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Copyright  2014, William Easterly.

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   ?  ,    :      ,  ,    , .        (    ),         ,     [1 - Josh Kron, In Scramble for Land, Group Says, Company Pushed Ugandans Out, New York Times, September 21, 2011; Matt Grainger and Kate Geary, The New Forests Company and its Uganda Plantations, Oxfam International Case Study, 22 September 2011, http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/cs-new-forest-company-uganda-plantations-220911-en.pdf. acessed September 6, 2013.].  ,       .       ,                .

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             ,                  ,      ,     [2 - World Bank, Strengthening World Bank Engagement on Governance and Anticorruption, March 21, 2007, p.33; http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTPUBLICSECTORANDGOVERNANCE/Resources/GACStrategyPaper.pdf, accessed September 6, 2013.].


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  1974             .  蠖  ,           ,      .      1931 ,       .

         ,     .    XX        ,   ,     ࠖ  .                   ,          .                젖      .

   ,       ,      . ,                 .

          -      .   ,         ,        ,        .  ,                   [3 - Gunnar Myrdal, Development and Under-Development: A Note on the Mechanism of National and International Inequality (Cairo: National Bank of Egypt, 1956), p.65.].  ,      ,       ,              [4 - Gunnar Myrdal, An International Economy: Problems and Prospects (New York: Harper, 1956), 145.].

 ,          ,      ,  , .. ,      [5 - Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations. 3 vols. (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1968), . : P.T.Bauer, Dissent on Development: Studies and Debates in Development Economics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), 187.]. ,         ,       ,     .       ,         ,    .           ,   ,      .                  ,           [6 - Ibid., 189.].

,      ,             ,         .         ,        ,    [7 - F.A.Hayek, The Road to Serfdom: Text and Documents; The Definitive Edition, ed. Bruce Caldwell. Volume 2, The Collected Works of F.A.Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), Kindle edition, location 1740; ..  .    (:  , 2005), 42.].  ,         ,          ,     .         ,       [8 - Ibid., 4038;  , 153.].

        ,    .   ,       ,           .  ,       ,     ,        [9 - F.A.Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty: The Definitive Edition, ed. Ronald Hamowy, The Collected Works of F.A.Hayek, Volume 17 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), Kindle edition, locations 13822, 13901, 13836.].

     ,  ,   ,     ?      ,     [10 - Ibid., 13869.]          ,      [11 - Ibid., 1386213863.].         ,       ,  ,       .     ࠖ  - ,     [12 - Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 5842; ,   , 227.].        ,            ,   ,         [13 - Hayek, Constitution of Liberty, 1384013841.].    ,   ,        ⠖   ,    .    ⠖  ,      ,      ,           ,       ,   [14 - Ibid., 13920.].

       .     ,         .         ,          .          ( - )   .  ,                 [15 - Gunnar Myrdal, Economic Theory and Under-Developed Regions (London: Duck-worth, 1957), 84.].

  ,       .      ,  1950              .           ,           . -             .   ,   ,       [ ]    . ,   ,           .       (    )     .       .




   


 ,        ,     .      8  1899   ,   - .      ,          .  1919     ,        (,        ,          )[16 - Bruce Caldwell, Hayeks Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A.Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), Kindle edition, location 2744.            , ,    ,        ,      ,       .].

         24 ,          ,  - .          .    -    1923    1924      [17 - Leif Wenar, ed., Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue (Oxford: Taylor and Francis, 2007), Kindle edition, location 1306.]. -,    ; -,       .            , 堖     ,       .

  ,       .         ,         .   :  ,                    [18 - Ibid., 11641170.].

 1930-           (  ,   ,    ).   ⠖  ࠖ    .          .    1  1936      :      [19 - Sylvia Nasar, Grand Pursuit: The Story of Economic Genius (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011), p.375].           ,    .  1  1933  ,     34- ,       .

       .    ,         , ,       ,        :    2  48        ,    ,  : []   ,   ,    ,    , []    ,     ,    ,   [20 - German History in Documents and Images, Volume 7, Nazi Germany, 19331945, Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of the People and State (Reichstag Fire Decree), February 28, 1933, http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/English%203_5.pdf, accessed September 4, 2013.].

               ,   ,   1940-  1950-       :  ,  ,  ,     .    ,    (  )       . ꠖ    蠖 ,             ,     ,      堖       .              .

           .   ,       1933 ,                  .  ,                  [21 - Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 5974, 5991; ,   , 153.].   ,          ,    :   1930-    ,       ,  [22 - Wenar, Hayek on Hayek, 10111014.].  1938 , ,        ,     .          .

     ,    ,   .   ,   ,  .  1934        ,    ,         ,        .      , 21  1940 ,   :      :                     .          ,  ,      ,   ,           [23 - F.A.Hayek, Studies on the Abuse and Decline of Reason, ed. Bruce Caldwell. Volume 13, The Collected Works of F.A.Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), Kindle edition, locations 89038908.].         ,      .




  


       ,   ,         ,   ,     .        ,  70             .        㠖       .       蠖           .             ,   ;     ,   .

   ,  ,   1944 ,    . ,     ,   ,      ,           .      .    ,     (    ).       ,         .          ,    堖   堖 ,         .

     ,        .        堖 ,         . ,       (     )    ,      .  ,   ,          ,  ,     .    ,   ,  :           ,       ,    ,        .

    ,  ,                  ,        .  ,   ,   ,  ꠖ   ⠖    .            ,      ,  :   ,     ,   ,      ,    [24 - Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 3601; ,   . .130.].

 ,       ,     .      1956              컅        , ,    [25 - Ibid., 3601.  . .18.].    ,    ,      ,   : ,    [   ]  [  ],          ,         ,       ,   ,   ,       ;  ,  ,    哻[26 - Ibid., 3601.  . .13.].

               ;         .      ,    .       ,  :         .       ,        ,         .   ,     ,         ,          .

        .     ,     ,   ,    ,      .                .      ,  ,     60      ,     .      ,     .   ,       ,        .      ,    ,       .

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    ໠     .         ?        , ..           ?                       ,    ?

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                  .                 .            .










 1955      ,   ,   .     ,              .     1968     2200-     .              .

                 ,              ,            ,      頖        .       [27 - Clifford Geertz, Myrdals Mythology, Encounter 33, Number 1 (July 1969): 31.].

                ,     .          ,  ,    ,  堖  , ,   .          ,         ,       .            (underdevelopment).   (,      )     堖     堖 ,  ,   .

       ,    .   ,               ,      .       , :     ,     ..  ,        ,       .         ,   젖         蠖       ,    .

 ,         ,            .        ,       .   ,        ,                ,      [28 - Myrdal, International Economy, 201.].

                ,     .    ,        .         ,    ,          ,          [29 - Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 1814; ,   , 46.].      ,         .  ,          ,                    ,   젖    -,        ꠖ    ,         [30 - Ibid., 1753;  , 43.].

 ,  1944 ,              ,      .           ,    .   ,      :         ,   ,       [31 - Ibid., 1814;  , 46.].

            ,       .     ,     1933       ,       ,          (public intellectual).           .  1934 ,       ,        .   ,   :       .         ,        ,      .

           ,   ,  ,      . ,       ,     .            (great national household), ..    ,        .   ,  ,        [32 - Allan Carlson, The Swedish Experiment in Family Politics: The Myrdals and the Interwar Population Crisis (New Brunswick NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1990), 94, 95, 90; ,     ,  3.].

  ,     ,  , ..              .        ,  ,     .  1932   ,       ,      . -         .            .          .   ,            ,          [33 - Beatrice Cherrier, Gunnar Myrdal and the Scientific Way to Social Democracy, 19141968. Journal of the History of Economic Thought 31, Number 1 (March 2009): 3355.].     ,                 .

            .           .          ,           ,     .  ,            ,      .       ,   ,          ,      .   []    ,     ,       ,     [34 - Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 1810; ,   , 46.].

              . -            ,          .             [  ].

-,            ,  ,           .       ,              . , ,    ,      ,         .   ,    ,        .

  ,        ,            .   ,   (, )      ;     - .     ,       ,   [35 - Hayek, Abuse and Decline of Reason, 16771685.].     ,    ,   ,        ,       .    ,  蠖      ⠖      .          .     ,      ,   .

              .               ,      .           ,   ,       . ,     ,        .










    - 頖 .. ,   ,           ,      .          ,   ,       ,  ,     ,    .

         .         ?       [36 - Myrdal, International Economy, 201.].   ?  ,   .     ?              [37 - Ibid., 201.].   ,     . ,            [38 - Ibid., 204.],      . ,            . , -      ;          ;      .               ,    .

        .       ,  ,     ,   [39 - . : Bauer, Dissent on Development, 187.].     (,     )        .                   ,          .     ,        ,   .   , ,      ,        .      -        頖          .

,   , ,          (.. ),       [40 - . : Bauer, Dissent on Development, 187.].            . ,  ,    ,               :   ,   堖   ,     ,     ,    ,  ,   .   ,     ,    ,      .       ,   []  ,   ,    [41 - Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 3893; ,   , 145.].

 ,           ,      .          .  ,    ,           [42 - Ibid., 122123.].            .     ,  1972        ,   ,  1960      .               ,  , , ,       .

       ,     .       ? -,        ,    ,  ,   .   ,    ,    ,  1950     .      ,       ,     (     )   .

    ,  ,   ,            .          蠖    .           ,        ,           .  ,          , ,    ,       ;          [43 - Ibid., 2631.].           ,           , ..  ,    .  ,       ,          .

          ,   . ,        .       ,      ,  䠖        ,     [44 - Ibid., 4038; ,   , 153.].

,     ,       ,  ,     :          ,        .

   ,         ,      .   ,  ,        [45 - Myrdal, International Economy, 154.].        ,             .  ,          ,    ,  蠖   .

,   ( , )   -     ,   ,     ࠖ  頖      .         .










  2013          ,            .    ,       ,    ,     .         ,          ,     .       ,   ,          [46 - http://www.cgdev.org/content/calendar/detail/1426888/, accessed August 16, 2013.].

     .        ,       (spontaneous order).         ,      .  ,     렖 -        : , ,      .       ,    ,  ,    ,   ,     .    : , , , , .          (conscious design)    (spontaneous solutions)       ,     뻠  ,     .

       ,          蠖   .     ,      ࠖ       ,       [47 -               .     ,         ,      .    ( )     ,   .      ,      ,          .  ,   ,       .     .].        ࠖ   :   ,             , , ,   ,         [48 - Kenneth Arrow, Collected Papers of Kenneth J.Arrow, Volume 2: General Equilibrium, (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press 1983), 107108.].

   ,       (     ),    :        ?     ,       (,   ).     ,      ,   ,   .     .      [49 - . : Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle Between Government and the Marketplace That Is Remaking the Modern World (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), 150151.].

        ,        (     ):            [50 - Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 1750; ,   , 42.].   ,      [51 - Ibid., 1202;  , 16.]      ,           ,         [52 - Ibid., 1829;  , 4647.].  ,        ,  ,        , ,    , ,  ,  []    ,  [53 - F.A.Hayek, ed., Collectivist Economic Planning: Critical Studies on the Possibilities of Socialism by N.G.Pierson, Ludwig von Mises, Georg Halm, and Enrico Barone (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 2011), Kindle edition, locations 152157; .. .     (: , 2011), 151.].

,       :  ,     .    ,       [] ,    .   ,       .   ,            .    ,     ,  ,     ,   ,    [54 - Hayek, Constitution of Liberty, 1980.].

   ,      ,      .  ,     ,    ,    ,     .      ,   :         ,   ,       ,        [55 - Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 180; ,   , 166.].

    ࠖ ,          [56 - Gunnar Myrdal, Development and Under-Development: A Note on the Mechanism of National and International Inequality (Cairo: National Bank of Egypt, 1956), 63 and 65.].           ,        ,   [57 - . : Bauer, Dissent on Development, 187.].          .  ,  堖   ,     :               [58 - Ibid., 206.].  :    ,         ,   [59 - Ibid., 207.].

    ,   1968      ,         :                .       ;    : , , ,   ,         [60 - Ibid., 189.].




   


,  ,                  .                  .      ,     ,       .

,     ..,  1971      ,            (        ).                   .  1971  ,       ,              .

,       ,   . -,       ,            ,   . ,        ,   ,   ,  ,  - ,      [61 - Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 216; ,   , 62.].

-,      ,       ,    . ,     ,   ,  ,       ,    .    ,        :        󻠖    .         , ..     頖      .

    ,     ,       .    ,  ( )   ,       ,      .  ,         ,          ,       .

-,  ,     렖     ,     ,    .       ?                      ,    ,        .          ,            ,     ,   , .  ,  ,    ,      .          ,  , ,           [62 - Hayek, Constitution of Liberty, 13831.].

            ,   .       ,       蠖      .  ,     ,         .    ,       ,   ,    ,           .

      ,          .      ,        :     ?  ,  ,          [63 - Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 4067; ,   , 154155.].        []       [64 - Ibid., 4070;  , 155.].   ,  ,      ,  ?   ,     ,          ,      ?

  ,         ,           .           ,     .










  ,        ,     ,       .  1945     American Economic Review,   ,     .      ,  ,   ,    .  2011            ,   American Economic Review   . (  ,     ,     ;    ,       ,      .)

  ,       ,         .  ,      :        ,     .          ,          , ,   [65 - Gunnar Myrdal, The Equality Issue in World Development, 1974 Nobel Prize Lecture in Economic Sciences, March 17, 1975. Available at http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1974/myrdal-lecture.html, accessed September 22, 2013.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/uilyam-isterli-32453/tiraniya-ekspertov-ekonomisty-diktatory-i-zabytye-pra-70911715/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Josh Kron, In Scramble for Land, Group Says, Company Pushed Ugandans Out, New York Times, September 21, 2011; Matt Grainger and Kate Geary, The New Forests Company and its Uganda Plantations, Oxfam International Case Study, 22 September 2011, http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/cs-new-forest-company-uganda-plantations-220911-en.pdf. acessed September 6, 2013.




2


World Bank, Strengthening World Bank Engagement on Governance and Anticorruption, March 21, 2007, p.33; http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTPUBLICSECTORANDGOVERNANCE/Resources/GACStrategyPaper.pdf, accessed September 6, 2013.




3


Gunnar Myrdal, Development and Under-Development: A Note on the Mechanism of National and International Inequality (Cairo: National Bank of Egypt, 1956), p.65.




4


Gunnar Myrdal, An International Economy: Problems and Prospects (New York: Harper, 1956), 145.




5


Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations. 3 vols. (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1968), . : P.T.Bauer, Dissent on Development: Studies and Debates in Development Economics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), 187.




6


Ibid., 189.




7


F.A.Hayek, The Road to Serfdom: Text and Documents; The Definitive Edition, ed. Bruce Caldwell. Volume 2, The Collected Works of F.A.Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), Kindle edition, location 1740; ..  .    (:  , 2005), 42.




8


Ibid., 4038;  , 153.




9


F.A.Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty: The Definitive Edition, ed. Ronald Hamowy, The Collected Works of F.A.Hayek, Volume 17 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), Kindle edition, locations 13822, 13901, 13836.




10


Ibid., 13869.




11


Ibid., 1386213863.




12


Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 5842; ,   , 227.




13


Hayek, Constitution of Liberty, 1384013841.




14


Ibid., 13920.




15


Gunnar Myrdal, Economic Theory and Under-Developed Regions (London: Duck-worth, 1957), 84.




16


Bruce Caldwell, Hayeks Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A.Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), Kindle edition, location 2744.            , ,    ,        ,      ,       .




17


Leif Wenar, ed., Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue (Oxford: Taylor and Francis, 2007), Kindle edition, location 1306.




18


Ibid., 11641170.




19


Sylvia Nasar, Grand Pursuit: The Story of Economic Genius (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011), p.375




20


German History in Documents and Images, Volume 7, Nazi Germany, 19331945, Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of the People and State (Reichstag Fire Decree), February 28, 1933, http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/English%203_5.pdf, accessed September 4, 2013.




21


Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 5974, 5991; ,   , 153.




22


Wenar, Hayek on Hayek, 10111014.




23


F.A.Hayek, Studies on the Abuse and Decline of Reason, ed. Bruce Caldwell. Volume 13, The Collected Works of F.A.Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), Kindle edition, locations 89038908.




24


Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 3601; ,   . .130.




25


Ibid., 3601.  . .18.




26


Ibid., 3601.  . .13.




27


Clifford Geertz, Myrdals Mythology, Encounter 33, Number 1 (July 1969): 31.




28


Myrdal, International Economy, 201.




29


Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 1814; ,   , 46.




30


Ibid., 1753;  , 43.




31


Ibid., 1814;  , 46.




32


Allan Carlson, The Swedish Experiment in Family Politics: The Myrdals and the Interwar Population Crisis (New Brunswick NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1990), 94, 95, 90; ,     ,  3.




33


Beatrice Cherrier, Gunnar Myrdal and the Scientific Way to Social Democracy, 19141968. Journal of the History of Economic Thought 31, Number 1 (March 2009): 3355.




34


Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 1810; ,   , 46.




35


Hayek, Abuse and Decline of Reason, 16771685.




36


Myrdal, International Economy, 201.




37


Ibid., 201.




38


Ibid., 204.




39


. : Bauer, Dissent on Development, 187.




40


. : Bauer, Dissent on Development, 187.




41


Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 3893; ,   , 145.




42


Ibid., 122123.




43


Ibid., 2631.




44


Ibid., 4038; ,   , 153.




45


Myrdal, International Economy, 154.




46


http://www.cgdev.org/content/calendar/detail/1426888/, accessed August 16, 2013.




47


              .     ,         ,      .    ( )     ,   .      ,      ,          .  ,   ,       .     .




48


Kenneth Arrow, Collected Papers of Kenneth J.Arrow, Volume 2: General Equilibrium, (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press 1983), 107108.




49


. : Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle Between Government and the Marketplace That Is Remaking the Modern World (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), 150151.




50


Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 1750; ,   , 42.




51


Ibid., 1202;  , 16.




52


Ibid., 1829;  , 4647.




53


F.A.Hayek, ed., Collectivist Economic Planning: Critical Studies on the Possibilities of Socialism by N.G.Pierson, Ludwig von Mises, Georg Halm, and Enrico Barone (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 2011), Kindle edition, locations 152157; .. .     (: , 2011), 151.




54


Hayek, Constitution of Liberty, 1980.




55


Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 180; ,   , 166.




56


Gunnar Myrdal, Development and Under-Development: A Note on the Mechanism of National and International Inequality (Cairo: National Bank of Egypt, 1956), 63 and 65.




57


. : Bauer, Dissent on Development, 187.




58


Ibid., 206.




59


Ibid., 207.




60


Ibid., 189.




61


Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 216; ,   , 62.




62


Hayek, Constitution of Liberty, 13831.




63


Hayek, Road to Serfdom, 4067; ,   , 154155.




64


Ibid., 4070;  , 155.




65


Gunnar Myrdal, The Equality Issue in World Development, 1974 Nobel Prize Lecture in Economic Sciences, March 17, 1975. Available at http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1974/myrdal-lecture.html, accessed September 22, 2013.


