. i  i   ,       . i i ii  i   i,  i i i (  ii), 'i ii  i '  i .

Adjudicating means determining finally by a court. 

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A culprit is a person who is responsible for a crime or other misdeed.

i  ii ii.  "in pari delicto" ,  i  i  i   i i. ii  ii    i     -i ii   .

In pari delicto is a legal term used to refer to two persons or entities who are equally at fault, whether the malfeasance in question is a crime or tort.

i  '  i ,   i iii  i i.  i i       i .

Guilty is the state of having committed a crime. 

 i  i i i   ,       i  -i i   i i i.  i     .

Exclusive jurisdiction is the power of one court only to hear a particular case, excluding all other courts. 

i    i ,     i , i   ' .  i   , i        ,      i   i ii .

Exceptional circumstances or exceptional situations are the conditions required to grant additional powers to a government agency, particularly a government leader or a judge, to alleviate or mitigate unforeseen or unconventional hardship.

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A good faith exception to the exclusionary rule is evidence discovered by officers acting in good faith but under the mistaken belief that a search was valid, which can be used at a defendant's trial. 

   ii   ,     ,   i  . i ,  ii  ,          .

The incidental beneficiary is one who is indirectly benefited by a contract. 

    ,   i  ii    i i, i   ,   .

Justifiable homicide is the taking of a human life when a lawful justification exists. A killing made in self-defense is a justifiable homicide. 

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Acquitted means discharged from accusation; to be found not guilty. 

       ii    ,   i    i iii  ,     i .

Acquittal is a judicial decision after a full inquiry establishes the accused's innocence.

   iii  i ii     ii.

A manufacturing defect is a product defect that was negligently built or built with substandard materials. 

    .  i  (i)  i  i i i   i i .

Sentence is the judgment of the court imposing punishment when the defendant is found guilty in a criminal case. 

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A motion for a directed verdict in a jury trial asks the court to find in favor of the moving party as a matter of law without allowing the case to go to the jury. 

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Ejectment, at common law, is the legal action used by landlords to evict tenants. 

  i       i  i,  , ,   ii i .  ' i ii  i.

Eviction is the act of removing a person from possession of real property, either by reentry or by legal process. 

   i.   i         i  i i .

Retaliatory eviction is the eviction of a tenant for reporting sanitary or building code violations to the authorities. 

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Ethics opinions are formal answers (similar in style to appellate court opinions) to questions about the interpretation or application of the ethics rules. 

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Expenses associated with a legal matter, such as filing fees. 



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Challenges for cause are challenges to a juror made when it is believed that the juror is not indifferent. 

i     i  ii  ii.

A challenge to the array is a challenge to the entire jury because of some irregularity in the jury selection. It is also called a motion to quash the array.

ii     ii  i,    i  i i.

Peremptory challenges are the challenge of a juror for which no reason needs to be given.

i i   .        i  .   i .

A mortgage take-over is an agreement by a new owner of a real property to pay the former owners mortgage. It is also called mortgage assumption. 

i i .  i      i,  ,     i   ,   .    ,      .

Adjourn case. If a case is generally adjourned, it means it still exists in the court records but isn't active anymore. If the problem occurs again, the case can be returned to court.

i  i   i.      '     i  i  i   '  ii   i,      i   i.

Adjournment of a court session for a certain period of time. According to the Code of Criminal Procedure, if the trial is impossible due to the failure of any of the summoned persons to appear at the court session or due to the need to demand new evidence, the court issues a ruling or resolution on its postponement for a certain period.

i        i  i ;      ,     .

To adjourn the case means to put off or postpone proceedings, to end or dismiss further business by a court, legislature, or public officialeither temporarily or permanently. If an adjournment is final, it is said to be sine die, "without day," or without a time fixed to resume the work.

i    ,      i   -     ii .

A revocable living trust is a trust that the settlor may rescind or change at any time during their lifetime. 

i   i ii   ,    .

Revocation is the act of revoking, the taking back of an offer by an offeror before it has been accepted. 

i  ,  i   i   i     . i           i.

An open warrant can mean many things, whether committing a new crime or failing to appear in court. Once you have an open warrant, law enforcement can take you into custody and bring you to court.

i . ,     ,  i, i  i i ii, i,    ,    i  .

Money laundering is a metaphor for how money acquired through criminal activities is washed so that it appears to have been earned legitimately. 

ii; i  ,  i  i i i.  , , i      i   i.

Overrule means to annul, make void, or refuse to sustain. It means, for example, to reject an attorney's objection to a question to a witness or admission of evidence. 

i i '   ,  , i; .

Rescission is an equitable remedy that allows a contractual party to cancel the contract. Parties may rescind if they are the victims of a vitiating factor, such as misrepresentation, mistake, duress, or undue influence. Rescission is the unwinding of a transaction. 

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Forbearance means refraining from taking action. 

i i i i    i i i ii ii  .

Waiver means voluntary relinquishment of a known privilege or right.

i i  .      i i  i    ,  i  -i    . i i  i      'i   ii     i   i .

Waiving your right means you waive this right and agree that you will not be allowed access to this particular item (the letter of reference) in your record.

i i         .    .

A jury-waived trial means a trial without a jury. It is also called a bench trial. 

i  i    ,    i.

Dismissal is an order disposing of an action without a trial of the issues. 

i  i    i    i       '   i  i.

Dismissal with prejudice. A dismissal in which the plaintiff is barred from bringing another action on the same claim. 

i  i    i    i  i     ' i   i  i.

Dismissal without prejudice is a dismissal in which the plaintiff can correct the error and bring another action on the same claim. 

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Failure of consideration is a defense available when the consideration provided in an agreement is not given to the party being sued. 

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Nolo contendere is a plea in which the defendant neither admits nor denies the charges. 

i  i   ,   i   i.

Nonsuit means terminating an action that did not adjudicate issues on the merits.

i i/ i i. i /   i i    i i   i  i  i   -i .

Waiving a spouses will means renouncing or disclaiming a spouses will.

i i  i i i    i.

Republishing a will means reestablishing a will that has been formally revoked or improperly executed. 

i i    i  i,  i  i   / ,  - i i ii.

Estate in severalty is a form of title to real estate where there is only one tenant/owner, without any other joint interest. 

i  i i'.  i .  i     ii,   (, ) ii   i.

Aliases, otherwise known as are used to indicate an additional name that a person (such as a criminal) sometimes uses. John Smith, alias Richard Jones, was identified as the suspect.

iii   i i.   i,  , i i  i  i i i,  i i    i   i   i    i. i       i  i    i  ii ,    i  i    i  ii .  305, i  i.

Drug charges are illegal possession of a controlled substance that occurs whenever a person owns or otherwise possesses a drug or other controlled substance without legal justification or permission. These charges usually apply when a person is found carrying marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, or other narcotics.

ii  ,  i   .

A defendant is a person against whom a legal action is brought.

ii  ,     i,       .

A respondent is one who is called on to answer a petition. A party against whom an appeal is brought.

ii  .  i    .  i   ,  i  ,    , ,  i i  .

Defendant acquitted means a verdict of not guilty constitutes an acquittal at trial; an acquittal occurs when the jury (or the judge if its a judge trial) determines that the prosecution hasnt proved the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

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A libelee is a person against whom a libel has been filed in a court; the respondent. 

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Doe defendants is the device used to refer to defendants whose names are unknown. 

ii  ii  ,  i     i iii   i iii.

Appellee is a party against whom an appeal is brought, and the defendant is called in error and respondent. 

ii . ii   ,  i        .

The defendant in error is the party against whom a petition for a writ of error has been filed. When the appellate court issues a judgment in favor of the defendant in error, the original decision is not reversed. A party against whom an appeal is brought. It is also called appellee and respondent. 

iii   ,    .

Conforming goods are goods that are by the obligations under the contract.

ii      ii   i  ii.

Reply means the response to the objection to the lawsuit is the plaintiff's response to the defendant's counterclaim.

i  ,  i i.

A consignor is one who makes a consignment.

i i i  i. i  i   i   i i i,  i, i             i.

Release on your own recognizance means you don't have to pay bail. Defendants released on their own recognizance need only sign a written promise to appear in court as required. 

i  ,     i, i  i,  i   i,   i   i i                 .

Granted withholding of removal means that you have been ordered removed (or deported) from the U.S., but your removal is suspended. After a grant of withholding of removal, you may apply for work authorization in the United States.

i  (, i)    i , i i  .     ii .

Reliction is the gradual recession of water, leaving land uncovered. 

ii ii. ,   ,  i     ,  i  i  i,    .

Lack of consideration is a defense available to a party being sued for breach of contract when no consideration is contained in the agreement that is the subject of the suit. 

i ii  i  ii i ii.

Rejection Is, for example, the refusal by an offeree of an offer. 

i      ,        . , i  ,  .      i     .

To dismiss charges with prejudice in the formal legal world is a court case that is dismissed with prejudice, which means that it is dismissed permanently. A case dismissed with prejudice is over and done with, once and for all, and can't be brought back to court. A case dismissed without prejudice means the opposite. It's not rejected forever.

i i  i, i  i,   i.

A domestic corporation is organized in the state in which it operates. 

    ,  .Jabbed Jabbed means to push at something hard and quickly with a finger or a thin, pointed object: I jabbed my finger on the needle. He jabbed at his food with his fork.

ii   i   i ,   16   (  2017 i),    i         ,   ,      i i i .

Domestic asset protection trust (DAPT) is a self-settled trust allowed in 16 states (as of 2017) that uses an independent trustee. It is designed to benefit the settlor or grantor with income and protect those assets from the settlors creditors. 

i  i  'i      i i   i,   i    .     ii i i.

Driving under the influence (DUI) is the offense of driving, operating, or being in control of a vehicle while impaired by alcohol or drugs (including recreational drugs and those prescribed by physicians) to a level that renders the driver incapable of operating a motor vehicle safely.

    ,   -.  i i     ,    ii,    , i     i.

A will is initially a legal instrument stating a persons wishes as to the disposition of real property at death, but it now refers to both real and personal property.

i i   i    ; i i   .

Seisin means possession of land by freehold.

i  i: i 󻠖    i i i   i i  ii  i . i    i  i  i i  ii  i  .

Time-sharing means fee simple ownership of a unit of real property in which the owner can exercise the right of possession for only a week or two each year. It is also called interval ownership.

     ; i  ,    .

Executory is that which is yet to be executed or performed.

     -    ( i   ii)  i, i  i.

An opening statement is an attorneys outline of the anticipated evidence to be presented to the jury (or to a judge in a bench trial).

  i,   ii ,    i.  "i"      ,  ,    .

The publication clause is the introductory paragraph of a will. It is also called the exordium clause. 

  i i  ,  ,    i ,   , i  .

Flee the jurisdiction means flee in the context of criminal law when a person accused of a crime seeks to avoid apprehension by running away or hiding that the accused fled from the apprehension.

 ,   ,   i  ,  ,     i i,  i     ii.

Secondary meaning is a trademark granted for a mark that isnt inherently distinctive but has, over time, become so well known as associated with a companys products or services.

    i    / ii i: a) 'i i; b) i i    i; c) i  .

Lost property means personal property that is accidentally separated from its owner. Finders of lost property own it, except concerning the original owner who lost it. 

   . i ii i      i   ,       .

Invasion of privacy means a violation of the right to privacy. 



i   i   ,     i i,      i. i ,   i i  -  ,   i .

A full covenant and warranty deed contains warranties under which the grantor guarantees the property to be free from all encumbrances and to defend the title against the claims of all persons. It is also called a general warranty deed. 

i    i,       . i  ii; i,   .

Warrant means to give assurance.

i i    i   i   ,        .

Security means assurance (usually in the form of a pledge or deposit) a debtor gives to a creditor to ensure that a debt is paid. 

i  i -i ,   i  i,     i  i i     i.

Warranty of title guarantees that title is good, that the transfer is rightful, and that no unknown liens on the goods exist.

i   i   i  ,       i, i i i    i. i , i    ,  ,   i     , i    i   i,  .

A general warranty deedalso called a full covenant and warranty deed  contains warranties under which the grantor guarantees the property to be free from all encumbrances and to defend the title against the claims of all persons. 

i i  i    i iii   .

A warranty of fitness for a particular purpose is implied when a buyer relies on any sellers skill and judgment in selecting goods that will fit a specific purpose.

i i     i i   ,  i i   .

A warranty of habitability is an implied warranty by a landlord that the premises are fit for human habitation.

i i i ,      i ii  i .

Warranty of merchantability is an implied warranty, given by merchants in all sales unless excluded, that goods are fit for the ordinary purpose for which such goods are used.

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The general agent is an agent who is authorized to conduct all of a principals activity in connection with a particular business. 

     , i  , ii, i, iii  ii .

Genocide means the killing of a racial or political group. 

    i, ii  i    ,   ii  i i,   i .

Ghetto means a crowded, poor part of a city by a specific ethnic group. The word is powerful and often associated with a rich cultural heritage, a sense of shame, and a desire to escape.

 7  (iii   ). ,   iiii i ,    i  i ii i.

Chapter 7 bankruptcy is a proceeding designed to liquidate a debtors property, pay off creditors, and discharge the debtor from most debts. It is also called liquidation and straight bankruptcy. 

 11  (ii)  ,   i i i ii ,  i     ii.

Chapter 11 bankruptcy is a method for businesses to reorganize their financial affairs, keep their assets, and remain in business. It is also called reorganization. 

 12  (  i )  ,   i   i  i  i ii ,   i .

Chapter 12 bankruptcy is a method for family farmers and family-owned fishing businesses to adjust their financial affairs while continuing to operate their farms. It is also called family farmer debt adjustment. 

 13  ( i i i). ,    i       i  i i i   i.

Chapter 13 bankruptcy is a method by which an individual with regular income can pay their debts from future income over an extended periodit is also called adjusting individuals' debts. 

   i   ,   i i i  ii.

The principal is one who authorizes another to act on ones behalf. 

i       ,    , i i .

Ripe for judgment is the trial stage at which everything has been completed except the courts decision. 

i  i   . i   i ,     i   ,       i '.

Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will, accomplished using force or fear.

    i ,  , ,   ii.    , i  i  .

A public reprimand is a sanction issued, for example, against an attorney for a grievance where the attorneys name is listed on the official censure. 

   ,   i i.   i .

A public trust is a trust established for charitable purposes. It is also called a charitable trust. 

 i i i  i.  i i, i        i i     i .

Heart balm statutes are laws passed in most states abolishing suits for loss of consortium, breach of promise to marry, and alienation of affections. 

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A bond is a written instrument promising the payment of money if specific duties are not performed. 

      ii,     .

A pecuniary gift is the gift of money in a will. 

   i ii       i i  i i.  i  i , i  i i i .  i  , ,   .

Gross negligence is a heightened degree representing an extreme departure from the ordinary standard of care. Falling between intent to do wrongful harm and ordinary negligence, gross negligence is defined as willful, wanton, and reckless conduct affecting the life or property or another.



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Testimonial evidence is oral testimony of witnesses made under oath in open court.

 i.  ii   i i,  i i -i,    ,  ,      i ii .

Attest means to bear witness to. 

i (i i)  i i (iiii)   i i ,   i  i.    iii.

A fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger.

 (,  )    (, ,    i, ,  i )  i  (,  ) .

A donor is a person who gives a gift, a person who establishes a trust. They are also called grantor, settlor, and trustor. 

   i. i      i i.  i i i       . " i   i"   i   ,  i ,  i  i      ,   .

Gift causa mortis is a gift made in contemplation of impending death. The gifts causa mortis is automatically revoked if the donor doesnt die from that which was contemplated by the donative intent.

       i i,  i i ( i) ,  i i i   .    i  i ,    - i   .

Gifts made in contemplation of death. For federal estate tax law purposes, gifts made within three years of the date of death and which are subject to the federal estate tax. It is also called gifts causa mortis. 

   iii  i,  i  ii      i   .

Double jeopardy is a situation in which a defendant is tried twice for the same offense.

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An indenture is a deed or lease to which two or more persons are parties. 

i    i i  ,   i   i  i  i ii .

A bilateral contract contains two promises, one made by each party. 

 ,    i,  ,  i     i .    .

A bilateral mistake, also called a mutual mistake, occurs when both parties are mistaken about an important aspect of an agreement. 

i (ii) -      i ,  i   .

Bigamy is the state of a man who has two wives or of a woman who has two husbands living at the same time. 

i   ,   .

The debtor owes a debt to another. 

i  i  i. i i,  i i ,   i i ii i  i  ,  i  i i i   i,     i i,  , , i, , , , i  ii.

A declaration of trust is a written declaration by a settlor that they hold legal title to the property as trustees for the benefit of another person.

   'i i  ii.

Delegation is the transfer of a duty from one person to another. 

  -   ,      .

Demonstrative legacy is a bequest of a certain sum of money with a direction to be paid out of a particular fund. 

, i,   i i .    i   i   , ' ' i  i,    iii   i  ,    ii  i  i, i  i   .

A deponent is a person who gives testimony under oath and signs an affidavit. It is also called an affiant. 

        .     i ii   i i ii i.   i i i   i    iii 'i     (,   i ,  i,  i ..).

Bailment is the relationship when personal property possession (but not ownership) is transferred to another for a specific purpose. 

    ,  ii i, ii  ii iii  i  i,    .

High treason means crimes committed with the intent to put the Nation or parts thereof under foreign rule or influence. The punishment for treason is death or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.

 i   ii,    i  i,  ' ii    i.

Public policy means underlying, foundational principles that bind various peoples into a close-knit society. 

 ii - ,    ,    i,   ' ,   i ,    i  ii.

A public administrator administers the estate of a person who dies intestate when no relative, heir, or another person entitled to act as administrator appears.

 . i  i     : i  ; i ; i ; ii i .

A state attorney is a legal officer (such as a district attorney) appointed or elected to represent a state in court proceedings within a district.

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A design defect is the theory that a product was negligently designed or could have been designed more safely. 

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Default is the failure to make required interest or principal repayments on a debt, whether that debt is a loan or a security. Individuals, businesses, and even countries can default on their debt obligations.

i  ,  i i i ii.

Dividends are profits distributed to the stockholders of a corporation. 

  ii, i     i     i     ,      .

A medical directive is a written expression of a persons wishes to be allowed to die a natural death and not be kept alive by heroic or artificial methods. It is also called a directive to physicians, health care declaration, and living will. 

   , i     i i i  (iii),    ,   i  ,   ,   i/    i .  i ii  i ,    i i  ,  i/   i  i i.      i   i i.

A directive to physicians is a written expression of a persons wishes to be allowed to die a natural death and not be kept alive by heroic or artificial methods. It is also called health care declaration, living will, and medical directive. 

  , i  i  i i.

Directors are people who stockholders or shareholders elect to manage a corporation. 

i i ,   i     ,     i  ,       ii  -    i.  i      i  (irrevocable offer).

An option contract means a binding promise to hold an offer open. 

i    ,  i ,   i       ii i    i i   ,  i   i.

Discretionary trust allows the trustee to decide, at the trustees discretion, how much will be given to each beneficiary. It is also called spray trust and sprinkling trust. 

ii         i    ,  , , i   ii.

Discrimination is the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, or sexual orientation.

i ii - i,    ii i   i.

A disciplinary commission is a group empowered by its jurisdictions highest court to investigate grievances against lawyers. 

,  i  ii,  i  ii      i  i i    .

A pretermitted child is a child omitted by a testator from a will. 

i   i,      ii ii     ,   i i.

Defamation is the wrongful act of damaging anothers character or reputation using false oral statements. 

i     i,     ii.

The Ultra vires Act is a corporate act committed outside the corporations authority.authority.

i i  ii,      .

Curtilage is the enclosed space of ground and buildings immediately surrounding a dwelling house.

i i,       i,      i .   i    ,   i     .

Alluvion is any gradual addition to the soil made by nature, such as the gradual accumulation of soil on land next to a stream caused by the action of water, also called accretion. 

i    i' i .

Infanticide means the killing of an infant soon after birth. 

     ii . i  ,   i   i.

DNA is an abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid. The double strand of molecules carries a cells unique genetic code. 

i   i     i   i  i  .

Desertion is the voluntary separation of one spouse from the other for the statutory period without justification and with the intent of not returning. 

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A voluntary administrator is a person who undertakes the informal administration of a small estate.

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Long-arm statutes allow one state to obtain personal jurisdiction over a person in another state.

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A durable power of attorney is a document authorizing another person to act on ones behalf, with language indicating that the authorization either is to survive ones incapacity or is to become effective when one becomes incapacitated. 

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An Attorney-in-fact is an agent who is authorized to act under a power of attorney. 

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A fiduciary is a person in a position of trust, such as an executor, administrator, guardian, or trustee.

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Power of attorney is a formal writing that authorizes an agent to act for a principal. 

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Springing power is a power in a durable power of attorney that does not become effective until the person making it becomes incapacitated. 

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A healthcare proxy is a written statement authorizing an agent or surrogate to make medical treatment decisions for another in the event of the others inability to do so. 

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A medical power of attorney is a written statement authorizing an agent or surrogate to make medical treatment decisions for another in the event of the others inability to do so.

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Trust means a right of ownership to property held by one person for the benefit of another.

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A fiduciary deed is a deed to real property in which the grantor transfers only his or her interest, if any, in the property and gives no warranties of title. It is also called a deed without covenants or a quitclaim deed. 

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A trustee is a person who holds legal title to property in trust for another.

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A life tenant is the owner of a life estate. 

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Private reprimand means disciplinary action to formally reprove or censure a licensee for unprofessional or unlawful conduct, with the action's documentation classified as a private record.

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A shipment contract is a contract under which the seller turns the goods to a carrier for delivery to a buyer.

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A requirements contract is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to supply a good or service to the other party as needed, and the other party agrees to buy exclusively from the first party. Under a requirements contract, a seller agrees to give the purchaser as much of a service or good as the purchaser wants. 

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A proprietary lease is a lease between a cooperative apartment association and a tenant that carries with it the right to occupy a specific apartment. A proprietary lease is an agreement that grants shareholders in a co-op the right to live in a particular apartment space. 

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A deed of trust is an instrument used in some states that replaces a mortgage, by which the legal title to real property is placed in a trustee to secure the repayment of a debt. 

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A mortgage is a conveyance of real property to secure a debt. It is also called a mortgage deed.

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A limited warranty deed is a deed containing warranties under which the grantor guarantees that the property is free from all encumbrances made during the time that he or she owned the property and agrees to defend the title only against claims through him or her. It is also called a special warranty deed. 

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An adhesion contract is a contract drawn by one party for that partys benefit whose terms must be accepted, as is, on a take-it-or-leave-it basis if a contract is to result.

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An output contract is a contract to sell all the goods a company manufactures or all the crops a farmer grows. 

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A contract to sell is a contract under which the title to goods will pass in the future. 

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Contract implied in fact is a contract arising from the parties' conduct rather than their express statements. 

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An unenforceable contract is a contract that cannot be enforced for some legal reason.

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Contractual capacity is the legal ability to enter into a contract. 

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Consideration is an exchange of promises or benefits and detriments or obligations by the parties to an agreement. 

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A bill of particulars, in common law jurisdictions, is a detailed, formal, written statement of charges or claims by a plaintiff or the prosecutor given upon the defendant's formal request to the court for more detailed information. A bill of particulars may be used in criminal defense or civil litigation.

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Recross questions are further questions asked of a witness in response to redirect questions. 

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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=71057314)  .

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