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 ,2024



ISBN978-5-0064-1858-5

     Ridero







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  ;

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   - 

      

   

    

        (   )

     

  

   

   

       

    







        .        ,        ⠖  .      ⠖  ,     .

 ,          ,      .

 ,          ,         ,  -.

   : , ,        (   )     ,      ,     .

    ,    ,     ,  ,         ,          (         ).

    ,      ,        .




 I.

  





1. 



              ,     .




1.1  (  ) 


     -   .    :

1) europa.eu -  ;

2) eur-lex.europa.eu    ;

3) ec.europa.eu -  ;

4) europarl.europa.eu -  ;

5) curia.europa.eu -   ;

6) consilium.europa.eu -  ;

7) consilium.europa.eu/nl/council-eu/ -   ;

8) ecb.europa.eu -.




1.2    


  ,   ,    - eur-lex.europa.eu. -       ࠖ  ,       .      23  .     1952.        .

,    ,   .

    : ,    ,    ,    .

      ,   ,   .

       .         . -     ,    .    :       .     ,   .      ,       .    /          ,      .    .     ,    .

- eur-lex.europa.eu     ,      .

   ,    :

 : ,  ;

  :  ;

 :  ,   ..




1.3  


      . - eur-lex.europa.eu  curia.europa.eu    .      ,        ,    ,  ,         (. 1. 19   ).     .       12 ,    ,      .     ,   .

    -.




1.4


a   ()  ,       ,     .    ,   ,      ,     .

       -http://tb.ohchr.org/default.aspx (http://tb.ohchr.org/default.aspx)

    : www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/ (http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/) (       1.5).

    (    ,  , )         ,    .  1959.,    ࠖ      ,             1950.

   (Judgments;  )     .         -.      ⠖       ,    .

        1950.         .  堖      ,   .          [1 -     | ,   https://roseurosud.org/espch/evropejskij-sud-po-pravam-cheloveka (https://roseurosud.org/espch/evropejskij-sud-po-pravam-cheloveka), (  20-11-2023)].

 -         :

נ www.echr.coe.int (http://www.echr.coe.int/);

     (HUDOC) http://hudoc.echr.coe.int (http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/);

 נ www.echr.coe.int;

   נ www.echr.coe.int (http://www.echr.coe.int/);

    נ www.echr.coe.int (http://www.echr.coe.int/);

    ࠖ http://www.coe.int/t/commissioner (http://www.coe.int/t/commissioner);

   http://www.coe.int/T/DGHL/Monitoring/ (http://www.coe.int/T/DGHL/Monitoring/);

    蠖http://www.coe.int/t/democracy/migration/default_en.asp (http://www.coe.int/t/democracy/migration/default_en.asp)




2.    





2.1.

 


   ,     .        ,             -  .        ,         ()   .




2.2  


19511965:  



        ,    1951.        -: , , , , ()  .          .

           1945.,     .

  , 1949-,        -  ( 10-,     47 ).    ,   ,     .

    .      (- )     ().              47⠖  .          (),      () .     12() ,   .    29.



   

          -   (Robert Schuman).          .          ,   . Π        .   ,    ,   .        .     1952.  . 97 ,     50; 2002.    .

          -  (Paul-Henri Spaak)         .           ( )    ().      25 1957.    1958-.      ⠖  .            .

      ࠖ , ,  ( ),     .      (1957)   (1967)         ,           ( , , ,  ,  ).

     ,       .  1960. , , , ,        (European Free Trade Association EFTA),     .

 1994.   EFTA      ,      .    , ,     EFTA.      ;      (2010).

  19651985.



         ,   19651985.  .    ,     .              ,   ,   ,       ,       (Charles de Gaulle)     .               .       ,    ,       ,       .

     ,     (Gentlemans Agreement).     ,      ,         .          ,    ,       .



19852004: ?



Ѡ 1980- .,     ,      ,     .          ( 1986),       .      (1985).       ,  ,      [2 -             .  19. 67, 77, 79 .].



   (1986)

 19 1983.   ,      ,            .       1986.        ( 1986).    ,                 - [3 - Thiele Alexander. Europarecht. 7. Auflage. Altenberge: Niederle Media, 2010. P.18.].   1986         .

     (Jacques Delors)      . 300  ,     .       .  1970. (      ,       )                .     1986           (. 30 1986).



 

 1986    .         19891990.  1990             (),       .

         (19851990),     䠖  , ,   .                  . Ѡ  1993.          ,      2002.       .           .    ,      [4 - Hilf Meinhard, in: Grabitz / Hilf. EUV-Kommentar. 40. Erg?nzungslieferung Stand Oktober 2009. M?nchen: Beck-Verlag, 2009. Bd. 1. Art. 1, Rn.11.].

     ,    .        . 5 .        ,     , ࠖ   .          (, . 1128 ),       (. 2945 ).      ,    , ,      ,       ⠖  .  ,       ,      .  ,           .    ,   ,        .   ,          (. 251   ).



 

     1997.   1999-.     ,       ().       ,  -      .       .      .       .     ,   .        .

       -     ,   , ,    .                    (J?rg Haider).       ,     -      .       .



 

      2001.   2003-.               2002.         .

     . ,    , ,    29,   , ,  ,        .      , ,      ,    ⠖ 99.     ,  ⠖        (  ,  ),        ,   62%  .          .



 

   2007.   ,     .    (, ,  )     .        .        53,4% .    ,   ,     .    , ,      ,      .    2009-      ,    .

       .        ,         .     ,      . ʠ       .









2.3 


     -  ,    .   2008.     .          ,    .   2009.   ,   ⠖  ,   ,  ,      .

       2015.      -           .       蠖 .

      :    .   . Ƞ   .       ,        .      ,     ,     [5 - Theresa May says she will make success ofBrexit as prime minister // The Guardian. 11juli 2016.].    .     . 50     ,   ,     ,       [6 - HvJ EU. 10dec. 2018. C-621/18. ECLI: EU: C:2018:999.HvJ EU. 10dec. 2018. C-621/18. SEW 2019. Afl. 2. M.nt.M.Chamon en A. Dootalieva (Wightman).]. -      ,    ,         .

        :         ,     ,         .    ࠖ       (opt-outs)[7 - Adler-Nissen R. Opting Out ofthe European Union: Diplomacy, Sovereignty and European Integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014;   : ,  . 2- . : Hart Publishing, 2020.].

     . 50  ,    -,  . 49,       .

 2. 50 ,        . 218(3)            ,        [8 - The External Dimension ofJoining and Leaving the European Union. In: WesselR.A., Larik J. (red.). EU External Relations Law: Text, Cases and Materials. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2020; European Union (Withdrawal Agreement). Act 2020(c. 1): [ ].  : bills.parliament.uk/bills/2517].

 . 3. 50,   ,        2019.   ,  .      2018.       .     .     .      .     .  -     ,     .     -  2019.    ,    .        .

    ,    .         47.      ,   31 2020.            ,         .       2020.



2.3.1  



     :  ,   ( )   ?     .           /  ,             .   ( )      ,         (. 168).

      ()   ,      .           .

         :        ,        (. 86).           ,     ,    ,     (. 87).

           .   . 2 ,        ,           (. 158(1) ).       :                , ,  ,      .  ,     , ,  ,      .      ,        .

       ,    .    ,     ,   .                      .    ,      (. 174(1) ).         .

        (. 175),          (. 178).         ,       ,      (. 2. 178).  ,             (. 4. 185).      ,       ѻ (. 159).         .

             1 2020.,  ,     ,             ( ).    ,          .      . 50  ,        .             1 2020. (. 132(1) ).  ,    2023.




3. 





3.1


 砖  ,  .       ,       .      .   ,   , ..         , ,     .     ,    ,             [9 - . 263.].

 . 13 ,      , :

 ;

 ;

 ;

 ;

;

  ;

  .

         .

       :  (   ), ,  (  ) . ,     ࠖ    ,     , ,     ,     .         [10 - . 5. 1, 2, .13. 2.].

Ѡ ,              ,        .        .

         (check and balances),  ,                 ,  -   .



3.1.1



        .    1958.        ,      ,      [11 - Thiele, A. Europarecht. 7. Auflage. Altenberge: Niederle Media, 2010.].

 . 2. 14,       ,      .            .        ,     .       .           .

  . 2. 14       751,      96 (,  82 .), 堖 6(,  400. .).

 ,            .   705 ,   27,   .       .        ,  .    ,      .       (. 4. 14).       .

      .        ,     .



  , EPP (EPP: Group ofthe European Peoples Party) (Christian Democrats)

        .       .      .        .  ,    .       .    .      ,    .       .



   , S& D (S& D: Group oftheProgressive Alliance ofSocialists and Democrats inthe European Parliament)

  -   .      .   蠖     ,   .   蠖     .          .    .     .         . ,     .



   , ALDE (ALDE: Group ofthe Alliance ofLiberals and Democrats for Europe)

      -     .      .        .     ,  ,     .     ,  ,  ,   .     .      .      ,          .       .      ,  .



   /  , GREENS/ EFA (GREENS/ EFA: Group ofthe Greens/ European Free Alliance)

     ,      .     :   ,  ,      .       .      .    .



   , ECR (ECR: European Conservatives and Reformists Group)

       .     .        .   .       .    ,    ,    .     , 堖 .     .             .



     /    , GUE/NGL (GUE/ NGL: Confederal Group ofthe European United Left Nordic Green Left)

      蠫   .        .      .  蠖      .    ,   .



  , EFD (EFD: Europe ofFreedom andDemocracy Group)

  ࠖ     ,    .     .     ,   .    ,      .      ,   .         [12 -    , [ ] https://europarlamentti.info/ru/vibory-v-EP/partii/politicheskie-gruppirovki-EP/ (https://europarlamentti.info/ru/vibory-v-EP/partii/politicheskie-gruppirovki-EP/),  : 20.12.2023.].

     , . ,     ,    -,    .

    (), ,      ,         [13 - . 1  Π   ,     07.06.2016.     ( )  .].      ,   .    .



3.1.2



  ,    ,  -. ,   ,     蠫  .      . 17, . 244250.  . 3. 17,   ()   ,       ,        .

    -   .           ,   27.

       ,  - (       )  18 ,       ,    .  ࠖ         (. 248  ,  ).

    ,         - (. 6. 17).         .       ,     . -       ,   .    ,      (. 7. 17).      .    (. 249250).       .   . 3. 17,       , ,       ,       ,  .   . 4. 11    ,     ,  ,     ,  ,   [14 -  , 12 2017.,  C-589/15( : , ).].

            ,          .    ,   ,    .      .          ,      .   ,          ,      (. 2. 17).      ,        .  ,       -   ,     .      . 76, 219.

         . Ѡ ,    ,       ,  ,  [15 - . 293.].

 ,        ,           .        ,      ,      ,    .

          ,  [16 -     ,      ,       .].     ,          [17 - . 290291.].

   . Ѡ ,    -   ,     .       ,      - (. 1. 168). -         .

Ѡ ,         ,    .                   [18 -   . . 97;  . Boom Juridisch. 2021.].



3.1.3 



     (     )   27⠖  .        .  ,             .  ,        .        .

       . ,     27  ,     .       堖   ..

  ,  ,  ,    [19 - .. 1b  (6)    ,     7 2016.].

  ,          .       ,   ,   ࠖ  ,     [20 - . 16. 9.].  ,  ,    -   [21 -   2016/1316/ 26 2016.,    2009/908/,         .].     ,       .   . 1. 16,        ,        .          .   ,   ,     ,    ,     ,     .

        .  ( )       [22 - . 241.].

 ,    ,         ,     -    ,   [23 - . 215, .126(5) .].  ,      ,    (  /soft law)       .        .        ,         ,     .



3.1.4 



     1974.       . Ѡ     ,      .             1986. Ѡ        .        .

   29.      27-,       (. 2. 15).  ,                .           .       (. 5. 15).

        ,       (. 1. 15).

   ,    .      ,    ,          .

      (. 3. 15),     .      .

           . ,      .         (. 7. 17).  ,            ().



3.1.5



 Ѡ   ,           .       .

Ѡ   1952.      ࠫ     .

   :

     ;

  - ,  ;

     .



 ,    -      .

  ,  ,   :     ( 1988).   ,  2004.,    1 2016.  ,            .

          .        .          ,          .    ,               -.

  27 11 .        -   ,           .        .    ,        ,           -.

Ѡ               [24 -    . 1. 19.].

          .

    .

-,   ,     .     ⠖   ,       .          ,   ,         ,         .  ,         .

    ,     .     ,       .         ,      .

            ,        .

        .      ,  -     .      ,    ,      ,   ,     ,   .     ,    ,        .

      (   )  젖  .    , -    ,  .       ,   -  ,     -    / .

        .            (, , , ). ,  -    /  (    ,  )         ,   .            ,   ,   .



3.1.6  





  ꠖ   ,       .      . 282284.            .       .          (. 130. 3. 282).    .     ,     ,   .               . Ѡ    . 2. 127   :

  -        ;

 - ;

     ;

     .



    .       ,    .  ,  , -   ,         .     ,      .         [25 - . 283.].

 ,              ,    .            - .

  ࠖ  ,  .  ,      ,      .      ,    ,           .

 ,  ,   ,       .    ,  ,        :  -  ,     .     [26 - . 286.].

   .        .       .




4. 





4.1


      ,       ,         [27 -        / .... 15 1964.].            .

     .       ,   ,  .     ,      .  ,      ,  ,       (soft law),   [28 -      ѻ,    ,    .].

         ,       ,     , ,   . 288[29 -         ,    ꠫ .].

       ,   ,   蠫 .      :      ,     .        ,      . ,    ,          .




4.2 


      .       ࠖ   .



ʠ    :

   (   ),      ;

    ;

   (,                1950);

  .



      ,  ,     ,            .           .          .

       :

1)     , ..    ;

2)    -  (  );

3)    , ..     .



            [30 -      ,    .],   . 3. 6     ,     Ѡ   , ,   .

         , ..       ( ,     ) - (     ).           (),    .      ,   (   )  (    )  .          .

    , ..       ,  ,     .

                 .     ,             .  -         ,          [31 -     TR. EuGH Slg. 1971,263.].        . 2. 3.



ʠ   ,      ,  ,  :

    ,    ;

    .



ʠ           - :

     ;

 .



       :

 ;

    (  );

     .




4.3 


        .     ࠖ   ,   , ,  [32 -     ,          ⠖ .],   ,  [33 - . 288.].     ,    (   ).    ,    (  ) .

            ,       - . ʠ      ,  ,  ,  .        . ʠ     sui generis   ,    ,    (       ).          ;      -,   蠖  EC,    ,    .        ,   .



4.3.1



     -  ,        .   -   [34 -   . : Oxford University Press, 2004.].    -,    :          .      ,           . ,      (85/374/EEC)    .

-     ,         .  . 288 ,              ,       .   ,  ,       . ,    ,         (de Bund)          (Lander).        ,      [35 -  , 5 1979.,  148/78.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=70876073)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


    | ,   https://roseurosud.org/espch/evropejskij-sud-po-pravam-cheloveka (https://roseurosud.org/espch/evropejskij-sud-po-pravam-cheloveka), (  20-11-2023)




2


            .  19. 67, 77, 79 .




3


Thiele Alexander. Europarecht. 7. Auflage. Altenberge: Niederle Media, 2010. P.18.




4


Hilf Meinhard, in: Grabitz / Hilf. EUV-Kommentar. 40. Erg?nzungslieferung Stand Oktober 2009. M?nchen: Beck-Verlag, 2009. Bd. 1. Art. 1, Rn.11.




5


Theresa May says she will make success ofBrexit as prime minister // The Guardian. 11juli 2016.




6


HvJ EU. 10dec. 2018. C-621/18. ECLI: EU: C:2018:999.HvJ EU. 10dec. 2018. C-621/18. SEW 2019. Afl. 2. M.nt.M.Chamon en A. Dootalieva (Wightman).




7


Adler-Nissen R. Opting Out ofthe European Union: Diplomacy, Sovereignty and European Integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014;   : ,  . 2- . : Hart Publishing, 2020.




8


The External Dimension ofJoining and Leaving the European Union. In: WesselR.A., Larik J. (red.). EU External Relations Law: Text, Cases and Materials. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2020; European Union (Withdrawal Agreement). Act 2020(c. 1): [ ].  : bills.parliament.uk/bills/2517




9


. 263.




10


. 5. 1, 2, .13. 2.




11


Thiele, A. Europarecht. 7. Auflage. Altenberge: Niederle Media, 2010.




12


   , [ ] https://europarlamentti.info/ru/vibory-v-EP/partii/politicheskie-gruppirovki-EP/ (https://europarlamentti.info/ru/vibory-v-EP/partii/politicheskie-gruppirovki-EP/),  : 20.12.2023.




13


. 1  Π   ,     07.06.2016.     ( )  .




14


 , 12 2017.,  C-589/15( : , ).




15


. 293.




16


    ,      ,       .




17


. 290291.




18


  . . 97;  . Boom Juridisch. 2021.




19


.. 1b  (6)    ,     7 2016.




20


. 16. 9.




21


  2016/1316/ 26 2016.,    2009/908/,         .




22


. 241.




23


. 215, .126(5) .




24


   . 1. 19.




25


. 283.




26


. 286.




27


       / .... 15 1964.




28


     ѻ,    ,    .




29


        ,    ꠫ .




30


     ,    .




31


    TR. EuGH Slg. 1971,263.




32


    ,          ⠖ .




33


. 288.




34


  . : Oxford University Press, 2004.




35


 , 5 1979.,  148/78.


