From the history ofthe Southern Urals. Ancient Indo-Europeans
 


Research of the history of ancient Indo-Europeans continues. Scientists are discovering new evidence that the ancestors of the ancient Indo-Europeans formed in the Southern Urals. In the Southern Urals (Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions, Bashkortostan, Northern Kazakhstan) there is a famous archaeological culture, including dozens of similar ancient monuments, named after the most famous settlement  Arkaim culture according to Arkaim in the Chelyabinsk region, 28 towns have been found.





From the history ofthe Southern Urals

Ancient Indo-Europeans



 



 ,2024



ISBN978-5-0064-4565-9

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From the history ofthe Southern Urals


From the 3rd millennium BC tothe 7th century BC, the Great Migration ofPeoples from the Middle East toCentral Asia and India took place inwaves. The Country ofCities is located on the territories ofthe Chelyabinsk region, Orenburg region, Bashkortostan ofthe Russian Federation and northern Kazakhstan. The settlements are scattered over an area with adiameter of350km. The term Country best characterizes this location ofcities. Inaddition tothe fact that all the discovered cities were built on acompact territory inthe same period oftime, inthe same architectural style and using the same engineering solutions, similar materials, other unifying properties are also visible. The cities ofthe Sintashta culture were inhabited bypeople ofthe same ethnic group (belonging tothe Caucasoids) and conducted similar economic activities. The age ofthe monuments the youngest ofthem is 3700years.

Gradual warming caused the melting ofglaciers, which retreated tothe north, and the land began toawaken tolife, young growth appeared plants, they were eaten with pleasure byanimals that migrated along with the melting ofglaciers. Following the animals, primitive hunters moved, hunting for migrating animals. The center ofglaciation ofthe Urals was the Ural Range, ice from the mountains flowed down from the range tothe lowlands during the warming period, forming seas and lakes, the glaciers ofthe Ural Mountains gave rise toicebergs inthe Arctic Ocean. Ancient glaciation was more clearly expressed inthe north ofthe Ural Mountains: inthe Polar and Subpolar Urals. Inthe Holocene (1510thousand years ago, the postglacial era), due tosignificant climate warming, the size ofthe ancient Pleistocene (lower Quaternary era) glaciation sharply decreased. At this time, most ofthe glaciers ofthe Urals disappeared. Anew cooling inthe Urals inthe so-called Subatlantic period (mid-1st millennium BC 34centuries AD) led tothe appearance ofnew glaciers that preceded the modern ones. Ancient Indo-Europeans build special closed settlements. Indo-Europeans learned toextract swamp ores and smelt iron from them. Iron was an accessible and cheap metal for them. Iron ores are more widespread than copper and bronze, and therefore amonopoly on this metal did not arise: its ores are formed inlarge quantities under the action ofmicroorganisms inswamps and other stagnant bodies ofwater. And the area ofsettlement ofthe Aryans was characterized byan abundance oflakes and swampy territories. Iron was easy tomine, but its smelting and processing required certain skills, which gave impetus tothe widespread development ofblacksmithing and other crafts. Iron tools replaced soft bronze and finally displaced stone. Due tothe use ofiron sickles, ploughshares, scythes and axes, necessary for slash-and-burn agriculture, Aryan agriculture began todevelop more intensively. Settlements began toform everywhere, between which lively trade was established over time.

The general meaning here was, most likely, as follows. The ancient Aryans used these swampy lands toobtain ore, when the ore was depleted, the settlements were burned, the ditches were filled in. Therefore, the settlements existed for about 100200years. The main thing was tokeep the secret ofthe technologies (know-how) for the manufacture ofvarious metal products using metallurgy techniques, so that other tribes would not find out about it and would not leave the competition.

According toone hypothesis, the ancient Aryans made agigantic migration from the South Ural steppes through Southern Ukraine, the Balkan Peninsula toMycenae, and then toIran and India. It is possible that they brought toMycenae and Asia Minor the culture ofhorse breeding, previously unknown there, the art ofmaking and using war chariots. The oldest chariot found inthe world is from the Arkaim culture (dated to2026BC).

Russian scientists have solved the mystery ofthe mysterious figurines ofancient warriors found about 10years ago near ariver inthe Chelyabinsk region. This was reported bythe press service ofthe South Ural State University. The figurines were found inthe Kunashak district near the village ofKarino and their origin remained amystery for along time. Two figurines covered with agreen coating represented warriors with abird on their shoulder. They were sent for study. It turned out that they were made ofpure copper. The scientists published ajoint work inwhich they compared the artifacts with other similar figurines found inthe Southern Urals. During the study, they found many similarities. The images offaces, quivers, and daggers have something incommon with the images found further south on Ustyurt inKazakhstan. Probably, the figurines personified fallen warriors bogatyrs, representatives ofthe semi-nomadic Gorokhov culture. Inaddition, according toexperts, the warrior figurines have something incommon with the traditions ofIranian culture, that is, Indo-European.

The growth ofpopulation and climate change have ahuge impact on the movement ofpeoples. The appearance ofmore and more new people sooner or later leads toareduction inthe resources ofagiven territory and forces many toleave their homes insearch ofliving space. People moved toother places also because the climate became colder or drier.

As aresult ofnumerous migrations that took place over thousands ofyears, the tribes ofIndo-Europeans, or then Aryans (ram, lamb atotem animal ofthe ancient Indo-Europeans, from Latin aries, from Greek ???? (pronounced: arni), Latin and Greek belong tothe group ofIndo-European languages), left their homeland inthe Southern Urals. Some ofthem moved south tothe lands that are now within the borders ofIran, and further toIndia. Others migrated toEurope, as well as toAnatolia (the territory ofmodern Turkey, Anatolia, inTurkish Antalya, comes from the Greek word for east, this territory ofAsia Minor is located tothe east ofGreece), as well as tothe Fertile Crescent zone. During the glaciation and subsequent flooding ofCentral Asia, right up tothe Mediterranean Sea, bymeltwater for several millennia, the most suitable place for the emergence ofancient civilizations was the Middle East, the so-called lands ofthe Fertile Crescent. But bythe 4th-3rd millennia BC, it was already becoming crowded here, as the earth began towarm up, the oasis areas narrowed. Grassy deserts for nomads also narrowed, turning into sandy deserts. Bythis time, Central Asia was freed not only from the consequences ofmelting glaciers, but grass was already growing here. Inthe middle ofthe Eurasian continent, excellent conditions are formed for the emergence and development ofnomadic states with elements ofsedentary life. From the 3rd millennium BC tothe 7th century BC, the great migration ofpeoples from the Middle East toCentral Asia and India takes place inwaves. Inthe Southern Urals (Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions, Bashkortostan, Northern Kazakhstan) there is afamous archaeological culture, including dozens ofsimilar ancient monuments, named after the most famous settlement the Arkaim culture (after Arkaim inthe Chelyabinsk region). Inthe Orenburg region, such asettlement was found near the village ofAlandskoye inthe Kvarkensky district. Alandskoye the etymology ofthe village name is associated with the Russian-Swedish war of18081809, it was given inhonor ofthe victory ofRussian troops inthe battle for the Aland Islands inthe Baltic Sea. Kvarkeno after receiving the status ofastanitsa, the village was given the name Kvarken (Kvarkenskaya) inhonor ofthe campaign ofRussian troops in1809through the Kvarken Strait during the Russo-Swedish War. Arkaim is represented byagiant wheel 180meters indiameter with two circles ofpowerful walls: external and internal. Particularly impressive is the five-meter-thick external wall, made ofsoil and having an internal gallery. Adeep ditch was dug around the wall on the outside. The internal ditch is covered with alog flooring, possibly representing astorm drain. From the walls towards the central square there were dwellings. These houses were quite large: up to20meters long and more than 6meters wide, where, according toexperts, up to50people could be accommodated. Ineach house there were hearths, wells, pits for storing food, rooms for individual families. The floor was covered with ahard layer oflime mortar. The settlement could accommodate up totwo and ahalf thousand people. The inhabitants had alot ofcattle, especially horses slender, thin-legged, fast, harnessed towar chariots, these ancient tanks ofthe Eurasian steppes. The production ofbronze items reached ahigh level ofperfection. It is believed that they spread from here tovery remote places.

Most scientists believe that these were ancient Aryans, Indo-Aryans, that is, peoples ofthe Indo-European group oflanguages. The discovery ofmonuments ofthis type has sparked adebate about what these structures were. Some researchers believe that these are caravanserais fortresses where caravans with copper ore from the rich Tash-Kazgan deposit were sheltered overnight. The arguments given inthis regard are that they are located intwo chains stretching from north tosouth at adistance ofabout 50km from each other, that is, one days march. Others claim that these are religious centers inwhich several hundred people lived permanently: priests, artisans and guards, while the rest came here for religious festivities from the rural area. Still others call them cult temples ofthe ancient Aryans, similar tothose described inthe ancient Indian epic Avesta. According toone hypothesis, the ancient Aryans made agigantic migration from the South Ural steppes through Southern Ukraine, the Balkan Peninsula toMycenae, and then toIran and India. It is possible that they brought toMycenae and Asia Minor the culture ofhorse breeding, previously unknown there, the art ofmaking and using war chariots.

Inthe first millennium BC and the first centuries ofour era, the tribes ofSarmatians and Scythians lived inthe vast expanses ofthe Great Steppe. According toscientists, they were the descendants ofthe tribes ofthe Andronovo and Srubnaya cultures. The steppes ofthe Southern Urals, where the border ofthe spread ofthese cultures passed, contacts between them were azone ofactive ethnic processes, as aresult ofwhich the Sarmatian world was formed. The terms Sarmatians and the earlier Sauromatians are collective, they denote alarge group ofrelated tribes ofearly nomads. Inthe descriptions ofancient authors, we find the names ofsome ofthese tribes: Aorsi, Alans, Roxolani, Siraki, Yazamats, Yaksamats and others. Almost the only monuments ofthe thousand-year stay ofthe Sarmatians are numerous burial mounds, sometimes reaching 57meters inheight. Sauromat and Sarmatian burial mounds are most often located ingroups on high places, hilltops, syrts, from where awide panorama ofthe vast steppes opensup.

Around 1200BC, the Mediterranean (Aegean) migration led tothe invasion ofthe sea peoples into Palestine, Syria and Egypt. And, as aconsequence, the natives were displaced (but not tothe south there are deserts there, but tothe northeast). The migration ofthe Dorian tribes, the death ofthe Mycenaean culture and the destruction ofTroy were also associated with this migration. When we visited the remote areas ofKazakhstan, we asked the indigenous people why the rivers were called Aksu and Karasu, and were surprised bytheir deep knowledge oftoponymy and local natural conditions. It turns out that when naming aparticular stove or lake, the ancient nomads took into account whether they would be able towater their cattle inagiven place, say, inthe middle ofsummer or not. After all, inthe dry season, temporary flowing rivers, designated inKazakh bythe word aksu, dry up, and, on the contrary, the reaches ofrivers with groundwater feeding karasu hold water. Thus, the names Aksu, Akbulak, Aksay, Akkol, as well as Karasu, Karabutak, Karakol, etc., so widespread inthe Ural basin, characterize not the color ofthe water, but the features ofthe water regime. These are either flowing or ground reservoirs. Among the Kazakh names ofrivers, you can most often find those beginning with the words ak and kara. There is awidespread opinion that the geographical network ofKazakhstan and adjacent regions ofRussia consists almost half ofwhite (ak) and black (kara) rivers, streams, gullies, lakes. However, it is absolutely clear that such aname does not explain the local features ofgeographical objects. Therefore, it is necessary not only totranslate the name, but also toexplain its origin.




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