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Elizabeth White, Joanna Sliwa

The Counterfeit Countess: The Jewish Woman Who Rescued Thousands of Poles During the Holocaust

Copyright  2024 by Elizabeth B. White and Joanna Sliwa

  ..,    , 2024

 .   , 2025




 


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9  1943 

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            .           ,       .   ,     ,            .       ,            .   ,     :  ,  ,       ,   .      ,      ,   ,    .  23      .    ,       .

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  1943      2106  .         ,        :        .  1900         .

         .        ,        ,     .         ,     .   1944                  ,      .        ,     .

     ,   ,    -,        .      -,    ,        .







  1989          .      ,   . ,        , ,     ,  ,          .     ,                           .

 ,        .    1969   ,        .     ,   ,     .      1979       ,     .  ,      .    .      ,              .  ,       .

 ,        ,  ,     .     ,  ,     ,       ,     ,     ,   .      ,       ,    ,   ,   ,      .  ,     ,         ;   ,          ,        .           ,    ,    .          ,         .

  ,      ,         .          ,  .      63            [1 -             : hmielewski, Zydzi w KL Lublin, in Wiezniowie KL Lublin 19411944, ed. Kranz and Lenarczyk, 264265.].         .        ,   -       ,       ,          .                          .    ,        ,       .    ,            ,     .     ,    ,        ,  ,   .   ,       ;     ,   .

,   ,    ,   .   ,       ,      ,     ,       . ,    ,      ,    .    ,           ?      1960-,          .    ,            ?  ,      ,  ,       .

           .  1989      ;               .                .      ,      ,        .         ,    ,  ,  -          .

 ,  ,       .    2007 .   ,      ,   ,    . ,    ?            ?

 2017 ,      ,             ,   1975     .         -,    ,        [2 - Krzyzanowski and Soroka, The Polish Underground Resistance in the Lublin Area, 145156.].

    ,       ,    ,       .     ,          ,     ,     .  ,               .

   , ,                ,              .    ,  ,    ,           .  ,        ,    , ,        .     ,   ,        ,       .      ,  ,   ,   ,                .

  ,                  .    1905               , ,      .            1935  1941 ,            .      ,         .         ,         .   1944           ,     ,  , 1909  .               ,  .  1950              --. ,  1961     ,    -, 1915  .

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      ,           ,         .          ,       .           1944 ,      .         ,       .    ,      ,   .              . ,            .   1944         ,                .     ,          .   ,      ,       .

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   ,          .     , ,   ,                 . ,         ,               ,    -   ,      ,     ,    .       ,       .         ,   .   ,   ,      ,       .       ,      ,      ,        .

                                  .   ,               . ,     , ,    ,  ,    .       ,            .      ,           .  XXI       ,         .   ,      ,   ,     ,   .

           ,     .             .         ,    ,           ,      .      , ,        ,          ,  .         ,             .         .

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  .               .      仠       30          ,              42  .        ,      , ,        ,          .         ,      ,   :    ,  ,         9707   4431  .            .   ,      ,     .

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 1




,    ,         , ,   ,  ,         .      ,           ,   ,           ,    .   ,        ,   ,                     ,   .     :             ,       ,     .  ,         ,        ,  ,        ,    .

  1  1905          [4 -             ,      ,  ,    :     ; ,    , ;     ,      , Henry Mehlberg, VA 278344, and Janina Mehlberg, VA 278345, State Finance Of?ce, Compensation Payments / Landesamt f?r Finanzen, Amt f?r Wiedergutmachung  Saarburg (BEG);     ,   ;        ,  .].  , ,   ,       [5 - Pepi Mehlberg CKZP, Wydzial ewidencji i statystyki 19451950, 303/V/425 /M 4762?174027, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (AZIH).   XIX   5%       . Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 19411944, 126.].             .       ,   ;      .     ,    ,   ,             ,       .

  , ,      ,          .    ,        .   XVIII  ,            .   [6 -           .      ,     .     .].

       . , ,       ,   ,     .  1867            , -,       .            .

       ,           ,    .  ,    .                ,        .       ,     ,  ,           .

   ,    ,          .            : -  .      1914           ,  .  1915     ,  , ,        [7 - Snyder, Black Earth, 23; Veidlinger, In the Midst of Civilized Europe, 3739.].     .  1918   ,   .

        ,     .           ,     ,     .       .   1918     ,      .             .            .       ,     .    ,      ,        [8 - B?hler, Post-war Military Action and Violence (East Central Europe), 19141918 Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War, https://encyclopedia.19141918-online.net/article/ post-war_military_action_and_violence_east_central_europe,   27  2021 ; Budnitsky, Jews, Pogroms, and the White Movement, 123; Veidlinger, In the Midst of Civilized Europe, 15, 288303.].

  1921    ,        ,    ,   .   , ,               ,          .       ,      .

         ,       :     .       ,            .        ,      .        ,      .           ,  .               ,        .           [9 -        ,   ,   .].

         .             - .     ,       ,     ,       ,  ,      .        ,  ;          ,    .      ,       ,          .   ,    [10 -   -  .: Wolenski, Logic and Philosophy in the Lvov-Warsaw School; Tradition of the Lvov-Warsaw School: Ideas and Continuations, ed. Brozek, Chybinska, Jadacki, and Wolenski.      .: Pakszys, Kobiety w ?lozo?i polskiej. Dwa pokolenia Szkoly Lwowsko-Warszawskiej.].

       1928 [11 - Z Uniwersytetu Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie, Chwila, 9  1928 , p. 13,   6  2021 , https://libraria. ua/en/numbers/6/26480/? PageNumber=12&ArticleId=98377 7&Search=pepi%20spinner.].            ,           ,       ,    .   ,    ,    ,       ,            .

       ,    1928           .  ,    ,   .     ,    ,       .     ,      .

        ,  ( ) [12 -   7  1904         ,  .      Ksiegi metrykalne gmin wyznania mojzeszowego z terenw tzw. zabuzanskich, 17891943, sygn. 2268, 2419, 2858, 3460,     (AGAD).].       ,        1924-       1926     ,     ,   ,   .     1928-,          ,   .    ,           [13 -         : Mehlberg Henryk, 19561951, Ministerstwo Edukacji Narodowej Departament Kadr, sygn. 3586,    (AAN); Mehlberg Henryk,    (AUL); Mehlberg Henryk, Tom I: AUW.6/2.180, p. 101,    (AUW); and Henryk Mehlberg, 387b-14,     (AUAM).].            ( -, )[14 - Archiwum Kazimierza Twardowskiego, Korespondencja Naukowa, Tom 23. Ly Meh, pp. 96144,   .].

     ,  ,    ,        ,   ,       .    ,    ,        ,  .     :     ,  -     ,   .        .           ,      -.           ,       ,    ,     ,      .   ,      ,      ,      . , , ,     .   ,     .

 1933     ,      .    ,  ,          .       ,     .   6     , ,    .  ,           .   1934    ,         ,   ,      .   1935-             .         [15 -  .].

 1935          :      ,        .       .       ;  ,     -    .  1934                            [16 -    , 26  1934 ,   Roman Ingarden; Odczyty, Chwila, 9  1935 , p. 10.].      ( )       .  ,      ,    .   -  ,      ,       .            [17 - Spis prac D-ra Henryka Mehlberga, 3586, p. 9, AAN;    , 29  1935 ,     , 11  1937 ,   Roman Ingarden.].

         .         ,    ,      .      ,     ,        ,   ,    .           .       ,        ,    [18 - Archiwum Kazimierza Twardowskiego, Ksiega Pamiatkowa,   , 20  1936 .].

     .    ,       ,  ,    ,     [19 - Henry Mehlberg, VA 278344, BEG. The 1930 Poland Industry, Business, and Finance Directory; The 1930 Poland Industry Directory, vol. 4: Food; The 1930 Poland and Danzig Business Directory (Trade, Industry, Handicraft, and Agriculture);  The 1932 ? 1933 Poland Telephone Directory (  ), Genealogy Indexer, https:// genealogyindexer.org/,   10  2022 .].                  .

         .   ,   ,    ,   ,    .   ,       , ,            ,  ,    .   1920-,     ,   .

     , -      .        ,    ,   30%  .   ,    ,   .       ,      ,             ,        .         , ,  ,         .      ,   1926   ,     [20 - Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed, 7, 2225; Gross, Polish Society Under German Occupation, 928.].

         .    ()      ,     -            .       .    , ,      1937       ,  -  [21 - Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 27.].    1938              ,    ;  ,    [22 - Redzinski, Studenci zydowscy we Lwowie w latach 19181939.].

        ,      1935 .       -,   .     ,        ,         [23 - Bartov, Anatomy of a Genocide; Heller, On the Edge of Destruction; Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed, 2632.].                      ,      .

                   .              ,  -         .      ,   ,   ,              1933 .

  1938-     ,  .       ,     ,      -.   1939    ,          .                1939     ,     .   ,      ,                 .

  24     :     ,   ,    ,          .          [24 - Evans, The Third Reich in Power, 67899; Weinberg, A World at Arms, 3135.].

    1939                .

       .     - ,        .

     ,        [25 -   1939  ,     ,     Sur la Nation de Collectif     The Journal of Symbolic Logic.].

    ,     .          ,    .           ,          .              ?[26 -          Chwila.         : Sluchajmy dzis Radia, Chwila, 3  1937 , p. 12.].

      ,   ,          . ,   ,          .

         ,   .




 2

 


  1  1939          ,     ,     . ,    ,   ,      ,         ,   ,        .

        ,     ,       .       :      . ,  ,  -      .

,  ,         ,    ,     ,   .    ,      ,     ,     ,       .         ,     ,        .       ,    ,     .

             .         ,   ,             ,     ,   .           ,              [27 -   ,          : Klukowski, Tagebuch aus den Jahren der Okkupation 19391944; Shatyn, A Private War, 113119;  ,    , Centropa, https://www.centropa.org/biography/janina  wiener,   3  2021 .].

 ,      ,           .            .    ,            ,       .

           ,   22      ,    .              ,   .       ,          ,            -,  ,  ,  ,      .

       ,     .  ,   ,     ,         ,     .     ,   [28 - Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed, 121; Snyder, Black Earth, 120, 127; Burleigh, Moral Combat, 15255; Mazower, Hitlers Empire, 98; Beorn, The Holocaust in Eastern Europe, 7677.].

        .               ,        [29 - Amar, The Paradox of Ukrainian Lviv, 44, 50.].          .       .

    ,      , ,        .     ,      .

   ?     .

    ,     ,  .

 ,      , ,          .

  ?  .

  .

,     ,        ?

   .   ,        .

,               [30 -    ;    ,  4059, USHMM, USC Shoah Foundation Visual History Archive; Lanckoronska, Those Who Trespass Against Us, 122; Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 126143.].          .             .

   ,       .          ,     . ,            .   ,     ,     XIX ,    ,       .        ,     - [31 - Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed, 125126.].

  ,    ,     -       .     ,  ,         .      :   ,     .      , ,      ,  ,   ,  ,     .

         ,      :          .         . ,       ,           .   , ,    ,   ,   .

   : 90,83%      [32 - Ibid., 123; Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 106.].

    .            ,     .     ,     ,     .    ,       1939/40-      .     ,    ,      .          .       ,        ,    .     ,   ,   , ,     ,     -.

     ,        .      ,     ,    .       ,         -.         ,    .      ,       ,      .

 ,          .

      , ,    ,        ,       .   ,           .        ,    .

          .          , ,      .   ,    ,  ,              .




 3

  


        .  ,      .       .      .   ,     .  30  1941 ;      .

 ,   ,      ,     .    ,         .            .    ,  2          .      (  ,   )   [33 - Himka, The Lviv Pogrom of 1941, 209243; Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 5462.].

        .           ,         .  ,      ,   ,      (Sicherheitsdienst)     (Schutzstaffel),     ,           .           - (   )    ,  ,  , [34 - Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 5354; Arad, Krakowski, and Spector, eds., The Einsatzgruppen Reports, i  ix; Krausnick and Wilhelm, Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges, 337, 150172.].

       ,    ,   ,   .                   ,  .     ,     ,   .                 [35 - Zygmunt Albert,   Kazn Profesorw Lwowskich, https://www.lwow.home.pl/lwow_profs.html,   1  2021 .].     ,      .

   ,            .  2  5        ,     .         , ,   ,   .       ,      2500  3000 [36 - Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 6869; Amar, The Paradox of Ukrainian Lviv, 120137.].

          ,    .         .      ,  ,    ,      .     ,         .                ,    . ,    ,         .          ,        [37 - Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 5558; Winstone, The Dark Heart of Hitlers Europe, 103104; Berkhoff and Carynnyk, The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews, 150.].

      ,                 .          [38 - Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 4552.].    ,   ,    ,    .  ,  -        .  -   ,      ,     ,   -.     ,     ,        .       ,    .   ,                   ,        ,  .

             .      .      ,   ,       ,     .            .       :

  !    !

,       ,      .      ,    ,    .             ,    .             .     ;      ,     .       .

          .     ,    , ,     [39 - Ibid., 6466.].        ,     .  ,   , ,       ,  ,         .        ,        .      ,   :

!    ,    .      .     ,    ,  !

  . ,    ,        ,    ,    .    ,      ,      .    ,      ,   ,       ,       .

         ,      .  ,     , , ,     -,   ,   .      .    ,          .    ,  ,    ,     .   :

 .  ,    .

  .

       ,   ,      . ,       ,             .     ,        .          ,     ,      ,     ,   ,    .

   27         .                  [40 - Ibid., 6466; 123125.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/dzhoanna-sliva/falshivaya-grafinya-ona-obmanula-nacistov-i-spasla-tysyachi-70559317/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


            : hmielewski, Zydzi w KL Lublin, in Wiezniowie KL Lublin 19411944, ed. Kranz and Lenarczyk, 264265.




2


Krzyzanowski and Soroka, The Polish Underground Resistance in the Lublin Area, 145156.




3


   .:  .  .   ,  2500    . .: , 2023. (. .)




4


            ,      ,  ,    :     ; ,    , ;     ,      , Henry Mehlberg, VA 278344, and Janina Mehlberg, VA 278345, State Finance Of?ce, Compensation Payments / Landesamt f?r Finanzen, Amt f?r Wiedergutmachung  Saarburg (BEG);     ,   ;        ,  .




5


Pepi Mehlberg CKZP, Wydzial ewidencji i statystyki 19451950, 303/V/425 /M 4762?174027, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (AZIH).   XIX   5%       . Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 19411944, 126.




6


          .      ,     .     .




7


Snyder, Black Earth, 23; Veidlinger, In the Midst of Civilized Europe, 3739.




8


B?hler, Post-war Military Action and Violence (East Central Europe), 19141918 Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War, https://encyclopedia.19141918-online.net/article/ post-war_military_action_and_violence_east_central_europe,   27  2021 ; Budnitsky, Jews, Pogroms, and the White Movement, 123; Veidlinger, In the Midst of Civilized Europe, 15, 288303.




9


       ,   ,   .




10


  -  .: Wolenski, Logic and Philosophy in the Lvov-Warsaw School; Tradition of the Lvov-Warsaw School: Ideas and Continuations, ed. Brozek, Chybinska, Jadacki, and Wolenski.      .: Pakszys, Kobiety w ?lozo?i polskiej. Dwa pokolenia Szkoly Lwowsko-Warszawskiej.




11


Z Uniwersytetu Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie, Chwila, 9  1928 , p. 13,   6  2021 , https://libraria. ua/en/numbers/6/26480/? PageNumber=12&ArticleId=98377 7&Search=pepi%20spinner.




12


  7  1904         ,  .      Ksiegi metrykalne gmin wyznania mojzeszowego z terenw tzw. zabuzanskich, 17891943, sygn. 2268, 2419, 2858, 3460,     (AGAD).




13


        : Mehlberg Henryk, 19561951, Ministerstwo Edukacji Narodowej Departament Kadr, sygn. 3586,    (AAN); Mehlberg Henryk,    (AUL); Mehlberg Henryk, Tom I: AUW.6/2.180, p. 101,    (AUW); and Henryk Mehlberg, 387b-14,     (AUAM).




14


Archiwum Kazimierza Twardowskiego, Korespondencja Naukowa, Tom 23. Ly Meh, pp. 96144,   .




15


 .




16


   , 26  1934 ,   Roman Ingarden; Odczyty, Chwila, 9  1935 , p. 10.




17


Spis prac D-ra Henryka Mehlberga, 3586, p. 9, AAN;    , 29  1935 ,     , 11  1937 ,   Roman Ingarden.




18


Archiwum Kazimierza Twardowskiego, Ksiega Pamiatkowa,   , 20  1936 .




19


Henry Mehlberg, VA 278344, BEG. The 1930 Poland Industry, Business, and Finance Directory; The 1930 Poland Industry Directory, vol. 4: Food; The 1930 Poland and Danzig Business Directory (Trade, Industry, Handicraft, and Agriculture);  The 1932 ? 1933 Poland Telephone Directory (  ), Genealogy Indexer, https:// genealogyindexer.org/,   10  2022 .




20


Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed, 7, 2225; Gross, Polish Society Under German Occupation, 928.




21


Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 27.




22


Redzinski, Studenci zydowscy we Lwowie w latach 19181939.




23


Bartov, Anatomy of a Genocide; Heller, On the Edge of Destruction; Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed, 2632.




24


Evans, The Third Reich in Power, 67899; Weinberg, A World at Arms, 3135.




25


  1939  ,     ,     Sur la Nation de Collectif     The Journal of Symbolic Logic.




26


         Chwila.         : Sluchajmy dzis Radia, Chwila, 3  1937 , p. 12.




27


  ,          : Klukowski, Tagebuch aus den Jahren der Okkupation 19391944; Shatyn, A Private War, 113119;  ,    , Centropa, https://www.centropa.org/biography/janina  wiener,   3  2021 .




28


Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed, 121; Snyder, Black Earth, 120, 127; Burleigh, Moral Combat, 15255; Mazower, Hitlers Empire, 98; Beorn, The Holocaust in Eastern Europe, 7677.




29


Amar, The Paradox of Ukrainian Lviv, 44, 50.




30


   ;    ,  4059, USHMM, USC Shoah Foundation Visual History Archive; Lanckoronska, Those Who Trespass Against Us, 122; Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 126143.




31


Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed, 125126.




32


Ibid., 123; Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 106.




33


Himka, The Lviv Pogrom of 1941, 209243; Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 5462.




34


Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 5354; Arad, Krakowski, and Spector, eds., The Einsatzgruppen Reports, i  ix; Krausnick and Wilhelm, Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges, 337, 150172.




35


Zygmunt Albert,   Kazn Profesorw Lwowskich, https://www.lwow.home.pl/lwow_profs.html,   1  2021 .




36


Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 6869; Amar, The Paradox of Ukrainian Lviv, 120137.




37


Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 5558; Winstone, The Dark Heart of Hitlers Europe, 103104; Berkhoff and Carynnyk, The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews, 150.




38


Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 4552.




39


Ibid., 6466.




40


Ibid., 6466; 123125.


