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 24  1989 .              .      - ,       .    ,     ,   .             . 5     ,       .   ,    ,  9                  ,       .     .         .   ,   [1 - Atomares Wintex Der Spiegel 8/1989 20.2.1989; NATO-?BUNG: Schlag Zuviel Der Spiegel 11/1989 13.3.1989; Der Iwan kommt und feste druff Der Spiegel 18/1989 1.5.1989; Schlacht von gestern Der Spiegel 29/1989 17.7.1989.].



 ,       .       ,     .   1989 .      ,              ,       .     ,         .

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      ;        ,           ,         .                   .    ,       :  1989 .    ,   ,  ,        -   .              9 .

 1989 . , ,   .     ,          [2 -  ,   1989 .   . ., : Victor Sebestyen. Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. Pantheon, 2009; Michael Meyer. 1989: The Year That Changed the World  The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Simon & Schuster 2009; Ludger K?hnhardt. Revolutionszeiten: Das Umbruchsjahr 1989 im geschichtlichen Zusammenhang Olzog 1995.  1989         ., : Padraic Kenney. ACarnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989. Princeton UP, 2003; Charles A. Maier. Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany. Princeton UP, 1997; Konrad H. Jarausch & Martin Sabrow (eds). Weg in den Untergang: Der innere Zerfall der DDR. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999. : Adam Roberts & Timothy Garton Ash (eds). Civil Resistance 5 and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-Violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford UP, 2009; April Carter. People Power and Political Change: Key Issues and Concepts. Routledge, 2012. Π1989     ,        , ., : Stephen Kotkin with JanT.Gross. Uncivil Society: 1989 and the Implosion of theCommunist Establishment. Modern Library, 2009; Constantine Pleshakov. There Is No Freedom without Bread: 1989 and the Civil War that Brought Down Communism. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2009; Gordon M. Hahn. Russias Revolution from Above, 19852000: Reform, Transition and Revolution in the Fall oftheSoviet Communist Regime. Taylor & Francis, 2002; Jacques Lvesque. The Enigma of 1989: The USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe. Univ. of California Press, 1997.]. -   , -     ,      .         :          , , ,       .   [3 - Francis Fukuyama. The End of History? TheNational Interest no. 16 (Summer 1989). Pp. 318; idem.The End of History and theLast Man. Hamilton, 1992.  -1989  .: Thomas Bagger. The World According to Germany: Reassessing 1989. Washington Quarterly 41, 4 (Winter 2019). Pp.5363.].

          .      ,  -89.     -       ;            ,                .          ,       19891991 .    ,         1989.,        [4 - ., : George Lawson et al. (eds) TheGlobal 1989: Continuity and Change in World Politics. Cambridge UP 2010; Richard K.Herrmann & Richard Ned Lebow (eds). Ending the Cold War: Interpretations, Causation and the Study of International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004; Bernhard Blumenau et al. (eds) New Perspectives on the End of the Cold War: Unexpected Transformations? Routledge, 2018.].

 ,              ,      ,   ,          ,    .   (  )             ,     . - ,                ,        ,   蠖        ,        .  ,    ,  ,    ,   .

         .      ,      :    ⠖  ,  ..    [5 -    ,    , ., : MikhailS. Gorbachev. Memoirs. Bantam 1997; idem, Wie es war. Ullstein 1999 [ . .:  ..  : 2- . , , 1995]; William Taubman Gorbachev: His Life and Times W. W. Norton 2017 [ . :    / . . .:  , 2017]; Archie Brown. The Gorbachev Factor. Oxford UP, 1996; George Bush & Brent Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Vintage Books, 1998; George Bush. All the Best, George Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings. Scribner, 2013; Jon Meacham. Destiny and Power: TheAmerican Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush. Random House, 2015; Timothy Naftali. George H. W. Bush. Times Books, 2007; Helmut Kohl with Kai Diekmann. Ich wollte Deutschlands Einheit. Ullstein, 1996; idem,Vom Mauerfall zur Wiedervereinigung: Meine Erinnerungen. Knaur-Taschenbuch, 2009; idem, Erinnerungen 19821990. Droemer 2005; idem,Erinnerungen 19901994. Droemer, 2007; Hans-Peter Schwarz. Helmut Kohl: Eine politische Biographie. Pantheon, 2014.];   堖    렖  ,    - [6 - Eduard Shevardnadze. The Future Belongs to Freedom. Sinclair-Stevenson 1991 [ ..  :     . .: , 1991]; JamesA. Baker with Thomas M. DeFrank. The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 19891992. G. P. Putnams Sons, 1995; Hans-Dietrich Genscher. Erinnerungen. Siedler, 1995; idem. Unterwegs zur Einheit: Reden und Dokumente aus bewegter Zeit. Siedler 1991; Gerhard A. Ritter. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, das Ausw?rtige Amt und die deutsche Vereinigung. Beck, 2013.].            .       :    ,     ,     ,        ,        [7 - Margaret Thatcher. The Downing Street Years. HarperCollins, 1993; George R. Urban Diplomacy and Disillusion at the Court of Margaret Thatcher: An Insiders View. I. B. Tauris, 1995; Fran?ois Mitterrand. ?ber Deutschland. Insel 1996; Pierre Favier & Michel Martin-Roland. La Dcennie Mitterrand, vol. iv: Les Dchirements (19921995). Seuil, 1999.].    ,      ,      [8 - ., : Frdric Bozo et al. (eds) Europe and the End of the Cold War: A Reappraisal. Routledge, 2008; Harold James. Making the European Monetary Union. Harvard UP, 2012; Kenneth Dyson & Kevin Featherstone. The Road to Maastricht: Negotiating Economic and Monetary Union. Oxford UP, 1999; Werner Rouget & Joachim Bitterlich. Schwierige Nachbarschaft am Rhein: FrankreichDeutschland. Bouvier, 1998.].

       ,        C  ,    ,   1989 .   .         ,               4  1989 .[9 -    ,                1989 .,        ,    , .: Zhang Liang et al. (eds) The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leaderships Decision to Use Force against Their Own People In Their Own Words. Little, Brown, 2001; and Andrew J. Nathan The Tiananmen Papers Foreign Affairs 80, 1 (January/ February 2001) pp.250.      .: Lowell Dittmer. Review of The Tiananmen Papers. China Quarterly 166 (June 2001). Pp. 476483; Alfred L. Chan. The Tiananmen Papers Revisited. China Quarterly 177 (March 2004). Pp. 190205; Andrew J. Nathan. A Rejoinder to Alfred L. Chan. China Quarterly 177 (March 2004). Pp.206214; Richard Baum. Tiananmen The Inside Story? China Journal 46 (July 2001). Pp. 119123. . : Andrew J. Nathan. The New Tiananmen Papers: Inside the Secret Meeting That Changed China. Foreign Affairs (May 2019) online; Bao Pu (ed.) The Last Secret: The Final Documents from the June Fourth Crackdown. New Century Press, 2019.]               .  ,         ,      .  ,       ,    .         ,      .  ,        ,       -- ,      [10 - ., : Robert L. Suettinger. Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of USChina Relations 19892000. Brookings Institution Press, 2003; David M. Lampton. Same Bed, Different Dreams. Univ. of California Press, 2002; Ezra F. Vogel. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Harvard UP, 2013; Sergey Radchenko. Unwanted Visionaries: The Soviet Failure in Asia at the End of the Cold War. Oxford UP 2014.        : Chris Miller. The Struggle to Save the Soviet Economy: Mikhail Gorbachev the Collapse of the USSR. Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2016; Stephen Kotkin. Review Essay The Unbalanced Triangle: What Chinese-Russian Relations Mean for the United States. Foreign Aff airs 88, 5 (September/ October 2009). Pp. 130138.].

        ,   1924  1931 .,    (.1916)  (. 1904).        19371945 .,         . ,     (    )    19901992 .,   ,      -  堖   젖     .

       ,    1989 .:        ,     ,    .      ,        ,     :       C   . ,          ,   ,         -    [11 - ., : Timothy Garton Ash. The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of 89 Witnessed].

      ,   19901991 .      ,        .         ,      ,                            [12 - ., : Robert Service. The End of the Cold War, 19851991. Pan Books, 2015; James Graham Wilson. The Triumph of Improvisation: Gorbachevs Adaptability, Reagans Engagement, and the End of the Cold War. Cornell UP, 2013; Raymond L. Garthoff. The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War. Brookings Institution Press, 1994.].         .         1990 .      ,        .         ,        ,   [13 - ., : Hal Brands. From Berlin to Baghdad: Americas Search for Purpose in the Post-Cold War World. Univ. Press of Kentucky, 2008; Jeffrey A. Engel (ed.) Into the Desert: Re?ections on the Gulf War. Oxford UP, 2013; Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh. The Gulf Con?ict, 19901991. Princeton UP, 1995. . : Marc Weller. Iraq and the Use of Force in International Law. Oxford UP, 2010.].

   ,             . ,       ,     .     ,     ,  ,      ,       . ,        ,         ,    .   1991 .   ,     ,     ,  ,    ,       [14 - ., : Serhii Plokhy. The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union. Oneworld, 2014; Vladislav M. Zubok. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2009. idem. Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union. Yale UP, 2021. . : Stephen Kotkin. Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 19702000. Oxford UP, 2008; Stephan G. Bierling. Wirtschaftshilfe f?r Moskau: Motive und Strategien der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der USA 19901996. Sch?ningh, 1998; Peter Rutland. Mission Impossible? The IMF and the Failure of the Market Transition in Russia. Review of International Studies 25 (December 1999) [The Interregnum: Controversies in World Politics 19891999] pp.183200; Angela Stent. The Limits of Partnership: US-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century. Princeton UP, 2015.].      ,     ,    ,      .

         ,                .             () 1947.,        ,      (),        ,    ,                 .                  .             , ,       ,    .       .       ,          ;        ,   ,     ,      [15 -   ., : Ezra Vogel. Japan as Number One: Lessons for America. Harvard UP 1979; James Fallows. Looking at the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System. Pantheon, 1995; Rosemary Foot. Power Transitions and Great Power Management: Three Decades of ChinaJapanUS Relations. Paci?c Review 30, 6 (2017). Pp. 829842.].

      ,   1991 .   ,   ,     .           ,   .        ,   1914.,     ,     [16 - ., : Josip Glaurdic. The Hour of Europe: Western Powers and the Break-up of Yugoslavia. Yale UP, 2011; Richard Caplan. Europe and the Recognition of New States in Yugoslavia. Cambridge UP, 2005; James Gow. Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War. Columbia UP, 1997.  , ., : Odd Arne Westad. Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750. Vintage, 2013,     ; Julian Gewirtz. Unlikely Partners, Chinese Reformers, Western Economists and the Making of Global China. Harvard UP, 2017.].

    ,    1991.    [17 - Jason Burke. Signs of Balkanisation seen in Soviet Union. Christian Science Monitor (hereafter CSM) 8.10.1991; . . 5. ., . 269.].  -             , ,      .   1992 .       ,         ,          .         ,           蠖 ,  .

      -    ,     -.     19901991 .  ,    ,  ,    ,   ,     ,    [18 - ., : Bruce Cumings. North Korea: Another Country. New Press, 2004; Nicholas L. Miller & Vipin Narang. North Korea De?ed the Theoretical Odds: What Can We Learn from its Successful Nuclearisation? Texas National Security Review 1, 2 (February 2018).].             1992 ., .. ,        ,     ,    XXI .      ,          ,          [19 - ., : Hal Brands. Making the Unipolar Moment: US Foreign Policy and the Rise of the Post-Cold War Order. Cornell UP, 2016;  : Choosing Primacy: US Strategy and Global Order at the Dawn of the Post-Cold War Era. Texas National Security Review 1, 2 (2018). Pp.833; Jeffrey A. Engel. When the World Seemed New: George H. W. Bush and the End of the Cold War. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2017. . : Charles Krauthammer. The Unipolar Moment. Foreign Affairs 70, 1(1990/1991). [America and the World 1990/91] pp. 2333;  : The Unipolar Moment Revisited. The National Interest 70 (Winter 2002/3) pp. 518. .: Odd Arne Westad. The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. Cambridge UP, 2007, ;  : The Cold War and Americas Delusion of Victory. New York Times (hereafter NYT) 28.8.2017.].

          ,    .             ,               .                  ,              [20 -     ., : Mary Sarotte. 1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe. Princeton UP, 2009; Andreas R?dder. Deutschland einig Vaterland: Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung. Beck, 2009; Frdric Bozo. Mitterrand, la ?n de la guerre froide et luni?cation allemande: DeYalta ? Maastricht. Odile Jacob, 2005; Philip Zelikow & Condoleezza Rice. Germany Uni? ed and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft. Harvard UP, 1995;  , To Build a Better World: Choices to End the Cold War and Create a Global Commonwealth. Twelve, 2019; Alexander von Plato. Die Vereinigung Deutsch-lands Ein weltpolitisches Machtspiel: Bush, Kohl, Gorbatschow und die internen Gespr?chsprotokolle. Ch. Links, 2009; Vladislav Zubok. With His Back. Against the Wall: Gorbachev, Soviet Demise, and German Uni?cation. Cold War History (hereafter CWH) 14, 4 (November 2014) pp. 619645; Mark Kramer. The Myth of a no-NATO Enlargement Pledge to Russia. The Washington Quarterly 32, 2 (2009) pp.3961; Ron Asmus. Opening NATOs Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era. Columbia UP, 2002; James Goldgeier. Bill and Boris: AWindow Into a Most Important Post-Cold War Relationship. Texas National Security Review 1, 4 (August 2018); Kristina Spohr. Precluded or Precedent-setting? The NATO Enlargement Question in the Triangular BonnWashingtonMoscow Diplomacy of 1990/1991 and Beyond JCWS 14, 4 (2012) pp. 454;  ,Germany and the Baltic Problem After the Cold War: The Development of a New Ostpolitik 19892000. Routledge, 2004.].

,       ,    ,       ,         .       ,   ,   , 19891991 .       ,            .        ()  ,    ,            .           黠       .           ,   ,   [21 - .  4  5 . .  :     ,     ,   Ż      ,     .].

,            ,       ,       .        ,     ,     .   ,                  .         [22 - Kristina Spohr & David Reynolds. Putins Revenge. New Statesman 17.1.2017].

        19891992 .    ,         .                  ,      蠖  ,     ,   (), , ,   .         ,                 ( )       (brie?ng books)      ,   ,    (     ).           ,         [23 - .  ,  .].

              .             ,    .         ,           .   ,  ,     ,       .        - ,   ,      ,   .

 1995 .         ,     [24 - Ansprache von Bundespr?sident Roman Herzog bei der Deutschen Gesellschaft f?r Ausw?rtige Politik in Bonn 13.3.1995 bundespraesident.de/ SharedDocs /Reden/DE/ Roman-Herzog/Reden/1995/03/19950313_ Rede.html].  25       ,     ,    ,      .     1989.   , -  ,       젖      -    70-  XX .,     2008 .   ,       19891992 .       ,          .           .

    :   ,         .  (   )   ,               ,    . ,  ,   [25 - . Stephen Kotkin. Russias Perpetual Geopolitics: Putin Returns to the Historical Pattern Foreign Affairs (May/June 2016) online.]    ,     [26 - . Robert D. Blackwill & Jennifer M. Harris War by Other Means: Geoeconomics and Statecraft. Belknap Press 2018.],      ,    [27 - . Bobo Lo. Axis of Convenience: Moscow, Beijing, and the New Geopolitics. Brookings Institution Press, 2008; Graham Allison. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydidess Trap? Houghton Mifflin, Harcourt, 2017.].             ,   ,    ,   .     ,   1945 .,          .

     1992 .     .            .     1950- .    - ,       .   90-  XX .     ,     ,           ,      [28 - C. Hanns W. Maull. Germany and Japan: The New Civilian Powers. Foreign Affairs 69, 5 (Winter 1990) pp. 91106;    Sebastian Harnisch (eds). Germany as a Civilian Power? The Foreign Policy of the Berlin Republic. Manchester UP, 2001; Jan Orbie. Civilian Power Europe Review of the Original and Current Debates. Cooperation and Con?ict 41, 1 (2006) pp. 123128. Karen E. Smith. Beyond the Civilian Power EU Debate. Politique europenne 17, 3 (2005) pp. 6382.],   .

        ,         .                 ,   ,           ,            .     [29 -   Weltinnenpolitik (  )     1960-. .Carl Friedrich von Weizs?cker. Schachpartie der Gro?m?chte Die Zeit 7.1.1966; Ulrich Bartosch. Weltinnenpolitik: Zur Theorie des Friedens von Carl Friedrich von Weizs?cker [Beitr?ge zur politischen Wissenschaft, Vol.86]. Duncker & Humblot, 1995.] ,    ,  ,        蠖   [30 - . Hillary Rodham Clinton. Leading Through Civilian Power: Rede?ning American Diplomacy and Development. Foreign Affairs 89, 6 (November/ December 2010) [The World Ahead] pp. 1324.].        ,                ,     .

  ,    ,  .  ,      ,   ,          ()            ,                19891992 .     ,  - 堖        .




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     .  ,   -   ,             ,   . , ,             ,     -   ,  .   ,   ,           ,     ,      [31 - Maureen Dowd. Soviet Star Is a Smash In Broadway Showing. NYT 8.12.1988.].

,      -.               .        60-   ,        , ,   19. 68- .  ,  ,       ,    -  , ,     - .   ,   ,  -  .   ,          ,       ,      , ,           .   ,        .

        .      :           .  ,             .         .         .      ,               [32 - James Barron. For Gorbachev, Met Museum and Trump Tower Visits Due. NYT 1.12.1988; Howard Kurtz. Gorbachev on the Road to New Soviet Frontiers. Washington Post (hereafter WP) 4.12.1988; Maureen Dowd. Manhattan Goes Gorbachev From Fish to Oreo Cookies. NYT 7.12.1988.].

 ,    ,   .   ,  ,       .       ,                .               1946 .

             .    ,           , ,             .    ,       ,      1948 .    ,     [33 -  ..  . .:   , 20082022. (: . . .) . 13. . 22, 24, 30.].

           ,        .   1989 .      -,       .

     ,   堖   .  ,        ,     ,              ,    .  .     -      (19811989).          -     ,   ,      [34 - George Bush & Brent Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Vintage Books, 1998. P. 26.        ,    ,  ,      ,    ,       . .: Engel. When the World Seemed New. Pp. 8689; Jon Meacham. Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush. Random House, 2015. P.368; Derek H. Chollet & James M. Goldgeier. Once Burned, Twice Shy? The Pause of 1989? in William C. Wohlforth Cold War Endgame: Oral History, Analysis, Debates. Penn State UP, 2010. Ch. 5. . : James A. Baker III Papers, Seeley G. Mudd Library, Princeton (hereafter JAB-SML), Box 96, Folder 6 (hereafter B96/F6), Meeting with President Richard Nixon 10.12.1988.].    1989 .     ,      ,     ,   .


***

       .    1931 .        .  ,   ,              .     ,     ,        .       ,            19421943 .,        ,      .       ,              .             ();            ,  ,        ,      ,      .           ,       .  ,  1954-,  .

     ,         ,       -        ,    .              1956.,              . Ѡ  ,     ,  ,       . Ѡ1960- .      ,              .      .  1967 .            ;         ,    , .      .         ,          1982 .[35 -  . :    , .15; Sebestyen Revolution 1989 p. 116; .  Don Oberdorfer From the Cold War to a New Era: The United States and the Soviet Union, 19831991 Johns Hopkins UP 1998 ch.4 esp. pp. 107111.]

   ,         . ,       ,          1984.          :       ,     1985.              .  ,     ,  :        ,  .       .    .     [36 - Raisa Gorbacheva I Hope Fontana 1991. p. 5 [ . .   .: , 1991].].  , ,  ,    .      ;     ,         ,    ,     .       :          ,       :     .

              ,        ,      .      ,                     1920- .,      .              .                ()      .         ,              컠    ,    [37 - Archie Brown. Seven Years that Changed the World: Perestroika in Perspective. Oxford UP, 2007. Pp. 284294; Antony DAgostino. How the Soviet Union Thought itself to Death. TheNational Interest (May-June 2017)].

      ,      - ,    ,    1980- . -            .

         ,     ,         1970- .    ,     1971  1980 .     23,5%  .    ,    ,     .      19801985 .   ,   .      -         .            ,    , , ,           [38 - The Soviet Economy in 1988: Gorbachev Changes Course. CIA/DIA April 1989; David Reynolds. One World Divisible: A Global History since 1945. W. W. Norton, 2000. P. 540. . : IMF Archives, Office of the Managing Director Alan Whittome Papers Joint Study of the Soviet Economy (hereafter IMFA-AWP JSSE) Box 1 Folder 7 (hereafter B1/ F7) NATO Long Term Projections for the Soviet Economy, Note by the Secretary General (C-M(89)18), pp. 16; and Office Memorandum Christensen to Whittome 4.10.1990 pp.12.].

   ,       ,       ,   -          .      (   )        (    ).  ,       .              [39 - Geir Lundestad. Imperial Overstretch, Mikhail Gorbachev and the End of the Cold War. CWH 1, 1 (2000), pp. 120; Arne Westad. The Global Cold War. P. 379.].

            .    1911 .   ,        ,      ,            1981 .     ,      ,        -   [40 -         ,  8.3.1983. The American Presidency Project website (hereafter APP); Reagans Address to Members of the UK Parliament 8.6.1982 APP.].    ,  ,       .       ࠖ  ,             .   : ,         ,    [41 -           23.3.1983. APP.].

               .       ,      .    ,        1985 .      - 1988 .,   ,      ,       .      ,     1986 .        ,     ,      .      1987 .    .      .                      ()     ,       .        ,     . -              .  31  1988 .,      ,    -   ,  : ߠ    ,   [42 -    ., : Jack F. Matlock Jr. Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended. Random House, 2004; James Graham Wilson. The Triumph of Improvisation: Gorbachevs Adaptability, Reagans Engagament, and the End of the Cold War. Cornell UP, 2014; Svetlana Savranskaya & Thomas Blanton (eds). The Last Superpower Summits: Gorbachev, Reagan and Bush Conversations that Ended the Cold War. CEU Press, 2016 (hereafter TLSS); Jonathan Hunt & David Reynolds. Geneva, Reykjavik, Washington, and Moscow, 19851991 in Kristina Spohr & David Reynolds (eds). Transcending the Cold War: Summits, Statecraft and the Dissolution of Bipolarity in Europe, 19701990. Oxford UP, 2016. Pp.151179.     .: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists thebulletin.org/ timeline.].

  䠖     .         7       .      ,          .    ,      ,        .  ,     -   .      ,    ,           .      ,                    .   , ,         ,         [43 -  .     31.10.1988.  -   ( ),   - ( DAWC); Mikhail Gorbachev. Memoirs. Bantam, 1997, p. 459;    24.11.1988,  :    х    ,  ,   (19851991). 2- . .: -, 2008. . 432436, . . 433.].

 ,     ,      ,   1800   .      .   .    ,        ,   c  .      ,   ,   ,      .  ,     ,    -        [44 - .    : c-span.org/ video/?5292-1/gorbachev-united-nations].

   ,  -      :   蠖  1789    1917 ࠖ       ,     .  蠖  -     .           ,      :     ,        񻠖  ,          ,   ,      .   ,  ,      ,  ,    . , ,               .      ࠖ               :   1968 .       .    ,  ,   ࠖ  ,     [45 -         7.12.1988 (. . . . 13. . 22). .  : c-span. org/video/?5292-1/gorbachev-united-nations; and video of Mikhail Gorbachevs 1988 Address to the UN: 30 Years Later, Panel Discussion with Andrei Kozyrev, Pavel Palazhchenko, Thomas W. Simons Jr, and Kristina Spohr at SAIS Johns Hopkins University (Washington DC) 6.12.2018 youtube. com/watch?v=Mi6NkWiuzo].

 ,    ,      蠖   .                        .     ,       , ,     ,       .          :                 -   .  :     ,            ,               . ,     ,       .  ,       ,           .

          ,        堖        ,    ,   ,          .           (),       50%. ,     ,                 .           .

    ,          ࠖ ,        1985 .,          .   ,   ,        ,  ,   , .      ,     ,  ,    . ,              ,        ,   ,           .       ꠫,        .  ,     ,         ,       ,   :                [46 - . . . . 13. . 35.].

                  .  ,  , ,      .         .               ,      頖     ,   ,       ,     -   [47 -  . . 36.].        堖    ,       .      ,   ,        [48 -   24.11.1988:    . . 433; . . c. . 12. . 491.].

      .    ,  ,    ,      ,     .    .     .     ..        唻[49 -   17.12.1988.   . National Security Archive Electronic Brie?ng Book (hereafter NSAEBB). No. 250.]. ,   ,    .       . -     : ,    ,      1918 ,      ,      1941-,        ,  [50 - Gambler, Showman, Statesman. NYT 8.12.1988.].     ,         .   , ,    ,    .     ,            ,      ,      .            .       ,  ,     ,      ,   .         ,  ,         ,    1945 .,                   [51 - Richard C. Hottelet. The Enigmatic Gaps in Gorbachevs UN Speech. CSM 15.12.1988.].   :        젖      ,         .       .

    [52 - ,    ,     ,      ,   ,            .   ,                ,   ,          ,   .    ,        .],      - :      -    -   .          -,       :     , ,    ,   25 . .            ,   [53 - . : Mikhail Gorbachevs 1988 Address to the UN: 30 Years Later youtube. com/watch?v=Mi6NkWiuzo. . Pavel Palazhchenko. My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter. Pennsylvania UP, 1997. Pp. 105108.].           ,  -   ,             , ,            ,            [54 - Gorbachev. Memoirs. P. 463;   17.12.1988.  .. . 1988. NSAEBB No. 250.].

  ,      - ,           .   .            ,       ,       ,   ,     .  ,   ,   ,          ,      .       -,             -       [55 - Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed, p. 3.].

   ,  ,         ࠖ         .       -.         :     ,     .     -  ,    , -    ,    ,    [56 - Ibid., pp. 67; Memcon of Reagan-Gorbachev meeting 7.12.1988, printed in TLSS doc. 69. P.470.].

      ,              ,      ꠖ   ,     .      ,      ,     , , 1985 -, 1988.     ,       .    .    ,    :  ,       ,   [57 - Ibid., pp. 472474.],         .   ,   ,           .    렖   ,          ,   ,      -    ,     ,  ,           (-1).        ,     [58 - Ibid., pp. 471472. Gorbachevs Letter to Reagan 28.10.1987 NSAEBB No. 238.].

  ,     - . -     .        ,     ,            .  ,    ,   ,       .   ,  ,     .   ,     ,    .     ,      ,  . - -   ,         .               .       ,      ,     ,   ,     .         ,  ,     [59 - TLSS doc. 69. Pp. 472474.].

      .   ,      .    -        .   ,          .    ,    ,  , ,   ,     .  ,    ,          [60 - Memcon of ReaganGorbachev luncheon 7.12.1988, printed in TLSS doc. 70. P. 476.]. ,      ,    ,    ,           .    ,  ,    ,      -.                 ,      .       ,  ,                   .       ,       .    -           ,        .     .      ,        [61 - Ibid., pp. 477478.].

          堖  , ,     . ,    .

          -     :      ,           ,     ,    ,     ,    [62 - Steven V. Roberts. Table for Three, With Talk of Bygones and Best Hopes. NYT 8.12.1988. . : Bill Keller. Gorbachev pledges major troop cutback, then ends trip, citing vast Soviet quake. NYT 8.12.1988.].


***

20 1989 .    ..        .     -,      ,      1836 .    ,          ,   ,      :    ,         1970- .     ,          1980 .,         ,  ,       -[63 - .: Engel. When the World Seemed New. Ch.2; Meacham, Destiny and Power parts IV and V. Bush Conjures Up Voodoo Economics Chicago Tribune (hereafter CT) 13.3.1988.     -?           1980 .,      .].

            ,   ,             ,      ,    ,  ,        ,  .      .        :           ,    ,  ,      :   ,      -,       ,  -    - [64 - Richard V. Allen. George Herbert Walker Bush; The Accidental Vice President. NYT Magazine 30.7.2000; Herbert S. Parmet. George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee. Transaction, 1997. P. 257.      21.11.1986,  : Was Vice President Bush in the Loop? You Make The Call. WP 31.1.1993.].

    ,      ,                [65 -   .: Engel. When the World Seemed New, p. 22.].        , ,  , : ,    ?!       [66 - Robert Ajemian. Where is the Real George Bush? The Vice President must now step out from Reagans shadow. TIME 26.1.1987.].        ,   ,     ?[67 - .: Margaret Garrer Warner. Bush Battles the Wimp Factor. Newsweek 19.10.1987.] ,        , ,           1988 .  ,       :    .    ,    ,         -  .       ,         ,     ,   [68 -                  18.8.1988 APP; Mark J. Rozell. The Press and the Bush Presidency. Praeger, 1996.Pp. 7377; Meacham. Destiny and Power. P. 339; The Problem with Read My Lips, NYT 15.10.1992.].      ,             ,   ,     ,   ,     . 8 1988 .     ,   ,     80% [69 - Timothy Naftali. George H. W. Bush The American Presidents Series: The 41st President, 19891993. Times Books, 2007. Pp. 6163; Meacham. Destiny and Power. Pp. 335349. . John Sides. Its time to stop the endless hype of the Willie Horton ad. WP 6.1.2016.].

 ,         ,  ,  ,     ,       .           ,         ,            .  ,        ,     -.     ,        ,        .  ,          ,   .            [70 - Bartholomew Sparrow. The Strategist: Brent Scowcroft and the Call of National Security. Public Affair, 2015. P. 265. . : Russell L. Riley. History and George Bush in Michael Nelson & Barbara A. Perry 41: Inside the Bush Presidency of George H. W. Bush. Cornell UP, 2014. Pp. 711. . David Hoffman. How Bush Has Altered Views. WP 18.8.1988.].

              .       .  III,    ,   ,       .   ,        ,        ,    [71 - Sparrow. The Strategist, pp. 265267.].

         (    1930 .      ).          :       .      ,    ,      .   ,        1976 .    1984-,             ,    .    ,  ,         ,      ,           .  ,    ,       .   ,   ,            [72 - Ibid. pp. 266267. Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed, p. 18. James A. Baker with Thomas M. DeFrank. The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 19891992. G. P. Putnams Sons, 1995. Pp. 1736. . : Maureen Dowd and Thomas L. Friedman. The Fabulous Bush & Baker Boys NYT Magazine 6.5.1990.].

      ,           ,  ,         . ,  ,            .               1989 .,      .    ,  ,      , ,     ,         ,   .      ,    ,      - ,      .            .     ,    ,   .           ,                 [73 - Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Pp.1314, 46.].

       :   - , ,       ,           ,  1947.   ,           1972.,         (19751977).          ,    ,    .      ,   ,    .      ,            ,     .           .    .        컠       [74 - Sparrow. The Strategist. P. 271.].           ,     ࠖ       .       ,             .      ,     ,      .           (),   ꠖ     .           1970- ,     ,   .   ,      ,      [75 - Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Pp.1920.].

          ,        .              ⠖ ,   ࠖ     ,      .     ,     1970- .,     -,               .          ,   ,   ,    ,   頖      .  ,      ,     ,        .     , ,    1980-,     ,        ;         .

 ,                 (       ),      (            ).     ,            蠖    ,     ,     (  ),         1947 .       ,    .

  ,             XXI .   .   1988 .,   ,   ,       ,    ,  ,   ,      .               [76 - Andrew Rosenthal. Differing Views of Americas Global Role, NYT 2.11.1988. . : Bushs Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in New Orleans 18.8.1988 APP; Hal Brands. Making the Unipolar Moment: US Foreign Policy and the Rise of the Post Cold War Order. Cornell UP, 2016. Pp. 276279; Jeffrey Engel. A Better World  But Dont Get Carried Away: The Foreign Policy of Geroge H. W. Bush Twenty Years On. Diplomatic History 34, 1 (2010) p. 29; Zelikow & Rice. ToBuild a Better World, introduction.].

               20 ,   ,             .            ,        ,    .  ,        ;    , ,   ,    .    ,     ,       ,  .      .      ,      .   ,     .    ,      ,    .        ,       ,         ,     .   ,        ,           .       .  ,   :  .  ,   :   .    :         ,       .        .    ,         .  ,     [77 - Bushs Inaugural Address 20.1.1990 APP.].    ,     .

    ? - ,     :                         ,      .       ,        ,      ,        [78 - Sparrow. The Strategist, p. 296. .: M.J.Heale,  ,              . .: Heale. Contemporary America: Power, Dependency, and Globalisation since 1980. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. P. 134. JAB-SML B96/F6 10.12.1988.     : **     . .     , ,   -   .     1990, 1989!       !    . .   . ( ,     ).      15 .].      ,      ,   -1   젖             ,       .   ,           ,        .  ,      (NSR3)       14 ,     (NSR4)    (NSR5,        1992 .)   [79 - Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Pp. 36, 4041.    ,    ,   ,          . .    : Mikhail Gorbachevs 1988 Address to the UN: 30 Years Later youtube. com/ watch?v=Mi6NkWiuzo. See for NSR 3, NSR 4, NSR 5 fas.org/irp/offdocs / nsr/].

        ,      . 2526         .            [80 - JAB-SML B108/F2 JAB notes Trip w/GB to Japan China and Korea 21/2/27/2/89: JAB brie?ng p. 1.  ,       ,        .].


***

,      ,      .     ,       .     ,       .  ,      [81 -      21.11.1988,  : Bush All the Best, p. 405.].         軠 ,      1976 .   ,             .  1989.     ,         ,           19741975 .   頖  .           (,   ),      ,           .      ,  -   ,                    ;     ,      .  ,        ,     ,   ,      [82 - . See Jeffrey A. Engel (ed.). The China Diary of George H. W. Bush: The Making of a Global President. Princeton UP 2008; Mark S. delVecchio. Chinas old friend may call on old friends. United Press International (hereafter UPI) 22.2.1989.].

  ,    1978 .,      XX .        ,         ,        .      ,        .    :   ,    ;      ;   .     ,     ,                .           -  ,   1980- .      .          .            150  . 1978 .    310   1988-[83 -      : data. world-bank.org/country/china.    , .: Barry Naughton. Growing out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform. Cambridge UP, 1995. Pp. 3855, 5996.].

       ,         ,        (),     .         ,  1985-,    1978 .,     ,          ,         .  ,   ,      ,   ,  .           ,      ,       [84 -     .: Ezra F. Vogel. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Harvard UP, 2013. Pp.377476.].

         .        ,       ,   ,              1979 .,    : ,      ,   ,   ,     .          ( )        .           , ,    ,        [85 - Arne Westad. The Great Transformation: China in the Long 1970s in Niall Ferguson et al. (eds) The Shock of the Global: The 1970s in Perspective. Belknap Press, 2011. P. 77; .: Vogel. Deng Xiaoping. Pp. 333348.].

       ;        , ,      ,        ,    .        ,            (),        .   1980 .     ,    ,       .   ,   1980 .      :  , ,     .    ,   -            ,                [86 - United States-Peoples Republic of China Agreements. Remarks at the Signing Ceremony 17.9.1980 APP. . : Dong Wang. US-China Trade, 19712012. Asia-Paci? c Journal 11, 24 (June 2013).].

          .              .          ,            .      .                    .     ,      1981 .        .  ,  ,      ,  -    .      ,             ,   [87 -    ,     Cable 16.6.1981. Pp. 15, DNSA collection: China, 19601998; Arne Westad. Restless Empire. Pp.372380. . : Henry S. Rowen. China and the World Economy: The Short March from Isolation to Major Player in Shuxun Chen and Charles Wolf Jr (eds). China, the United States, and the Global Economy. Rand, 2001. Pp. 211225.].       1984 .,           ,    -   .         1982   1985 .           - :     ,   ,    -, ,      ,    . ,      ,      .      ,                   .        ,   :        [88 - John F. Burns. Bush Ends China Visit on High Note. NYT. 16.10.1985.].

 -       .  1983 .             ,   ,            .          -.  1982  1984 .     ,   ,   , ,      ,      144  . 1982 .  1  . 1986-[89 -  ,        2,3  . 1982 . 1,6   1986-.].  ,          ,  ,   .       ,           - 蠫, , -&,  ,     [90 - Wang USChina Trade, 19712012. Pp. 115,  p. 4.   , .: Abraham Becker. A Rand-Note N-2682-RC: US-Soviet Trade in the 1980s. Rand 1987. Pp.12; Rowen China and the World Economy. P. 214.].      1980- .            ,             .          :         374  . 1977 .  18  . 1989 .[91 - .: Nicholas R. Lardy. Chinese Foreign Trade. The China Quarterly no. 131 (September 1992) [The Chinese Economy in the 1990s] pp.691720; Wang. US-China Trade, 19712012. P. 4; Brands. Making the Unipolar Moment. P.220; . : Trade in Goods with China (1989) United States Census Bureau.]

          .            堖             .       ,   ,       ,    .       ,      堖   ,      .  ,   ,        ,       ,       :  ,     ,    ,   [92 - George P. Shultz. Shaping American Foreign Policy: New Realities and New Ways of Thinking Foreign Affairs 63, 4 (Spring 1985). P. 711; Magdaleine D. Kalb. Foreign Policy: Where Consensus Ends. NYT Magazine 27.10.1985. Pp. 103105.].

      .       ,    1980-      .             ,       ,      ,      , ,         .     ,  -        (8,8%  1985 .).             .   - -                  .      ,      ,     堖    ,   ࠖ .    ,     . ,  :   [] ,      [93 -  : Li Yunqi. Chinas In?ation: Causes, Effects, and Solutions. Asian Survey 29, 7 (July 1989). Pp. 655668, : p.658. O  , .: Peter R. Moody. Jr Political Liberalisation in China: A Struggle Between Two Lines Paci?c Affairs 57, 1 (Spring, 1984) pp. 2644; Nathan Gardels. The Price China Has Paid: An Interview with Liu Binyan New York Review of Books (hereafter NYRB) 19.1.1989.].

      .       ,    - .           ,      ,         .       1987 . -        [94 - Charles Krauthammer. A Tale of Two Revolutions WP 23.1.1987. Jim Mann. China Halts Experiment in Liberalisation: Student Unrest Blamed on Bourgeois Thought. Los Angeles Times (hereafter LAT) 7.1.1987.      fandui zichanjieji ziyouhua yundong, . : Henry Yuhuai He. Dictionary of the Political Thought of the Peoples Republic of China. Routledge, 2001.].    .   ,       .   ,           ,          .           ࠖ      .         ,           .           ,             ,   [95 - Reynolds. One World Divisible. pp. 578579; Robert L. Suettinger. Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of US-China Relations 19892000. Brookings Institution Press, 2003. Pp. 2023; Jeffrey A. Engel & Sergey Radchenko. Bei ing and Malta, 1989 in Spohr & Reynolds (eds). Transcending the Cold War. P. 185.].

  1988 .     18,5%[96 - Yunqi. Chinas In?ation. P. 655; Naughton. Growing out of the Plan. Pp. 268270.],   ,    ,   ,  ,     .  1989 .    .              ,               1919 .  4    [97 - M.E. Sarotte. Chinas Fear of Contagion: Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example. International Security (hereafter IS) 37, 2 (Fall 2012). P. 159. . David L. Shambaugh. Chinas Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2008. Pp. 4345.]. , ,           ,    ,  25  1989 . :     ,       , ,           ,         .        ,     ,        [98 - . Deng Xiaoping [and Chong-Pin Lin]. Dengs 25 April Speech: This is not an Ordinary Student Movement but Turmoil World Affairs 152, 3 (Winter 198990) [Chinas 1989 Upheaval] pp. 138140.     , ,     ,    ,       ,    ,          . . Merle Goldman. Vengeance in China. NYRB 9.11.1989.].

        .       ,          ,            .  ,    ,         - . , ,        1988.,            .

   ,    .       - . ,      ,    .   :    ,     ,                  1959 .   - ,         .

           ,          ,     . ,   ,        : 1)      - ; 2)       3)      .   1988 .                  1989 .    .     -         [99 - Philip Taubman. Chinese Visit Aims to Break the Soviet Ice. NYT 1.12.1988; Engel & Radchenko. Bei ing and Malta, 1989. P. 186.].

      .              .       ,      -   ,  ,      . ,   ,            ,    .     .          ,         ,        ,      [100 -      : Ezra Vogel. Deng Xiaoping. P. 423.].   ,               , ,   ,       .            .      .      ,     ,  .    .             , ,   ,  ࠖ      蠖      ,     [101 -        .  .:    . . 207;  ..            /  .. . . . 8.].

      .  ,   ࠖ    ,       ,        ,     .    ,         ,       ,         .       ,   ,  ,    ,      . Ƞ              [102 -  . : Sergey Radchenko. Unwanted Visionaries: The Sovet Failure in Asia at the End of the Cold War. Oxford UP, 2014. Pp. 179180.].

,       .    ,                .     - ,       ,         : ,  ,   .      ,           .          ,       [103 - Radchenko. Unwanted Visionaries. P. 160.].

, -         1989 .,          .  ,    ,        .     ,          .     ,      ,      ,          .  :  ,           ,   ,       .               [104 - Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. P. 91.].    . 7 1989 .    .


***

        24      .      ࠖ     ,          ,          蠖  .           1945 .         .         ,     ,        .       ,   ,       ,     .                    [105 - Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. P.91; Sparrow. The Strategist. Pp. 314316. . : Memcons of the various bilaterals Bush held on the margins of the funeral ceremonies in Tokyo (235 February 1989), ranging from talks with leaders from Belgium to Zaire, from Egypt to Singapore, bush41library. tamu.edu/ archives/memcons-telcons.   : George H. W Bush Presidential Library in College Station, Texas (hereafter GHWBPL).].

  ,            .           ,    .        ,       廠       ,                 - [106 - Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. P. 91.].            -     .   ,   ,  ,    ,    .  ,   ,   -   -   .       , ,              ,          ,   .      :  ,     [107 - GHWBPL Memcon of BushTakeshita talks 23.2.1989 Tokyo.].

     25            ,         .              (           19741975 .)  .     ,        .      , :       -        ߠ,  ,  ,  ,            , ,       ,     [108 - GHWBPL Memcon of YangBush talks 25.2.1989 Bei ing, pp. 25.           (6.11.198523.4.1989).].

         .                 .  ,   ,     ,   -    蠖  ,    . ,   ,    .    ,    ,    - .  :    ,      .  ,             .         ,  [109 - Ibid., p. 5.].

      ,      ,      [110 -    188  (6   2 ),    150  (4   11 ).].        26        .   ,       ,   ,       ,   ,    .     , ,   ,           ,    .            ,      ,          .   ,  :          ,   ?   ,      ,  .

  ,     .  ,     [111 - GHWBPL Memcon of DengBush talks with delegations, 26.2.1989 Bei ing pp. 2, 5.].    ,        .   ,       .     .    ,        ,         .   ,     [112 - Ibid., pp. 89.].

         .   ,   ,     ,      .    ,  ,   ,  .     ,  :  ,        .  ,  :  .    .         ,            ,     .           ,    .    ,         . ,  ,  [113 - Ibid., p. 9.  ,                 ,  .  :      ,          .   , ,    .                  .            .             . GHWBPL Memcon of BushLi talks 26.2.1989 Beiing p. 10.].

  ,     ,       ,       ,   ,      .           .        ,       [114 -          ,                . .: GHWBPL Memcon of BushLi talks 25.2.1989 Bei ing; Memcon of BushLi talks 26.2.1989 Beiing; Memcon of BushZhao talks 26.2.1989 Beiing.],          ,     . Ӡ  ,       ,          , ,      ,    .  ,            ,     ,             [115 - Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. P. 97.].

         ,    ,   . 27       ,      ,               .         ,      . ,  ,   ,     ,     ,   .  ,   ,     ,  ,  -    ,       [116 - Bushs Remarks Upon Returning From a Trip to the Far East 27.2.1989 APP.].

     ,       .           ,      .              ,     .              .                 ,             .


***

  24         :   ,       .   ,    [117 - GHWBPL Memcon of BushWeizs?cker talks 24.2.1989 Tokyo p. 2.].   , 12           ¸.  ,     ,     .   ,        ,      λ,  ,          .  ,  ,  ,    . ¸   :             .    , ,    ,    ,    .      .           ,      ,      ,       .        ,  ,        .    : ,  - ,    .          [118 - GHWBPL Memcon of BushW?rner talks 12.4.1989 Washington DC pp. 14.].

       .                      .       , -  .    17 ,     ,         ,          .                    .    .  ,   ,       ,     ,        .

     ,     ,       .         ,  .    ,        ,   .    ,                   ,        ,            .                ¸     .       ,                .      ?  .   , ,  - :      ,   ,     .  ,    ,     ,   ,  ,    [119 - Bushs Remarks to Citizens in Hamtramck, Michigan 17.4.1989 APP.].

           .   ,      ,         ,       ,            [120 - Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. pp.5253.].

         . 12        A&M  ,   ,   -      ,        .  ,        ,       .     :  ,           -   ,   ,      :



         : ࠖ   ,   .  - ,       ,          ,        ,            1990- ,     ,         .  ,      ,        .        .


   ,       .       .       .      (   ),   :  ,                ,   ,   .          [121 - Bushs Remarks at the Texas A&M University Commencement Ceremony in College Station 12.5.1989 APP.].

    ,        .    ,        Π       -    24      .                 .     ,            ,      ,     ,              .  ,     ,     ,   .     ,     ,            

   ,       :    .    ,     ࠖ       .  ࠖ   軠    ,         .      ,    -,   -     .        [122 - Bushs Remarks at the United States Coast Guard Academy Commencement Ceremony in New London, Connecticut 24.5.1989 APP.].

                         30 [123 - JAB-SML B108/F5 RBZ (Zoellick) draft NATO Summit-Possible Initiatives 15.5.1989.                  ,       ,       .       ,           .       .   :      ,     ,    (, ).       ,     .].       ,             ,        ,   ,         .   ,       ,        ,    ,        [124 - Ann Devroy. From Promise to Performance: The Nation Changed but Bush did Not WP 17.1.1993.   . : Engel. ABetter World, pp. 3841; Ryan Barilleaux and Mark Rozell. Power and Prudence: The Presidency of George H. W. Bush. Texas A&M University Press, 2004; JAB-SML B108/F5 RBZ draft 15.5.1989.].          -,          ,       .      ,     ,  .      1989 .,         1989.,       .

       .        .       ,                        ,      .

   ,          ,   -         ()     500 .     ,   ,    ,        蠖    [125 - . Genscher Erinnerungen. Pp. 611612. . : JAB-SML B108/F5.       19.5.1989.].

,  -     ,      1985 .      (88   ,   700 ).                .    ,        ,     ,         ,      1987.       ().    -   -  (),    , , ,    .    컠       廠        .  ,       ,      ,             ,          .      ,                ,      ,        ,         [126 - Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Pp. 5760, 6465, 6777. . : Hans Peter Schwarz Helmut Kohl: Eine politische Biographie. Pantheon, 2014. Pp. 508511.].

 ,       .      6 .         ,       1984 .,   ,          ,       [127 - Taubman. Gorbachev. Pp. 201, 475; . Charles Moore. Margaret Thatcher: The Authorised Biography, vol. 2. Allen Lane, 2015. Pp.240241.].      1989 .       ,          .                           ,         . -,       ,   :    ,  .   ,    .    ,  ,  ,   .       ,  - .          .

   ,   :            ?   :  ,   .     :          [128 -        , 6.4.1989,   : Svetlana Savranskaya et al. (eds) Masterpieces of History: The Peaceful End of the Cold War in Europe, 1989. CEU Press, 2011 (hereafter MoH:1989) doc. 56. Pp. 438441 : p. 440; Dan Fisher. Thatcher Hears Gorbachev Complaint: No US Action on Arms. LAT 7.4.1989.].

   ,   ,      .      ,     ,       -      [129 -    .: Richard Aldous. Reagan and Thatcher: The Difficult Relationship. W. W. Norton, 2012.].         . ,          .   ,             , [130 - Margaret Thatcher. The Downing Street Years. P. 783.].     .     ,       ,     .  ,       ,        [131 - Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed, pp. 6467.].

         ,   ,      .       -            ,         .      ,          .  ,    .  ,    .         .       [132 - GHWBPL Telcon of KohlBush call 5.5.1989 Oval Office p. 2.].

      .  ,      λ         [133 - GHWBPL Telcon of KohlBush call 21.4.1989 Oval Office p. 2.].  -     .       λ,       -  29 .  ,              ,             .  ,     ,           .       ,   ,   [134 - James M. Markham. Bush Arrives for Talks with a Divided NATO. NYT 29.5.1989.].

    ,      - .        ,      ,     .         ,             .      ,    , ,       275. ,    30 .       325 .     .                 .     ,       ,       ,        -.       ,   - ,            .    .                    .                    ,        .    ,         ,    ,     ,   ,           .    :               ,          [135 - Ibid.].

,  ,    ,   .   -    .    ,               .      ,       (. bete noire) , ,   ,                 .            .    .  ,   [136 - James M. Markham. NATO Chiefs Agree to a Compromise in Missile Dispute. NYT 31.5.1989.].

      堖   ,  [137 - Bernard Weinraub. Buoyed by Agreement, Bush Visits Bonn. NYT 31.5.1989.]        .      ,           [138 - Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. P. 83.].       ,      ,     ,   ,     . , ,    ,    .     ,                    [139 - Ibid.]. ,     ,   [140 - Serge Schmemann. Bushs Hour: Taking Control, He Placates the Germans and Impresses British; Kohl Gets Respite From Political Ills. NYT 1.6.1989.].

      -    ,     [141 - Weinraub. Buoyed by Agreement.].       XVIII .      堖   .  1989 ,   ,          ,  -       .  :       - ,  [142 - Bushs Toast at a Dinner Hosted by Chancellor Helmut Kohl in Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany 30.5.1989. APP.].

  , 31 ,          ,   -   [143 - Weinraub. Buoyed by Agreement].           ,  ,         :    [144 - Bushs Remarks to the Citizens in Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany 31.5.1989 APP.].

   ,    - ,     ,       ,            . ,       ,    :    ,    ,      [145 - Thatcher. The Downing Street Years. P. 789.].

     ,      ,           ,     . ,  ,   : .      ,       .          ,             .   .  .          젖    ![146 - Bushs Remarks to the Citizens in Mainz 31.5.1989.]

        ,         , :  ,   [147 - Reagans Remarks on East-West Relations at the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin 12.6.1987 APP.]. ,   1989 .      ,        .     ,   ,  ,   ,    ,        .       :                ,  .                 .          ,   .         .        .   .

    ,  ,    .     ,   ,   .    .  -            [148 - Bushs Remarks to the Citizens in Mainz 31.5.1989.].   1989 .      ,      .    , ,        ,        .


***

15         ,        .    -  ,       .         ,        .  21    .

 -  ,        -      ,    .       .   ,    ,  :        . ࠖ   ,   .           .     .    ,             ,           . Ӡ        ,    ,     ,     .     ,    ,       .   ,   ,       . ,  ,  ,     .   ,    ,         - ,           [149 - Vincent J. Schodolski & Uli Schmetzer. Gorbachev arrives in China: Bei ing talks 1st summit in 30 years. CT 15.5.1989 pp. 12; Jim Hoagl & Daniel Southerl. Gorbachev arrives in Bei ing WP 15.5.1989.].

   ,   .   ,  ,     ,   ,   .        ,              (19821987) ,  ,   1986 .  ,        .             1987 .   ,       .        15  1989 .       ,    ,   ,       . ,     ,      .      ,         26          ,      .     ,          ,   [150 - Andrew J. Nathan. The Tiananmen Papers, Foreign Affairs 80, 1 (January/ February 2001) pp. 11, 1518. . : GHWBPL NSC SitRoom Tiananmen Square Crisis File (TSCF) China (OA/ ID CF01722-002) Lilley to Baker Cable Re: Chinese Economists support students 19.5.1989 p. 5;   : The Road to the Tiananmen Crackdown An Analytic Chronology of Chinese Leadership Decision-Making EA 89-10030 (Con?dential/ No Foreign Distribution) September 1989 Margaret Thatcher Foundation (hereafter MTF).].

13 ,        ,       ,         .          ,            .       ,    .       ,  젖   ࠖ [151 -   : The Road to the Tiananmen Crackdown p. 5; Adi Ignatius & Peter Gumbel. Gorbachev Arrives In China as Protests Continue in Beiing. Wall Street Journal (hereafter WSJ) 15.5.1989; Udo Schmetzer Ceremonies moved to foil protestors CT 15.5.1989 pp. 12.  ,           ,    -  , , , ,      200 . ꠖ , ,  ,  .      ,      . .: GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China (OA/ID CF01722-002) American Consul in Shenyang to Baker 19.5.1989 pp. 12.]. ,         ,      ,     : ,    .           ࠖ        .                  .   .  ,       ,     ,  ,   [152 - Radchenko. Unwanted Visionaries. P. 162].

     .       :   ,       ,          ,    :    .     ?[153 -   : Notepad of Teimuraz Stepanov-Mamaladze, 15.5.1989 Hoover Institution Archive, Teimuraz Stepanov-Mamaladze Papers (hereafter HIA-TSMP): Notepad 15.5.1989 DAWC.]      ,     1200  , ,   ,     ,             .     ,   ,        .   ,    .    :     .        .        [154 - Nathan. The Tiananmen Papers. P. 14.].

  14        ,               ,   . , 10 .        ,       250 .        ,            ,    .   .           렖     [155 - Schmetzer. Ceremonies moved to foil protestors.].

      ,    ,     ,     .           ,                .       ,       ,     [156 - Nicholas D. Kristof. Gorbachev Meets Deng in Beiing; Protest Goes On. NYT 16.5.1989; David Helley. Gorbachev in China: The Communist Summit; Protestors Force Summit Change China Moves Ceremony From Square. LAT 15.5.1989.].

     .   , ,         ,    .       ,   .      ,  ,    - .  ,    -  ,     ?       ,    , ,  ,   ,  ,        [157 - .     : Teimuraz Stepanov-Mamaladze 17.5.1989 HIA-TSMP: Notepad 15.5.1989 DAWC; and Excerpts from the Conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and Rajiv Gandhi 15.7.1989 AGF DAWC.].       ,      .      , ,     ,   ,    ,               ,  [158 - 1,000,000 Protestors Force Gorbachev to Cut Itinerary: The Center of Bei ing Is Paralyzed LAT 17.5.1989; Notepad Entry of Teimuraz Stepanov-Mamaladze 17.5.1989 HIA-TSMP: Notepad 15.5.1989 DAWC.]. ,  ,     ,    ,      ,          .         ,      ,   ,        [159 - Mark Kramer. The Demise of the Soviet Bloc in Terry Cox (ed.) Re?ections on 1989 in Eastern Europe. Routledge, 2013. P. 35; Radchenko. Unwanted Visionaries. P. 163. . : Diary of Teimuraz Stepanov-Mamaladze 17.5.1989 HIA-TSMP: Diary No. 9DAWC.   , , ,    , ,             . ,         -       :  ,   ,      . Bill Keller. Gorbachev Praises the Students and Declares Reform Is Necessary. NYT 18.5.1989.].

      ,        .          . 13          .          ,      ,      .    :     ,     ;    

      .            [160 - Nathan. The Tiananmen Papers. P. 14.].

-      ,   ,           :      ,     .      ,     ,                .      ,       ,   ,   ,        .  ,                 .          ,                -[161 -      : Engel & Radchenko. Beiing and Malta, 1989. Pp.192193.].

       ,         15  16 .     ,         ;       . ,         -    ,  ,     -,           . ,    ,      ,         .

 58,   85         ,            ,  85    .       :      젖      ,  .      ,  :    .       .    -     ,      .       - ,     .          ,      [162 - Radchenko. Unwanted Visionaries. P. 166; Robert Service. The End of the Cold War 19851991. Pan Books, 2015. P. 385.     5885, . : Excerpts from the Conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and Rajiv Gandhi. 15.7.1989 AGF DAWC.].

   58/85     :    ,    85    1989 .              ,     .    ,     85     .  , ,     .

             16 .         ,            .   ,   ,       1985 .,                 .         1986 .,       .  ,              .  ,                     .   ,  ,          : , -     .      ,        [163 - Michael Parks & David Holley. 30-Year Feud Ended by Gorbachev, Deng: Leaders Declare China-Soviet Ties Are Normalised. LAT 16.5.1989.].

  , ,    .       ,    .         .     .   ,      ,  ,  .      ,      .  :         .         , ,       .   :       .   , ,             ,     ,  ,     -    ,    .  , ,   ,                 ,      ,       [164 -          (), 16.5.1989 DAWC.   .: DAWC.].

            ,      젖    ,         ,      ,    . ,  ,   ,      .   ,  ,        ,      . ,     ,  -                  XX.         , , ,        堖    - ,         .   ,  :   .            :              ,  ,        [165 - Ibid.].

       .  ,    ,            .  堖      .   .      !      !   ,    .            ,     ,       , ,   ,      .      軠  ,       ,   ,          .

  , ,       .      ,    .  ,     .   .    .  ,        ,    .  ,     ,          [166 - Ibid.].

  , ,   .     -       ,     .      ,      .        Р   ,         .   ,    ,  ,     ,        .        [167 - HIA-TSMP Notepad 16.5.1989 Gorbachev Talks with Li Peng 16.5.1989 DAWC; Vladislav Zubok. The Soviet Union and China in the 1980s: Reconciliation and Divorce. CWH 17, 2 (2017) pp. 121141, : p. 138.].        ,        , -      ,     ,       .        19  ,       :      頖  ,   ,               - ,      [168 - Daniel Southerl. Leaders Fail to Sway Chinese Protestors. WP 19.5.1989; 1,000,000 Protestors Force Gorbachev to Cut Itinerary LAT 17.5.1989.               -      . : HIA-TSMP: Diary No. 9Teimuraz Stepanov-Mamaladze Entry 18.5.1989 DAWC. Π ,          .: GHWBPL NSC-SitRoom TSCF China part1 of 5 [2] (OA/ID CF01722-002) Am. Embassy Bei ing to Baker Re: MFA Brie?ng on Sino-Soviet Summit 20.5.1989 pp. 14.].

  ,    ,          .         ,       ,    .    .       ,       .   , ,  , ,           [169 - 1,000,000 Protestors Force Gorbachev to Cut Itinerary LAT 17.5.1989; GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China (OA/ID CF01722-002) US amb. in Bei ing to Baker, Cable Subj: Bei ing at Crisis, 20.5.1989 p. 1].   ,  ,   젖  .

20         .      ,     ,     [170 - GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China (OA/ID CF01722-002) From SSO DIA, Cable Re: China, Bei ing, 20.5.1989 p. 1; US amb. in Bei ing to Baker Cable PRC State Council declares martial law 20.5.1989 p. 1.].       ,               .     . Ƞ      ,      , ,    .      -    :        .          ,     .      ,      100. ,      ,    ,   [171 - Vogel. Deng Xiaoping. Pp. 616624. . : Adi Ignatius & Julia Leung. Bei ings Bind. WSJ 22.5.1989.                . : Naughton. Growing out of the Plan. Pp. 269270.  ,      ,   . GHWBPL, NSC SitRoom TSCF China (OA/IA CF01722-002) Am. embassy Bei ing to Baker Telex Student Hunger Strikes in Chengdu,19.5.1989; and American Consul Guangzhou to Baker, Re: Guangzhou students on the march in de?ance of Li Peng (Guangzhou report no. 9), 20.5.1989; and Am. embassy Bei ing to Baker, Cable Subj: Sitrep. No. 5, 0600The Scene from Tiananmen Square 21.5.1989. GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China part 1 of 5 [3] (OA/ID CF01722-003) From SSO DIA China: Situation report 22.5.1989.].

,    ,    ,     ,    .     -  ,     -,  29        .   ,          .         .     ,   ,    ,   ,   [172 - Claudia Rosett. Miss Liberty Lights Her Lamp in Bei ing. WSJ 31.5.1989.].

       ,              , ,   ,   .    ,              ,       .  ,  ,       :  ,       ,      -- .  ,    ,   [173 - GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China part 2 of 5 [2] (OA/ID CF01722-007) Am. embassy Bei ing to Baker CableSubj: Sitrep. No. 18 Central party organs endorse Deng line 27.5.1989 pp. 12; Vogel Deng Xiaoping pp.625627.].

    4           ,       ,     .        .   ,    ,     , ,       .    :   ,    ,   .                 ,      .       . , ,   ,      .          .      [174 - Nicholas D. Kristof. Troops Attack and Crush Beiing Protest Thousands Fight Back, Scores Are Killed, Square Is Cleared. NYT 4.6.1989.].

    :    300  2600 .    4             .      .     ,   ,  ,   ,        .          ,      - 蠖         1989 .    ,       ,        .        1989 .   .       ,   ,    .  4      ,       ,    .     [175 - Ibid.; Vogel. Deng Xiaoping, pp. 625632; Heather Saul. Tiananmen Square: What happened to tank man? What became of the unknown rebel who de?ed a column of tanks?. Independent 4.6.2014. See also GHWBPL NSCSitRoom TSCF China part 3 of 5 [1] (OA/ID CF01722-011) Am. embassy Bei ing to Baker Cable Subj: Siterep No. 32 The morning of 6.4.1989, 4.6.1989 pp. 14; and Am. embassy Bei ing to Baker Cable Subj: Chaos within China 4.6.1989 pp. 15; Baker to Am. embassy Bei ing Cable Subj: SSO TF3-3: China Task Force Situation 4.6.1989 p. 1. Cf. Am. embassy Bei ing to DoS Cable What Happened on the Night of June 3/4? 22.6.1989 NSAEBB No. 16.    ,      ,    3000,       .  ,    ,  2600     ,   7000     .  ,            5:        10 000 . TNA FCO 21/4181 UK emb. Bei ing to FCO Cable China: Background to Military Situation 6.6.1989 p. 3.].

    젖 .   ,           ,        ,       ,    .               1968 .,     ,     ,       ,       .        ,    ,         ,          .          ,       ?       ?


***

               ,           .       ,        ,       -:    [176 - State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research. China: Aftermath of the Crisis 27.7.1989 NSAEBB No. 16; Kremlin Dismayed, Aide Says NYT/ AP 10.6.1989.].      ,        ,     [177 - GHWBPL Telcon of KohlBush talks 15.6.1989 Oval Office p. 1.].         ,                      .        ,    ,               ,       .  ,      ,     [178 - .           15.7.1989 AGF DAWC.].

    ,       .                              ()  ,         . (,             .)            .            ,    [179 - State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research China: Aftermath of the Crisis 27.7.1989 NSAEBB No. 16.].      ,  ,     ,         .

       .     ,     ,     ,     ,           [180 - .: US Embassy (Lilley) Bei ing Cable PLA Ready to Strike (CONFIDENTIAL) 21.5.1989 NSAEBB No. 47.]. 30   :       1956,             ,       ,   [181 - The Presidents News Conference Following the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Summit Meeting in Brussels 30.5.1989 APP.].

         ,            ,  ,     - [182 - GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China (OA/ID CF01722-007) Sec State WashDC to US amb. in Bei ing Cable RE: China matters Letter from President to Deng Xiaoping 27.5.1989 pp. 12.].   . 4      ,      .    :     ,     [183 - Engel & Radchenko. Beiing and Malta, 1989. P. 195.].

  ,       .  ,      ,      ,     ,     .               .       .     .   ,          [184 - James R. Lilley & Jeffrey Lilley. China Hands: Nine Decades of Adventure, Espionage, and Diplomacy in Asia. Public Affairs, 2004. P. 309; Kristof. Crackdown in Bei ing.],           .        ,      . ,   ,              ,     .                ,    - ,    -    .    ,               ,      .     ,      ,  ,          .    ,       젖    ,      ,             [185 - Vogel. Deng Xiaoping. Pp. 648652; David M. Lampton. Same Bed, Different Dreams. Univ. of California Press, 2002. Pp. 2122; Engel. When the World Seemed New. Pp. 175181. . : Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Pp. 98103; GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China (OA/ID CF01722-011) Am. embassy Bei ing to Baker Cable Subj: Chaos in China 4.6.1989 pp. 15. See also JAB-SML B108/F6 RBZ draft 5.6.1989 Response to PRC events pp. 12.].

                   ,  21      .        , ,   ,   .      ,         ,       ,   .    ,     ,      ,         ,       .       4 ,  :        .    ,      [186 -     29.6.1989.  : Bush. All the Best. Pp. 428431.].

     .       24 ⠖   ,              .    ,          1971 .,     .    5  30 1989 .  .   -  -141,     ,     ,      .      ,         .     ,      .      , ,    ,         .    ,      .  ,     ,       ,  ,    ,         ,      .      1           [187 - GHWBPL Scowcroft Special Separate China Notes Files China Files (hereafter SSCNF-CF) China 1989 (sensitive) (OA/ID 91136-001) Handwritten notes on the ?ight 30June  1 July 1989. .: Bush & Scowcroft. AWorld Transformed. Pp. 105106].

    2             ,      [188 - GHWBPL Scowcroft SSCNF-CF China 1989 (sensitive) (OA/ID 91136-001) Memcon of DengScowcroft talks 2.7.1989 Beiing pp. 114.].

   ,        ,       :   . ,  -     ,    ,   .       ,      .  ,      .       ,   . ,       [189 - Ibid. pp. 13.].

  ,   ,        ,       蠫  .      .  ,      ,   . - ,     ,   ,   :  ,        .  ,      .

 ,  ,        . ,   ,     л?        ,        ,            .     ,     ,        [190 - Ibid. p. 4.].

    ,      .                 .               1972 .,        ,         .      .   ,       ,       ,      ,         ,   ,   [191 - Ibid. pp. 79.].

       ,       .              .  ,    -     .        ,  ,   ,   .  ,       ,       .       ,         - ,       ,      . ,    ,     ,     .       .         ,     [192 - Ibid. pp. 1012.].

    .      ,   . : ,    ,  .        ,    20 頖            .   ,   ,      ,        ,    . ,   ,     :         :  ,       .      ,      ,    ,    . Ƞ   [193 - Ibid. pp. 1314.].

       .    ,       [194 - Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. P. 110.],     ,        :           .     :    [195 - Bush. All the Best. P. 431.].

 ,         .       .            1989 .,  -,       ,       ,      , -       [196 - .: Richard Baum. Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping. Princeton UP, 1996. Pp. 1820.].   1989 . ,      .

 ,  ,       .      -    15   ,           ,       .  ,      ,  . Π      .    . ,     ,   ,        -  ,       :    ,       -  ,           .  ,          .         . Ƞ,  ,       ,     .         .   .   .         廠       ,   .  ,     ,         [197 - .           15.7.1989 AGF DAWC,  : . . . . 15. . 257, 262264.].

             1989 . -             .  ,     , ,   4  :               ,       , ,    ,          ,   - ,  ,    . ,  , ,  ,             .          ,        ,  -  .         ,      .            , ,  ,  ,                   .    .  ,         ,         ,     ,    ,       ,      [198 -     - : 22.8.1989 GARF f. 10026 op. 4d. 2870 l. 75-78 DAWC.].

      ,   ,   4  -      .          .      .    ,             ,        .      ,    ,      .              ,     .         젖    -     .       ,      ,  .




 2.

 :   





 :

1. .   . , 6   5  1989 .

2.  40- .     . , 6  1989 .

3.                   . 27  1989 .



4 1989 .          ,                .                   .

,     :          .    (   , ),  1980 .         ,          .    , -.      ,   ,  ,      ,  , ,      ,      ,       [199 - John Tagliabue Poland Flirts with Pluralism Today NYT 4.6.1989.].       .           ,      ,  ,     161   460, .. 35%.        (38%)     (27%).  , 35            .     ,         .  ,  ,   ,           .  ,     ,   ,       ,         50% .       ,         -   [200 -   -  .: Marjorie Castle. Triggering Communisms Collapse: Perceptions and Power in Polands Transition Rowman & Little?eld, 2003. Ch. 6. . : Tagliabue Poland NYT 4.6.1989.].

         ,       :       ,   .           ,           젖  .      ,      ,              (  :    ).         ,      ,     [201 - Timothy Garton Ash. Revolution in Poland and Hungary London Review of Books (hereafter LRB) 17.8.1989. . idem: The Magic Lantern. Pp. 2546,  p. 32.].   -          Ƞ   ;   ,  ջ.               : - ,        [202 - Kristof. Troops Attack and Crush Bei ing Protest.].

        .             ,    ,        .  ,      ,      ,       ,  ,   ,  -,   ,    50% .    :   .      ,        .        .   .

              .   .        ,        :  ,           .      ,    ,     .     :         ,          .   : ,        [203 - John Daniszewski. Communist Party Declares Solidarity Landslide Winner. AP 5.6.1989; John Tagliabue. Stunning Vote Casts Poles into Uncharted Waters NYT 6.6. 1989.].

    ,       ,  ,   ,  ,          ,   .    ,            ,     ,         [204 - Garton Ash. The Magic Lantern P. 32.].  , ,     .   ,  -     ,   ,          ,  55 .       [205 - Tyler Marshall Russian Troops Remain in Ex-Satellite States Military: Of an estimated 600,000 in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s, only about 113,000 havent gone home LAT 1.4.1993.].      ,   .

   ,         堖               .     .     ,            ,       . ,    ,        -         .  ,  , ,             .

            .  ,       -    ,  -   .         .   ,  , ,       . ,    ,  ,     [206 - Andrei Grachev Gorbachevs Gamble: Soviet Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War Polity 2008 P. 172.].        ,       .   ,      .   . ,      ,      [207 - Ibid. pp. 171172.].


***

   ,        .    .   , ,       . -,             .        ,     , 堖 ,  ,   ,   ,  .  1955 .            c (堖   ),      ,      .  1956 .         ; 1968 .         .         . ,     ,    ,      .       ,       蠫.         [208 - .: Geir Lundestad Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe 194552. Journal of Peace Research 23, 3 (1986). Pp. 263277; idem Empire by Invitation in the American Century. Diplomatic History 23, 2 (Spring 1999). Pp. 189217; idem,Empire by Integration: The United States and European Integration, 19451997 Oxford UP, 1997; and John Lewis Gaddis. We Now Know. Clarendon Press, 1997. Pp. 284286.].

   -  (  ,   , 1949 .),       ,   .        ,         , , ,     ,     .     ,   1945 .,                      .      ,   1970 .     .    -      .     ,      ,      1970-.                  .  ,     -,         [209 -      : Geoffrey Swain & Nigel Swain. Eastern Europe since 1945. Macmillan, 1993; Judy Batt. East Central Europe from Reform to Transformation Pinter 1991.].

    -      1989 ..   ,            1989-[210 -        , ,     .: George Lawson et al. (eds) The Global 1989: Continuity and Change in World Politics Cambridge UP, 2010, introduction esp. p. 4;  Michael Cox Why Did We Get the End of the Cold War Wrong? The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 11, 2 (2009) pp. 161176; John Lewis Gaddis. International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War. International Security 17, 3 (1992-3) pp. 558.  ,     , ., : Gerald K. Haines & Robert E. Leggett (eds). CIAs Analysis of the Soviet Union, 19471991. Ross & Perry, 2001; Benjamin B. Fischer & Gerald K. Haines (eds). At Cold Wars End: USIntelligence on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 19891991 Ross & Perry 2001/].             :        ,     .     ,   .  ,     堖   ,       .   ,      .      ,     ,     ,         .

, 1989 .   -      .        ,   ,  .          ,       .         ;       ,          (, 1953; , 1956; , 1956; , 1968),        ,   1848  1918 .

   [211 - Andrzej Paczkowski The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom Pennsylvania UP 2003.],          ,   ,        .           ,   ,         .              ,      .   1978 .  頖        .                   ,      , ,   ,    .      ,    ,     ,     [212 - Andrej Paczkowski & Malcolm Byrne (eds). From Solidarity to Martial Law: The Polish Crisis of 19801981 A Documentary History CEU Press, 2007 pp. 45; Marcin Zaremba Karol Wojtyla the Pope: Complications for Comrades of the Polish United Workers Party CWH 5, 3(2005) pp. 317336.].

       ,   . ,  ,   1980 .    ,               .      ,  . ,  ,     ,   ,   20 .           ,     ,    -, 頖   蠖    .     ,      ,         ,   1981 .     .    -,          ,      1968 .,  .     ,           [213 -    19801981 . . : Timonthy Garton Ash The Polish Revolution: Solidarity Yale UP, 2002; Paczkowski & Byrne (eds) From Solidarity to Martial Law.].

         ,   1988 .       ,           .         1988.    45%,        200%,       [214 - John Tagliabue Thousands at Gdansk Shipyard Join Polish Strike NYT 3.5.1988; . : Grzegorz W. Kolodko Polish Hyperin?ation and Stabilization 19891990 Economic Journal on Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (1/1991) pp. 936.].        ,    蠖     ,   ,      ,            ,   ,   .          ,    ,      .      ,     -,        1988 .    -    ,           .     30 .  70 .  .    ,    .   ,   蠖  [215 - Andrew A. Michta. Red Eagle: The Army in Polish Politics, 19441989. Hoover Institution Press, 1990. P. 200; Taubman. Gorbachev. Pp. 480483; Paula Butturini. Polish Strike Broke the Barrier of Fear: Militant Steelworkers Sense Victory. CT 18.9.1989.].

  . ,     ,      .     ,    .        1989 .,        ,   [216 -        .: Wiktor Osyatinski. The Round-Table Talks in Poland in Jon Elster (ed.) Round-Table Talks and the Breakdown of Communism. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1996.]. 5   ,   1952 .        ,         .  ,        ,         4 .

           1988 .     [217 - John Tagliabue. Appeal by Walesa Fails to Resolve All Polish Strikes NYT 2.9.1988.].         .   1988- ,    ,  ,   ,     4  18  1989 .       ,    ,        [218 - Castle. Triggering Communisms Collapse. P. 47.].        ,       .          (. refolution)    ,      [219 - Garton Ash. The Magic Lantern. P. 14.].

     19881989 .   ,      .      -,   ,     ;          .   1988 .   ,   75-      1956 .,        ,   .       ,       ,       [220 - Rudolf L. T?ks. Hungarys Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change and Political Succession. Cambridge UP, 1996, ch. 6.].      1956 .,            -,           .        2700,   20 .  [221 - Bridget Kendall. The Cold War: A New Oral History of Life between East and West. BBC Books, 2017. P. 180.   1956  .: Karen Dawisha. Eastern Europe, Gorbachev and Reform: The Great Challenge. Cambridge UP, 1990. Pp. 136139.].

        ,         . ,   ,    20 .      230  ,     (         ).             ,               .          ,         [222 - Odd Arne Westad. The Cold War: A World History. Penguin Books, 2017. Pp. 202206.      . : Minutes of the Meeting of the HSWP CC Political Committee 31.1.1989, printed in Cold War International History Bulletin Issue 12/13 (section by Bks & Melinda Kalmr Csaba, The Political Transition in Hungary) doc. 1pp. 7375 CWIHP.].

,    ,                .            ,     -,      ,     [223 - Nigel Swain. Collective Farms Which Work? Cambridge UP, 1985. P. 26.].      - 1960- .,     [224 - Ibid. pp. 134135.].                 .  ,         ;     ,        .  1963 .    120 . ,    ,   1958 .           [225 - Roger Gough. A Good Comrade: Janos Kdr, Communism and Hungary. I. B. Tauris, 2006. Pp.142, 150; . : Michael Getler. Goulash Communism Savoured. WP 14.9.1977.].    ,     - .

     1980-         . ,         ,      ,  .       ,        1980- .  1987 .        ,      ,  ,    .        ,          .                  [226 - T?ks. Hungarys Negotiated Revolution. Pp.274277.].

        ,         .            .     -                 1988.,           -.  ,      ,         . ,   ,    .        .

  1989 .      . ,    ,  -   .       ,       ()           .           ,            .           [227 - Ibid. ch. 7; Andrs Bozki. The Round-Table Talks of 1989: The Genesis of Hungarian Democracy. CEU Press, 2002. Pp. 98101.]. 15        ,      1848.   ,         蠖    I.             ,      ,   1989 .  ,             , ,   15      .      ,      ,     ,        1848 .[228 -  1848  .: Alice Freifeld. Nationalism and the Crowd in Liberal Hungary, 18481914. Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2000. Pp.309316; Tams Hofer. The Demonstration of March 15, 1989, in Budapest: A Struggle for Pubilc Memory Program on Central and Eastern Europe,Working Paper Series #16 Cambridge MA, 1991. Pp. 68.]

             ().         ,                  .  ,         ,    .      ,    , 13       ,          [229 - Nigel Swain. Hungary: The Rise and Fall of Feasible Socialism. Verso, 1992. Pp. 1826. . : Bzki. The Round-Table Talks of 1989; idem The Round-Table Talks of 1989: Participants, Political Visions, and Historical References. Hungarian Studies 14, 2 (2000). Pp. 241257.].

  , 16 ,                     1956 .             , ,    , 200 . .      ,           ,    - .       .     ,  (Fiatal Demokratk Sz?vetsge, Fidesz),         ,     ,            ,     (sic!)    .        ,  :   ,  ,    ,   -         .     ,   ,     ,  ,     ,    .      :             ,    -,      ,    [230 - Henry Kamm. Hungarian Who Led 56 Revolt Is Buried as a Hero. NYT 17.6.1989.        . : Lszl Bruszt & David Stark. Remaking the Political Field in Hungary: From thePolitics of Confrontation to the Politics of Competition.Journal of International Affairs 45, 1 [East Central Europe: After the Revolutions] (Summer 1991). Pp. 201245.].

     ,  ,    ,   -     ,         ,     . Ƞ                . Ƞ         ,    . ,      ,           .         [231 -   ()  .: Mark R. Beissinger. Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/ Tulip Revolutions. Perspectives on Politics 5, 2 (June 2007). Pp.259276  . 259; idem. An Interrelated Wave. Journal of Democracy 20, 1 (January 2009) pp. 7477; Leeson & Dean. The Democratic Domino Theory: An Empirical Investigation. American Journal of Political Science 53, 3 (July 2009). Pp.533551.       . : Valerie Bunce & Sharon Wolchik. Getting Real about Real Causes.Journal of Democracy 20, 1 (January 2009). Pp.6973; Kristian Skrede Gleditsch & Michael D. Ward. Diffusion and the International Context of Democratisation. International Organisation 60, 4 (Fall 2006). Pp.911933.],     .       ,              [232 -      .: Vogel. Deng Xiaoping. . 626; James Miles. The Legacy of Tiananmen: China in Disarray. Univ. of Michigan Press, 1996. Pp.4243; Baum. Burying Mao. Pp.250, 275280; Shambaugh. Chinas Communist Party. Pp.4346; Sarotte. Chinas Fear of Contagion. Pp. 156182.     CCC .: Esther B. Fein. Moscow Condemns Nationalist Virus in 3 Baltic Lands. NYT 27.8.1989.].   ,    [233 - . Krishan Kumar. The Revolutions of 1989: Socialism, Capitalism, and Democracy. Theory and Society 21, 3 (June 1992). Pp. 309356.],     ,            .

,    ,      1989 .      ,  ,  -      ,        .


***

  ,  27  1989 .           ,    .               ,    - ,     .           , , ,     ,      .

,    .       ,   : , ,  ,  ,    [234 -  . : Walter Mayr. Hungarys Peaceful Revolution: Cutting the Fence and Changing History. Spiegel-Online 29.5.2009.].       2      ,         ,           1988 .,              .  , ,  ,   4 .       , ,    .           ,               :   ,   1988 .   (   )  6  [235 - Sebestyen. Revolution 1989. P. 259; Mayr. Hungarys Peaceful Revolution.].

         ,  3    ,      :       ,      .      ,      ,               ,      . ,  ,        л[236 -          3.3.1989, .: MoH:1989 doc. 59 pp. 412413.       , .      ,  : CWIHP Bulletin 12/13 pp. 7677.].

 ,  1971 .   ,          .   ,      ,              .     ,    ,   ,    ,              ,     .  ,       ,      ,       .

  ,         ,       , ,   .   ,         ,        ,   , ,               -. , ,  ,   ,           .    ,     ,     ,      .           ,   260-          1990.       ,          .  ,                      [237 - Sebestyen. Revolution 1989. P. 261; Michael Meyer. 1989: The Year that Changed the World. Simon & Schuster, 2009. Pp. 6870. BA-MA Strausberg AZN 32665 Bl. 78/79 Schreiben von DDR-Verteidigungsminister Heinz Ke?ler an Erich Honecker zur Demontage des Grenzsignalzaunes zwischen Ungarn und ?sterreich 6.5.1989 pp. 12 Chronik derMauer Digital Archive (CdMDA).].

            .           ,     ,    ,         [238 - Sebestyen. Revolution 1989. P. 261.].      ,      ,       ,                .

,    ,       ,      .        .    ,                    27 ,   .         (..          )      .   1989 .  1600          [239 - Gary Bruce. The Firm: The Inside Story of the Stasi. Oxford UP, 2010. P. 165.].

                 .   .    :      .


***

 -       ,       12  1989 .        [240 - Helmut Kohl. Ich wollte Deutschlands Einheit. Ullstein, 1996. Pp. 3551.].  :         .   ,   ,   ,     :     .  ,     ,   ,        .    :      :      !  .   ,  .     .   ,       .           .       .      .          .        , ,                .   ,     .    . ,   ,      .       .

   ,   ,   ,      ,            .       :  -    ,          ,   ,     [241 -      12.6.1989. .2. .  .. . DAWC. C.      12.6.1989,  : MoH:1989 doc. 63 pp. 463467. .:  .. . . . 14. . 460464.       12.6.1989, .: Hanns J?rgen K?sters & Daniel Hoffmann (eds). Deutsche Einheit: Sonderedition aus den Akten des Bundeskanzleramtes, 1989/90 (hereafter DESE) [Dokumente zur Deutschlandpolitik]. Oldenbourg, 1998. doc. 2pp. 276287 esp. pp. 283284.].   , 13         ,  ,    ,    ,       堖  ,     [242 - Kohl. Ich wollte. Pp. 4749; Bulletin der Bundesregierung no. 61 15.6.1989 pp. 542544; .      13.6.1989,  : DESE doc. 4pp. 295299.      ,     , . : Hannes Adomeit. Imperial Overstretch: Germany in Soviet Policy from Stalin to Gorbachev. Nomos, 1998 pp.398399.].

,    - .      ,            ,       .  ,            - .     ,  ,                [243 - Serge Schmemann. Bonn Declaration: Heal the Wounds NYT 14.6.1989.].

    ,         .            .                 ,       . ,    ;            ,   ,        - . Ӡ          ,        .   ,          ;     ,       [244 -       14.6.1989,  : MoH:1989 doc. 67 pp. 477478.    14 . .: . . . .14. . 498.].

   ,     ,            .        ,   ,     [245 -    13.6.1989 ( ) DESE doc. 3pp. 287292 esp. p. 292;      .: Record of Second Conversation between Gorbachev and Kohl 13.6.1989 MoH:1989 doc. 66 p. 475.].   ,                 ,    ,  .  ,       ,    ,       .   ,      .      :     ,    ,    ,   ,  , .       .    ,      ,  ,   ,    .  ,      ,    .  :  ,        [246 - MoH:1989 doc. 67 p. 476 and doc. 66 p. 475.].

  ,         ,   ,   ,       .     ,               .        .    ,     - ,      [247 - .: Hannes Adomeit. Imperial Overstretch, pp. 398399.],      .   ,       ,    .

   :      .       .  ,     ,       ,  ,    .   ,   ,    :    .    .                .     .     ,          .      ,   ,       .

        .     ,     ,       ,      .    . ,      :           .      :   .  ,     ,    ,   컠   ⠖         [248 - Kohl. Ich wollte, pp. 4344. O             .: DESE doc. 2, p. 280.].

                ⠖   .      :              .         ,  ,   [249 - Schmemann. Bonn Declaration, p. 12.].

       .  ,      ,         ,    .      ,         .   ,     ,   ,  .       .        . , , ,   ,  :  ,     . ,       ,           ,             1992 .           ,   .   ,    1989 .   , ,        ,        ,     ,         [250 - Serge Schmemann. A Gorbachev Hint for Berlin Wall NYT 16.6.1989; Ferdinand Protzman. Gorbachev Urges Greater Trade and Much Closer Ties with Bonn. NYT 14.6.1989.].

            1989 .,   頖           頖         ,             .

  ,  ,    ,         ,   ,        ໻          ,      ,      .  ,  ,     ,   , , ,  . ,      1789 1917 .,  ,      .     ,  ,    ,     젖    ,   .      ,       ,      .      ,       ,   ,       [251 - James M. Markham. Gorbachev Says Change Will Sweep Bloc. NYT 6.7.1989; . Taubman Gorbachev. P. 478.].

            .          ,      ,       .  ,           .   ,     ,     -  ,    .   ,  ,   ,      .     :    ,    ࠖ  ?[252 -      12.6. 1989. .  .. . DAWC. . : MoH:1989 doc. 63 pp. 464465; DESE doc. 2, p. 282.].

             5 ,      ,         .              ,     . ,  ,      ꠖ       .              .                      .  , , ,       ,         [253 -      5.7.1989 MoH:1989 doc. 72 pp. 490491. James M. Markham. Gorbachev Likens Soviets to French. NYT 5.7.1989.         .: Bozo. Mitterrand. pp. 6063.].

    ,              ,   ,      . ,         ,        ,        ,     ,         .           ,    ,        ,          .

       .            ,          .  ,    ,         ,         .      ,                .   ,   ,      ,   ,  ,   .

,          ,               1975 . (),  35      .  ,  ,     ,   ,    ,  ,          .   -1975   ,   ,    .         :        - .         ,    .    [254 - . . . . 15. . 156169.].

    ,         ,        ,  ,      -    ,           .                       ,               1992 .[255 - Mark Kramer The Demise of the Soviet Bloc Journal of Modern History 83 (December 2011) pp. 788854 here pp. 806809. And US National Intelligence Council Status of Soviet Unilateral Withdrawals 1.9.1989, Memorandum NIC M 89-10003 (Secret), printed in Fischer (ed.) At Cold Wars End doc. 19 pp.304313. Warsaw Pact Warms to NATO Plan CT 9.7.1989.],               ࠖ        蠖 ,  ,              .    , ,  , ,    [256 -    ,        ,         ,     ,                 ;     ,        ,       . .:     ⠖   , , 78 1989 .:   . .: , 1989,  : Parallel History Project-ETH Zurich (PHP-ETHZ).].       㠖     ,       .  :      ,      ,       . Ƞ       .       [257 - .: . . . . 15. . 182.].


***

    9 ,     ,       .       .               ,     -  ,           .     堖    ,   G7 蠖    ,       ,  -    [258 - Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 115.     : Bush to Visit Hungary, Poland in July to Show US Support for Their Reforms LAT 6.5.1989. .: GHWBPL Telcon of KohlBush call 5.5.1989 Oval Office, p. 2.].

    ,    ,        :    ,  ,    ,  λ,    ,         ,            ,   ,      .          ,         ,            [259 - Maureen Dowd Bush Rebuffs Gorbachevs Move for Swifter Cuts in Nuclear Arms NYT 7.7.1989; Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 115. Kevin McDermott & Matthew Stibbe (eds) The 1989 Revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe: From Communism to Pluralism Manchester UP 2015 p. 127.].

 ,   ,           .               -  ,            ,       .           ,   ,            .        ,    ,      .  ,     ,  ,   ,     ,        :     ,      ,     - .       .      ,     ,          ,    [260 - Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed pp. 115116.].

           10   9 .      ,         ,    .     ,            . ʠ    ,             ,      ,  -   ,       V    .           .  ,   ,   ,     [261 - Ibid. p. 116; Maureen Dowd Bush in Warsaw on Delicate Visit to Push Changes NYT 10.7.1989.].       .     ,          II  1979 .      1963-,  .    ,              ,     ,    ,  ,    ,      [262 - Maureen Dowd For Bush, A Polish Welcome without Fervor NYT 11.7.1989.].

             10      ,   .          ,   ,  ,          [263 - GHWBPL Memcon of JaruzelskiBush and Scowcroft meeting 10.7.1989 Belvedere Palace (Poland).    ,     : Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 117.     . : Information Note Regarding George H. W. Bushs Visit to Poland (July 911) 18.7.1989,  :MoH:1989 doc. 76 pp. 503505.].    -  젖   ,       ,       ,     .   ,          .    ,   ,     ,            ,  .    ,  ,     껠  ,   .     ,     ,            .  ,       ,  ,     ,          .  ,   ,  ,      ,    ,    .          -,    ,        ,     ,       ,           [264 - GHWBPL Memcon of RakowskiBush meeting 10.7.1989 Council of Ministers (Poland) pp.23.].

    ,          10 ,  ,        ,     .     :      1989 .  40  .,  ,       1%,     60%.          100  .   ,     ,  ,     ,    (325          5  .),    ,  , G7    [265 - Bushs Remarks to the Polish National Assembly in Warsaw 10.7.1989 APP.].          10 ,   . Ƞ       740  .,      ,           1981 .  [266 - Gregory F. Domber Skepticism and Stability: Re-evaluating US Policy during Polands Democratic Transformation in 1989 JCWS 13, 3 72 (Summer 2011) pp. 5282 esp. p. 62 .]. ,     ,            500  . 1981 .  1,7  . 1989.[267 - Marshall Robinson Americas Not-So-Troubling Debts and De?cits Harvard Business Review (July-August 1989).        150. 10  1989 .,         79  . 1981 . .: Statistical Comparison of US presidential Terms, 19812009 at reagan. procon.org/view.resource. php? resourceID=004090.] ,         .   ,   ,             .           - .        ,   , ,          ,     [268 - R. W. Apple Jr Bush, in Warsaw, Unveils Proposal for Aid to Poland NYT 11.7.1989.    .   : Political Openings, Economic Straits NYT 12.7.1989.      :     ,     ,     .    ,        14. .: GHWBPL Memcon of Bushs Luncheon Meeting with Jacques Delors 14.6.1989 White House.].

      ,         ,      .     ,  .           ,                .  ,        ,      .  ,     , 蠫  ,    ,    .  ,         ,        ,     ,              ,    25 . .             45 ,       1970 .,   ,     ,      .     ,    ,       ,    ,      [269 - Maureen Dowd Bush urges Poles to pull together NYT 12.7.1989; R. W. Apple Jr A Polish Journey; Bush Escapes Pitfalls in Weathering Tough Economic and Political Climate NYT 12.7.1989; David Hoffman Wa? esa Pleads with Bush for Money to Spare Poland the Fate of Bei ing WP 12.7.1989; 82 Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed pp.120121. . : Bushs Question-andAnswer Session With Reporters Following a Luncheon With Solidarity Leader Lech Waesa in Gdansk 11.7.1989 APP; Bushs Remarks at the Solidarity Workers Monument in Gdansk 11.7.1989 APP .].

      (911 ),        ,   .       ,             ,       [270 - Apple Jr A Polish Journey .].

,     ,   .       ,          1848 .,          1956 .   .           ,      , -  100 .,      ,  ,        .    .          [271 - Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 124. Jack Nelson Bush Hailed in Hungary, Lauds Reforms LAT 12 July 1989; Terry Atlas & Timothy J. McNulty Cheers Greet Bush Call For Reform CT 12.7.1989.].

   ,                .  , ,   ,    ,     ,         ,   ,       .      ,      .      .        ,  .     (       )     .     .     ,      .  :       [272 - Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p.124; George H. W. Bush Speaking of Freedom: The Collected Speeches Scribner 2009, pp. 7980.].

  , 12    ,   ,       .      ,        -    . ,      ,    ,    ,      -,    .  -          :        頖        堖     ,           ,   -    [273 - Domber Skepticism and Stability pp. 7273; Paczkowski The Spring Will Be Ours p. 507; R.W. Apple Jr In Hungary, The Ideas for Change Are Selling Themselves NYT 13.7.1989.].

      -        ,      ()           .    , ,   ,      .    .       ,  ,  -,    ,     ,       ,     .     ,  -      ,         [274 - GHWBPL Memcon of BushNmeth Meeting 12.7.1989 Parliament Building (Hungary) pp.24.].

 蠖    ,          ,    ,    ,   ,        .    -      .          ,   ,       .    ,           .  ,  ,    ,   ,      ,           ,            ( 1956 .    ,      ).

   ,       .     ,       .  ,  -   ,  ,     ,     :       .    :   ,      .      :      ,       ,    .     ,         .     ,  ,      ,               [275 - GHWBPL Memcon of BushPozsgay meeting 12.7. 1989 US Ambassadors Residence (Hungary) pp. 23.].

 ,       .    ,  ,        ,     ,     .              12 . ߠ   ,  .   , ,   .     ,  .  ,        ,    ,       .    ,     -,    ,  ,    ,  ,        ,   :     蠖 ,      ,     ,    ,   . ,  ,         ,  蠖 .    ,  ,    .    ,        [276 - Bushs Remarks to Students and Faculty at Karl Marx University in Budapest 12.7.1989 APP; Apple Jr In Hungary, The Ideas for Change are Selling Themselves.].

     ,  ,    ,     : 25  .     ; 5 .    ;      ,       .  ,              [277 - Ibid. . : Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 126.].

     ,  .               軠    , ,   ,     .   :       ,   ,  .   ,   ,      ,   ,      ,    ,    .   ,   :       ,        .      [278 - Apple Jr In Hungary, The Ideas for Change are Selling Themselves .].


***

  13 ,          G7,    ,    .           ,    .  ,       ,    , ,      ,   .           . ,    ,   ,  .    :    ,     ,    ,          唻.    ,   ,     [279 - Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 126; Bushs Interview with Members of the White House Press Corps 13.7.1989 APP.].

  ,    ,    ,        . ߠ ,     ,  ,  ,   . -             .  ,          , ,       .        ,                    ,   [280 - Robert M. Gates From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insiders Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War Simon & Schuster 2006 p. 466.].

, ,     ,  ,                ,       .       ,                 .   ,       蠖   1953, 1956  1968 .          ,       .     ,   ,   .     ,   ,   [281 - Bushs Interview With Members of the White House Press Corps 13.7.1989 APP. See also Maureen Dowd Bush Credits Moscow with Change in East Bloc NYT 14.7.1989.].

          ,   . 14  1989 .       ,               .                       . ,        ,      1989 .    .

          .                    ,              1789.   .        ,         ,        .    :         ,     : , , .        , ,      ,     ,  -   .             G7             ,           .        :        .   300 , 5 .     ,     ,         9 .

     -  .   ,   G7      ,             .     ,   G7          ,   ,  -         ,           1,3 .    ,        ,    ,                ,    - .  ,       .             ,            -   12  .      [282 - Peter T. Kilborn US Prepares Loan to Enable Mexico to Meet Payments NYT 14.7.1989; Bush & Scowcroft, A World Transformed p.127.      , . : GHWBPL Telcon of BushKohl call 23.6.1989 Oval Office p. 2.   :            .        ,     . C.  : Telcon of BushKohl call 23.6.1989,  :DESE doc. 10 p. 315.].

    G7    ,       13   ꠫        .             .    1  .     ,    2  .,          40  .,       .   ,      ;              ,        ,      ,      [283 - Serge Schmemann Polands Leader Asks West for Aid NYT 14.7. 1989; idem Walesa to Back a Communist Chief NYT 15.7.1989.].

     ,   ,      ,         ,   ,       .         ,   ,                .    G7         ࠖ ,     .

      14           ,    ,   ,        .            ,   (   - ,    [284 - See TNA UK PREM 19/2597 Charles Powells notes on BushThatcher Telcon 5.6.1989 MTF.])   .   ,  - ,      ,    -  .  ,     ,           (81   10)       .

-   ,     G7,    .      ,       .  ,       ,  ,         .  ,     .         ,           ,        - .     ,           .           ,               ,   [285 - Ezra F. Vogel, Ming Yuan, Akihiko Tanaka (eds) The Golden Age of the USChinaJapan Triangle, 19721989 Harvard Univ. Asia Center 2002 pp. 105106; Mary Nolan The Transatlantic Century: Europe and the United States, 18902010 Cambridge UP 2012 p. 327; R. W. Apple Jr Leaders in Paris Argue over China NYT 14.7.1989.].

       , G7           .       :  ,   ,    ,      [286 -   .: g8.utoronto.ca/summit/ 1989paris/east.html.].    ,     ,    ,    ,      1989 .   5 .    .            (,  ,      ),     .

     .          ,     ,                   [287 - Maureen Dowd Leaders at Summit Back Financial Aid For East Europe NYT 16.7.1989.].   ,   .             ,     .          . G7            , ,   ,           ,       ,          .    ,   ,      ,      .             .

 ,    ,      -      .      G24:     ,       .     ,             ,       .   ,   1988 .          ,         . ,          ,    ,       .

          ,             G7.      .          2627        1992 .      .   ,      [288 - Jbid.; Robert L. Hutchings American Diplomacy and the End of the Cold War: An Insiders Account of US Policy in Europe, 19891992 Woodrow Wilson Center Press 1997 pp. 6769; R. W. Apple Jr Mission for Europeans Signals Growing Power NYT 16.7.1989.].

         1984 .,               ,      .                 .             .    ,    ,   .                1986 .,           (). ,   ,        ,           .     堖              ,   .  1988 .            ,               .                 ,          [289 - D. Hodson Jacques Delors: Vision, Revisionism, and the Design of EMU in Kenneth Dyson & Ivo Maes (eds) Architects of the Euro: Intellectuals in the Making of European Monetary Union Oxford UP 2016 pp. 212232.].

 ,     1989 .  -12    ,        ,        1992-.           ,          蠖       .          ,           .                  .            .         ,         G7.

    ,         ђ92 (          )[290 -  -92 .: JAB-SML B108/F1 Talking points Cabinet Meeting (?rst meeting of Bush administration) WDC 23.1.1989 p. 2; Robert B. Zoellick Bush 41 and Gorbachev Diplomatic History 42, 4 (2018) p. 561.].          ,          ,                       ,         .  ,  ђ92        :       ,      ђ92.   :   ,     ,  ђ92  .              -         - ,    .  ,   ,         [291 -    .: europarl. europa.eu/summits/madrid/ mad1_de.pdf.        .: GHWBPL Memcon of BushDelors talks 14.6.1989 White House pp. 23.].

           ,        -.          .            ,         . , ,   ;    ,  -         .   ,     .   :       . , ,  1989 .,  ,            .         .

       G7       ,       .         .  ࠖ            . -,   (    )        ,   ,         .            . -,       ,      ,        ,  ,      ,        .

         ,       . 28     ,       1   ( 500  .)        ,      1987 .       ,               ,    ,         ,     .         ,      ,         堖          .  ,         ,       ,        .          .      ,       ,          9 [292 -    28.6.1989,  : DESE doc. 12 pp. 320323.    .: Serge Schmemann Old Prejudices and Hostilities Stall Effort by Bonn and Warsaw to Reconcile NYT 23.6.1989; Hutchings American Diplomacy pp. 6768. . : Christoph Gunkel Helmut Kohls Polen-Reise 1989: Problemfall Mauerfall Spiegel-Online, 6.11.2009.].

   G24  ,      ,       .  ,   ,      ,       ,    .      24              . ,  ,     ,   ,        . 18    ,        10 .         120  .,    , ,    .   200.     ,   75 .     25 .    ,      500 . .    ,       ,      ,    .       . ,  /G24    1989 .,        [293 - W. Europe to Start Giving Food Products to Poland LAT 18.8.1989; Food Aid to Poland Linked to Free Markets NYT 2.8.1989. C. Domber Skepticism and Stability p. 65;  : NS Archive Washington DC End of the Cold War Poland 1989 Cables.].

 ,     ,             .        ,           . Ƞ      ,    ,       ,     ,        [294 - C. Engel A Better World p. 27; Steven Hurst The Foreign Policy of the Bush Administration: In Search of a New World Order Cambridge UP 2009 p. 11; Meyer 1989 pp. 212217; Melvyn Leffler Dreams of Freedom, Temptation of Power in Jeffrey A. Engel (ed.) The Fall of the Berlin Wall: The Revolutionary Legacy of 1989 Oxford UP 2009 pp. 132169.].         ,     ,        ,       .       G7.     ,          .


***

   ࠖ    ,       G7.         ,         .

    ,          ,  .              .      ,     ,       .  ,  ,        .     ,        ,  .        ,    [295 -    : Steven Greenhouse Gorbachev Urges Economic Accords NYT 16.7.1989.].

    ,    ,  .  ,       G7.   .       ,      -   [296 - Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 129.].   ,       . ,  ,     ,   .        ,             .                ,   ,      .

     16   ,        ,      ,   ;          .   ,        .    ,    ,  ,    ,   - .  ,     .             ,  ,          [297 - Ibid.].

    ,           .     . 6                 .  ,           ,  .      , ,   ,    ,       ,   -        (Ostpolitik[298 -   ,   Ostpolitik,   1960- .        ,     .                   ,       .]).          ,       ,         ,    ,     .   :      ,    .       , ,   , ,     ,           .  ,  ,         [299 - GHWBPL Memcon of BushWeizsacker meeting 6.6.1989 Oval Office p. 2.].

      ,  15          堖  ,    .  ,  ,      , ,             .        :        . ,    ,  ,        .  ,  ,          ,                ,      .  ,  ,             .    ,           . ,  ,    ,      ,       . , -,      ࠖ   ,    ,         ,    ,         [300 - GHWBPL Telcon of KohlBush call 15.6.1989 Oval Office pp. 13;   : DESE doc. 5pp. 299301 esp. p. 300. . :   15.6.1989,  : Bush All the Best p. 428.   :          .        ,  .   :   ,    ,          ,         .    ,         ,       , ,  ,    .].

         ,    . 18 ,       ,     :     ,    -     .   ;         .  ,    -  ,         ,    ,           -        .  ,    ,   [301 -   18.6.1989,  : Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 130].

        ,      -    .                 .         ,       :      [302 - Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed pp. 39, 130.].      ,     13 ,    G7,       ,      .   ,        ,       [303 - GHWBPL Memcon of MitterrandBush meeting 13.7.1989 Palais de lElysee p. 2.].

        ,      :       .    1989 .    .    ࠖ                ,                G7.        -,          .          .

            ,     ,  -   , -.       .      ,      .         ,    ,   蠖    ,    .    ,      ,        .     G7   ,         ,          ,    ,               .   ,     .      [304 - Engel When the World Seemed New p. 6; James M. Markham The President Tours a New Europe That Calls Its Own Shots NYT 16.7.1989; Dowd Leaders at Summit Back Financial Aid For East Europe.       .: Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed pp. 6061.  ,   , .: Memcon of ReaganGorbachev talks 11.10.1986 Reykjavik p. 11 thereagan?les.com/ reykjavik-summit-transcript.pdf.].

    ,      ,  ,    . ,  ,  ,          ,      蠖      -   .  ,        ,                   ,  ,        ,       .

        ,   ,  - ,      , ,    ,   ,   ,  ,        .    :      .  ,     ,         -    .   ,   ,      .     ,      [305 -    21.7.1989,  : Bush All the Best pp. 433434. C.Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed pp.132133.].


***

    -        .   ,    .          . 18  ,        .            ,   ,           .     ,   . ,  ,      ,    ,    ,      ,            -  .      .    ,      ,    ,  .        ,   (       ), ,            :  , [306 - John Tagliabue Jaruzelski Wins Polish Presidency by Minimum Votes NYT 20.7.1989; Domber Skepticism and Stability p. 74.].

     - .    ,    , ,     ,          .     4      .            (    ,       ).           ;        ,     .    ,  ,             .

   2            .      ,    蠖           .     ,       .         .                ,   ,                    .

   .          ?         ?   ,  ,    .     ,     .    ,  ,        .    ?    ?[307 - Garton Ash The Magic Lantern pp. 3940. NSArchive, End of the Cold War Poland 1989 Cables US embassy Warsaw to Sec State Coversation with Gen. Kiszczak 11.8.1989; and New Prime Minister May Fail to Form a Government, Will Waesa Try Next? 14.8.1989.].

   .  ,      ,      ,   ,        .     蠖  ,                     ,  ,       .                  1956  1968 .,          ,     .       ,       ,  -     , ⠫     . -  - [308 - John Tagliabue Senior Solidarity Aide Says He Is Being Named Premier; Post-War Milestone In Bloc NYT 19.8.1989.     .: From Rakowskis polit-diary Gorbatschow zu Mieczyslaw Rakowski: Den Weg der Verst?ndigung gehen 22.8.1989,  : Stefan Karner et al. (eds) DerKreml und die Wende 1989: Interne Analysen der sowjetischen F?hrung zum Fall derkommunistischen Regime Dokumente Studienverlag 2014 pp. 434436; Francis X. Clines Gorbachev Calls, Then Polish Party Drops Its Demands NYT 23.8.1989; Castle Triggering Communisms Collapse pp. 204210.].

     ( . . .),          ,      ,   ,     ,  -.        ,  1950-     -.            ,     -  ,       ,           .  19881989 .             [309 - . : Castle Triggering Communisms Collapse p. 207. John Tagliabue Man in the News: Tadeusz Mazowiecki A Catholic at the Helm NYT 19.8.1989.].

24       -,        -,   ,         .             , , ,       -  .         ,      ,           ,   [310 - John Tagliabue Jaruzelski, Moved by Needs and Aspirations of Poland, Names Walesa Aide Premier NYT 20.8.1989.].        , :       ,     [311 - Idem Wider Capitalism to Be Encouraged byPolish Leaders NYT 24.8.1989.].

  ,        ,     ,     402 ,   13 ,     .     ,          12            ,    .        ,  :  ,       ,    .   ,   ,  :      ,      .         -   ,      ,     :        V[312 - Idem Poles Approve Solidarity-Led Cabinet NYT 13.9.1989.].

              ,          , ,   ,      .            : ,   ,                .

            ,      ࠖ ,      ,    - .         .          ,    ,     , ,    .

         ,    .    ,           .       ,      .      ,    ,     --,   ,        .   ,      ,       ,      .     :    .  ,           [313 -  . : Thomas L. Friedman The Challenge of Poland NYT 25.8.1989. Bush quoted in GHWBPL Telcon BushKohl call 23.6.1989 Oval Office p. 2.].

  ,  , ,    ,        .     ,      ,            ,   .   ,     ,            .        ,         1917 .           ,   ,   1989 .  ,        ,     .      ,     ,      ,  ,      .              ,   .         ,         1989 .,   21 ,        ,             [314 - Taubman Gorbachev pp. 481483, 428.].

23 ,    ,        ,    ,   ,      400   ,            ,  1939 .,        ,    1918 .       ,        .        ,            .            ,        .         ,      .      -     堖 ,      [315 -    .: Kristina Spohr Germany and the Baltic Problem after the Cold War: The Development of a New Ostpolitik, 19892000 Routledge 2004 pp. 2022; Graham Smith (ed.) The Baltic States: The National Self-Determination of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania St Martins Press 1996 pp. 132133. Π     .: Michael Dobbs Baltic States Link In Protest So Our Children Can Be WP 24.8.1989; Francis X. Clines Poland Condemns Nazi-Soviet Pact NYT 24.8.1989. Cf. Esther B. Fein Moscow Condemns Nationalist Virus in 3 Baltic Lands NYT 27.8.1989; Michael Dobbs Independence Fever Sets Up Confrontation WP 27.8.1989.].      -       1989 .    ,            .   , ,    ,  젖       ,      ,     .   13 ,     18           .  ,     ,      ࠖ   ,   ,          .     ,  ,        ,   .         .      ,     7            (),   .      ,    ,     .         -    ,     .    ,    ,     ,    ,             .

       . 18        ,    ,         ,     .      25  1990 .,     .       ,   ,   . ,    堖      젖 ,   ,     .        4        ,              16 ,          1956.

    .   -  ,     ,       ,   .        .


***

       .     .        .        -    .               ,       ,   ,   ,   . ,     ,       .            ,     ,       .       .    ,   (  )                :   ,  ,   ,    ,   ,         [316 - Mary Elise Sarotte The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall Basic Books 2014 p. 24.   .: BStU Sekretariat Mittig 27 Blatt 120130 STRENG GEHEIM! Zentrale Auswertungs- und Informationsgruppe: Hinweise auf wesentliche motivbildende Faktoren im Zusammenhang mit Antr?gen auf st?ndige Ausreise nach dem nichtsozialistischen Ausland und dem ungesetzlichen Verlassen der DDR Berlin 9.9.1989 esp. p. 3.].

 ,    ,       .       蠖  ,        ,    ,      , ,     .        .      ,    ,     ,    ,   ,   .    ,  ,    .      ,  -        .       ,    ,    .  ,   ,         .       7  1989 .   ,  ,  98,86%     .    :            [317 - David Childs The Fall of the GDR Longman 2001 p. 66. Serge Schmemann Sour German Birthday; Humiliation of Exodus to West Overwhelms East Berlins Celebration of First 40Years NYT 6.10.1989.].

  ,   , ,        .        .                 (Nie genug vom Wahlbetrug).   ,          ,          젖          .

 ,   , :        .    ,      [318 - Hans Michel Kloth Vom Zettelfalten zum freien W?hlen: Die Demokratisierung der DDR 1989/90 und die Wahlfrage Ch. Links 2000 p. 295; DDR: Zeugnis der Reife Der Spiegel 20/1989 15.5.1989 pp. 2425; Schmemann Sour German Birthday.].  1988 .    29 . .      1989 .    37 .   [319 - Politisches Archiv des Ausw?rtigen Amts Berlin (hereafter PAAA) Zwischen-Archiv (ZA) 139.798E Dr. Mulack an Bundesminister Betr.: Vorsprache und Zu?uchtnahme von Deutschen aus der DDR in unseren osteurop?ischen Vertretungen 20.6.1989 p. 3.].

       .              .         , ,          ,          ,        1969 .  12  1989-     ,          1951 ., , ,      .      ,            :   ,             .                           [320 - BStU ZA ZAIG 5352 Blatt 124134 Zentrale Auswertungs- und Informationsgruppe: Hinweise zum verstarkten Missbrauch des Territoriums der Ungarischen Volksrepublik durch B?rger der DDR zum Verlassen derDDR sowie zum Reiseverkehr nach der UVR 14.7.1989.     1969 . . : Memcon of Fischer-Horn talks in East Berlin 31.8.1989,   Horst M?ller et al. (eds) Die Einheit: Das Ausw?rtige Amt, das DDR-Au?enministerium und der Zweiplus-Vier-Vertrag (hereafter DE) Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2015 doc. 2p. 76 fn. 4.].

      .           :  ,  ,     (ausreisewillige DDR-Burger),     ,    (politisch Verfolgte),   .     ,            ,      ,   21 ,  ,     ,     ,      ,   .  ,          (     )   ;      ,    [321 - Vermerk des stellv. Referatsleiters 513, Mulack Ausreisewillige DDR. B?rger in Ungarn,  : DE doc. 1pp.7374 and fn. 2; BStU ZA ZAIG 4021 Blatt 1192 hier Blatt 7989 MfS  Der Minister: Referat auf derSitzung der Kreisleitung der SED im MfS zur Auswertung der 8. Tagung des ZK [Auszug] 29.6.1989.].

    150200 .     ,     .    ,      .            -  .          -    ;    ,               .     -    ,      ,          .       ,  -     .

 19     .     㠖     - 蠖             ,  : ,  . ,      ,                       ()  --- ().                    [322 - Sebestyen Revolution 1989 p. 311.].

  ,      ,                .        ,     ,   - ,               .         - .      ,      ,      .            ;   , ,             .        9 . ,       ,             ,   .        ,        [323 - Ibid. pp. 312313; Meyer 1989 pp. 98102.].

     ,  , - .      ,   .    .   ,   ,           .         660  .     ,   .     ,    ,   蠖   .               1961 .  320             [324 - Meyer 1989 p. 102; Richard A. Leiby The Uni? cation of Germany, 19891990 Greenwood Press 1999 pp. 1011; Protzman Westward Tide of East Germans Is a Popular No-Con?dence Vote.].

      .       ,  .          ,   ,       ,   .             .         ,            .         堖  :      .       ,       ,      (Festsetzer),              ,             ,  .          .  ,     - ? ,      -          ?      ?        . ,         [325 - .: DE doc. 1p. 74.].

             ,     .   ,           :              .  800     .  181     .         13 .       ,           :    ( 600 )   ( 2200 ),      (  2.    ).          .      ,      , ,    [326 - DE doc. 2p. 78 fn. 5; Kunzmann to StS Lautenschlager Betr.: Versorgung der Deutschen aus der DDR in den Botschaften Prag, Warschau und in Ungarn 5.9.1989,  : DE doc. 3pp. 7981.].

         ,          .      ,    .                .         11  31  1989.,       ,      ,    ,      ,   -         .              ,                ,     [327 - BStU ZA ZAIG 4021 Blatt 1192 hier Blatt 7989 MfS Der Minister: Referat auf derSitzung der Kreisleitung der SED im MfS zurAuswertung der 8. Tagung des ZK [Auszug] 29.6.1989; DE doc. 2p. 75.].

   ,             ,       [328 - Protzman Westward Tide.].   蠖  ,   ,    - ,     頖    .         ,          ,      .    - , ,   .   1927 . 堖  1945 .     ,  ,       ,   ,    ,          .  ,    ,            (),    .         ,    ,      .  ,                ,         .         ,           1989 .          (     ),           [329 - Sarotte The Collapse p. 25.].

 -      .    (  )       ,  -    .    ,      ,   ,      ,      ,      ,          [330 - Memo by Stern to Seiters 8.8.1989 and Mem-con of Duisberg-Nier talks 11.8.1989,  : DESE docs 20 and 21 pp.351355. Serge Schmemann Illness Sparks Succession Watch in East Germany NYT 24.7.1989 p. 3; Robert J. McCartney East Germany Paralysed WP 14.9.1989.].

 ,        ,                ,            .        ,       .              :         1969 . ,      ,        .       ,                       .  ,             .     ,      :     [331 - PAAA ZA 178.925E StS Dr. Sudhoff (Bonn) Mein Gespr?ch mit dem ungarischen AM Horn (14.8.1989) 18.8.1989 p. 4.].

            ,    ,     ,           , - . 25                ,        .     ,     ,        ,   ,    [332 -        ,    ,    25.8.1989, .: DESE docs 289 pp.377382.   . .: NSAEBB No. 490.].

      ,                .    .   ,      ,  :      .            ,           .   ,      .   [333 - Memcon by Genscher on Kohls meeting with Nemth and Horn, Schloss Gymnich,  : DESE doc. 28 p. 380; Kohl Ich wollte pp. 7174 here esp. p. 74.].

      ,        ,     ,  . , ,      ;       ,        ,   ,          ,         .  ,   ,        , , ,    ,          .      ,      ().      1           :        500  ,    -,  500      .       :               ,         [334 - DESE doc. 28 pp. 378379 and NSAEBB No.490; Letter from Kohl to Nmeth 4.10.1989 and Memcon of KohlDelors talks 5.10. 1989,  : DESE docs 57, 58 pp. 442443; Kohl Ich wollte p. 74.].

  ,       ,           .        .      ,   ,          [335 - Kramer The Demise p. 834.].           ,   ,       ,    [336 - Kohl Ich wollte p. 75.].

     ,   ,    . 31           ,       ,              .    ,   ,              ,     ,    ,         .   ,        ,   .             ,     ,  ,      , ,      ,    .  5        ,   ࠫ     [337 -    31.8.1989, .: DE doc. 2pp. 7579  Cable from Bertele to BK Chef 1.9. 1989,   : DESE doc. 34 p. 391; SAPMO ZPA J IV 212/039/77 Verlauf der SED Politb?rositzung am 5. September 1989 (Streng geheim!) 5.9.1989;        : MoH:1989 doc. 79 pp. 515516.].

10       ,            ,       .  ,               .    ,   ,      :             .   ,  ,           ,        .  ,   ,       [338 - Gyula Horn Freiheit, die ich meine: Erinnerungen des ungarischen Au?enministers, der den eisernen Vorhang ?ffnete Hoffmann & Campe 1991 pp. 327328; Serge Schmemann Hungary Allows 7,000 East Germans to Emigrate West NYT 11.9.1989; Henry Kamm Hungarys Motive: Earning Western Goodwill NYT 15.9.1989.].

          .    11    .  ,       2030-  (  ,     ,   ),      ,   .     ,      8100     ,    ,      .    ,      - ,   ,      .       :      ,      .     [339 - Ferdinand Protzman Thousands Swell Trek to the West by East Germans NYT 12.9.1989; Craig R. Whitney The Dream of Reunion; Idea of One Germany Gains New Currency NYT 12.9.1989.].

12            .                   ,  -       .   ,             . ,   ,  ,       ,       .         ,               .                 [340 - Telegram Kohl to Nmeth 12.9.1989, printed in DESE doc. 40 p. 404; Helmut Kohl Vom Mauerfall zur Wieder-vereinigung: Meine Erinnerungen Knaur-Taschenbuch 2009 pp. 5158; Protzman Thousands Swell Trek.].

    30  40 . ꠖ  ,     ,     [341 - Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni?ed p. 68; Mem-con of Seiters-Horvth talks in Bonn 19.9.1989, printed in DESE doc. 41 p. 405; John Tagliabue East Germans Get Permission To Quit Prague For West NYT 1.10.1989.].     ,          .   ,     . ,       ,       ,       . ,       ,         ,       .            7 .   ,       ,    . Ƞ      ,          .           ,    ,   .    ,  ,     ;     .              ;     ,    ,         ,           [342 -   -  .: Letter from GDR Ambassador to Hungary, Gerd Vehres, to Foreign Minister Oskar Fischer 10.9.1989 DAWC   : MoH:1989 doc. 81 pp. 518520;     .: Jonathan Steele Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and the Mirage of Democracy Harvard UP 1994 pp. 184185; Kramer The Demise pp. 836837; Taubman Gorbachev p. 484; MoH:1989 doc. 90 p.548; Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni?ed p.68; Memcon of GorbachevHonecker Meeting in Moscow 28.6.1989,  : Daniel K?chenmeister (ed.) Honecker Gorbatschow: Vieraugengespr?che (hereafter Vieraugengespr?che) Dietz 1993 p. 209.               13 1989, .: Memcon of KohlGorbachev Talks with Delegations in Bonn 13.6.1989,  : DESE doc. 4pp. 294299.].

         ,        .             .    -  ,                 .  27        500  ,    堖 1300[343 - PAAA ZA 139.798E BStSL Betr.: Aktuelle Zahl der Zu?uchtssuchenden 27.9.1989.].

  ,            ,      ,          ,   .   ,           ,  ,         .          ,     ,     ,   XVIII .  ,           .

    3.          800    .     .         ,       ,         -  .    : , ,             ,          ,     .            ,     [344 - Tagliabue East Germans Get Permission to Quit Prague for West.].

      ,       ,    ,  2729   -,     .          ,    [345 -        25.9.1989  -  : DE doc. 7pp. 9799;         (),  (),  (),  (),   () 28.9.1989 :DE doc. 8pp. 100101 and fns 2, 4;    29.9.1989,  : DE doc. 10 pp. 106107. . : PAAA ZA 178.931E Vermerk, Betr.: Gespr?ch BM mit AM Schewardnadze am 27.9.1989 in New York (Kleiner Kreis), 27.9.1989; and PAAA ZA 178.924E Note from Genscher to Shevardnadze 29.9.1989; Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 1419.].     ,     -, ,     29 ,    : ,   ,   ,           .     ,    ,      .  ,     ,   ,           ,       .     ,     ,         .      ,      .  ,      .  -      ,                ,    ,               [346 - SAPMO DY 30/ J IV 2/2A/3243 Protokoll derSitzung des Politbiros 29.9.1989.    .: SAPMO DY 30/ J IV 2/2A/3245; Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 1921.].

    30     -  ,         .        .          .             ,     .          ,     蠖         .   ,          ;                [347 - Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 2122; Richard Kiessler & Frank Elbe Ein runder Tisch mit scharfen Ecken: der diplomatische Weg zur deutschen Einheit Nomos 1993 pp. 3338; DESE docs 51-7 pp. 429442;         (Thomas Strieder) 30.91.10.1989,  : DE doc. 12 pp.110111 fn. 3.].

,        ,     .     . ,   ,        ,          ,  .  ,  :   ,  ,   ,         .       :       [348 - DE doc. 12 pp. 110114; Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 2224.].

   ,    .     . ,    ,      ,      .        ,      ,           [349 - Tagliabue East Germans Get Permission To Quit Prague For West].

 -      .         ,   ,   ,   -   -,            1952 .           .     ,    ,        [350 - Genscher Erinnerungen part 1 pp. 27204.].    ,        ,        ,              .           ,                  1975 .,        ,      .                ,     .    ()  ,      ,      ,    -  . ,                  .      ,      ,     . ,      ,     ,   ,   :    ,     ,     [351 - Ibid. pp. 1314.  . : Serge Schmemann More Than 6,000 East Germans Swell Tide of Emigres to the West NYT 2.10.1989; c. Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 6061.].

,  30      ,          .    -,        ,   ,   .         .   ,   ,    ,        .       ,   ,     .      -     ,     ,     [352 - DE doc. 12 pp. 110114; Tagliabue East Germans Get Permission To Quit Prague For West;      ,   800 ,     ,       ,    . .: Cable by Bertele to Chef BK 2.10.1989,  : DESE doc. 52 pp. 430432.    .: prag.diplo. de/cz-de/botschaft/-/2176350.].

      ,      , , , -- (), ,   .      ,        .    ,             .     ,  ,          .     .     --,        -   .     ,  ,      [353 - Memo by Duisberg to Klein, 2.10.1989, printed in DESE doc. 54 pp. 435436; Kiessler & Elbe Ein runder Tisch pp. 4244; Sarotte 1989 pp. 3133.    ,       , c. DESE doc. 52 p. 432.].

         - ,       ,     .       , ,      .           . -    :   ,  ,     .           ,     ,  蠖       ,      .

         ,           .              ,    ,      . ,  , ,      ,     ,   .  ,        ,  .   ,  ,     ,          ,    [354 -  . : Schmemann More Than 6,000 East Germans.].

   :  ,    ,  .        ,       .            ,   ,  ,   , ,         ,      [355 - Schmemann Sour German Birthday.].

3         ,      .    .         ,     ,      ,        [356 - BStU MfS Rechtsstelle 100 HA Konsularische Angelegenheiten S Reiseverkehr DDRCSSR ( ,   3.10.1989). . : Paula Butturini East Germany Closes Its Border After 10,000 More Flee To West CT 4.10.1989.].    -.             ,   . ,           ,          . ,         . ,     ,       [357 - C. BStU MfS ZAIG 3804 Blatt 16 Ministerium f?r Staatssicherheit: Information no.438/89 ?ber erste Hinweise auf Reaktionen und Verhaltensweisen von Personen der DDR im Zusammenhang mit der zeitweiligen Aussetzung des pass- und visafreien Reiseverkehrs 4.10.1989.].

   ,   1  3   6 .        .        10  11 .  .   ,     ,   .       ,              .      ,     ;    1445     [358 - Telcon of KohlAdamec call 3.10.1989 and Seiters-Duisberg talks and contacts 34.10.1989,  : DESE docs 55-6 pp. 437441; DE docs. 14-15 pp. 115120.      . : SAPMO DY 30/ J IV 2/2A/3245 and DY 30/IV 2/2.039/342.].        ,        ,      ,    ,         .      .      ,     ,     ,    2500 ,     .   5          .     [359 - Sarotte The Collapse pp. 3031. Freedom Train TIME 16.10.1989; Serge Schmemann East Germans Line Emigr Routes, Some in Hope of Their Own Exit NYT 5.10.1989.].

     20 .          (   , -)   .           ,   ;  ,         , ,   ,         1953 .[360 - BStU Au?enstelle Dresden BV Dresden LBV 10167 Blatt 15 Schilderung der Ereignisse in Dresden zwischen dem 3. und dem 8.10.1989 durch den Leiter der BVfS Dresden, B?hm 9.10.1989; Patrick Salmon et al. (eds) Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III, Volume VII, German Uni? cation, 19891990 (hereafter DBPO III VII GU 198990) Routledge 2010 doc. 14 p. 34. . : Ferdinand Protzman Jubilant East Germans Cross to West in Sealed Trains NYT 6.10.1989.]

              .   ,            .   ,         .     ,       ,       .      ;              ,   .    ,       -;      ,      ,      .           ,   ,   .    ,  ,       ,       [361 -   .: Vladimir Putin et al., First Person: An Astonishingly Frank Self-Portrait by Russias President Putin Public Affairs 2000 pp.6981; Fiona Gill & Clifford G. Gaddy How the 1980s Explains Vladimir Putin The Atlantic 14.2.2013; Entry 5.10.1989   ..  1989 NSAEBB No. 275.].

 ,  ,      ,       .          . ,          ,              ,          [362 - Erkl?rung der DDR-Volkskammer zu den aktuellen Ereignissen in der Volksrepublik China, 8.6.1989, printed in Neues Deutschland 8.6.1989;    ,     .: Serge Schmemann East Germans Let Largest Protest Proceed InPeace NYT 10.10.1989.].  ,               .      ,        ,   ,       .     ,      .      ,   ,       ,      1  1989 .,     ,          .           .

        ,         -[363 -             . .: SAPMO ZPA IV 2/2.035/33 Bericht f?r das Politb?ro ?ber die Lage in der VR China (III. Quartal 1989),  : Werner Mei?ner (ed.) Die DDR und China 19451990: Politik Wirtschaft Kultur. Eine Quellensammlung (hereafter DDR-CHINA:PWK) Akademie Verlag 1995 doc. 201 pp. 406407.].       26            ,             .    ,    1989.             ,      [364 - SAPMO ZPA JIV 2/2A/3247 Memcon of JianKrenz talks in Bei ing 26.9.1989,  : DDR-CHINA:PWK, doc. 204 pp.412414 esp. p. 413.].                   ,           ,       .       ,                    .   ,   ,    ໠  ,   [365 - SAPMO ZPA JIV 2/2A/3247 Memcon of QiaoKrenz talks in Beijing, 25.9.1989,  : DDR-CHINA:PWK doc. 203 pp. 409411 esp. p. 410.].       :   젖   ,     [366 - SAPMO DY 30/ J IV 2/2A/3247 Protocol #43 of the Meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED 17.10.1989 p. 5DAWC.].     :         [367 -  How Gorbi Spoiled East Germanys 40th Birthday Party Spiegel-Online 7.10.1989.].      ,     .

          ,       .             ,         .       - .       4         .       , ,     . ,       ,       , -        ,            ,         .   :    , ,     ,       ,       ,  ,      ,    ,    .    :  ,        [368 - David Holley Under Tight Wraps, China Marks 40th Anniversary of Communist Rule LAT 2.10.1989. ,            , ,   ,      .        ,  .   ,          . .: Lee Feigon Bush and China: Whats aMassacre Between Friends? CT 12.12.1989.].


*

            ,      .     ,  .    ,        ,       45,   . -                    .  ,         ,            .        .           ;            .     ,    ,      ,       .        ,   ,  ,  .  ,  ,             [369 - Nicholas D. Kristof Peoples China Celebrates, but without the People NYT 2.10.1989; Li quoted in 40 Years of Communism China to Celebrate Loudly The Baltimore Sun 16.8.1989.].

           ,     4 ,     ,         ,     ,       ,    .    67          ,      ,      .             ,    -      .      ,             .   ,     ,         ,               ,       . ,   ,    [370 - DBPO III VII GU 198990 doc. 17 p. 42; Sebestyen Revolution 1989 pp. 332334; BStU MfS ZAIG 7314 Blatt 130 Plan der Ma?nahmen zurGew?hrleistung der Sicherheit w?hrend des40. Jahrestages der Gr?ndung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 68.10.1989 27.9.1989; BStU MfS ZAIG 8680 Blatt 1 1521 Hinweise f?r Kollegiumssitzung 3.10.1989 Hinweise zur Aktion Jubil?um 40 3.10.1989. ForHoneckers speech on 6.10.1989, available atDeutsche Geschichte in Dokumenten und Bildern German Historical Institute Washington DC (hereafter DGDB-GHIDC).].

 ,     .  6       ظ,         .     ,            ,  ,    ,              ().     ,           ,     --    .           , !      . ,   ,  300     ,  ! ,  !       ,        .       ,   ,           ,        [371 - Taubman Gorbachev pp. 484485. Serge Schmemann Gorbachev Lends Honecker aHand NYT 7.10.1989. C. Maier Dissolution p.148.].

       .     ,         --   ࠖ        ,      .               :   , ,    [372 - Serge Schmemann Police and Protestors Clash Amid East Berlin Festivity NYT 8.10.1989.].

           ,          .     :        .  ,     .              ( ,    1917 .),     ,       ,     . ,   ,          .     15   ,         ,      .              300700%.       ,        .        ,  .

            .        .         ,       :   ,  -      ,     , ,     .        :       ,         .   ,   ,  . ,      ,  -        :   ,  [373 - SAPMO ZPA J IV 2/2.035/60 Memcon of HoneckerGorbachev meeting 7.10.1989 and SAPMO ZPA J IV 2/2.035/60 Memcon of SED Politburo meeting with Gorbachev 7.10.1989,   Vieraugengespr?che docs 20-1 pp. 240266 esp. pp. 241, 243, 256; Schmemann Gorbachev Lends Honecker aHand .].

  24   .        ,                 .             , ,      ,                        ,         .        ,       :       ,   ,      ,       .            .      [374 - SAPMO ZPA J IV 2/2.035/60 Memcon of SED Politburo meeting with Gorbachev 7.10.1989,  : Vieraugengespr?he doc. 21 p.256.    : MoH:1989 doc. 88 p. 545; Schmemann Gorbachev Lends Honecker aHand. . : . . . . 16. . 206211.].

          ,          .       6      ,          ,     ,             1937 ..               1987. ,    1989-.     ,  ,  .    :     ,      .     ,     ,  .    ,           .  ,          ,       .  ,      ,             ,       [375 - Gorbachevs Festansprache zum 40. Jahrestag der DDR (7.10.1989) Neues Deutschland 9.10.1989;  . : Schmemann Gorbachev Lends Honecker a Hand; . . . . 16. . 199200.].

,  -,      .      ,   ,   .     ,      ,     .

  ,    ,           .         .         9     .      , ,     ,  ,   . 7     . ,  ,   ,    .




 3.

 ,   





 :

1.         . ,  1989 .

2.   . 12  1989 .

3.       . , 19  1989 .



9 1989 .   . ,               ,     - ,       ,      蠖 ,   ,    .       Die Mauer ist gefallen ( !).    ,          ,   ,                  .       [376 - Christoph Gunkel Helmut Kohls Polen-Reise 1989 Problemfall Mauerfall Spiegel-Online 6.11.2009; Werner A. Perger Friedliche Revolution: Als Kohl einmal am falschen Platz war Zeit Online 9.11.2009. Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 8486; Horst Teltschik 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung Siedler 1991 pp.1114 esp. p. 14.].               , ,   .    ?

   ,      .   ,         ,               .  1989.     .        ,   ,   6    (3     ),        1944 .      1945-.      ,       .            1970.,           .         /.             ;      , ,            .           .   ,       [377 - Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 83; Teltschik 329Tage pp. 11, 1314.].

      ,   .    .        , ,         .  ,    ,  .        ,  ,       - .           ()    ,      ,     ()  1977 .,     ,      ,       .           ,     ,       1944 .,   ,          ,    . ,     ,      :     1984.       ,   ࠖ   (Vertriebene)       ,      ,       ()  1945.[378 - Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 102103; Teltschik 329Tage p. 14; Andreas R?dder Deutschland einig Vaterland: Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung Beck 2009 pp. 133134; .              -   50   1939 .,                  .      ,          ,    ,   ,    . Weit weg von Auss?hnung DerSpiegel 45/1989 6.11.1989 pp. 1819; Helmut Kohl als Symbol der Geschichte DerSpiegel 47/1989 20.11.1989 pp. 130, 132133 esp. p.132.]

  ,    -,      .          ,                      .  ,         ,    ,      .           -  .  , ,   ,  ,     ,    [379 - Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 8687; Teltschik 329Tage p. 15; c. Gunkel Helmut Kohls Polen-Reise 1989.].

     ,       .     , ,    .   10                      24 .   ,             2:30 ,    .             .  ,     ,               ,         16:30   ظ . ,       1961 .,    , ,  ,    ,         . ,       ,      ,  ,  -  ,     (19491963),        1961.,       .

       .      1989 .   .         ,     ,       ⠖      . ,               ,      ,       .      ,     .   ,       ,     .          ,      ,  -      ظ .

          ,     ,    1963 .   .  :   (Ich bin ein Berliner)[380 - Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 8788; Teltschik 329Tage pp. 1619; Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 655, 657; Gunkel Helmut Kohls Polen-Reise 1989. . : Perger Friedliche Revolution.].

          -       . ,     ,    ,      , ,      ,   ,            .           ,     :       .   ,  ,      . ,          , ,          .      ,           .         ,  :     ,        ,       [381 - Serge Schmemann Joyous East Germans Pour Through Wall; Party Pledges Freedoms, and City Exults  Berlin a Festival NYT 11.11.1989; Genscher Unterwegs zur Einheit pp.228229; idem, Erinnerungen pp. 657661; c.    (Teltschik 329Tage p.20), ,          ;         :  ,   ,     컠   . .  : Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 94  Willy Brandt: Now what belongs together will grow together Deutsche Welle 13.12.2012.].

   .   ,    ,     ,     .        ,     ;        ,   .  ,       ,       (linker P?bel).   ,     .    ,   ,        ,    ,     ,     ,          ,   .    ,     ,      .       ,  .   :    ,    .    .                  ,     :     !    ![382 - Schmemann Joyous East Germans Pour Through Wall. Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp.8893; Teltschik 329 Tage p. 20. . : Helmut Kohl als Symbol pp. 130, 132133.].

  頖    頖        .          .  ,         ,        .  ,    ,       .    ,           .  :  ?      ,       [383 -     10.11.1989,  : DESE doc. 80 pp. 504505; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 8990.].

        ,          .   ,   ,     :     ,        . ,        ,      .            ,  ?        , ,   ,      ,  .

  10     ,   ,       [384 - Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 94.].    . -,    , ,       ,  -,   .         ,       :              .         ,    ,       [385 - Letter by Charles Powell (No. 10) to Stephen Wall (FCO) 10.11.1989, printed in DBPO III VII GU 19891990 doc. 37 p. 102; Telcon of KohlThatcher call 10.11.1989, printed in DESE doc. 81 pp. 506507; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp.9495.].

    ,        ,   10:30         .          ,     .  ,  ,      .            .         ,    .   ,      :               軠   ,          ( ).     :  :  .         .  , ,   .   ,        .    ,            .   ,        젖    ,      23 ,     [386 - Telcon of KohlBush call 10.11.1989, printed in DESE doc. 82 pp. 507509; for the US version see GHWBPL Telcon of KohlBush call 10.11.1989 Oval Office pp. 13; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 95.].

       .   9:15     ,      ,   .  ,   1989 .       ,     (    )       . ,  ,     ,  .      ,            . ,  ,     ,       .  , ,   , , ,       ,          .        ,     ,        - [387 - Telcon of KohlMitterrand call 11.11.1989, printed in DESE doc. 85 p. 512; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 9596.].

  ,    ,    .    9    ,     .  ,           .  ,     ,           1949 .,     . ,  ,    ,        .  ,          .             .    ,      ໠           [388 - Telcon of KohlKrenz call 11.11.1989, printed in DESE doc. 86 pp. 513515; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 9697.].

      ,  ,        ,     11 .         ,      , ,         .        ,          ,       .  ,   ,        .     ,   ,  .      ,   ,    .   (De B?rn is gsch?lt .  ),          :  ,         ,       1953 .[389 - Telcon of KohlGorbachev call 11.11.1989, printed in DESE doc. 87 pp. 515517; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 9799; Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 2729.].

        ,         .   ,           ꠖ  ,              .     ,  ,         ,      .

    ,     ,     243 .  ,   300 .   (Aussiedler)    :  ,       .        .    .    ,       500  ,        .   10           10 ,         ,   .  ,         .   ,    ,      .      ?       ? , ,  ,               [390 - Letter from Waigel to Kohl 10.11.1989, printed in DESE doc. 84; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 97.       . : Christian Joppke East German Dissidents and the Revolution of 1989: Social Movement in a Leninist Regime Macmillan 1995 p. 82; Ian Jeffries Socialist Economies and the Transition to the Market: A Guide Routledge 2002 p. 313.  ,   , . Gerlinde Sinn & Hans-Werner Sinn Kaltstart: Volkswirtschaftliche Aspekte der deutschen Vereinigung DTV 1993. Craig R. Whitney Bonns Politicians Appear Dismayed by Cost of In?ux NYT 7.11.1989.].

  ,   ,         ,                    .      (   )            [391 - Whitney Bonns Politicians Appear Dismayed by Cost of In?ux.].

       11 ,     ,    , ,           ,        . ,           . ,      ,   ,           ,       [392 - Cf. Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 100101. Teltschik 329 Tage p. 29.].


***

    ,             ?

    7     ,         .        ,         ,    .            .                ,  ,    ,   ,     ,   ,    .            .        - :    ,   ,  ,  , -  л,  ,    10 . .         .     ,        [393 - Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk Endspiel: Die Revolution von 1989 in der DDR Beck 2009 p. 387; Detlef Pollack Der Zusammenbruch der DDR als Verkettung getrennter Handlungs-linien in Konrad H. Jarausch & Martin Sabrow (eds) Weg in den Untergang: Der innere Zerfall der DDR Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1999 pp. 4344, 51.].

      頖      ,       .                (69 )[394 - S.: BStU MfS ZAIG 7314 Blatt 130 Plan derMa?nahmen zur Gew?hrleistung derSicherheit w?hrend des 40. Jahrestages derGr?ndung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 68.10.1989 27.9.1989; BStU MfS ZAIG 8680 Blatt 1 1521 Hinweise f?r Kollegiumssitzung 3.10.1989. Hinweise zur Aktion Jubil?um 40 3.10.1989. See also Kowalczuk Endspiel pp. 389391.],              ,         7 ,  :    [395 - Dieter Kr?ger & Armin Wagner (eds) Konspiration als Beruf: Deutsche Geheimdienstchefs im Kalten Krieg Ch. Links 1999 p. 260; Sebestyen Revolution 1989 p. 335.].     -    ,                  ,  !,      ,     ,   ,     .     ;             . ,  ,   , :  .

        ,   ,     ,         .    ,      ,  ,              ,  -    .    ,        ,     ,       [396 - Serge Schmemann Police and Protestors Clash Amid East Berlin Festivity NYT 8.10.1989 p. 18; idem Security Forces Storm Protestors in East Germany NYT 9.10.1989; Stefan Wolle Die heile Welt der Diktatur: Alltag und Herrschaft in der DDR 19711989 Ch. Links 2013 pp. 320322.          76 .  7   ,     20.,   ;                     -. .: Kowalczuk Endspiel pp.396399.].

       9   ,          .          ,        頖 ,      ,                          .  25     ,  5 .;      15 .,       , , .        ,  ,  ,     ,  :  [],    ,   .                  [397 - .: Die Geduld ist zu Ende Der Spiegel 41/1989 9.10.1989. Pollack Der Zusammenbruch pp. 44, 52.].

,  9      ,,         .              .    -                          :               .  ,  ,        ,       .     ,            [398 - Serge Schmemann East Germans Let Largest Protest Proceed in Peace NYT 10.10.1989; Wir bitten Sie um Besonnenheit Roland W?tzel ?iber den Aufruf der Leipziger Sechs am 9. Oktober 1989 in der Messemetropole 29 Neues Deutschland 8.10.2014. See also Sarotte The Collapse pp. 5556, 69.].

        .                       [399 - BStU MfS BdL/Dok 006921 Fernschreiben des SED-Generalsekret?rs Honecker an die 1. Sekret?re der SED-Bezirksleitungen, vonMielke mit Begleitschreiben weitergeleitet an die Leiter der Stasi-Bezirksverwaltungen 8.10.1989. Tobias Hollitzer Der friedliche Verlauf des 9. Oktober in Leipzig Kapitulation oder Reformbereitschaft? in G?nther Heydemann et al. (eds) Revolution und Transformation in der DDR 1989/1990 Duncker & Hum-blot 1999 pp. 247288 here p. 261; Sarotte The Collapse pp. 4344.      .    -  ,   .: Tobias Hollitzer & Sven Sachenbacher (eds) Diefriedliche Revolution in Leipzig Leipziger Uni-Vlg 2012 p. 409.].    ,  -,  9 ,   ,         -,       .                .      :                         [400 -  . : Schmemann East Germans Let Largest Protest Proceed In Peace; Chinesische Lehre und westliche Hetzballons taz 11.10.1989.].

      9   ,     ,  ,     .   ,      .      1500 , 3 .   600 ,    .   ,   ,    .     ,    .    ;     ;      [401 - BStU MfS BdL/Dok 006921 Fernschreiben des SED-Generalsekret?rs Honecker an die1. Sekret?re der SED-Bezirksleitungen, vonMielke mit Begleitschreiben weitergeleitet an die Leiter der Stasi-Bezirksverwaltungen 8.10.1989; BStU MfS BdL/Dok 006920 Telegrafische Weisung Mielkes an die Leiter der Diensteinheiten 8.10.1989. . : Hans-Hermann Hertle Der Fall der Mauer: Die unbeabsichtigte Selbstauflosung des SED-Staates Westdeutscher Verlag 1999 pp. 114115; R?dder Deutschland p. 88; Sarotte The Collapse p. 52.].  6            .       ,     70 .         [402 - R?dder Deutschland p. 88; Sarotte The Collapse pp. 43, 5354; Hollitzer Der friedliche Verlauf pp. 268280.].

 -    .             .          ,         ,      .        .  ,      25 ,  -     . Ƞ      ,      ,          ,    ,            ,           .    ,  ,   .          ,      .   ,          .     -   ,          ,        .           .

,    .   ,         ,      ,       .  .   .   .  ,  ,         ,            ,    .   ,                :   :   (Wir sind das Volk)[403 - Sarotte The Collapse pp. 6977; Pollack Der Zusammenbruch der DDR pp. 5564; R?dder Deutschland pp. 8182.].

  .     頖       .         .     .          .

         .   ,       (DieLage ist so beschissen, wie sie noch nie in der SED war),     17      [404 - BArch/P E-1- 56321 Pers?nliche Aufzeichnungen Sch?rers ?ber die Politb?rositzung am 17. Oktober 1989,  : Hertle DerFall der Mauer doc. 4p. 431.].                 [405 - SAPMO-BArch SED ZK J IV 2/2A/3247 Protokoll des Politb?ros der SED vom 17.10.1989 (Auszug)  : Gerd-R?idiger Stephan (ed.) Vorw?rts immer, r?ckw?rts nimmer! Interne Dokumente zum Zerfall von SED und DDR 1988/89 Dietz 1994 doc. 35 p. 166. Erkl?rung des Genossen Erich Honecker (    ) Berlin 18.10.1989 CVCE.EU.].       :          ,       ,    ,              [406 - Pollack Der Zusammenbruch der DDR pp.6566.    .: Sarotte The Collapse pp. 26, 28.].

18      ,     (Wende).        : ,     Ѕ     ,  ,      .             .         ,  .  ,       : ,   (Wende)    (Umbruch).

 ,   ,      ;   ,             .                :     ?   ,        [407 - Pollack Der Zusammenbruch der DDR p.59; SHStA Dresden SED 13218.               (1. Bezirkssekret?re der SED) 12.10.1989  ,  : Stephan (ed.) Interne Dokumente doc. 33 pp. 157161 and SAPMO-BArch TonY 1/TD 737.      18.10.1989,  :Hertle & Stephan (eds) Das Ende der SED doc. 9p. 124; R?dder Deutschland pp. 9394.].     .

        .  ,          .       ,   ,   ,          ,   .  ,      ,     ,               .  ,       ,          .   ,    :     [408 - Telex von Bertele an Chef BK 22.9.1989,  : DESE doc. 45 pp. 413416 esp. p. 414; Gerhard Wettig Niedergang, Krise und Zusammenbruch der DDR Ursa-chen und Vorgange in Eberhard Kuhrt et al. (eds) DieSED-Herrschaft und ihr Zusammenbruch Leske & Budrich 1996 p. 418; Pollack DerZusammenbruch der DDR pp. 6567. . : Niall Ferguson The Square and theTower: Networks, Hierarchies and the Struggle for Global Power Allen Lane 2017.].

   18    ,       ,     頖    .        .   ,    -;            :     ,      .       .   .     .

23           300 . . ,            ,    ,         .       ,        7  8 .        145  .    210.      ,          :



  , 16 .

,      , 23 .

   !, 23 .

     û, 30 .


 , ,    .       - ,       [409 - Pollack Der Zusammenbruch der DDR pp.6668; R?dder Deutschland pp. 98102; Wolle Die heile Welt der Diktatur pp. 440441.].             (F?hrungsanspruch),     ,     [410 - .: Serge Schmemann East Germanys Cabinet Resigns, Bowing to Protest and Mass Flight NYT 8.11.1989.].    , ,      ,             .      ,      , 頖 -, ,              Mb,        [411 - R?dder Deutschland p. 95.].

  31   , ,        ,   .       40% ,   .       .      .      2     1970 .  49   1989-[412 -      ,        .].    , -            2530%.                      .      .    ,           ,   ,        .     :   ,         ,         ,   [413 - SAPMO-BArch DY 30/5195 Gerhard Sch?rer, Gerhard Beil, Alexander Schalck, Ernst H?fner und Arno Donda: Vorlage f?r dasPolitb?ro des ZK der SED Analyse der?konomischen Lage der DDR mit Schluftfolgerungen, 30.10.1989; Hertle Der Fall der Mauer docs 78 pp. 448460 and p. 461;      1989 . . : R?dder Deutschland p. 73. . : Gerhard Heske Diegesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Ostdeutschland 1970 bis 2000 Neue Ergebnisse einer volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung Historical Social Research (2005) p. 238; Die Entwicklung der Staatsverschuldung seit der deutschen Wiedervereinigung Deutsche Bundesbank Monatsbericht (March 1997).].

                 . 1        .     .    ,         ;         .  ,           4,5  .      ,    -    蠖  .    ,  ,     ,     .  ,    1989 .   240 .  ,     [414 - SAPMO-Barch, ZPA-SED, J IV 2/2A.3255,    1.11.1989  , : Hertle Der Fall der Mauer doc. 9pp. 462482.].

           ,              .       .     ,    ,    ,               .     ,  .   ,         .      .     ,  ,   ,       ,  .   ,   ,     .  ,       .          [415 - Bill Keller New East German Chief Hints at Election Changes NYT 2.11.1989.].

  ,    . ,               .  1     .        .    :  8 .      . 3  ,   ,   ,      ,         .  ,  ,    : 23 .         45 ,   8      50 [416 - Drahtbericht, Hiller (Prag) an AA 4.11.1989,   DE doc. 18 esp. fns1, 2, 6. Telegramm des tschecho-slowakischen DDR-Botschafters ?ber die Grenzschlieftung 3.10.1989; Beschluss des Politb?ros der SED zum visafreien Verkehr 24.10.1989,     Karel Vodicka DiePrager Botschafts??chtlinge 1989 V&R Unipress 2014 docs 38, 55 pp. 380, 407408.  ,      , .: docs 5767 pp. 414428; John Tagliabue Travel Ban Lifted and East Germans Swarm to Prague NYT 2.11.1989; idem More East Germans Seek Passage through Prague NYT 3.11.1989.].

 ,       . ,    ,  :    .   .   [417 - Serge Schmemann East Germans New Leader Vows Far-Reaching Reform and Urges End to Flight NYT 4.11.1989; idem East Germany Opens Frontier to the West for Migration or Travel; Thousands Cross NYT 10.11.1989.].     :            ,    .     ,    30% ,       ,           [418 - Idem East Germanys Cabinet Resigns, Bowing to Protest and Mass Flight NYT 8.11.1989].

        . 4        ,   .             . ,      , ,  , ,    ,    .   , : , , , . ,     ,  ,   ,        .  ,         .

      ,    ,     .      .   ,      , ?   蠖   .      ,      ,    ,     ;   ,    ,    .         .   ,   ,    1989.       .

   , -  ,   . ,             -   ,  ,       :    [419 - Idem 500,000 in East Berlin Rally for Change; Emigres Are Given Passage to West NYT 5.11.1989.].

  6        Р  400 .   300 .           .         ,         ,         30 .    :       ?      ,            15      8 .   ,       ,   [420 - Idem 10,000 More Flee as East Germany Vows Easy Travel NYT 6.11.1989; idem East Germanys Cabinet Resigns, Bowing to Protest and Mass Flight NYT 8.11.1989; idem East Germany Opens Frontier to the West For Migration or Travel. .  Peter Brinkmann Zeuge vor Ort: Correspondent in der DDR 89/90 Edition Ost 2014 pp. 89.].

   ,     8    .         ,   ,    21   11,   ,     .             .   ,   ,   ,       ,     堖  .       . Ƞ ,       .       [421 - Kowalczuk Endspiel p. 454; R?dder Deutschland p. 106; Serge Schmemann Bonn Ties More Aid for East Germany to Free Elections; Politburo Ranks are Shaken up by New Leader NYT 9.11.1989.].

  , 9         ,       .         .                 ,        .  6       ,         [422 - Hertle Der Fall der Mauer pp. 163176; Sarotte The Collapse pp. 93119; R?dder Deutschland pp. 106108.].

     .              .      ,  ,    ,        ,    .   ,    ,          ,   .   ,  ,   .       ?               .     .    .

   ?     ?    ?    ?      ?      :   ,  .         ,      ,     ,   [423 - G?nter Schabowskis Press Conference in the GDR International Press Centre 6.537.01 p.m. 9.11.1989 DAWC.     .  : Hertle Der Fall derMauer pp.168172; Brinkmann Zeuge vor Ort pp.2325; Albrecht Hinze Versehentliche Z?ndung mit verz?gerter Sprengkraft SZ 9.11.1989 p. 17.].

 -   :  ,     ?



:  ,      .     .   .

      ?       .   ,            ,       ,      ,     Ѕ    ,      .       ,      ,      ,    ,         .

,       , ,  ,              ,       .  .


        .   - .    ,          .         л,     19:02.   ,      .         ,      ,    .   ,  , ,     ,   ,       ( ),     [424 - Reuters 9.11.1989 7.02 Uhr: Ausreisewillige DDR-B?rger k?nnen ab sofort ?ber alle Grenz?berg?nge der DDR in die Bundesrepublik ausreisen; AP 9.11.1989 7.05 p.m.; ARD Tagesschau 8.00 p.m. 9.11.1989 youtube.com/ watch?v=llE7tCeNbro. Cf. Brinkmann Zeuge vor Ort pp. 1927; Hertle Der Fall der Mauer pp. 172174.].

          ࠖ   .

              ,    ,  ,        .       ,  ,       ,    .     :  ! (Tor auf!).  -    60       ,    1964 .        ,     ,       .  ,   ,    ,     .         .  9      :    ,    ,     , ,    .             .   ,     .      .      ,   ,    , , ,       -.         ,         , ,     [425 - Hertle Der Fall der Mauer pp. 180187, 380389; Gerhard Haase-Hindenberg Der Mann, der die Mauer ?ffnete: Warum Oberstleutnant Harald J?ger den Befehl verweigerte und damit Weltgeschichte schrieb Heyne 2007 pp. 194201. .  Sarotte 1989 pp. 4142; idem, The Collapse pp. 127150.].

 ,           ,      ; ,       ,          .    ,      ,   .    ,         .           ,          ࠖ   ,        .     ,            1961 .,    ,        ,       .

  ,    , ,    ,  ,      ,      ,     .   .      .       .       [426 - Hertle Der Fall der Mauer pp. 188192; Ferdinand Protzman East Berliners Explore Land Long Forbidden NYT 10.11.1989.] .

  ,      ,      :   !        ;          ,         .     ,          -[427 - Protzman East Berliners Explore Land Long Forbidden NYT 10.11.1989.].

                :       ,      .

   ,        .              (),          15  ,            ,    100 ꠖ  55.,      ,     ( ).   ,   ,           蠖     ,    蠖        [428 - Serge Schmemann Joyous East Germans Pour Through Wall; Party Pledges Freedoms, And City Exults NYT 11.11.1989; Einmal Kudamm und zur?ck Der Morgen 1112.11.1989; DDR Reiseb?ro beklagt Man-gel an Devisen Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) 10.11.1989; Eine friedliche Revolution Der Spiegel 46/1989 13.11.1989. C. Garton Ash The Magic Lantern p. 62.].

                  . ,     蠖       -,    ,           .               (Heim ins Reich),                 [429 - Hannes Bahrmann & Christoph Links. Wir sind das Volk: Die DDR im Aufbruch Eine Chronik Aufbau 1990 p. 99; Hurra wir kaufen die DDR taz 24.11.1989.].         .         [430 - .: Christof Geisel Auf der Suche nach einem dritten Weg: Das politische Selbstverst?ndnis der DDR-Opposition in den 80er Jahren Ch. Links 2005 pp. 107124; Karsten Timmer Vom Aufbuch zu Umbruch: Die B?rgerbewegung in der DDR 1989 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2000 p.341.]           .      :           -  .      ,         ?       ?

 ,           ?  ,             .    -       1988.;         1989-,      1989 .   ,          ,  ,            ,   .   -       ,     .    ,      ,      ,    .         ;     ,    ,   .

            .         ,    ,               .      ,         .    ,  ,      ,      ,   ,                  ,     .      1970 . : ,    ,     :      ,   ,    .     л.    1989 .   ,      .      ,  ,     .       ,     .

           .   9         ,      .                        .        ,      -          .

             . ,      ,    ,    .   -             .             ,   ,     .        ,      .            ꠖ -      ,             .       ,        ,                 .       ,      ,       ,          (  ),          .      .

           (Demokratischer Aufbruch)   -        .               頖    ,      ,         ,     .        7,        130.   .          ,    13;      (Wir sind das Volk)  ⠫   (Wir sind ein Volk).              .          ;             : ,   ,  .     .    ,    ,     ,             [431 - Hans-Hermann Hertle Die Berliner Mauer: Biografie eines Bauwerkes Ch. Links 2015 p.102; Garton Ash The Magic Lantern pp. 69, 74.].

    ,       .       ,         ,   .    ,      :             9     .   22     .    ,     ,   ,   .              (10 )         (11 ).   ,   , , ,       . ,        ,      ,      .

        (       -),       ,     ,   .  ,     ,        ,       ,    ,         .            1989 .   ,          ,      [432 - Die DDR ?ffnet ihre Grenzen zum Westen Tagesspiegel 10.11.1989; Mauer und Stacheldraht trennen nicht mehr FAZ 11.11.1989. Π,    , .: Sarotte 1989 pp. 3839, 41, 44, 46. . : Julia Sonnevend Stories Without Borders: TheBerlin Wall and the Making of a Global Iconic Event Oxford UP 2016 pp. 8990.].


***

       .      ,   .   -    .

     ,     ,   ,     . 9,     ,      .               ,    .       ,    .     ,        ,   ,   ,      .   ,    堖    ,     .        2,2  .    ,  -   (  100  .,      ).    400  .  ,     1970- .                ,            -.   -,         堖  ,  :    ,    [433 - John Tagliabue A Goodwill Trip Ends; Kohl Recalls Auschwitz and Agrees to Aid Poles NYT 15.11.1989. . : GHWBPL WHORM Files CO054-02 FRG Letter from Kohl to Bush 6.11.1989 pp. 23.].

   ,     ,    ,     ,            ,           . , , , ,        ,     .          8 ,     ,          16 .

      ,       ,  . ,     ,        .      ,    ,                ,    .  ,      ,     .

                   .        ,  , ,         [434 - Craig R. Whitney Bonn Ties More Aid for East Germany to Free Elections: Kohl Says There is Less Reason Now to Accept Division of Nation NYT 9.11.1989; Deutscher Bundestag Stenographische Berichte 11. Wahlperiode 176. Sitzung p. 13335; Serge Schmemann Kohl Says Bonn Will Not Press East Germany on Reuni?cation NYT 17.11.1989; R?dder Deutschland p. 137.].

     ,  , ,    .   ,             18. ,          ,            ,  -12         ,    ,              .       ,         89      ()           .  ,            -      .   ,              23 [435 - Alan Riding Western Europe Pledges to Aid East NYT 19.11.1989.].

    ,        .         , , ,   .          9 ,              .   ,      ,     --  .      ,   ,     ,    .        ,  ,         .    :        : ,   (.. )      [436 -  ,    1979 .,       :         1982 .     -2    ,  廠         .                        1979 .    ,     ,     .     ,   ,                .         .      .         ,      .            : - ,   ,     .        -2     1983 ., ,      ,        1987 .,      ,    .]   ,      . , ,        ,   [437 - Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 108109.         ,    .].

   ,         .           .       ,    .             .       ,    -  .   , ,  ,   .

      .     ,   :         ,        .              ,  ,           . , ,     ,      .  - ,      1970 .,          .  ,     ,     ,    - .    . ,   ,   ,     ,    -  .          :        .  ,    ,       .      ,  :     ,  ![438 -      . .: Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 110111; Thatcher The Downing Street Years pp. 793794; Jacques Attali Verbatim III: Premi?re partie, 19881989 Fayard 1995 pp. 431433. : Tilo Schabert Wie Weltgeschichte gemacht wird: Frankreich und die deutsche Einheit Klett-Cotta 2002 pp. 411415; Bozo Mitterrand pp. 135137; Sarotte 1989 p.64.]

   ,      -.     ;       .       ,      ⠖    ,      -  .

      ,  ,          ,        .        ,      ,      .    ,        , ,   .     ?   -    ?   , ,  ,     [439 - Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 110111; Sarotte 1989 p. 64; Bozo Mitterrand pp. 135138.       .: GHWBPL Telcon of Bushs call to Kohl 17.11.1989 Oval Office pp. 14.       .: DESE doc. 93, pp. 538540.  ,              , .: R. W. Apple Jr Possibility of a Reunited Germany Is No Cause for Alarm, Bush Says NYT 25.10.1989.].

          ,     .          ,      ,        .  ,      :  ,        (la necessaire duree du processus   ),             .       (largo  accelerando), ,    . ,   ,    .         ,   1982 .[440 - Bozo Mitterrand p. 138         (23.11.1989)  -  (22.11.1989).]

  ,                  -  .       ,  ,      ,   -                ,  ,     - .     ,               ,         .

         22 ,        .     ,   ,   .   , ,    ,  ,     ,  .  , ,   .            :     堖    ,     (Deutschlandpolitik)      (Europapolitik)     ,  [441 -     , 22.11.1989, video at my-european-history.ep. eu/ myhouse/ story/921.].

        .      ,        .      .         (      518), ,             [442 - Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 113; Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 4647.].

       .          ,     ,   ,     ,  ,      ,          .    ,   ,         ,       ,      ,            .      .

  , ,      ,   ,   .    20       ,   (Sagen, was ist).      .       ,  ,     ,          .    ,    ,   ,     [443 - Rudolf Augstein Sagen, was ist Der Spiegel 47/1989 20.11.1989.].

        ,   ,        .       , ,       ,      .         ,  ,          ,            .       [444 - Die DDR ist am Zuge Spiegel-Gespr?ch mit Deutsche-Bank-Chef Alfred Herrhausen ?ber die ostdeutsche Wirtschaftsmisere DerSpiegel 47/1989 20.11.1989.].

,       ,     .

 ,   ,    ,        ,       ,   .  ,        .    ,   :     ,     ,       , 1945  1937 ;    .    [445 -   :       - :          .  ,    ,       ,      .           .       ,      .  ,      ,          ,    ,     .         ,     1945     1937 ;   .     [. . ..]. .: Viel Gef?hl, wenig Bewu?tsein Spiegel-Gespr?ch mit demSchriftsteller G?nter Gra? ?ber eine m?gliche Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands DerSpiegel 47/1989 20.11.1989.].

   ,     ,     .   ,   ,       ,      ,  ,  [446 - Das Gespenst des Vierten Reiches Derstellvertretende SPD-Vorsitzende Oskar Lafontaine ?ber die Politik seiner Partei DerSpiegel 39/1989 25.9.1989.].  8 ,        ,           [447 -            8 1989 . :  堖     ,           .     ,     ,      ,        (. . ..).].    ,    ,       ,   ,                 .      ,       , ,   ,      ,       [448 - Man mu? auch anst??ig sein Der Spiegel 52/1989 25.12.1989.].

         (),   1960- .     ,   ,        .  9   ,         [449 -  ,   :          . Bild am Sonntag 1.10.1989. : Bernt Conrad, Ich habe nichts zu korrigieren Egon Bahr wird 75 Unbeirrte R?ckschau eines Vordenkers Die Welt 18.3.1997].    ,   , ,       .     ,     ,     [450 - Egon Bahr Nachdenken ?ber das eigene Land Frankfurter Rundschau 13.12.1988.          ,       .      ,      . .: Margit Roth Innerdeutsche Bestandsaufnahme der Bundesrepublik 19691989: Neue Deutung Springer VS 2014 pp.148149.].

    ,   ,  .  ,  ,    [451 - Rede von Willy Brandt auf dem SPD-Parteitag, Berlin, 18.12.1989 CVCE.EU. Es kann keine Rede davon sein, im Westen die Schotten dicht zu machen.].       ,          .          ,      ,           ,     [452 -  :   ,       ,   -        . .: Man mu? auch anst??ig sein Der Spiegel 52/1989 25.12.1989 and In Angst vor der Einheit Der Spiegel 51/1989 18.12.1989.].      -,   ,  ,   ,  ,        ,         [453 - Die Geduld ist zu Ende Der Spiegel 41/1989 9.10.1989.].

   ,      ,    ,        (    ),          .   ,   ,     ,  26     , ,                 û[454 - R?dder Deutschland pp. 118124. . : F?r unser Land on 26.11.1989, .: Matthias Judt (ed.) DDR-Geschichte in Dokumenten: Beschl?sse, Berichte, interne Materialien und Alltagszeugnisse Ch. Links 1998 p. 544.].

       -          17 .         1990 .,      ,      .   ,               .  ,   Р          ,     .   ,   ,  ,                .     ,           (Ostpolitik  Osthandel),       [455 - Craig R. Whitney New Ties to Bonn Sought byPremier of East Germany NYT 18.11.1989.].

        ,    ,        .    ,  ,      .         .    19  :  ,      ?[456 - Herbert Kremp Lassen wir uns die Einheit vom anderen vorformulieren? Die Welt 19.11.1989.]        ظ         ,          [457 - Bahrmann & Links Wir sind das Volk p. 146. . : Republikaner Mit Freude einschl?rfen: Mit intellektualisiertem Programm wollen die Republikaner den Einzug in den Bundestag schaffen Der Spiegel 48/1989 27.11.1989.].

    .   20       : ,        ,  ,  .       ,     :     .        ,            .

       ,  ,    .               ,     :          ,          .      [458 - Teltschik 329 Tage p. 41.].

       ,         ,                     .  ,  .           ,          (der Schl?ssel liegt im Kreml)[459 - Ibid. pp. 42, 40.].

       21      10:30   ,    ,      .       ,  ,        ,     ,     ,        .   , ,     .  ,     ,             .

     .       ,        ,       12 .    ,    ,            ,           .       .   ,     ,           [460 - Vorlage von Teltschik f?r Kohl 6.12.1989 and Memo SU und deutsche Frage ( ),    : DESE docs 112 and 112A pp. 616617. Teltschik, 329 Tage pp. 4344.    . : The Soviet Origins of Helmut Kohls 10 Points NSAEBB No. 296; Grachev Gorbachevs Gamble pp. 143147 esp. pp. 146147; Alexander von Plato DieVereinigung Deutschlands ein weltpolitisches Machtspiel: Bush, Kohl, Gorbatschow und die internen Gespr?chsprotokolle Ch. Links 2009 pp. 115121; Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni?ed p. 118].    , ,  ,         .   ,   -      ,            .      ,       ,  ,     17     -,          [461 - Teltschik 329 Tage p. 45.].

      ,   ,   .    :           .       ,  ,   :     :              养    ,  ,                ,       .            ? ,   ,      ,                         ?    ,             , -   씻.   ,           ,  ,            [462 - DESE doc. 112A pp. 616618; Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 4344.].

,   ,   .           .       ,    ,          ,    .     ,           .     ,         ,     :      .              ,                  .     㠖      ,   ,       -   .            .   , ,  [463 - Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 4445.].

  ,   ,  , ,                   6 .  ,      ,      .  ,         ? ,   ,   ,    :            -    -.      ,        .  ,     ,           ,       ,      10 [464 - Ibid. pp. 4749.].

       23     ,    ()     (Chefsache)              ,    ,     (.. , ,     -    ).      [465 - Ibid. pp. 4445, 49.].  ,             ,       , 28        .                     .     25          ,      [466 - Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 113115; Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 5051.].

      ,  -             ,  ,    ,  .              ,       ,      .               [467 - Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 114115.].

   ,       .               ࠖ  ,   ,    -           .                ,        10           .            -,             .  ,           ,   8   ,     [468 -   ,                    -      . See Whitney Bonn Ties More Aid For East Germany To Free Elections.].    ,       -.     ,          ظ     1937 .

                .       ,     ,                  (Zweistaatlichkeit),  , ,  ,      .      ,          ,        ,       1938 .:     .   , ,      Bundestaat, .. ,  ,  .       ,       ,     ,      (Bundestaat),     (Staatenbund)  ,      .   ,    ,          蠖   ,      ,     : ,   (Deutschland, einig Vaterland)     (Wir sind ein Volk).   ,   (Einheit)     ,        ,    ,        .

    ,      ,       .     ,    ,           .    ,   .           堖        [469 - Ein Staatenbund? Ein Bundesstaat? Der Spiegel 49/1989 4.12.1989.].

  28   10       .   ,  ,  ,       10       [470 - Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 115.].     ,   ,          .           ,          ,              .     ,             ,      .   ,            ,  ,    ,   .      ,   .

     (    )          ,             .            1975       :        .  ,          ,  ,             ,      .    ,                  1989 .          .  ,             ,  .      ,  .   ,       .        -.

         ,        . ,      ,        .           ,  ,    ,               .        .           .

,    ,    ,   ,    .                   ,         .     蠖  蠖    .    ,      .             :   ,  , ,     ,    .    ,    ໠     .    ,        . , ,      . , ,     (  1867 .  1871 .),              [471 - Helmut Kohls Ten-Point Plan for German Unity (28.11.1989) DGDB-GHIDC.  . .: Rede von Bundeskanzler Helmut Kohl im Bundestag (10-Punkte-Programm) 28.11.1989 CdMDA.].

      , ,   ,   .       ,      .   ,   , ,        .  :      : ,    [472 - Teltschik 329 Tage p. 58.].

                  ,  .      ,       .       ,           ,   .

 ,        ,          .                       ,            [473 - AmEmb Bonn to Sec State Washdc Cable Subject: Kohls Ten-Point-Program Silence on the Role of the Four Powers 1.12.1989, reprinted in CWIHP Paris Conference 2006.]. Ƞ ,      ,  -  ,       ,     .  ,     ,          ,      .


***

  ,          . ,     ,    ,           .   ,     , -         ,     ,   .        14- ,   ,        ,    ,                [474 - R. W. Apple Jr Millions of Czechoslovaks Increase Pressure on Party with 2-Hour General Strike NYT 28.11.1989; Ferdinand Protzman Kohl to Outline Plan for German Unity NYT 28.11.1989.].   29                          .              [475 - R. W. Apple Jr Prague Party to Yield Some Cabinet Posts and Drop Insistence on Primacy in Society NYT 29.11.1989; Ferdinand Protzman Kohl Offers an Outline to Create Confederation of the 2 Germanys NYT 29.11.1989; Excerpts from Kohl Speech on Reuni?cation of Germany NYT 29.11.1989.  , ,   10      : Mark Fisher Kohl Proposes Broad Program for Reuni?cation WP 29.11.1989.   ,           ,   ,        .].            ,             -   .           .   ,         -:     ࠖ [476 - Ferdinand Protzman Head of Top West German Bank Is Killed in Bombing by Terrorists NYT 1.12.1989; .  Wir k?nnen jeden erledigen and cover of Der Spiegel 49/1989 4.12.1989.].

     ,   10    .  , ,  ,      ,  ,     .      , ,    ,        [477 - AmEmb Bonn to Sec State Washdc Cable Subject: Kohls Ten-Point-Program Silence on the Role of the s Four Powers 1.12.1989,   CWIHP Paris Conference 2006.].      :         ,         ,        .     .

    ,       ,  .   ,    ,          .     ,            ,           ,       ,  , .        ,      ,   ,       .       1989.   ,    ,    1776-.  ,        ⠖ , , ,     ,       ,      ,       .                  ࠖ ,         .    ,   10 ,   堖       .    ,      ,  ,         ,        1945 .  ,   ,      [478 -    28.11.1989,   DESE doc. 101 pp. 567573; Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni?ed p. 122; Jason De Parle THE WORLD  The Bitter Legacy of Yalta: Four Decades of What-Ifs NYT 26.11.1989.].

,          :      ,    ,         .        黠              -,  ,        .       .  ,           [479 -    28.11.1989, . : Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni?ed p. 122.].

     ,   .          10 ,         ,       .        ,      ,    ,     .  ,      ,   ,  ,         .  ,     ,    ,   .    [480 - Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 194.].

29       . -,            ,        .         ࠖ ,           .     ,     .           ,      .    ,     .     ,   .  ,           . ,  ,    :      . ,      .      .    .     ,       л.      .  ,      ,      ,    ,    ,    .      .       ,    ,    ,    .          ໠         .           [481 - GHWBPL Telcon of Bushs call to Kohl 29.11.1989 Oval Office pp. 1, 4.           DESE.  . : Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni?ed p. 123.].

        ,  :   .  ,    .   , ,   -,    ,    (vision thing),  ,          [482 -    ,                   ; Martin J. Medhurst (ed.) The Rhetorical Presidency of George H. W. Bush Texas A&M Press 2006 ch. 2. See also Thomas Singer (ed.) The Vision Thing: Myth, Politics and Psyche in the World Taylor & Francis 2014.  , , ,    ,      1987.                 .    ,       ,    1987 . Newsweek     :    .      1988 .          ,        .   ,      , ,    ,      ,       .    .      29     .     ,  ,             1989 .          ,  ,   ,   .  , ,  -     .].  ,    ,  , :   , ,             ,    ,        .  .   ,  :    -  锠     .   :        ,     ,  .    :  ,                 ,       [483 -       29.11.1989 APP.].

      .               ,       .       젖    -  ,                .   -  : ,   .       [484 - Vorlage von Lambach fur Sudhoff, 1.12.1989,   DE doc. 25;       29.11.1989,  :     . . 267; . . . . 17. . 206; Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni? ed p. 124; Kiessler & Elbe Ein runder Tisch pp. 5254; Vorlage von Hartmann an Kohl 1.12.1989,  :DESE doc. 107 pp. 595596.].       .      ,    ,       ,             [485 - Kiessler & Elbe Ein runder Tisch pp. 5152].

,    ,  ,    ,  .      ,          10 .    , ,    ,         ,  ,   10 ,    ,        ,      . ,  ,         [486 -   ,   ,               ,      .        . Genscher Erinnerungen p. 673.]. ,                   . ,      ,        ,          ,        ,        . ,   ,       ,        ,  ,    .        ,   . ,  ,             ,   .

, ,        ,         .          ,        ,   ,     ,  ,   ,       .  ,           .

, ,    ,        . ,    ,     :    ,    -,      .

    .      .        ,       1952 .         ,   .       ?      ?       ?      ?    ?

 , 5       ,      .        ,   ,  .   ,     ,       .   ,      ,    -   [487 - Ibid. p. 682; . : Ritter Hans-Dietrich Genscher pp. 3940.].

   .  ,     ,     ,     .           ,         [488 - Werner Weidenfeld et al. Aufienpolitik f?r die deutsche Einheit: Die Entscheidungsjahre 1989/90 [Geschichte der deutschen Einheit, Band 4] DVA 1998 p. 646.].             ,     .       - ,     .   ,    ,          -             .        ,       .     ,      ,          [489 - Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 683684.   .      : Gorbachev Memoirs pp. 527528.].

 -         .  ,        ,          (..   )             .      (Politik der Verantwortung)  ,       ,    ,   . ,  ,      ,      .         ,  10         ,       ;        ,   .       !   .

  ,      ,        ,    .      : 10 ⻠  .  ࠖ    , .   ,    .   ,        .

  :     ,      .

       .       .  ,           .      ,   ,   ,       .         :  , -,             .   ,   , : ,  ,     .     . ,  ,   ,      .

   ,  -    :   ,   ,    , -.  ,      ,   .    :   .     ,      .    ,    .           . ,    ,     [490 -    .: PAAAZA 178.931E Vermerk  Memcon of GorbachevGenscher talks in Moscow on 5.12.1989 by Kastrup D2 6.12.1989.     .:     . . 274284.].

       ,           .     ,    ,   ,             蠖     ,     .    1925 .    堖   .              .         .       ,            1959 .,     ,      -,      .              ,      .

    ,     .    ,    .       ,           ,     . ,    ,  ,  젖   ,      ,           .           ,   ,           1986 .      1989-      ,       ,        .             ,    1 .  ,           [491 - Minute from Sir Patrick Wright (FCO) to Wall 30.10.1989, printed in DBPOIII VII GU 1989/90 doc. 26 fn. 3p. 79. Cf. Elisabth Guigou Une femme au coeur de lEtat. Entretiens avec Pierre Favier et Michel Martin-Roland Fayard 2000 pp. 7577. .  TNA UK PREM 19/2691 Charles Powells Memo for Thatcher: Meeting with President Mitterrand 29.8.1989.].          ,            ,        [492 - DBPO III VII GU 1989/90 doc. 26 fn. 4p. 69. .      23.9.1989,  : MoH:1989 doc. 85 pp. 530532; Thatcher The Downing Street Years p. 792; Rodric Braithwaite Across the Moscow River: The World Turned Upside Down Yale UP 2002 pp. 135136. Vermerk by Hartmann on London talks 13.10.1989,  : DESE doc. 61 pp. 450451.].  ,             [493 - G. R. Urban Diplomacy and Disillusion at the Court of Margaret Thatcher: An Insiders View I.B. Tauris 2006 p. 100.     24   -  ,         .   ,                 . TNA UK PREM 19/2892 Charles Powells Letter to Wall: Prime Ministers Meeting with President Bush at Camp David 25.11.1989.].

,   ,    ,    .          .     ,    ,         .         ,     .   ,   ,    ,    ?   ,   ,  ,      .    ,        ,       ,    ,      ,  .     ,     ,      ,    .  ,  ,      .  ,         ;  -      ,      .       .           ,         ;       .

   ,         ,      . , ,          ,    ,     .   ,    ,   ,    .              ,    ,     [494 - PAAA ZA 178.931E Vermerk; by Amb. von Richthofen on the ThatcherGenscher talks in London, 1710-1805hrs (29.11.1989) 30.11.1989.    : Andreas Hilger (ed.) Diplomatie f?r die deutsche Einheit: Dokumente des Ausw?rtigen Amts zu den deutsch-sowjetischen Beziehungen 1989/90 Oldenbourg 2011 (hereafter DDE) doc. 10 pp. 4955.].

     ո     .   ,     .                ,   [495 -       ,    -         - 1924.10.1989    ,   . ,  ,   ,   -      . DBPO III VII GU 1989/90 doc. 26 p. 80 fn. 6.].     ,       , ,       . , ,  :            .        ,   ,     ,             .  ,     ,     . -     -     ,           .         ,        -,       ,  -    [496 - Minute, Sir John Fretwell to Wall 29.11.1989,  : DBPO III VII GU 1989/90 doc. 62 pp. 143144.].

         .        ,      ,    ,   , ,  ,      [497 - .    19.12.1989   25.3.1990,  : Urban Diplomacy pp. 104116, 131 ( , ,  ), 133.].

      10 ,         .    ,      ,   ,      ,        .      27       ,   ,      .   ,  ,     ,      , ,    ,        ,                .  ,  ,  ,    ,       ,        [498 - DE doc. 25 p. 151.    27.11.1989,  : DESE doc. 100 pp. 565566.].

       ,      ,  .    ,      ,    .    ,             .  ,  ,         .      .          ,       -  ,      .       .      ,            [499 - Niederschrift (Memcon) by Amb. Pfeffer of MitterrandGenscher talks Paris 30.11.1989, printed in DDE doc. 11 pp. 5657.].

  ,      ,    ,              .    1916-,   -   ,       1940 .        ,         . ,      ,     ࠖ    1963 .,     - ,               [500 -  ,     - , .       , 6.12.1989,  :     . .286.].    ,           젖  ,      ,  1984 .       . ,        ,       [501 - DDE doc. 11 p. 58.].

      ,    .     ,     ,  ,   ,   ,          ,    ,    ,     .     ,        ,   ,     : Alors, ne nous inquitons pas: disons quelle se fera quand les Allemands le dcideront, mais en sachant que les deux Grands nous en protgeront (   :  ,    ,      , ,       )[502 - DBPO III VII GU 1989/90 doc. 26 fn. 3p. 79].

    ,    .      ,    . -        1913 .,       .  ,  ,     ,          .    ,  ,        .      ,    ,     .  ,            .    .                  ,     .        ,        .

      ,             .   ,            .           ,    ,        :         .    ,      ,     :        .           .     .   , ,    ,        [503 - DDE doc. 11 pp. 5661. . : Patrick Wright, Behind Diplomatic Lines: Relations with Ministers Biteback Publ. 2017 p. 52; Malcolm Rifkind, Power and Pragmatism Biteback Publ. 2016 p. 255; Robin Renwick A Journey With Margaret Thatcher: Foreign Policy Under the Iron Lady Biteback Publ. 2014 pp. xviiixxi].

          89.   ,        젖     .       ,          .    ,    [504 - Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 136.].       .  , , ,    ,    ,     頖  ,       ,  ,    ,    .  ,      :     ?     ?     ? Ƞ           .  ,       .      ,     .        ;  ,      ,        [505 - Ibid. p. 138.].

     .          .        ,      ,   ,         ,       .            ,         .     ,    ,        ,      :          .   :    !    !   .  ,     ,      [506 - Kohl Erinnerungen 19821990 pp. 10121013].

     ,    ,         --.    ,             ,       1937   1945 .    ,    :   ,  .    頖 , ,             ,  1913   1938 .,    ,    ,         ,    .       :      ,          ,     ,        .   ,   [507 - Mitterrand and Thatcher on German Uni?cation (December 1989) 8.12.1989,  : Jussi Hanhim?ki & Odd Arne Westad (eds) The Cold War A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts Oxford UP 2003 pp.609612.].

   .    ,  ,      ,     ,   .  , ,   ,   .

    -12                 .         1990 .             ,   ,   ,     (  ).  ,           .  ,    ,                   ,       .            ,          ,     .   ,                   [508 - Alan Riding European Leaders Give Their Backing to Monetary Plan NYT 9.12.1989. Π        , ,   ,     ,       , . TNA UK PREM 19/3981 Charles Powell to Prime Minister (Secret) Meeting with Secretary Baker 9.12.1989 pp. 13.].

           ,     ,     ,      .      ,          .       ,          ,     ,        .          .  ,     ,      ,       .

               ,        .             .         :            ,     [509 - Excerpts from Statement by European Community NYT 10.12.1989; Alan Riding Europe Backs Idea of One Germany NYT 10.10.1989].

   .    ,   ࠫ  10  . ,        [510 - - 10, ,        . TNA UK PREM 19/3981 Charles Powell to Prime Minister (Secret) Meeting with Secretary Baker 9.12.1989 pp. 12.], ,     ,     ,   .


***

              ,   19 .             .    ,     ,         ,       ,    .       22   ,     20 .   ?             1988 .,     ,      .     ,            ,          .  , 6             .               [511 - Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 47, 6061; . : Bozo Mitterrand pp. 156160, 163167, 419420,   160161, 167168.               9.12.1989,  : DESE doc. 117 pp. 628631.          6.12.1989, .: MoH:1989 doc. 114 pp. 657659.].

8    .  ,            . Ƞ  ,     ,        1940- . ,    1971 .,        . ,   ,        ,     11 ,     .     ,        ,  :      .     ;      ,     ,       ,        .   ,     ,       ,           -      [512 - Zelikow & Rice Germany Unified p. 140 ();       9.12.1989;   ո 10.12.1989,   : DBPO III VII GU 1989/90 docs 72-3 pp. 166169.].

        ,     ,          ,       10       .         ,          .

    ,        10           ,       .   ,            .             ,     ,    ,     ,                , ,   ,         (-2).    ,  ,     .  ,     ,      頖    .  ,       ,  ,       .       ,      ,        ,     .  ,  ,   -     (Alleing?nge)     (Sonderwege),     -  !  ,  ,   ⠖  .  ,            ,       ,        .     ,        ,  ,          ,    .

 ,        .  18           .  ,      ,     [513 -     ( ,   1989),  : DESE doc. 126 pp. 658659; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 143144; Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 8586.    ,      ,  ,   ,  ,         .  ,             ,       .        , ,         ,   .].              ,      10 ⻠  .   ,  ,     ,          ,      . ,       9 ,                 ,             [514 - Vorlage von Hartmann an Kohl (re: Gorbachevs letter) 18.12.1989,  :DESE doc. 127 p.].

        ,      .    ,          45 .     7       ,           .    ࠖ      ,         ,  , ,     .            .         ,         -   ,    ,            л[515 - Ibid. 127 pp. 661.].

             ࠖ      ,,       .    ,          堖   , ,      ,     .      19 ,  ,        .        .

    ,       .           堖      ,        ,               .    ,    -- ,  .     :    .  !   ,           ,  .    :   .   [516 - Kohl Erinnerungen 19821990 p. 1020.].

        ,       .     : ,        ,     ,  ,  ,   ,          .        .       ,   .      ,   .      ,      :            ,    , ,   ,   .  ,  -   , ,   .      . , ,     ,     , , .   ,     ,    ,  ! !         (Keine Gewalt)[517 - Teltschik 329 Tage p. 87.].

     .     ,      .  ,    ,  ,  .  ,  ,     . -  蠖  ,   ࠖ            ,   ,     .         ,    ,         ,   .        .      ,         15         ,        (Lastenausgleich).

      ,      ,  .  ,                .        ,        -       .                .        ,    :   ,  [518 - Ibid. pp. 8788, 90;       19.12.1989,  : DESE doc. 129 pp. 668673. . : Vorschlag fu?r Gespr?chslinie (     ,  ),  : DESE doc. 128A p. 665.].

 ,    ,  -         ,       1945 .     ,      ,            .                XVIII .,      ,   1989 .    .   .         ,   (Kohl, Kanzler derDeutschen),    (Wir sind ein Volk)   ! (Einheit jetzt)[519 - Teltschik 329 Tage p. 86; Serge Schmemann Leaders of the 2 Germanys Meet Symbolic Reconciliation Cheered NYT 20.12.1989.].  ,            ;  ,          .

   ,     ,   .             .    .   ,      .   .     ,     .                     .    ,   ,    ,            .  . ,  ,  ,          ,       ,      ,   .

   ,    ,           ,   ,           . , ,       .     ,  ,          ,      ,       .       .    :       .  ,  ,           . ,  ,             .      !

      ,     .    ,    .       ,       :    [520 - Rede des Bundeskanzlers auf der Kundgebung vor der Frauenkirche in Dresden am 19.12.1989,  : Bulletin no. 150 22.12.1989; Schmemann Leaders of the 2 Germanys Meet.].

                        [521 -           20.12.1989,  : DESE doc. 130 pp. 673675; Teltschik 329 Tage p. 93.].        ,         .         ,   ,    ,                ( ),     .   ,    , ,      ,     10   .          ,    ,       .         ࠖ   ,  ,  -        [522 - Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 156167.].

        .            .      ,               .                  ,    .        ,              [523 - Teltschik 329 Tage p. 92.].

         .    .          .       .  , !      ,        .         ,                     [524 - Schmemann Leaders of the 2 Germanys Meet. . : R?dder Deutschland pp.144145.               . .: Hans Modrow Ich wollte eine neues Deutschland Dietz 1998 pp. 391392.].

,                  .      -        ,    17 [525 - Michael Richter Die Friedliche Revolution: Aufbruch zur Demokratie in Sachsen 1989/90 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2009 p. 1094; Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 697702; idem, Unterwegs zur Einheit pp. 232238. Cf. Modrow Ich wollte eine neues Deutschland pp. 393394.].        .   ࠖ                . ,               ,       ,      .

 -     .    , 19 ,     ,        ,    - [526 - Cold War Is Over Says Shevardnadze at NATO LAT 19.12.1989.],         .  20           -,       ,   ,     [527 - Bozo Mitterrand pp. 163167.].            ,  .  ,         ,        ,    [528 - Teltschik 329 Tage p. 95.].

       22       ,          .  ,     ,  :         !      ࠖ        10          [529 - Ibid. p. 96; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 158159.].


***

 1989 ., ,       .        ,            .               ,         .

       ,    .    ,         1989 .:   , 1104     3352  [530 - Peter Siani-Davies The Romanian Revolution of December 1989 Cornell UP 2007 p. 97.].  ,    ,   ,   .              .      1960- .,        ,       .

        ?             蠖        :     ,      ,             .         .

     ,       ,   .      :  2    23   ,        .      ,          .    1718  10 .       ,  ! , .  !   ()     ,   .     [531 - McDermott & Stibbe (eds) The 1989 Revolutions pp. 1819; Sebestyen Revolution 1989 pp.380386; Thomas L. Friedman Casualties Reported in Rumania Protest Spawned byaClash NYT 19.12.1989.].

     ,    ,   ,    .    ,       . 19,     ,          [532 - Friedman, Rumanias Suppression of Protest Condemned by the US as Brutal NYT 20.12.1989.].

  ,    , 21        ,         .      71-   , , ,      .  ,      ,  젖  -      .     -         ,   .           ,      ,   , 蠖 , ,       .     .

   1989 .  .        .     ,    35 , ,  -   ,   10 .    ,         .   ,      :             .       .         18       . 7         .   ,      .  11  ,               . ,            ,  ,   ,   .        .            [533 - Sebestyen Revolution 1989 pp. 361366; Jordan Baev 1989: Bulgarian Transition to Pluralist Democracy & Documents CWIHP Bulletin 12/13 pp. 165180. Cf. On the change, Maria Todorova Daring to remember Bulgaria, pre-1989 Guardian 9.11.2009.].

      1989 .    .        ,           ,   .         ,       .         ,     .      .   1968 .,    20 ,      ,        910 .  , 17       ,     ,      ,   .   .           ,    ,   ,    . ʠ19-         ( 堖  蠖      ),   24-         ,    ,     ,         .    蠖  -     ,    77    ,   ,     1968 .       8  9 .            1948 .    [534 - Oldrich Tuma Czechoslovak November 1989 & Documents CWIHP Bulletin 12/13 pp. 181216. Sebestyen Revolution 1989 pp. 367369; Garton Ash The Magic Lantern pp. 78130. Cf. Michael Pullmann The Demise of the Communist Regime in Czechoslovakia, 19871989: ASocio-Economic Perspective in McDermott & Stibbe (eds) The 1989 Revolutions pp.136153].

    .  23                ,           .   :   10 ,  10 ,    10 ; ,   10 !     ,     ,   ,     ,       ,  :     ,     !  [535 - Garton Ash The Magic Lantern p. 78.].      .          ,    ,  29             .

               1990-       .    :  ,   .    ,         ,       ,      . Ƞ   :        ,        .  ,           [536 - Craig R. Whitney Czech Parliament Unanimously Picks Dubcek as Leader NYT 29.12.1989; idem Havel, Long Pragues Prisoner, Elected President NYT 30.12.1989.].

      .      1989.          ,     .           ,    . Ƞ   ,  ,      ,     (,   ),   ,       (  ),   ,    .

 ,                ,              1990 .:        .       ,  ,            ,            . ,  ,      .  ,     젖      ,        [537 -    31.12.1989, .: Bundesregierung website.].

         .   렖    ,     ,         .        -  ,      ,    .

 , , ,   -         ,       .          ,    ,       . ,      1989 .    :  ,    ,    .   ,              .




 4.

      





 :

1.   .     .   , 3 1989 .

2.         . 15  1990 .

3.  ,     . -, 2425  1990 .



3 1989 .    .     ,      ,   ,     -   .                          10 .

        - ,  .    -           .      ,              . ,  ,  ,          ,  [538 - Remarks of the President and Soviet Chairman Gorbachev and a Q&A Session with Reporters in Malta 3.12.1989 APP.].

      .   ,      蠖      . ,    ,        .   :      . Ƞ   ,       ,  ,       ,  ,  , ,   .     [539 - Ibid; . . . . 17. . 243.].

      ,    .              -  .  ,        ,   .

     ,         -  -  1988-,     .    ,      ,      - ,     ,     .      ,         [540 - GHWBPL Memcon of Presidents Private Meeting with Gorbachev 1.051.30 p.m. Governors Island NYC 7.12.1988 pp. 45 NSAEBB No. 261; and Bush & Scowcroft AWorld Transformed pp. 67.].

        ,       . Ƞ    堖            堖          .           1789 .     ,        ,   ,      ,    ,   ,     .        ,       ,     180 [541 - GHWBPL NSC Files Condoleezza Rice Files, Soviet Union/USSR Subject Files Folder: Summit at Malta December 1989, Malta Memcons (hereafter NSC-CRF-MM1989) First expanded bilateral session with Gorbachev on the Maxim Gorky 10.0011.55 a.m. 2.12.1989 p.2 DAWC.].

 , ,     ,           1 .          ,     :   ,     ,       .  ,            .    ,       ,       .         蠖    ,        . ,      , -,     ,      , , -,           .                 .       ,      .

     22      :  ,               . :  ,    .  :     ,   .  ,          ,           ,  ,        [542 -    22.11.1989,  : Bush All the Best p. 444.]




  .


   .

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notes



1


Atomares Wintex Der Spiegel 8/1989 20.2.1989; NATO-?BUNG: Schlag Zuviel Der Spiegel 11/1989 13.3.1989; Der Iwan kommt und feste druff Der Spiegel 18/1989 1.5.1989; Schlacht von gestern Der Spiegel 29/1989 17.7.1989.




2


 ,   1989 .   . ., : Victor Sebestyen. Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. Pantheon, 2009; Michael Meyer. 1989: The Year That Changed the World  The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Simon & Schuster 2009; Ludger K?hnhardt. Revolutionszeiten: Das Umbruchsjahr 1989 im geschichtlichen Zusammenhang Olzog 1995.  1989         ., : Padraic Kenney. ACarnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989. Princeton UP, 2003; Charles A. Maier. Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany. Princeton UP, 1997; Konrad H. Jarausch & Martin Sabrow (eds). Weg in den Untergang: Der innere Zerfall der DDR. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999. : Adam Roberts & Timothy Garton Ash (eds). Civil Resistance 5 and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-Violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford UP, 2009; April Carter. People Power and Political Change: Key Issues and Concepts. Routledge, 2012. Π1989     ,        , ., : Stephen Kotkin with JanT.Gross. Uncivil Society: 1989 and the Implosion of theCommunist Establishment. Modern Library, 2009; Constantine Pleshakov. There Is No Freedom without Bread: 1989 and the Civil War that Brought Down Communism. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2009; Gordon M. Hahn. Russias Revolution from Above, 19852000: Reform, Transition and Revolution in the Fall oftheSoviet Communist Regime. Taylor & Francis, 2002; Jacques Lvesque. The Enigma of 1989: The USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe. Univ. of California Press, 1997.




3


Francis Fukuyama. The End of History? TheNational Interest no. 16 (Summer 1989). Pp. 318; idem.The End of History and theLast Man. Hamilton, 1992.  -1989  .: Thomas Bagger. The World According to Germany: Reassessing 1989. Washington Quarterly 41, 4 (Winter 2019). Pp.5363.




4


., : George Lawson et al. (eds) TheGlobal 1989: Continuity and Change in World Politics. Cambridge UP 2010; Richard K.Herrmann & Richard Ned Lebow (eds). Ending the Cold War: Interpretations, Causation and the Study of International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004; Bernhard Blumenau et al. (eds) New Perspectives on the End of the Cold War: Unexpected Transformations? Routledge, 2018.




5


   ,    , ., : MikhailS. Gorbachev. Memoirs. Bantam 1997; idem, Wie es war. Ullstein 1999 [ . .:  ..  : 2- . , , 1995]; William Taubman Gorbachev: His Life and Times W. W. Norton 2017 [ . :    / . . .:  , 2017]; Archie Brown. The Gorbachev Factor. Oxford UP, 1996; George Bush & Brent Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Vintage Books, 1998; George Bush. All the Best, George Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings. Scribner, 2013; Jon Meacham. Destiny and Power: TheAmerican Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush. Random House, 2015; Timothy Naftali. George H. W. Bush. Times Books, 2007; Helmut Kohl with Kai Diekmann. Ich wollte Deutschlands Einheit. Ullstein, 1996; idem,Vom Mauerfall zur Wiedervereinigung: Meine Erinnerungen. Knaur-Taschenbuch, 2009; idem, Erinnerungen 19821990. Droemer 2005; idem,Erinnerungen 19901994. Droemer, 2007; Hans-Peter Schwarz. Helmut Kohl: Eine politische Biographie. Pantheon, 2014.




6


Eduard Shevardnadze. The Future Belongs to Freedom. Sinclair-Stevenson 1991 [ ..  :     . .: , 1991]; JamesA. Baker with Thomas M. DeFrank. The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 19891992. G. P. Putnams Sons, 1995; Hans-Dietrich Genscher. Erinnerungen. Siedler, 1995; idem. Unterwegs zur Einheit: Reden und Dokumente aus bewegter Zeit. Siedler 1991; Gerhard A. Ritter. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, das Ausw?rtige Amt und die deutsche Vereinigung. Beck, 2013.




7


Margaret Thatcher. The Downing Street Years. HarperCollins, 1993; George R. Urban Diplomacy and Disillusion at the Court of Margaret Thatcher: An Insiders View. I. B. Tauris, 1995; Fran?ois Mitterrand. ?ber Deutschland. Insel 1996; Pierre Favier & Michel Martin-Roland. La Dcennie Mitterrand, vol. iv: Les Dchirements (19921995). Seuil, 1999.




8


., : Frdric Bozo et al. (eds) Europe and the End of the Cold War: A Reappraisal. Routledge, 2008; Harold James. Making the European Monetary Union. Harvard UP, 2012; Kenneth Dyson & Kevin Featherstone. The Road to Maastricht: Negotiating Economic and Monetary Union. Oxford UP, 1999; Werner Rouget & Joachim Bitterlich. Schwierige Nachbarschaft am Rhein: FrankreichDeutschland. Bouvier, 1998.




9


   ,                1989 .,        ,    , .: Zhang Liang et al. (eds) The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leaderships Decision to Use Force against Their Own People In Their Own Words. Little, Brown, 2001; and Andrew J. Nathan The Tiananmen Papers Foreign Affairs 80, 1 (January/ February 2001) pp.250.      .: Lowell Dittmer. Review of The Tiananmen Papers. China Quarterly 166 (June 2001). Pp. 476483; Alfred L. Chan. The Tiananmen Papers Revisited. China Quarterly 177 (March 2004). Pp. 190205; Andrew J. Nathan. A Rejoinder to Alfred L. Chan. China Quarterly 177 (March 2004). Pp.206214; Richard Baum. Tiananmen The Inside Story? China Journal 46 (July 2001). Pp. 119123. . : Andrew J. Nathan. The New Tiananmen Papers: Inside the Secret Meeting That Changed China. Foreign Affairs (May 2019) online; Bao Pu (ed.) The Last Secret: The Final Documents from the June Fourth Crackdown. New Century Press, 2019.




10


., : Robert L. Suettinger. Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of USChina Relations 19892000. Brookings Institution Press, 2003; David M. Lampton. Same Bed, Different Dreams. Univ. of California Press, 2002; Ezra F. Vogel. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Harvard UP, 2013; Sergey Radchenko. Unwanted Visionaries: The Soviet Failure in Asia at the End of the Cold War. Oxford UP 2014.        : Chris Miller. The Struggle to Save the Soviet Economy: Mikhail Gorbachev the Collapse of the USSR. Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2016; Stephen Kotkin. Review Essay The Unbalanced Triangle: What Chinese-Russian Relations Mean for the United States. Foreign Aff airs 88, 5 (September/ October 2009). Pp. 130138.




11


., : Timothy Garton Ash. The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of 89 Witnessed




12


., : Robert Service. The End of the Cold War, 19851991. Pan Books, 2015; James Graham Wilson. The Triumph of Improvisation: Gorbachevs Adaptability, Reagans Engagement, and the End of the Cold War. Cornell UP, 2013; Raymond L. Garthoff. The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War. Brookings Institution Press, 1994.




13


., : Hal Brands. From Berlin to Baghdad: Americas Search for Purpose in the Post-Cold War World. Univ. Press of Kentucky, 2008; Jeffrey A. Engel (ed.) Into the Desert: Re?ections on the Gulf War. Oxford UP, 2013; Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh. The Gulf Con?ict, 19901991. Princeton UP, 1995. . : Marc Weller. Iraq and the Use of Force in International Law. Oxford UP, 2010.




14


., : Serhii Plokhy. The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union. Oneworld, 2014; Vladislav M. Zubok. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2009. idem. Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union. Yale UP, 2021. . : Stephen Kotkin. Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 19702000. Oxford UP, 2008; Stephan G. Bierling. Wirtschaftshilfe f?r Moskau: Motive und Strategien der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der USA 19901996. Sch?ningh, 1998; Peter Rutland. Mission Impossible? The IMF and the Failure of the Market Transition in Russia. Review of International Studies 25 (December 1999) [The Interregnum: Controversies in World Politics 19891999] pp.183200; Angela Stent. The Limits of Partnership: US-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century. Princeton UP, 2015.




15


  ., : Ezra Vogel. Japan as Number One: Lessons for America. Harvard UP 1979; James Fallows. Looking at the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System. Pantheon, 1995; Rosemary Foot. Power Transitions and Great Power Management: Three Decades of ChinaJapanUS Relations. Paci?c Review 30, 6 (2017). Pp. 829842.




16


., : Josip Glaurdic. The Hour of Europe: Western Powers and the Break-up of Yugoslavia. Yale UP, 2011; Richard Caplan. Europe and the Recognition of New States in Yugoslavia. Cambridge UP, 2005; James Gow. Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War. Columbia UP, 1997.  , ., : Odd Arne Westad. Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750. Vintage, 2013,     ; Julian Gewirtz. Unlikely Partners, Chinese Reformers, Western Economists and the Making of Global China. Harvard UP, 2017.




17


Jason Burke. Signs of Balkanisation seen in Soviet Union. Christian Science Monitor (hereafter CSM) 8.10.1991; . . 5. ., . 269.




18


., : Bruce Cumings. North Korea: Another Country. New Press, 2004; Nicholas L. Miller & Vipin Narang. North Korea De?ed the Theoretical Odds: What Can We Learn from its Successful Nuclearisation? Texas National Security Review 1, 2 (February 2018).




19


., : Hal Brands. Making the Unipolar Moment: US Foreign Policy and the Rise of the Post-Cold War Order. Cornell UP, 2016;  : Choosing Primacy: US Strategy and Global Order at the Dawn of the Post-Cold War Era. Texas National Security Review 1, 2 (2018). Pp.833; Jeffrey A. Engel. When the World Seemed New: George H. W. Bush and the End of the Cold War. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2017. . : Charles Krauthammer. The Unipolar Moment. Foreign Affairs 70, 1(1990/1991). [America and the World 1990/91] pp. 2333;  : The Unipolar Moment Revisited. The National Interest 70 (Winter 2002/3) pp. 518. .: Odd Arne Westad. The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. Cambridge UP, 2007, ;  : The Cold War and Americas Delusion of Victory. New York Times (hereafter NYT) 28.8.2017.




20


    ., : Mary Sarotte. 1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe. Princeton UP, 2009; Andreas R?dder. Deutschland einig Vaterland: Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung. Beck, 2009; Frdric Bozo. Mitterrand, la ?n de la guerre froide et luni?cation allemande: DeYalta ? Maastricht. Odile Jacob, 2005; Philip Zelikow & Condoleezza Rice. Germany Uni? ed and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft. Harvard UP, 1995;  , To Build a Better World: Choices to End the Cold War and Create a Global Commonwealth. Twelve, 2019; Alexander von Plato. Die Vereinigung Deutsch-lands Ein weltpolitisches Machtspiel: Bush, Kohl, Gorbatschow und die internen Gespr?chsprotokolle. Ch. Links, 2009; Vladislav Zubok. With His Back. Against the Wall: Gorbachev, Soviet Demise, and German Uni?cation. Cold War History (hereafter CWH) 14, 4 (November 2014) pp. 619645; Mark Kramer. The Myth of a no-NATO Enlargement Pledge to Russia. The Washington Quarterly 32, 2 (2009) pp.3961; Ron Asmus. Opening NATOs Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era. Columbia UP, 2002; James Goldgeier. Bill and Boris: AWindow Into a Most Important Post-Cold War Relationship. Texas National Security Review 1, 4 (August 2018); Kristina Spohr. Precluded or Precedent-setting? The NATO Enlargement Question in the Triangular BonnWashingtonMoscow Diplomacy of 1990/1991 and Beyond JCWS 14, 4 (2012) pp. 454;  ,Germany and the Baltic Problem After the Cold War: The Development of a New Ostpolitik 19892000. Routledge, 2004.




21


.  4  5 . .  :     ,     ,   Ż      ,     .




22


Kristina Spohr & David Reynolds. Putins Revenge. New Statesman 17.1.2017




23


.  ,  .




24


Ansprache von Bundespr?sident Roman Herzog bei der Deutschen Gesellschaft f?r Ausw?rtige Politik in Bonn 13.3.1995 bundespraesident.de/ SharedDocs /Reden/DE/ Roman-Herzog/Reden/1995/03/19950313_ Rede.html




25


. Stephen Kotkin. Russias Perpetual Geopolitics: Putin Returns to the Historical Pattern Foreign Affairs (May/June 2016) online.




26


. Robert D. Blackwill & Jennifer M. Harris War by Other Means: Geoeconomics and Statecraft. Belknap Press 2018.




27


. Bobo Lo. Axis of Convenience: Moscow, Beijing, and the New Geopolitics. Brookings Institution Press, 2008; Graham Allison. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydidess Trap? Houghton Mifflin, Harcourt, 2017.




28


C. Hanns W. Maull. Germany and Japan: The New Civilian Powers. Foreign Affairs 69, 5 (Winter 1990) pp. 91106;    Sebastian Harnisch (eds). Germany as a Civilian Power? The Foreign Policy of the Berlin Republic. Manchester UP, 2001; Jan Orbie. Civilian Power Europe Review of the Original and Current Debates. Cooperation and Con?ict 41, 1 (2006) pp. 123128. Karen E. Smith. Beyond the Civilian Power EU Debate. Politique europenne 17, 3 (2005) pp. 6382.




29


  Weltinnenpolitik (  )     1960-. .Carl Friedrich von Weizs?cker. Schachpartie der Gro?m?chte Die Zeit 7.1.1966; Ulrich Bartosch. Weltinnenpolitik: Zur Theorie des Friedens von Carl Friedrich von Weizs?cker [Beitr?ge zur politischen Wissenschaft, Vol.86]. Duncker & Humblot, 1995.




30


. Hillary Rodham Clinton. Leading Through Civilian Power: Rede?ning American Diplomacy and Development. Foreign Affairs 89, 6 (November/ December 2010) [The World Ahead] pp. 1324.




31


Maureen Dowd. Soviet Star Is a Smash In Broadway Showing. NYT 8.12.1988.




32


James Barron. For Gorbachev, Met Museum and Trump Tower Visits Due. NYT 1.12.1988; Howard Kurtz. Gorbachev on the Road to New Soviet Frontiers. Washington Post (hereafter WP) 4.12.1988; Maureen Dowd. Manhattan Goes Gorbachev From Fish to Oreo Cookies. NYT 7.12.1988.




33


 ..  . .:   , 20082022. (: . . .) . 13. . 22, 24, 30.




34


George Bush & Brent Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Vintage Books, 1998. P. 26.        ,    ,  ,      ,    ,       . .: Engel. When the World Seemed New. Pp. 8689; Jon Meacham. Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush. Random House, 2015. P.368; Derek H. Chollet & James M. Goldgeier. Once Burned, Twice Shy? The Pause of 1989? in William C. Wohlforth Cold War Endgame: Oral History, Analysis, Debates. Penn State UP, 2010. Ch. 5. . : James A. Baker III Papers, Seeley G. Mudd Library, Princeton (hereafter JAB-SML), Box 96, Folder 6 (hereafter B96/F6), Meeting with President Richard Nixon 10.12.1988.




35


 . :    , .15; Sebestyen Revolution 1989 p. 116; .  Don Oberdorfer From the Cold War to a New Era: The United States and the Soviet Union, 19831991 Johns Hopkins UP 1998 ch.4 esp. pp. 107111.




36


Raisa Gorbacheva I Hope Fontana 1991. p. 5 [ . .   .: , 1991].




37


Archie Brown. Seven Years that Changed the World: Perestroika in Perspective. Oxford UP, 2007. Pp. 284294; Antony DAgostino. How the Soviet Union Thought itself to Death. TheNational Interest (May-June 2017)




38


The Soviet Economy in 1988: Gorbachev Changes Course. CIA/DIA April 1989; David Reynolds. One World Divisible: A Global History since 1945. W. W. Norton, 2000. P. 540. . : IMF Archives, Office of the Managing Director Alan Whittome Papers Joint Study of the Soviet Economy (hereafter IMFA-AWP JSSE) Box 1 Folder 7 (hereafter B1/ F7) NATO Long Term Projections for the Soviet Economy, Note by the Secretary General (C-M(89)18), pp. 16; and Office Memorandum Christensen to Whittome 4.10.1990 pp.12.




39


Geir Lundestad. Imperial Overstretch, Mikhail Gorbachev and the End of the Cold War. CWH 1, 1 (2000), pp. 120; Arne Westad. The Global Cold War. P. 379.




40


        ,  8.3.1983. The American Presidency Project website (hereafter APP); Reagans Address to Members of the UK Parliament 8.6.1982 APP.




41


          23.3.1983. APP.




42


   ., : Jack F. Matlock Jr. Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended. Random House, 2004; James Graham Wilson. The Triumph of Improvisation: Gorbachevs Adaptability, Reagans Engagament, and the End of the Cold War. Cornell UP, 2014; Svetlana Savranskaya & Thomas Blanton (eds). The Last Superpower Summits: Gorbachev, Reagan and Bush Conversations that Ended the Cold War. CEU Press, 2016 (hereafter TLSS); Jonathan Hunt & David Reynolds. Geneva, Reykjavik, Washington, and Moscow, 19851991 in Kristina Spohr & David Reynolds (eds). Transcending the Cold War: Summits, Statecraft and the Dissolution of Bipolarity in Europe, 19701990. Oxford UP, 2016. Pp.151179.     .: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists thebulletin.org/ timeline.




43


 .     31.10.1988.  -   ( ),   - ( DAWC); Mikhail Gorbachev. Memoirs. Bantam, 1997, p. 459;    24.11.1988,  :    х    ,  ,   (19851991). 2- . .: -, 2008. . 432436, . . 433.




44


.    : c-span.org/ video/?5292-1/gorbachev-united-nations




45


        7.12.1988 (. . . . 13. . 22). .  : c-span. org/video/?5292-1/gorbachev-united-nations; and video of Mikhail Gorbachevs 1988 Address to the UN: 30 Years Later, Panel Discussion with Andrei Kozyrev, Pavel Palazhchenko, Thomas W. Simons Jr, and Kristina Spohr at SAIS Johns Hopkins University (Washington DC) 6.12.2018 youtube. com/watch?v=Mi6NkWiuzo




46


. . . . 13. . 35.




47


 . . 36.




48


  24.11.1988:    . . 433; . . c. . 12. . 491.




49


  17.12.1988.   . National Security Archive Electronic Brie?ng Book (hereafter NSAEBB). No. 250.




50


Gambler, Showman, Statesman. NYT 8.12.1988.




51


Richard C. Hottelet. The Enigmatic Gaps in Gorbachevs UN Speech. CSM 15.12.1988.




52


,    ,     ,      ,   ,            .   ,                ,   ,          ,   .    ,        .




53


. : Mikhail Gorbachevs 1988 Address to the UN: 30 Years Later youtube. com/watch?v=Mi6NkWiuzo. . Pavel Palazhchenko. My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter. Pennsylvania UP, 1997. Pp. 105108.




54


Gorbachev. Memoirs. P. 463;   17.12.1988.  .. . 1988. NSAEBB No. 250.




55


Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed, p. 3.




56


Ibid., pp. 67; Memcon of Reagan-Gorbachev meeting 7.12.1988, printed in TLSS doc. 69. P.470.




57


Ibid., pp. 472474.




58


Ibid., pp. 471472. Gorbachevs Letter to Reagan 28.10.1987 NSAEBB No. 238.




59


TLSS doc. 69. Pp. 472474.




60


Memcon of ReaganGorbachev luncheon 7.12.1988, printed in TLSS doc. 70. P. 476.




61


Ibid., pp. 477478.




62


Steven V. Roberts. Table for Three, With Talk of Bygones and Best Hopes. NYT 8.12.1988. . : Bill Keller. Gorbachev pledges major troop cutback, then ends trip, citing vast Soviet quake. NYT 8.12.1988.




63


.: Engel. When the World Seemed New. Ch.2; Meacham, Destiny and Power parts IV and V. Bush Conjures Up Voodoo Economics Chicago Tribune (hereafter CT) 13.3.1988.     -?           1980 .,      .




64


Richard V. Allen. George Herbert Walker Bush; The Accidental Vice President. NYT Magazine 30.7.2000; Herbert S. Parmet. George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee. Transaction, 1997. P. 257.      21.11.1986,  : Was Vice President Bush in the Loop? You Make The Call. WP 31.1.1993.




65


  .: Engel. When the World Seemed New, p. 22.




66


Robert Ajemian. Where is the Real George Bush? The Vice President must now step out from Reagans shadow. TIME 26.1.1987.




67


.: Margaret Garrer Warner. Bush Battles the Wimp Factor. Newsweek 19.10.1987.




68


                 18.8.1988 APP; Mark J. Rozell. The Press and the Bush Presidency. Praeger, 1996.Pp. 7377; Meacham. Destiny and Power. P. 339; The Problem with Read My Lips, NYT 15.10.1992.




69


Timothy Naftali. George H. W. Bush The American Presidents Series: The 41st President, 19891993. Times Books, 2007. Pp. 6163; Meacham. Destiny and Power. Pp. 335349. . John Sides. Its time to stop the endless hype of the Willie Horton ad. WP 6.1.2016.




70


Bartholomew Sparrow. The Strategist: Brent Scowcroft and the Call of National Security. Public Affair, 2015. P. 265. . : Russell L. Riley. History and George Bush in Michael Nelson & Barbara A. Perry 41: Inside the Bush Presidency of George H. W. Bush. Cornell UP, 2014. Pp. 711. . David Hoffman. How Bush Has Altered Views. WP 18.8.1988.




71


Sparrow. The Strategist, pp. 265267.




72


Ibid. pp. 266267. Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed, p. 18. James A. Baker with Thomas M. DeFrank. The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 19891992. G. P. Putnams Sons, 1995. Pp. 1736. . : Maureen Dowd and Thomas L. Friedman. The Fabulous Bush & Baker Boys NYT Magazine 6.5.1990.




73


Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Pp.1314, 46.




74


Sparrow. The Strategist. P. 271.




75


Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Pp.1920.




76


Andrew Rosenthal. Differing Views of Americas Global Role, NYT 2.11.1988. . : Bushs Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in New Orleans 18.8.1988 APP; Hal Brands. Making the Unipolar Moment: US Foreign Policy and the Rise of the Post Cold War Order. Cornell UP, 2016. Pp. 276279; Jeffrey Engel. A Better World  But Dont Get Carried Away: The Foreign Policy of Geroge H. W. Bush Twenty Years On. Diplomatic History 34, 1 (2010) p. 29; Zelikow & Rice. ToBuild a Better World, introduction.




77


Bushs Inaugural Address 20.1.1990 APP.




78


Sparrow. The Strategist, p. 296. .: M.J.Heale,  ,              . .: Heale. Contemporary America: Power, Dependency, and Globalisation since 1980. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. P. 134. JAB-SML B96/F6 10.12.1988.     : **     . .     , ,   -   .     1990, 1989!       !    . .   . ( ,     ).      15 .




79


Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Pp. 36, 4041.    ,    ,   ,          . .    : Mikhail Gorbachevs 1988 Address to the UN: 30 Years Later youtube. com/ watch?v=Mi6NkWiuzo. See for NSR 3, NSR 4, NSR 5 fas.org/irp/offdocs / nsr/




80


JAB-SML B108/F2 JAB notes Trip w/GB to Japan China and Korea 21/2/27/2/89: JAB brie?ng p. 1.  ,       ,        .




81


     21.11.1988,  : Bush All the Best, p. 405.




82


. See Jeffrey A. Engel (ed.). The China Diary of George H. W. Bush: The Making of a Global President. Princeton UP 2008; Mark S. delVecchio. Chinas old friend may call on old friends. United Press International (hereafter UPI) 22.2.1989.




83


     : data. world-bank.org/country/china.    , .: Barry Naughton. Growing out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform. Cambridge UP, 1995. Pp. 3855, 5996.




84


    .: Ezra F. Vogel. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Harvard UP, 2013. Pp.377476.




85


Arne Westad. The Great Transformation: China in the Long 1970s in Niall Ferguson et al. (eds) The Shock of the Global: The 1970s in Perspective. Belknap Press, 2011. P. 77; .: Vogel. Deng Xiaoping. Pp. 333348.




86


United States-Peoples Republic of China Agreements. Remarks at the Signing Ceremony 17.9.1980 APP. . : Dong Wang. US-China Trade, 19712012. Asia-Paci? c Journal 11, 24 (June 2013).




87


   ,     Cable 16.6.1981. Pp. 15, DNSA collection: China, 19601998; Arne Westad. Restless Empire. Pp.372380. . : Henry S. Rowen. China and the World Economy: The Short March from Isolation to Major Player in Shuxun Chen and Charles Wolf Jr (eds). China, the United States, and the Global Economy. Rand, 2001. Pp. 211225.




88


John F. Burns. Bush Ends China Visit on High Note. NYT. 16.10.1985.




89


 ,        2,3  . 1982 . 1,6   1986-.




90


Wang USChina Trade, 19712012. Pp. 115,  p. 4.   , .: Abraham Becker. A Rand-Note N-2682-RC: US-Soviet Trade in the 1980s. Rand 1987. Pp.12; Rowen China and the World Economy. P. 214.




91


.: Nicholas R. Lardy. Chinese Foreign Trade. The China Quarterly no. 131 (September 1992) [The Chinese Economy in the 1990s] pp.691720; Wang. US-China Trade, 19712012. P. 4; Brands. Making the Unipolar Moment. P.220; . : Trade in Goods with China (1989) United States Census Bureau.




92


George P. Shultz. Shaping American Foreign Policy: New Realities and New Ways of Thinking Foreign Affairs 63, 4 (Spring 1985). P. 711; Magdaleine D. Kalb. Foreign Policy: Where Consensus Ends. NYT Magazine 27.10.1985. Pp. 103105.




93


 : Li Yunqi. Chinas In?ation: Causes, Effects, and Solutions. Asian Survey 29, 7 (July 1989). Pp. 655668, : p.658. O  , .: Peter R. Moody. Jr Political Liberalisation in China: A Struggle Between Two Lines Paci?c Affairs 57, 1 (Spring, 1984) pp. 2644; Nathan Gardels. The Price China Has Paid: An Interview with Liu Binyan New York Review of Books (hereafter NYRB) 19.1.1989.




94


Charles Krauthammer. A Tale of Two Revolutions WP 23.1.1987. Jim Mann. China Halts Experiment in Liberalisation: Student Unrest Blamed on Bourgeois Thought. Los Angeles Times (hereafter LAT) 7.1.1987.      fandui zichanjieji ziyouhua yundong, . : Henry Yuhuai He. Dictionary of the Political Thought of the Peoples Republic of China. Routledge, 2001.




95


Reynolds. One World Divisible. pp. 578579; Robert L. Suettinger. Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of US-China Relations 19892000. Brookings Institution Press, 2003. Pp. 2023; Jeffrey A. Engel & Sergey Radchenko. Bei ing and Malta, 1989 in Spohr & Reynolds (eds). Transcending the Cold War. P. 185.




96


Yunqi. Chinas In?ation. P. 655; Naughton. Growing out of the Plan. Pp. 268270.




97


M.E. Sarotte. Chinas Fear of Contagion: Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example. International Security (hereafter IS) 37, 2 (Fall 2012). P. 159. . David L. Shambaugh. Chinas Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2008. Pp. 4345.




98


. Deng Xiaoping [and Chong-Pin Lin]. Dengs 25 April Speech: This is not an Ordinary Student Movement but Turmoil World Affairs 152, 3 (Winter 198990) [Chinas 1989 Upheaval] pp. 138140.     , ,     ,    ,       ,    ,          . . Merle Goldman. Vengeance in China. NYRB 9.11.1989.




99


Philip Taubman. Chinese Visit Aims to Break the Soviet Ice. NYT 1.12.1988; Engel & Radchenko. Bei ing and Malta, 1989. P. 186.




100


     : Ezra Vogel. Deng Xiaoping. P. 423.




101


       .  .:    . . 207;  ..            /  .. . . . 8.




102


 . : Sergey Radchenko. Unwanted Visionaries: The Sovet Failure in Asia at the End of the Cold War. Oxford UP, 2014. Pp. 179180.




103


Radchenko. Unwanted Visionaries. P. 160.




104


Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. P. 91.




105


Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. P.91; Sparrow. The Strategist. Pp. 314316. . : Memcons of the various bilaterals Bush held on the margins of the funeral ceremonies in Tokyo (235 February 1989), ranging from talks with leaders from Belgium to Zaire, from Egypt to Singapore, bush41library. tamu.edu/ archives/memcons-telcons.   : George H. W Bush Presidential Library in College Station, Texas (hereafter GHWBPL).




106


Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. P. 91.




107


GHWBPL Memcon of BushTakeshita talks 23.2.1989 Tokyo.




108


GHWBPL Memcon of YangBush talks 25.2.1989 Bei ing, pp. 25.           (6.11.198523.4.1989).




109


Ibid., p. 5.




110


   188  (6   2 ),    150  (4   11 ).




111


GHWBPL Memcon of DengBush talks with delegations, 26.2.1989 Bei ing pp. 2, 5.




112


Ibid., pp. 89.




113


Ibid., p. 9.  ,                 ,  .  :      ,          .   , ,    .                  .            .             . GHWBPL Memcon of BushLi talks 26.2.1989 Beiing p. 10.




114


         ,                . .: GHWBPL Memcon of BushLi talks 25.2.1989 Bei ing; Memcon of BushLi talks 26.2.1989 Beiing; Memcon of BushZhao talks 26.2.1989 Beiing.




115


Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. P. 97.




116


Bushs Remarks Upon Returning From a Trip to the Far East 27.2.1989 APP.




117


GHWBPL Memcon of BushWeizs?cker talks 24.2.1989 Tokyo p. 2.




118


GHWBPL Memcon of BushW?rner talks 12.4.1989 Washington DC pp. 14.




119


Bushs Remarks to Citizens in Hamtramck, Michigan 17.4.1989 APP.




120


Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. pp.5253.




121


Bushs Remarks at the Texas A&M University Commencement Ceremony in College Station 12.5.1989 APP.




122


Bushs Remarks at the United States Coast Guard Academy Commencement Ceremony in New London, Connecticut 24.5.1989 APP.




123


JAB-SML B108/F5 RBZ (Zoellick) draft NATO Summit-Possible Initiatives 15.5.1989.                  ,       ,       .       ,           .       .   :      ,     ,    (, ).       ,     .




124


Ann Devroy. From Promise to Performance: The Nation Changed but Bush did Not WP 17.1.1993.   . : Engel. ABetter World, pp. 3841; Ryan Barilleaux and Mark Rozell. Power and Prudence: The Presidency of George H. W. Bush. Texas A&M University Press, 2004; JAB-SML B108/F5 RBZ draft 15.5.1989.




125


. Genscher Erinnerungen. Pp. 611612. . : JAB-SML B108/F5.       19.5.1989.




126


Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Pp. 5760, 6465, 6777. . : Hans Peter Schwarz Helmut Kohl: Eine politische Biographie. Pantheon, 2014. Pp. 508511.




127


Taubman. Gorbachev. Pp. 201, 475; . Charles Moore. Margaret Thatcher: The Authorised Biography, vol. 2. Allen Lane, 2015. Pp.240241.




128


       , 6.4.1989,   : Svetlana Savranskaya et al. (eds) Masterpieces of History: The Peaceful End of the Cold War in Europe, 1989. CEU Press, 2011 (hereafter MoH:1989) doc. 56. Pp. 438441 : p. 440; Dan Fisher. Thatcher Hears Gorbachev Complaint: No US Action on Arms. LAT 7.4.1989.




129


   .: Richard Aldous. Reagan and Thatcher: The Difficult Relationship. W. W. Norton, 2012.




130


Margaret Thatcher. The Downing Street Years. P. 783.




131


Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed, pp. 6467.




132


GHWBPL Telcon of KohlBush call 5.5.1989 Oval Office p. 2.




133


GHWBPL Telcon of KohlBush call 21.4.1989 Oval Office p. 2.




134


James M. Markham. Bush Arrives for Talks with a Divided NATO. NYT 29.5.1989.




135


Ibid.




136


James M. Markham. NATO Chiefs Agree to a Compromise in Missile Dispute. NYT 31.5.1989.




137


Bernard Weinraub. Buoyed by Agreement, Bush Visits Bonn. NYT 31.5.1989.




138


Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. P. 83.




139


Ibid.




140


Serge Schmemann. Bushs Hour: Taking Control, He Placates the Germans and Impresses British; Kohl Gets Respite From Political Ills. NYT 1.6.1989.




141


Weinraub. Buoyed by Agreement.




142


Bushs Toast at a Dinner Hosted by Chancellor Helmut Kohl in Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany 30.5.1989. APP.




143


Weinraub. Buoyed by Agreement




144


Bushs Remarks to the Citizens in Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany 31.5.1989 APP.




145


Thatcher. The Downing Street Years. P. 789.




146


Bushs Remarks to the Citizens in Mainz 31.5.1989.




147


Reagans Remarks on East-West Relations at the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin 12.6.1987 APP.




148


Bushs Remarks to the Citizens in Mainz 31.5.1989.




149


Vincent J. Schodolski & Uli Schmetzer. Gorbachev arrives in China: Bei ing talks 1st summit in 30 years. CT 15.5.1989 pp. 12; Jim Hoagl & Daniel Southerl. Gorbachev arrives in Bei ing WP 15.5.1989.




150


Andrew J. Nathan. The Tiananmen Papers, Foreign Affairs 80, 1 (January/ February 2001) pp. 11, 1518. . : GHWBPL NSC SitRoom Tiananmen Square Crisis File (TSCF) China (OA/ ID CF01722-002) Lilley to Baker Cable Re: Chinese Economists support students 19.5.1989 p. 5;   : The Road to the Tiananmen Crackdown An Analytic Chronology of Chinese Leadership Decision-Making EA 89-10030 (Con?dential/ No Foreign Distribution) September 1989 Margaret Thatcher Foundation (hereafter MTF).




151


  : The Road to the Tiananmen Crackdown p. 5; Adi Ignatius & Peter Gumbel. Gorbachev Arrives In China as Protests Continue in Beiing. Wall Street Journal (hereafter WSJ) 15.5.1989; Udo Schmetzer Ceremonies moved to foil protestors CT 15.5.1989 pp. 12.  ,           ,    -  , , , ,      200 . ꠖ , ,  ,  .      ,      . .: GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China (OA/ID CF01722-002) American Consul in Shenyang to Baker 19.5.1989 pp. 12.




152


Radchenko. Unwanted Visionaries. P. 162




153


  : Notepad of Teimuraz Stepanov-Mamaladze, 15.5.1989 Hoover Institution Archive, Teimuraz Stepanov-Mamaladze Papers (hereafter HIA-TSMP): Notepad 15.5.1989 DAWC.




154


Nathan. The Tiananmen Papers. P. 14.




155


Schmetzer. Ceremonies moved to foil protestors.




156


Nicholas D. Kristof. Gorbachev Meets Deng in Beiing; Protest Goes On. NYT 16.5.1989; David Helley. Gorbachev in China: The Communist Summit; Protestors Force Summit Change China Moves Ceremony From Square. LAT 15.5.1989.




157


.     : Teimuraz Stepanov-Mamaladze 17.5.1989 HIA-TSMP: Notepad 15.5.1989 DAWC; and Excerpts from the Conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and Rajiv Gandhi 15.7.1989 AGF DAWC.




158


1,000,000 Protestors Force Gorbachev to Cut Itinerary: The Center of Bei ing Is Paralyzed LAT 17.5.1989; Notepad Entry of Teimuraz Stepanov-Mamaladze 17.5.1989 HIA-TSMP: Notepad 15.5.1989 DAWC.




159


Mark Kramer. The Demise of the Soviet Bloc in Terry Cox (ed.) Re?ections on 1989 in Eastern Europe. Routledge, 2013. P. 35; Radchenko. Unwanted Visionaries. P. 163. . : Diary of Teimuraz Stepanov-Mamaladze 17.5.1989 HIA-TSMP: Diary No. 9DAWC.   , , ,    , ,             . ,         -       :  ,   ,      . Bill Keller. Gorbachev Praises the Students and Declares Reform Is Necessary. NYT 18.5.1989.




160


Nathan. The Tiananmen Papers. P. 14.




161


     : Engel & Radchenko. Beiing and Malta, 1989. Pp.192193.




162


Radchenko. Unwanted Visionaries. P. 166; Robert Service. The End of the Cold War 19851991. Pan Books, 2015. P. 385.     5885, . : Excerpts from the Conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and Rajiv Gandhi. 15.7.1989 AGF DAWC.




163


Michael Parks & David Holley. 30-Year Feud Ended by Gorbachev, Deng: Leaders Declare China-Soviet Ties Are Normalised. LAT 16.5.1989.




164


         (), 16.5.1989 DAWC.   .: DAWC.




165


Ibid.




166


Ibid.




167


HIA-TSMP Notepad 16.5.1989 Gorbachev Talks with Li Peng 16.5.1989 DAWC; Vladislav Zubok. The Soviet Union and China in the 1980s: Reconciliation and Divorce. CWH 17, 2 (2017) pp. 121141, : p. 138.




168


Daniel Southerl. Leaders Fail to Sway Chinese Protestors. WP 19.5.1989; 1,000,000 Protestors Force Gorbachev to Cut Itinerary LAT 17.5.1989.               -      . : HIA-TSMP: Diary No. 9Teimuraz Stepanov-Mamaladze Entry 18.5.1989 DAWC. Π ,          .: GHWBPL NSC-SitRoom TSCF China part1 of 5 [2] (OA/ID CF01722-002) Am. Embassy Bei ing to Baker Re: MFA Brie?ng on Sino-Soviet Summit 20.5.1989 pp. 14.




169


1,000,000 Protestors Force Gorbachev to Cut Itinerary LAT 17.5.1989; GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China (OA/ID CF01722-002) US amb. in Bei ing to Baker, Cable Subj: Bei ing at Crisis, 20.5.1989 p. 1




170


GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China (OA/ID CF01722-002) From SSO DIA, Cable Re: China, Bei ing, 20.5.1989 p. 1; US amb. in Bei ing to Baker Cable PRC State Council declares martial law 20.5.1989 p. 1.




171


Vogel. Deng Xiaoping. Pp. 616624. . : Adi Ignatius & Julia Leung. Bei ings Bind. WSJ 22.5.1989.                . : Naughton. Growing out of the Plan. Pp. 269270.  ,      ,   . GHWBPL, NSC SitRoom TSCF China (OA/IA CF01722-002) Am. embassy Bei ing to Baker Telex Student Hunger Strikes in Chengdu,19.5.1989; and American Consul Guangzhou to Baker, Re: Guangzhou students on the march in de?ance of Li Peng (Guangzhou report no. 9), 20.5.1989; and Am. embassy Bei ing to Baker, Cable Subj: Sitrep. No. 5, 0600The Scene from Tiananmen Square 21.5.1989. GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China part 1 of 5 [3] (OA/ID CF01722-003) From SSO DIA China: Situation report 22.5.1989.




172


Claudia Rosett. Miss Liberty Lights Her Lamp in Bei ing. WSJ 31.5.1989.




173


GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China part 2 of 5 [2] (OA/ID CF01722-007) Am. embassy Bei ing to Baker CableSubj: Sitrep. No. 18 Central party organs endorse Deng line 27.5.1989 pp. 12; Vogel Deng Xiaoping pp.625627.




174


Nicholas D. Kristof. Troops Attack and Crush Beiing Protest Thousands Fight Back, Scores Are Killed, Square Is Cleared. NYT 4.6.1989.




175


Ibid.; Vogel. Deng Xiaoping, pp. 625632; Heather Saul. Tiananmen Square: What happened to tank man? What became of the unknown rebel who de?ed a column of tanks?. Independent 4.6.2014. See also GHWBPL NSCSitRoom TSCF China part 3 of 5 [1] (OA/ID CF01722-011) Am. embassy Bei ing to Baker Cable Subj: Siterep No. 32 The morning of 6.4.1989, 4.6.1989 pp. 14; and Am. embassy Bei ing to Baker Cable Subj: Chaos within China 4.6.1989 pp. 15; Baker to Am. embassy Bei ing Cable Subj: SSO TF3-3: China Task Force Situation 4.6.1989 p. 1. Cf. Am. embassy Bei ing to DoS Cable What Happened on the Night of June 3/4? 22.6.1989 NSAEBB No. 16.    ,      ,    3000,       .  ,    ,  2600     ,   7000     .  ,            5:        10 000 . TNA FCO 21/4181 UK emb. Bei ing to FCO Cable China: Background to Military Situation 6.6.1989 p. 3.




176


State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research. China: Aftermath of the Crisis 27.7.1989 NSAEBB No. 16; Kremlin Dismayed, Aide Says NYT/ AP 10.6.1989.




177


GHWBPL Telcon of KohlBush talks 15.6.1989 Oval Office p. 1.




178


.           15.7.1989 AGF DAWC.




179


State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research China: Aftermath of the Crisis 27.7.1989 NSAEBB No. 16.




180


.: US Embassy (Lilley) Bei ing Cable PLA Ready to Strike (CONFIDENTIAL) 21.5.1989 NSAEBB No. 47.




181


The Presidents News Conference Following the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Summit Meeting in Brussels 30.5.1989 APP.




182


GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China (OA/ID CF01722-007) Sec State WashDC to US amb. in Bei ing Cable RE: China matters Letter from President to Deng Xiaoping 27.5.1989 pp. 12.




183


Engel & Radchenko. Beiing and Malta, 1989. P. 195.




184


James R. Lilley & Jeffrey Lilley. China Hands: Nine Decades of Adventure, Espionage, and Diplomacy in Asia. Public Affairs, 2004. P. 309; Kristof. Crackdown in Bei ing.




185


Vogel. Deng Xiaoping. Pp. 648652; David M. Lampton. Same Bed, Different Dreams. Univ. of California Press, 2002. Pp. 2122; Engel. When the World Seemed New. Pp. 175181. . : Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. Pp. 98103; GHWBPL NSC SitRoom TSCF China (OA/ID CF01722-011) Am. embassy Bei ing to Baker Cable Subj: Chaos in China 4.6.1989 pp. 15. See also JAB-SML B108/F6 RBZ draft 5.6.1989 Response to PRC events pp. 12.




186


    29.6.1989.  : Bush. All the Best. Pp. 428431.




187


GHWBPL Scowcroft Special Separate China Notes Files China Files (hereafter SSCNF-CF) China 1989 (sensitive) (OA/ID 91136-001) Handwritten notes on the ?ight 30June  1 July 1989. .: Bush & Scowcroft. AWorld Transformed. Pp. 105106




188


GHWBPL Scowcroft SSCNF-CF China 1989 (sensitive) (OA/ID 91136-001) Memcon of DengScowcroft talks 2.7.1989 Beiing pp. 114.




189


Ibid. pp. 13.




190


Ibid. p. 4.




191


Ibid. pp. 79.




192


Ibid. pp. 1012.




193


Ibid. pp. 1314.




194


Bush & Scowcroft. A World Transformed. P. 110.




195


Bush. All the Best. P. 431.




196


.: Richard Baum. Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping. Princeton UP, 1996. Pp. 1820.




197


.           15.7.1989 AGF DAWC,  : . . . . 15. . 257, 262264.




198


    - : 22.8.1989 GARF f. 10026 op. 4d. 2870 l. 75-78 DAWC.




199


John Tagliabue Poland Flirts with Pluralism Today NYT 4.6.1989.




200


  -  .: Marjorie Castle. Triggering Communisms Collapse: Perceptions and Power in Polands Transition Rowman & Little?eld, 2003. Ch. 6. . : Tagliabue Poland NYT 4.6.1989.




201


Timothy Garton Ash. Revolution in Poland and Hungary London Review of Books (hereafter LRB) 17.8.1989. . idem: The Magic Lantern. Pp. 2546,  p. 32.




202


Kristof. Troops Attack and Crush Bei ing Protest.




203


John Daniszewski. Communist Party Declares Solidarity Landslide Winner. AP 5.6.1989; John Tagliabue. Stunning Vote Casts Poles into Uncharted Waters NYT 6.6. 1989.




204


Garton Ash. The Magic Lantern P. 32.




205


Tyler Marshall Russian Troops Remain in Ex-Satellite States Military: Of an estimated 600,000 in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s, only about 113,000 havent gone home LAT 1.4.1993.




206


Andrei Grachev Gorbachevs Gamble: Soviet Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War Polity 2008 P. 172.




207


Ibid. pp. 171172.




208


.: Geir Lundestad Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe 194552. Journal of Peace Research 23, 3 (1986). Pp. 263277; idem Empire by Invitation in the American Century. Diplomatic History 23, 2 (Spring 1999). Pp. 189217; idem,Empire by Integration: The United States and European Integration, 19451997 Oxford UP, 1997; and John Lewis Gaddis. We Now Know. Clarendon Press, 1997. Pp. 284286.




209


     : Geoffrey Swain & Nigel Swain. Eastern Europe since 1945. Macmillan, 1993; Judy Batt. East Central Europe from Reform to Transformation Pinter 1991.




210


       , ,     .: George Lawson et al. (eds) The Global 1989: Continuity and Change in World Politics Cambridge UP, 2010, introduction esp. p. 4;  Michael Cox Why Did We Get the End of the Cold War Wrong? The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 11, 2 (2009) pp. 161176; John Lewis Gaddis. International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War. International Security 17, 3 (1992-3) pp. 558.  ,     , ., : Gerald K. Haines & Robert E. Leggett (eds). CIAs Analysis of the Soviet Union, 19471991. Ross & Perry, 2001; Benjamin B. Fischer & Gerald K. Haines (eds). At Cold Wars End: USIntelligence on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 19891991 Ross & Perry 2001/




211


Andrzej Paczkowski The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom Pennsylvania UP 2003.




212


Andrej Paczkowski & Malcolm Byrne (eds). From Solidarity to Martial Law: The Polish Crisis of 19801981 A Documentary History CEU Press, 2007 pp. 45; Marcin Zaremba Karol Wojtyla the Pope: Complications for Comrades of the Polish United Workers Party CWH 5, 3(2005) pp. 317336.




213


   19801981 . . : Timonthy Garton Ash The Polish Revolution: Solidarity Yale UP, 2002; Paczkowski & Byrne (eds) From Solidarity to Martial Law.




214


John Tagliabue Thousands at Gdansk Shipyard Join Polish Strike NYT 3.5.1988; . : Grzegorz W. Kolodko Polish Hyperin?ation and Stabilization 19891990 Economic Journal on Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (1/1991) pp. 936.




215


Andrew A. Michta. Red Eagle: The Army in Polish Politics, 19441989. Hoover Institution Press, 1990. P. 200; Taubman. Gorbachev. Pp. 480483; Paula Butturini. Polish Strike Broke the Barrier of Fear: Militant Steelworkers Sense Victory. CT 18.9.1989.




216


       .: Wiktor Osyatinski. The Round-Table Talks in Poland in Jon Elster (ed.) Round-Table Talks and the Breakdown of Communism. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1996.




217


John Tagliabue. Appeal by Walesa Fails to Resolve All Polish Strikes NYT 2.9.1988.




218


Castle. Triggering Communisms Collapse. P. 47.




219


Garton Ash. The Magic Lantern. P. 14.




220


Rudolf L. T?ks. Hungarys Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change and Political Succession. Cambridge UP, 1996, ch. 6.




221


Bridget Kendall. The Cold War: A New Oral History of Life between East and West. BBC Books, 2017. P. 180.   1956  .: Karen Dawisha. Eastern Europe, Gorbachev and Reform: The Great Challenge. Cambridge UP, 1990. Pp. 136139.




222


Odd Arne Westad. The Cold War: A World History. Penguin Books, 2017. Pp. 202206.      . : Minutes of the Meeting of the HSWP CC Political Committee 31.1.1989, printed in Cold War International History Bulletin Issue 12/13 (section by Bks & Melinda Kalmr Csaba, The Political Transition in Hungary) doc. 1pp. 7375 CWIHP.




223


Nigel Swain. Collective Farms Which Work? Cambridge UP, 1985. P. 26.




224


Ibid. pp. 134135.




225


Roger Gough. A Good Comrade: Janos Kdr, Communism and Hungary. I. B. Tauris, 2006. Pp.142, 150; . : Michael Getler. Goulash Communism Savoured. WP 14.9.1977.




226


T?ks. Hungarys Negotiated Revolution. Pp.274277.




227


Ibid. ch. 7; Andrs Bozki. The Round-Table Talks of 1989: The Genesis of Hungarian Democracy. CEU Press, 2002. Pp. 98101.




228


 1848  .: Alice Freifeld. Nationalism and the Crowd in Liberal Hungary, 18481914. Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2000. Pp.309316; Tams Hofer. The Demonstration of March 15, 1989, in Budapest: A Struggle for Pubilc Memory Program on Central and Eastern Europe,Working Paper Series #16 Cambridge MA, 1991. Pp. 68.




229


Nigel Swain. Hungary: The Rise and Fall of Feasible Socialism. Verso, 1992. Pp. 1826. . : Bzki. The Round-Table Talks of 1989; idem The Round-Table Talks of 1989: Participants, Political Visions, and Historical References. Hungarian Studies 14, 2 (2000). Pp. 241257.




230


Henry Kamm. Hungarian Who Led 56 Revolt Is Buried as a Hero. NYT 17.6.1989.        . : Lszl Bruszt & David Stark. Remaking the Political Field in Hungary: From thePolitics of Confrontation to the Politics of Competition.Journal of International Affairs 45, 1 [East Central Europe: After the Revolutions] (Summer 1991). Pp. 201245.




231


  ()  .: Mark R. Beissinger. Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/ Tulip Revolutions. Perspectives on Politics 5, 2 (June 2007). Pp.259276  . 259; idem. An Interrelated Wave. Journal of Democracy 20, 1 (January 2009) pp. 7477; Leeson & Dean. The Democratic Domino Theory: An Empirical Investigation. American Journal of Political Science 53, 3 (July 2009). Pp.533551.       . : Valerie Bunce & Sharon Wolchik. Getting Real about Real Causes.Journal of Democracy 20, 1 (January 2009). Pp.6973; Kristian Skrede Gleditsch & Michael D. Ward. Diffusion and the International Context of Democratisation. International Organisation 60, 4 (Fall 2006). Pp.911933.




232


     .: Vogel. Deng Xiaoping. . 626; James Miles. The Legacy of Tiananmen: China in Disarray. Univ. of Michigan Press, 1996. Pp.4243; Baum. Burying Mao. Pp.250, 275280; Shambaugh. Chinas Communist Party. Pp.4346; Sarotte. Chinas Fear of Contagion. Pp. 156182.     CCC .: Esther B. Fein. Moscow Condemns Nationalist Virus in 3 Baltic Lands. NYT 27.8.1989.




233


. Krishan Kumar. The Revolutions of 1989: Socialism, Capitalism, and Democracy. Theory and Society 21, 3 (June 1992). Pp. 309356.




234


 . : Walter Mayr. Hungarys Peaceful Revolution: Cutting the Fence and Changing History. Spiegel-Online 29.5.2009.




235


Sebestyen. Revolution 1989. P. 259; Mayr. Hungarys Peaceful Revolution.




236


         3.3.1989, .: MoH:1989 doc. 59 pp. 412413.       , .      ,  : CWIHP Bulletin 12/13 pp. 7677.




237


Sebestyen. Revolution 1989. P. 261; Michael Meyer. 1989: The Year that Changed the World. Simon & Schuster, 2009. Pp. 6870. BA-MA Strausberg AZN 32665 Bl. 78/79 Schreiben von DDR-Verteidigungsminister Heinz Ke?ler an Erich Honecker zur Demontage des Grenzsignalzaunes zwischen Ungarn und ?sterreich 6.5.1989 pp. 12 Chronik derMauer Digital Archive (CdMDA).




238


Sebestyen. Revolution 1989. P. 261.




239


Gary Bruce. The Firm: The Inside Story of the Stasi. Oxford UP, 2010. P. 165.




240


Helmut Kohl. Ich wollte Deutschlands Einheit. Ullstein, 1996. Pp. 3551.




241


     12.6.1989. .2. .  .. . DAWC. C.      12.6.1989,  : MoH:1989 doc. 63 pp. 463467. .:  .. . . . 14. . 460464.       12.6.1989, .: Hanns J?rgen K?sters & Daniel Hoffmann (eds). Deutsche Einheit: Sonderedition aus den Akten des Bundeskanzleramtes, 1989/90 (hereafter DESE) [Dokumente zur Deutschlandpolitik]. Oldenbourg, 1998. doc. 2pp. 276287 esp. pp. 283284.




242


Kohl. Ich wollte. Pp. 4749; Bulletin der Bundesregierung no. 61 15.6.1989 pp. 542544; .      13.6.1989,  : DESE doc. 4pp. 295299.      ,     , . : Hannes Adomeit. Imperial Overstretch: Germany in Soviet Policy from Stalin to Gorbachev. Nomos, 1998 pp.398399.




243


Serge Schmemann. Bonn Declaration: Heal the Wounds NYT 14.6.1989.




244


      14.6.1989,  : MoH:1989 doc. 67 pp. 477478.    14 . .: . . . .14. . 498.




245


   13.6.1989 ( ) DESE doc. 3pp. 287292 esp. p. 292;      .: Record of Second Conversation between Gorbachev and Kohl 13.6.1989 MoH:1989 doc. 66 p. 475.




246


MoH:1989 doc. 67 p. 476 and doc. 66 p. 475.




247


.: Hannes Adomeit. Imperial Overstretch, pp. 398399.




248


Kohl. Ich wollte, pp. 4344. O             .: DESE doc. 2, p. 280.




249


Schmemann. Bonn Declaration, p. 12.




250


Serge Schmemann. A Gorbachev Hint for Berlin Wall NYT 16.6.1989; Ferdinand Protzman. Gorbachev Urges Greater Trade and Much Closer Ties with Bonn. NYT 14.6.1989.




251


James M. Markham. Gorbachev Says Change Will Sweep Bloc. NYT 6.7.1989; . Taubman Gorbachev. P. 478.




252


     12.6. 1989. .  .. . DAWC. . : MoH:1989 doc. 63 pp. 464465; DESE doc. 2, p. 282.




253


     5.7.1989 MoH:1989 doc. 72 pp. 490491. James M. Markham. Gorbachev Likens Soviets to French. NYT 5.7.1989.         .: Bozo. Mitterrand. pp. 6063.




254


. . . . 15. . 156169.




255


Mark Kramer The Demise of the Soviet Bloc Journal of Modern History 83 (December 2011) pp. 788854 here pp. 806809. And US National Intelligence Council Status of Soviet Unilateral Withdrawals 1.9.1989, Memorandum NIC M 89-10003 (Secret), printed in Fischer (ed.) At Cold Wars End doc. 19 pp.304313. Warsaw Pact Warms to NATO Plan CT 9.7.1989.




256


   ,        ,         ,     ,                 ;     ,        ,       . .:     ⠖   , , 78 1989 .:   . .: , 1989,  : Parallel History Project-ETH Zurich (PHP-ETHZ).




257


.: . . . . 15. . 182.




258


Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 115.     : Bush to Visit Hungary, Poland in July to Show US Support for Their Reforms LAT 6.5.1989. .: GHWBPL Telcon of KohlBush call 5.5.1989 Oval Office, p. 2.




259


Maureen Dowd Bush Rebuffs Gorbachevs Move for Swifter Cuts in Nuclear Arms NYT 7.7.1989; Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 115. Kevin McDermott & Matthew Stibbe (eds) The 1989 Revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe: From Communism to Pluralism Manchester UP 2015 p. 127.




260


Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed pp. 115116.




261


Ibid. p. 116; Maureen Dowd Bush in Warsaw on Delicate Visit to Push Changes NYT 10.7.1989.




262


Maureen Dowd For Bush, A Polish Welcome without Fervor NYT 11.7.1989.




263


GHWBPL Memcon of JaruzelskiBush and Scowcroft meeting 10.7.1989 Belvedere Palace (Poland).    ,     : Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 117.     . : Information Note Regarding George H. W. Bushs Visit to Poland (July 911) 18.7.1989,  :MoH:1989 doc. 76 pp. 503505.




264


GHWBPL Memcon of RakowskiBush meeting 10.7.1989 Council of Ministers (Poland) pp.23.




265


Bushs Remarks to the Polish National Assembly in Warsaw 10.7.1989 APP.




266


Gregory F. Domber Skepticism and Stability: Re-evaluating US Policy during Polands Democratic Transformation in 1989 JCWS 13, 3 72 (Summer 2011) pp. 5282 esp. p. 62 .




267


Marshall Robinson Americas Not-So-Troubling Debts and De?cits Harvard Business Review (July-August 1989).        150. 10  1989 .,         79  . 1981 . .: Statistical Comparison of US presidential Terms, 19812009 at reagan. procon.org/view.resource. php? resourceID=004090.




268


R. W. Apple Jr Bush, in Warsaw, Unveils Proposal for Aid to Poland NYT 11.7.1989.    .   : Political Openings, Economic Straits NYT 12.7.1989.      :     ,     ,     .    ,        14. .: GHWBPL Memcon of Bushs Luncheon Meeting with Jacques Delors 14.6.1989 White House.




269


Maureen Dowd Bush urges Poles to pull together NYT 12.7.1989; R. W. Apple Jr A Polish Journey; Bush Escapes Pitfalls in Weathering Tough Economic and Political Climate NYT 12.7.1989; David Hoffman Wa? esa Pleads with Bush for Money to Spare Poland the Fate of Bei ing WP 12.7.1989; 82 Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed pp.120121. . : Bushs Question-andAnswer Session With Reporters Following a Luncheon With Solidarity Leader Lech Waesa in Gdansk 11.7.1989 APP; Bushs Remarks at the Solidarity Workers Monument in Gdansk 11.7.1989 APP .




270


Apple Jr A Polish Journey .




271


Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 124. Jack Nelson Bush Hailed in Hungary, Lauds Reforms LAT 12 July 1989; Terry Atlas & Timothy J. McNulty Cheers Greet Bush Call For Reform CT 12.7.1989.




272


Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p.124; George H. W. Bush Speaking of Freedom: The Collected Speeches Scribner 2009, pp. 7980.




273


Domber Skepticism and Stability pp. 7273; Paczkowski The Spring Will Be Ours p. 507; R.W. Apple Jr In Hungary, The Ideas for Change Are Selling Themselves NYT 13.7.1989.




274


GHWBPL Memcon of BushNmeth Meeting 12.7.1989 Parliament Building (Hungary) pp.24.




275


GHWBPL Memcon of BushPozsgay meeting 12.7. 1989 US Ambassadors Residence (Hungary) pp. 23.




276


Bushs Remarks to Students and Faculty at Karl Marx University in Budapest 12.7.1989 APP; Apple Jr In Hungary, The Ideas for Change are Selling Themselves.




277


Ibid. . : Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 126.




278


Apple Jr In Hungary, The Ideas for Change are Selling Themselves .




279


Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 126; Bushs Interview with Members of the White House Press Corps 13.7.1989 APP.




280


Robert M. Gates From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insiders Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War Simon & Schuster 2006 p. 466.




281


Bushs Interview With Members of the White House Press Corps 13.7.1989 APP. See also Maureen Dowd Bush Credits Moscow with Change in East Bloc NYT 14.7.1989.




282


Peter T. Kilborn US Prepares Loan to Enable Mexico to Meet Payments NYT 14.7.1989; Bush & Scowcroft, A World Transformed p.127.      , . : GHWBPL Telcon of BushKohl call 23.6.1989 Oval Office p. 2.   :            .        ,     . C.  : Telcon of BushKohl call 23.6.1989,  :DESE doc. 10 p. 315.




283


Serge Schmemann Polands Leader Asks West for Aid NYT 14.7. 1989; idem Walesa to Back a Communist Chief NYT 15.7.1989.




284


See TNA UK PREM 19/2597 Charles Powells notes on BushThatcher Telcon 5.6.1989 MTF.




285


Ezra F. Vogel, Ming Yuan, Akihiko Tanaka (eds) The Golden Age of the USChinaJapan Triangle, 19721989 Harvard Univ. Asia Center 2002 pp. 105106; Mary Nolan The Transatlantic Century: Europe and the United States, 18902010 Cambridge UP 2012 p. 327; R. W. Apple Jr Leaders in Paris Argue over China NYT 14.7.1989.




286


  .: g8.utoronto.ca/summit/ 1989paris/east.html.




287


Maureen Dowd Leaders at Summit Back Financial Aid For East Europe NYT 16.7.1989.




288


Jbid.; Robert L. Hutchings American Diplomacy and the End of the Cold War: An Insiders Account of US Policy in Europe, 19891992 Woodrow Wilson Center Press 1997 pp. 6769; R. W. Apple Jr Mission for Europeans Signals Growing Power NYT 16.7.1989.




289


D. Hodson Jacques Delors: Vision, Revisionism, and the Design of EMU in Kenneth Dyson & Ivo Maes (eds) Architects of the Euro: Intellectuals in the Making of European Monetary Union Oxford UP 2016 pp. 212232.




290


 -92 .: JAB-SML B108/F1 Talking points Cabinet Meeting (?rst meeting of Bush administration) WDC 23.1.1989 p. 2; Robert B. Zoellick Bush 41 and Gorbachev Diplomatic History 42, 4 (2018) p. 561.




291


   .: europarl. europa.eu/summits/madrid/ mad1_de.pdf.        .: GHWBPL Memcon of BushDelors talks 14.6.1989 White House pp. 23.




292


   28.6.1989,  : DESE doc. 12 pp. 320323.    .: Serge Schmemann Old Prejudices and Hostilities Stall Effort by Bonn and Warsaw to Reconcile NYT 23.6.1989; Hutchings American Diplomacy pp. 6768. . : Christoph Gunkel Helmut Kohls Polen-Reise 1989: Problemfall Mauerfall Spiegel-Online, 6.11.2009.




293


W. Europe to Start Giving Food Products to Poland LAT 18.8.1989; Food Aid to Poland Linked to Free Markets NYT 2.8.1989. C. Domber Skepticism and Stability p. 65;  : NS Archive Washington DC End of the Cold War Poland 1989 Cables.




294


C. Engel A Better World p. 27; Steven Hurst The Foreign Policy of the Bush Administration: In Search of a New World Order Cambridge UP 2009 p. 11; Meyer 1989 pp. 212217; Melvyn Leffler Dreams of Freedom, Temptation of Power in Jeffrey A. Engel (ed.) The Fall of the Berlin Wall: The Revolutionary Legacy of 1989 Oxford UP 2009 pp. 132169.




295


   : Steven Greenhouse Gorbachev Urges Economic Accords NYT 16.7.1989.




296


Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 129.




297


Ibid.




298


  ,   Ostpolitik,   1960- .        ,     .                   ,       .




299


GHWBPL Memcon of BushWeizsacker meeting 6.6.1989 Oval Office p. 2.




300


GHWBPL Telcon of KohlBush call 15.6.1989 Oval Office pp. 13;   : DESE doc. 5pp. 299301 esp. p. 300. . :   15.6.1989,  : Bush All the Best p. 428.   :          .        ,  .   :   ,    ,          ,         .    ,         ,       , ,  ,    .




301


  18.6.1989,  : Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 130




302


Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed pp. 39, 130.




303


GHWBPL Memcon of MitterrandBush meeting 13.7.1989 Palais de lElysee p. 2.




304


Engel When the World Seemed New p. 6; James M. Markham The President Tours a New Europe That Calls Its Own Shots NYT 16.7.1989; Dowd Leaders at Summit Back Financial Aid For East Europe.       .: Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed pp. 6061.  ,   , .: Memcon of ReaganGorbachev talks 11.10.1986 Reykjavik p. 11 thereagan?les.com/ reykjavik-summit-transcript.pdf.




305


   21.7.1989,  : Bush All the Best pp. 433434. C.Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed pp.132133.




306


John Tagliabue Jaruzelski Wins Polish Presidency by Minimum Votes NYT 20.7.1989; Domber Skepticism and Stability p. 74.




307


Garton Ash The Magic Lantern pp. 3940. NSArchive, End of the Cold War Poland 1989 Cables US embassy Warsaw to Sec State Coversation with Gen. Kiszczak 11.8.1989; and New Prime Minister May Fail to Form a Government, Will Waesa Try Next? 14.8.1989.




308


John Tagliabue Senior Solidarity Aide Says He Is Being Named Premier; Post-War Milestone In Bloc NYT 19.8.1989.     .: From Rakowskis polit-diary Gorbatschow zu Mieczyslaw Rakowski: Den Weg der Verst?ndigung gehen 22.8.1989,  : Stefan Karner et al. (eds) DerKreml und die Wende 1989: Interne Analysen der sowjetischen F?hrung zum Fall derkommunistischen Regime Dokumente Studienverlag 2014 pp. 434436; Francis X. Clines Gorbachev Calls, Then Polish Party Drops Its Demands NYT 23.8.1989; Castle Triggering Communisms Collapse pp. 204210.




309


. : Castle Triggering Communisms Collapse p. 207. John Tagliabue Man in the News: Tadeusz Mazowiecki A Catholic at the Helm NYT 19.8.1989.




310


John Tagliabue Jaruzelski, Moved by Needs and Aspirations of Poland, Names Walesa Aide Premier NYT 20.8.1989.




311


Idem Wider Capitalism to Be Encouraged byPolish Leaders NYT 24.8.1989.




312


Idem Poles Approve Solidarity-Led Cabinet NYT 13.9.1989.




313


 . : Thomas L. Friedman The Challenge of Poland NYT 25.8.1989. Bush quoted in GHWBPL Telcon BushKohl call 23.6.1989 Oval Office p. 2.




314


Taubman Gorbachev pp. 481483, 428.




315


   .: Kristina Spohr Germany and the Baltic Problem after the Cold War: The Development of a New Ostpolitik, 19892000 Routledge 2004 pp. 2022; Graham Smith (ed.) The Baltic States: The National Self-Determination of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania St Martins Press 1996 pp. 132133. Π     .: Michael Dobbs Baltic States Link In Protest So Our Children Can Be WP 24.8.1989; Francis X. Clines Poland Condemns Nazi-Soviet Pact NYT 24.8.1989. Cf. Esther B. Fein Moscow Condemns Nationalist Virus in 3 Baltic Lands NYT 27.8.1989; Michael Dobbs Independence Fever Sets Up Confrontation WP 27.8.1989.




316


Mary Elise Sarotte The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall Basic Books 2014 p. 24.   .: BStU Sekretariat Mittig 27 Blatt 120130 STRENG GEHEIM! Zentrale Auswertungs- und Informationsgruppe: Hinweise auf wesentliche motivbildende Faktoren im Zusammenhang mit Antr?gen auf st?ndige Ausreise nach dem nichtsozialistischen Ausland und dem ungesetzlichen Verlassen der DDR Berlin 9.9.1989 esp. p. 3.




317


David Childs The Fall of the GDR Longman 2001 p. 66. Serge Schmemann Sour German Birthday; Humiliation of Exodus to West Overwhelms East Berlins Celebration of First 40Years NYT 6.10.1989.




318


Hans Michel Kloth Vom Zettelfalten zum freien W?hlen: Die Demokratisierung der DDR 1989/90 und die Wahlfrage Ch. Links 2000 p. 295; DDR: Zeugnis der Reife Der Spiegel 20/1989 15.5.1989 pp. 2425; Schmemann Sour German Birthday.




319


Politisches Archiv des Ausw?rtigen Amts Berlin (hereafter PAAA) Zwischen-Archiv (ZA) 139.798E Dr. Mulack an Bundesminister Betr.: Vorsprache und Zu?uchtnahme von Deutschen aus der DDR in unseren osteurop?ischen Vertretungen 20.6.1989 p. 3.




320


BStU ZA ZAIG 5352 Blatt 124134 Zentrale Auswertungs- und Informationsgruppe: Hinweise zum verstarkten Missbrauch des Territoriums der Ungarischen Volksrepublik durch B?rger der DDR zum Verlassen derDDR sowie zum Reiseverkehr nach der UVR 14.7.1989.     1969 . . : Memcon of Fischer-Horn talks in East Berlin 31.8.1989,   Horst M?ller et al. (eds) Die Einheit: Das Ausw?rtige Amt, das DDR-Au?enministerium und der Zweiplus-Vier-Vertrag (hereafter DE) Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2015 doc. 2p. 76 fn. 4.




321


Vermerk des stellv. Referatsleiters 513, Mulack Ausreisewillige DDR. B?rger in Ungarn,  : DE doc. 1pp.7374 and fn. 2; BStU ZA ZAIG 4021 Blatt 1192 hier Blatt 7989 MfS  Der Minister: Referat auf derSitzung der Kreisleitung der SED im MfS zur Auswertung der 8. Tagung des ZK [Auszug] 29.6.1989.




322


Sebestyen Revolution 1989 p. 311.




323


Ibid. pp. 312313; Meyer 1989 pp. 98102.




324


Meyer 1989 p. 102; Richard A. Leiby The Uni? cation of Germany, 19891990 Greenwood Press 1999 pp. 1011; Protzman Westward Tide of East Germans Is a Popular No-Con?dence Vote.




325


.: DE doc. 1p. 74.




326


DE doc. 2p. 78 fn. 5; Kunzmann to StS Lautenschlager Betr.: Versorgung der Deutschen aus der DDR in den Botschaften Prag, Warschau und in Ungarn 5.9.1989,  : DE doc. 3pp. 7981.




327


BStU ZA ZAIG 4021 Blatt 1192 hier Blatt 7989 MfS Der Minister: Referat auf derSitzung der Kreisleitung der SED im MfS zurAuswertung der 8. Tagung des ZK [Auszug] 29.6.1989; DE doc. 2p. 75.




328


Protzman Westward Tide.




329


Sarotte The Collapse p. 25.




330


Memo by Stern to Seiters 8.8.1989 and Mem-con of Duisberg-Nier talks 11.8.1989,  : DESE docs 20 and 21 pp.351355. Serge Schmemann Illness Sparks Succession Watch in East Germany NYT 24.7.1989 p. 3; Robert J. McCartney East Germany Paralysed WP 14.9.1989.




331


PAAA ZA 178.925E StS Dr. Sudhoff (Bonn) Mein Gespr?ch mit dem ungarischen AM Horn (14.8.1989) 18.8.1989 p. 4.




332


       ,    ,    25.8.1989, .: DESE docs 289 pp.377382.   . .: NSAEBB No. 490.




333


Memcon by Genscher on Kohls meeting with Nemth and Horn, Schloss Gymnich,  : DESE doc. 28 p. 380; Kohl Ich wollte pp. 7174 here esp. p. 74.




334


DESE doc. 28 pp. 378379 and NSAEBB No.490; Letter from Kohl to Nmeth 4.10.1989 and Memcon of KohlDelors talks 5.10. 1989,  : DESE docs 57, 58 pp. 442443; Kohl Ich wollte p. 74.




335


Kramer The Demise p. 834.




336


Kohl Ich wollte p. 75.




337


   31.8.1989, .: DE doc. 2pp. 7579  Cable from Bertele to BK Chef 1.9. 1989,   : DESE doc. 34 p. 391; SAPMO ZPA J IV 212/039/77 Verlauf der SED Politb?rositzung am 5. September 1989 (Streng geheim!) 5.9.1989;        : MoH:1989 doc. 79 pp. 515516.




338


Gyula Horn Freiheit, die ich meine: Erinnerungen des ungarischen Au?enministers, der den eisernen Vorhang ?ffnete Hoffmann & Campe 1991 pp. 327328; Serge Schmemann Hungary Allows 7,000 East Germans to Emigrate West NYT 11.9.1989; Henry Kamm Hungarys Motive: Earning Western Goodwill NYT 15.9.1989.




339


Ferdinand Protzman Thousands Swell Trek to the West by East Germans NYT 12.9.1989; Craig R. Whitney The Dream of Reunion; Idea of One Germany Gains New Currency NYT 12.9.1989.




340


Telegram Kohl to Nmeth 12.9.1989, printed in DESE doc. 40 p. 404; Helmut Kohl Vom Mauerfall zur Wieder-vereinigung: Meine Erinnerungen Knaur-Taschenbuch 2009 pp. 5158; Protzman Thousands Swell Trek.




341


Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni?ed p. 68; Mem-con of Seiters-Horvth talks in Bonn 19.9.1989, printed in DESE doc. 41 p. 405; John Tagliabue East Germans Get Permission To Quit Prague For West NYT 1.10.1989.




342


  -  .: Letter from GDR Ambassador to Hungary, Gerd Vehres, to Foreign Minister Oskar Fischer 10.9.1989 DAWC   : MoH:1989 doc. 81 pp. 518520;     .: Jonathan Steele Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and the Mirage of Democracy Harvard UP 1994 pp. 184185; Kramer The Demise pp. 836837; Taubman Gorbachev p. 484; MoH:1989 doc. 90 p.548; Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni?ed p.68; Memcon of GorbachevHonecker Meeting in Moscow 28.6.1989,  : Daniel K?chenmeister (ed.) Honecker Gorbatschow: Vieraugengespr?che (hereafter Vieraugengespr?che) Dietz 1993 p. 209.               13 1989, .: Memcon of KohlGorbachev Talks with Delegations in Bonn 13.6.1989,  : DESE doc. 4pp. 294299.




343


PAAA ZA 139.798E BStSL Betr.: Aktuelle Zahl der Zu?uchtssuchenden 27.9.1989.




344


Tagliabue East Germans Get Permission to Quit Prague for West.




345


       25.9.1989  -  : DE doc. 7pp. 9799;         (),  (),  (),  (),   () 28.9.1989 :DE doc. 8pp. 100101 and fns 2, 4;    29.9.1989,  : DE doc. 10 pp. 106107. . : PAAA ZA 178.931E Vermerk, Betr.: Gespr?ch BM mit AM Schewardnadze am 27.9.1989 in New York (Kleiner Kreis), 27.9.1989; and PAAA ZA 178.924E Note from Genscher to Shevardnadze 29.9.1989; Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 1419.




346


SAPMO DY 30/ J IV 2/2A/3243 Protokoll derSitzung des Politbiros 29.9.1989.    .: SAPMO DY 30/ J IV 2/2A/3245; Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 1921.




347


Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 2122; Richard Kiessler & Frank Elbe Ein runder Tisch mit scharfen Ecken: der diplomatische Weg zur deutschen Einheit Nomos 1993 pp. 3338; DESE docs 51-7 pp. 429442;         (Thomas Strieder) 30.91.10.1989,  : DE doc. 12 pp.110111 fn. 3.




348


DE doc. 12 pp. 110114; Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 2224.




349


Tagliabue East Germans Get Permission To Quit Prague For West




350


Genscher Erinnerungen part 1 pp. 27204.




351


Ibid. pp. 1314.  . : Serge Schmemann More Than 6,000 East Germans Swell Tide of Emigres to the West NYT 2.10.1989; c. Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 6061.




352


DE doc. 12 pp. 110114; Tagliabue East Germans Get Permission To Quit Prague For West;      ,   800 ,     ,       ,    . .: Cable by Bertele to Chef BK 2.10.1989,  : DESE doc. 52 pp. 430432.    .: prag.diplo. de/cz-de/botschaft/-/2176350.




353


Memo by Duisberg to Klein, 2.10.1989, printed in DESE doc. 54 pp. 435436; Kiessler & Elbe Ein runder Tisch pp. 4244; Sarotte 1989 pp. 3133.    ,       , c. DESE doc. 52 p. 432.




354


 . : Schmemann More Than 6,000 East Germans.




355


Schmemann Sour German Birthday.




356


BStU MfS Rechtsstelle 100 HA Konsularische Angelegenheiten S Reiseverkehr DDRCSSR ( ,   3.10.1989). . : Paula Butturini East Germany Closes Its Border After 10,000 More Flee To West CT 4.10.1989.




357


C. BStU MfS ZAIG 3804 Blatt 16 Ministerium f?r Staatssicherheit: Information no.438/89 ?ber erste Hinweise auf Reaktionen und Verhaltensweisen von Personen der DDR im Zusammenhang mit der zeitweiligen Aussetzung des pass- und visafreien Reiseverkehrs 4.10.1989.




358


Telcon of KohlAdamec call 3.10.1989 and Seiters-Duisberg talks and contacts 34.10.1989,  : DESE docs 55-6 pp. 437441; DE docs. 14-15 pp. 115120.      . : SAPMO DY 30/ J IV 2/2A/3245 and DY 30/IV 2/2.039/342.




359


Sarotte The Collapse pp. 3031. Freedom Train TIME 16.10.1989; Serge Schmemann East Germans Line Emigr Routes, Some in Hope of Their Own Exit NYT 5.10.1989.




360


BStU Au?enstelle Dresden BV Dresden LBV 10167 Blatt 15 Schilderung der Ereignisse in Dresden zwischen dem 3. und dem 8.10.1989 durch den Leiter der BVfS Dresden, B?hm 9.10.1989; Patrick Salmon et al. (eds) Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III, Volume VII, German Uni? cation, 19891990 (hereafter DBPO III VII GU 198990) Routledge 2010 doc. 14 p. 34. . : Ferdinand Protzman Jubilant East Germans Cross to West in Sealed Trains NYT 6.10.1989.




361


  .: Vladimir Putin et al., First Person: An Astonishingly Frank Self-Portrait by Russias President Putin Public Affairs 2000 pp.6981; Fiona Gill & Clifford G. Gaddy How the 1980s Explains Vladimir Putin The Atlantic 14.2.2013; Entry 5.10.1989   ..  1989 NSAEBB No. 275.




362


Erkl?rung der DDR-Volkskammer zu den aktuellen Ereignissen in der Volksrepublik China, 8.6.1989, printed in Neues Deutschland 8.6.1989;    ,     .: Serge Schmemann East Germans Let Largest Protest Proceed InPeace NYT 10.10.1989.




363


            . .: SAPMO ZPA IV 2/2.035/33 Bericht f?r das Politb?ro ?ber die Lage in der VR China (III. Quartal 1989),  : Werner Mei?ner (ed.) Die DDR und China 19451990: Politik Wirtschaft Kultur. Eine Quellensammlung (hereafter DDR-CHINA:PWK) Akademie Verlag 1995 doc. 201 pp. 406407.




364


SAPMO ZPA JIV 2/2A/3247 Memcon of JianKrenz talks in Bei ing 26.9.1989,  : DDR-CHINA:PWK, doc. 204 pp.412414 esp. p. 413.




365


SAPMO ZPA JIV 2/2A/3247 Memcon of QiaoKrenz talks in Beijing, 25.9.1989,  : DDR-CHINA:PWK doc. 203 pp. 409411 esp. p. 410.




366


SAPMO DY 30/ J IV 2/2A/3247 Protocol #43 of the Meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED 17.10.1989 p. 5DAWC.




367


 How Gorbi Spoiled East Germanys 40th Birthday Party Spiegel-Online 7.10.1989.




368


David Holley Under Tight Wraps, China Marks 40th Anniversary of Communist Rule LAT 2.10.1989. ,            , ,   ,      .        ,  .   ,          . .: Lee Feigon Bush and China: Whats aMassacre Between Friends? CT 12.12.1989.




369


Nicholas D. Kristof Peoples China Celebrates, but without the People NYT 2.10.1989; Li quoted in 40 Years of Communism China to Celebrate Loudly The Baltimore Sun 16.8.1989.




370


DBPO III VII GU 198990 doc. 17 p. 42; Sebestyen Revolution 1989 pp. 332334; BStU MfS ZAIG 7314 Blatt 130 Plan der Ma?nahmen zurGew?hrleistung der Sicherheit w?hrend des40. Jahrestages der Gr?ndung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 68.10.1989 27.9.1989; BStU MfS ZAIG 8680 Blatt 1 1521 Hinweise f?r Kollegiumssitzung 3.10.1989 Hinweise zur Aktion Jubil?um 40 3.10.1989. ForHoneckers speech on 6.10.1989, available atDeutsche Geschichte in Dokumenten und Bildern German Historical Institute Washington DC (hereafter DGDB-GHIDC).




371


Taubman Gorbachev pp. 484485. Serge Schmemann Gorbachev Lends Honecker aHand NYT 7.10.1989. C. Maier Dissolution p.148.




372


Serge Schmemann Police and Protestors Clash Amid East Berlin Festivity NYT 8.10.1989.




373


SAPMO ZPA J IV 2/2.035/60 Memcon of HoneckerGorbachev meeting 7.10.1989 and SAPMO ZPA J IV 2/2.035/60 Memcon of SED Politburo meeting with Gorbachev 7.10.1989,   Vieraugengespr?che docs 20-1 pp. 240266 esp. pp. 241, 243, 256; Schmemann Gorbachev Lends Honecker aHand .




374


SAPMO ZPA J IV 2/2.035/60 Memcon of SED Politburo meeting with Gorbachev 7.10.1989,  : Vieraugengespr?he doc. 21 p.256.    : MoH:1989 doc. 88 p. 545; Schmemann Gorbachev Lends Honecker aHand. . : . . . . 16. . 206211.




375


Gorbachevs Festansprache zum 40. Jahrestag der DDR (7.10.1989) Neues Deutschland 9.10.1989;  . : Schmemann Gorbachev Lends Honecker a Hand; . . . . 16. . 199200.




376


Christoph Gunkel Helmut Kohls Polen-Reise 1989 Problemfall Mauerfall Spiegel-Online 6.11.2009; Werner A. Perger Friedliche Revolution: Als Kohl einmal am falschen Platz war Zeit Online 9.11.2009. Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 8486; Horst Teltschik 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung Siedler 1991 pp.1114 esp. p. 14.




377


Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 83; Teltschik 329Tage pp. 11, 1314.




378


Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 102103; Teltschik 329Tage p. 14; Andreas R?dder Deutschland einig Vaterland: Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung Beck 2009 pp. 133134; .              -   50   1939 .,                  .      ,          ,    ,   ,    . Weit weg von Auss?hnung DerSpiegel 45/1989 6.11.1989 pp. 1819; Helmut Kohl als Symbol der Geschichte DerSpiegel 47/1989 20.11.1989 pp. 130, 132133 esp. p.132.




379


Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 8687; Teltschik 329Tage p. 15; c. Gunkel Helmut Kohls Polen-Reise 1989.




380


Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 8788; Teltschik 329Tage pp. 1619; Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 655, 657; Gunkel Helmut Kohls Polen-Reise 1989. . : Perger Friedliche Revolution.




381


Serge Schmemann Joyous East Germans Pour Through Wall; Party Pledges Freedoms, and City Exults  Berlin a Festival NYT 11.11.1989; Genscher Unterwegs zur Einheit pp.228229; idem, Erinnerungen pp. 657661; c.    (Teltschik 329Tage p.20), ,          ;         :  ,   ,     컠   . .  : Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 94  Willy Brandt: Now what belongs together will grow together Deutsche Welle 13.12.2012.




382


Schmemann Joyous East Germans Pour Through Wall. Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp.8893; Teltschik 329 Tage p. 20. . : Helmut Kohl als Symbol pp. 130, 132133.




383


    10.11.1989,  : DESE doc. 80 pp. 504505; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 8990.




384


Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 94.




385


Letter by Charles Powell (No. 10) to Stephen Wall (FCO) 10.11.1989, printed in DBPO III VII GU 19891990 doc. 37 p. 102; Telcon of KohlThatcher call 10.11.1989, printed in DESE doc. 81 pp. 506507; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp.9495.




386


Telcon of KohlBush call 10.11.1989, printed in DESE doc. 82 pp. 507509; for the US version see GHWBPL Telcon of KohlBush call 10.11.1989 Oval Office pp. 13; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 95.




387


Telcon of KohlMitterrand call 11.11.1989, printed in DESE doc. 85 p. 512; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 9596.




388


Telcon of KohlKrenz call 11.11.1989, printed in DESE doc. 86 pp. 513515; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 9697.




389


Telcon of KohlGorbachev call 11.11.1989, printed in DESE doc. 87 pp. 515517; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 9799; Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 2729.




390


Letter from Waigel to Kohl 10.11.1989, printed in DESE doc. 84; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 97.       . : Christian Joppke East German Dissidents and the Revolution of 1989: Social Movement in a Leninist Regime Macmillan 1995 p. 82; Ian Jeffries Socialist Economies and the Transition to the Market: A Guide Routledge 2002 p. 313.  ,   , . Gerlinde Sinn & Hans-Werner Sinn Kaltstart: Volkswirtschaftliche Aspekte der deutschen Vereinigung DTV 1993. Craig R. Whitney Bonns Politicians Appear Dismayed by Cost of In?ux NYT 7.11.1989.




391


Whitney Bonns Politicians Appear Dismayed by Cost of In?ux.




392


Cf. Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 100101. Teltschik 329 Tage p. 29.




393


Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk Endspiel: Die Revolution von 1989 in der DDR Beck 2009 p. 387; Detlef Pollack Der Zusammenbruch der DDR als Verkettung getrennter Handlungs-linien in Konrad H. Jarausch & Martin Sabrow (eds) Weg in den Untergang: Der innere Zerfall der DDR Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1999 pp. 4344, 51.




394


S.: BStU MfS ZAIG 7314 Blatt 130 Plan derMa?nahmen zur Gew?hrleistung derSicherheit w?hrend des 40. Jahrestages derGr?ndung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 68.10.1989 27.9.1989; BStU MfS ZAIG 8680 Blatt 1 1521 Hinweise f?r Kollegiumssitzung 3.10.1989. Hinweise zur Aktion Jubil?um 40 3.10.1989. See also Kowalczuk Endspiel pp. 389391.




395


Dieter Kr?ger & Armin Wagner (eds) Konspiration als Beruf: Deutsche Geheimdienstchefs im Kalten Krieg Ch. Links 1999 p. 260; Sebestyen Revolution 1989 p. 335.




396


Serge Schmemann Police and Protestors Clash Amid East Berlin Festivity NYT 8.10.1989 p. 18; idem Security Forces Storm Protestors in East Germany NYT 9.10.1989; Stefan Wolle Die heile Welt der Diktatur: Alltag und Herrschaft in der DDR 19711989 Ch. Links 2013 pp. 320322.          76 .  7   ,     20.,   ;                     -. .: Kowalczuk Endspiel pp.396399.




397


.: Die Geduld ist zu Ende Der Spiegel 41/1989 9.10.1989. Pollack Der Zusammenbruch pp. 44, 52.




398


Serge Schmemann East Germans Let Largest Protest Proceed in Peace NYT 10.10.1989; Wir bitten Sie um Besonnenheit Roland W?tzel ?iber den Aufruf der Leipziger Sechs am 9. Oktober 1989 in der Messemetropole 29 Neues Deutschland 8.10.2014. See also Sarotte The Collapse pp. 5556, 69.




399


BStU MfS BdL/Dok 006921 Fernschreiben des SED-Generalsekret?rs Honecker an die 1. Sekret?re der SED-Bezirksleitungen, vonMielke mit Begleitschreiben weitergeleitet an die Leiter der Stasi-Bezirksverwaltungen 8.10.1989. Tobias Hollitzer Der friedliche Verlauf des 9. Oktober in Leipzig Kapitulation oder Reformbereitschaft? in G?nther Heydemann et al. (eds) Revolution und Transformation in der DDR 1989/1990 Duncker & Hum-blot 1999 pp. 247288 here p. 261; Sarotte The Collapse pp. 4344.      .    -  ,   .: Tobias Hollitzer & Sven Sachenbacher (eds) Diefriedliche Revolution in Leipzig Leipziger Uni-Vlg 2012 p. 409.




400


 . : Schmemann East Germans Let Largest Protest Proceed In Peace; Chinesische Lehre und westliche Hetzballons taz 11.10.1989.




401


BStU MfS BdL/Dok 006921 Fernschreiben des SED-Generalsekret?rs Honecker an die1. Sekret?re der SED-Bezirksleitungen, vonMielke mit Begleitschreiben weitergeleitet an die Leiter der Stasi-Bezirksverwaltungen 8.10.1989; BStU MfS BdL/Dok 006920 Telegrafische Weisung Mielkes an die Leiter der Diensteinheiten 8.10.1989. . : Hans-Hermann Hertle Der Fall der Mauer: Die unbeabsichtigte Selbstauflosung des SED-Staates Westdeutscher Verlag 1999 pp. 114115; R?dder Deutschland p. 88; Sarotte The Collapse p. 52.




402


R?dder Deutschland p. 88; Sarotte The Collapse pp. 43, 5354; Hollitzer Der friedliche Verlauf pp. 268280.




403


Sarotte The Collapse pp. 6977; Pollack Der Zusammenbruch der DDR pp. 5564; R?dder Deutschland pp. 8182.




404


BArch/P E-1- 56321 Pers?nliche Aufzeichnungen Sch?rers ?ber die Politb?rositzung am 17. Oktober 1989,  : Hertle DerFall der Mauer doc. 4p. 431.




405


SAPMO-BArch SED ZK J IV 2/2A/3247 Protokoll des Politb?ros der SED vom 17.10.1989 (Auszug)  : Gerd-R?idiger Stephan (ed.) Vorw?rts immer, r?ckw?rts nimmer! Interne Dokumente zum Zerfall von SED und DDR 1988/89 Dietz 1994 doc. 35 p. 166. Erkl?rung des Genossen Erich Honecker (    ) Berlin 18.10.1989 CVCE.EU.




406


Pollack Der Zusammenbruch der DDR pp.6566.    .: Sarotte The Collapse pp. 26, 28.




407


Pollack Der Zusammenbruch der DDR p.59; SHStA Dresden SED 13218.               (1. Bezirkssekret?re der SED) 12.10.1989  ,  : Stephan (ed.) Interne Dokumente doc. 33 pp. 157161 and SAPMO-BArch TonY 1/TD 737.      18.10.1989,  :Hertle & Stephan (eds) Das Ende der SED doc. 9p. 124; R?dder Deutschland pp. 9394.




408


Telex von Bertele an Chef BK 22.9.1989,  : DESE doc. 45 pp. 413416 esp. p. 414; Gerhard Wettig Niedergang, Krise und Zusammenbruch der DDR Ursa-chen und Vorgange in Eberhard Kuhrt et al. (eds) DieSED-Herrschaft und ihr Zusammenbruch Leske & Budrich 1996 p. 418; Pollack DerZusammenbruch der DDR pp. 6567. . : Niall Ferguson The Square and theTower: Networks, Hierarchies and the Struggle for Global Power Allen Lane 2017.




409


Pollack Der Zusammenbruch der DDR pp.6668; R?dder Deutschland pp. 98102; Wolle Die heile Welt der Diktatur pp. 440441.




410


.: Serge Schmemann East Germanys Cabinet Resigns, Bowing to Protest and Mass Flight NYT 8.11.1989.




411


R?dder Deutschland p. 95.




412


     ,        .




413


SAPMO-BArch DY 30/5195 Gerhard Sch?rer, Gerhard Beil, Alexander Schalck, Ernst H?fner und Arno Donda: Vorlage f?r dasPolitb?ro des ZK der SED Analyse der?konomischen Lage der DDR mit Schluftfolgerungen, 30.10.1989; Hertle Der Fall der Mauer docs 78 pp. 448460 and p. 461;      1989 . . : R?dder Deutschland p. 73. . : Gerhard Heske Diegesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Ostdeutschland 1970 bis 2000 Neue Ergebnisse einer volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung Historical Social Research (2005) p. 238; Die Entwicklung der Staatsverschuldung seit der deutschen Wiedervereinigung Deutsche Bundesbank Monatsbericht (March 1997).




414


SAPMO-Barch, ZPA-SED, J IV 2/2A.3255,    1.11.1989  , : Hertle Der Fall der Mauer doc. 9pp. 462482.




415


Bill Keller New East German Chief Hints at Election Changes NYT 2.11.1989.




416


Drahtbericht, Hiller (Prag) an AA 4.11.1989,   DE doc. 18 esp. fns1, 2, 6. Telegramm des tschecho-slowakischen DDR-Botschafters ?ber die Grenzschlieftung 3.10.1989; Beschluss des Politb?ros der SED zum visafreien Verkehr 24.10.1989,     Karel Vodicka DiePrager Botschafts??chtlinge 1989 V&R Unipress 2014 docs 38, 55 pp. 380, 407408.  ,      , .: docs 5767 pp. 414428; John Tagliabue Travel Ban Lifted and East Germans Swarm to Prague NYT 2.11.1989; idem More East Germans Seek Passage through Prague NYT 3.11.1989.




417


Serge Schmemann East Germans New Leader Vows Far-Reaching Reform and Urges End to Flight NYT 4.11.1989; idem East Germany Opens Frontier to the West for Migration or Travel; Thousands Cross NYT 10.11.1989.




418


Idem East Germanys Cabinet Resigns, Bowing to Protest and Mass Flight NYT 8.11.1989




419


Idem 500,000 in East Berlin Rally for Change; Emigres Are Given Passage to West NYT 5.11.1989.




420


Idem 10,000 More Flee as East Germany Vows Easy Travel NYT 6.11.1989; idem East Germanys Cabinet Resigns, Bowing to Protest and Mass Flight NYT 8.11.1989; idem East Germany Opens Frontier to the West For Migration or Travel. .  Peter Brinkmann Zeuge vor Ort: Correspondent in der DDR 89/90 Edition Ost 2014 pp. 89.




421


Kowalczuk Endspiel p. 454; R?dder Deutschland p. 106; Serge Schmemann Bonn Ties More Aid for East Germany to Free Elections; Politburo Ranks are Shaken up by New Leader NYT 9.11.1989.




422


Hertle Der Fall der Mauer pp. 163176; Sarotte The Collapse pp. 93119; R?dder Deutschland pp. 106108.




423


G?nter Schabowskis Press Conference in the GDR International Press Centre 6.537.01 p.m. 9.11.1989 DAWC.     .  : Hertle Der Fall derMauer pp.168172; Brinkmann Zeuge vor Ort pp.2325; Albrecht Hinze Versehentliche Z?ndung mit verz?gerter Sprengkraft SZ 9.11.1989 p. 17.




424


Reuters 9.11.1989 7.02 Uhr: Ausreisewillige DDR-B?rger k?nnen ab sofort ?ber alle Grenz?berg?nge der DDR in die Bundesrepublik ausreisen; AP 9.11.1989 7.05 p.m.; ARD Tagesschau 8.00 p.m. 9.11.1989 youtube.com/ watch?v=llE7tCeNbro. Cf. Brinkmann Zeuge vor Ort pp. 1927; Hertle Der Fall der Mauer pp. 172174.




425


Hertle Der Fall der Mauer pp. 180187, 380389; Gerhard Haase-Hindenberg Der Mann, der die Mauer ?ffnete: Warum Oberstleutnant Harald J?ger den Befehl verweigerte und damit Weltgeschichte schrieb Heyne 2007 pp. 194201. .  Sarotte 1989 pp. 4142; idem, The Collapse pp. 127150.




426


Hertle Der Fall der Mauer pp. 188192; Ferdinand Protzman East Berliners Explore Land Long Forbidden NYT 10.11.1989.




427


Protzman East Berliners Explore Land Long Forbidden NYT 10.11.1989.




428


Serge Schmemann Joyous East Germans Pour Through Wall; Party Pledges Freedoms, And City Exults NYT 11.11.1989; Einmal Kudamm und zur?ck Der Morgen 1112.11.1989; DDR Reiseb?ro beklagt Man-gel an Devisen Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) 10.11.1989; Eine friedliche Revolution Der Spiegel 46/1989 13.11.1989. C. Garton Ash The Magic Lantern p. 62.




429


Hannes Bahrmann & Christoph Links. Wir sind das Volk: Die DDR im Aufbruch Eine Chronik Aufbau 1990 p. 99; Hurra wir kaufen die DDR taz 24.11.1989.




430


.: Christof Geisel Auf der Suche nach einem dritten Weg: Das politische Selbstverst?ndnis der DDR-Opposition in den 80er Jahren Ch. Links 2005 pp. 107124; Karsten Timmer Vom Aufbuch zu Umbruch: Die B?rgerbewegung in der DDR 1989 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2000 p.341.




431


Hans-Hermann Hertle Die Berliner Mauer: Biografie eines Bauwerkes Ch. Links 2015 p.102; Garton Ash The Magic Lantern pp. 69, 74.




432


Die DDR ?ffnet ihre Grenzen zum Westen Tagesspiegel 10.11.1989; Mauer und Stacheldraht trennen nicht mehr FAZ 11.11.1989. Π,    , .: Sarotte 1989 pp. 3839, 41, 44, 46. . : Julia Sonnevend Stories Without Borders: TheBerlin Wall and the Making of a Global Iconic Event Oxford UP 2016 pp. 8990.




433


John Tagliabue A Goodwill Trip Ends; Kohl Recalls Auschwitz and Agrees to Aid Poles NYT 15.11.1989. . : GHWBPL WHORM Files CO054-02 FRG Letter from Kohl to Bush 6.11.1989 pp. 23.




434


Craig R. Whitney Bonn Ties More Aid for East Germany to Free Elections: Kohl Says There is Less Reason Now to Accept Division of Nation NYT 9.11.1989; Deutscher Bundestag Stenographische Berichte 11. Wahlperiode 176. Sitzung p. 13335; Serge Schmemann Kohl Says Bonn Will Not Press East Germany on Reuni?cation NYT 17.11.1989; R?dder Deutschland p. 137.




435


Alan Riding Western Europe Pledges to Aid East NYT 19.11.1989.




436


 ,    1979 .,       :         1982 .     -2    ,  廠         .                        1979 .    ,     ,     .     ,   ,                .         .      .         ,      .            : - ,   ,     .        -2     1983 ., ,      ,        1987 .,      ,    .




437


Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 108109.         ,    .




438


     . .: Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 110111; Thatcher The Downing Street Years pp. 793794; Jacques Attali Verbatim III: Premi?re partie, 19881989 Fayard 1995 pp. 431433. : Tilo Schabert Wie Weltgeschichte gemacht wird: Frankreich und die deutsche Einheit Klett-Cotta 2002 pp. 411415; Bozo Mitterrand pp. 135137; Sarotte 1989 p.64.




439


Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 110111; Sarotte 1989 p. 64; Bozo Mitterrand pp. 135138.       .: GHWBPL Telcon of Bushs call to Kohl 17.11.1989 Oval Office pp. 14.       .: DESE doc. 93, pp. 538540.  ,              , .: R. W. Apple Jr Possibility of a Reunited Germany Is No Cause for Alarm, Bush Says NYT 25.10.1989.




440


Bozo Mitterrand p. 138         (23.11.1989)  -  (22.11.1989).




441


    , 22.11.1989, video at my-european-history.ep. eu/ myhouse/ story/921.




442


Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 113; Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 4647.




443


Rudolf Augstein Sagen, was ist Der Spiegel 47/1989 20.11.1989.




444


Die DDR ist am Zuge Spiegel-Gespr?ch mit Deutsche-Bank-Chef Alfred Herrhausen ?ber die ostdeutsche Wirtschaftsmisere DerSpiegel 47/1989 20.11.1989.




445


  :       - :          .  ,    ,       ,      .           .       ,      .  ,      ,          ,    ,     .         ,     1945     1937 ;   .     [. . ..]. .: Viel Gef?hl, wenig Bewu?tsein Spiegel-Gespr?ch mit demSchriftsteller G?nter Gra? ?ber eine m?gliche Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands DerSpiegel 47/1989 20.11.1989.




446


Das Gespenst des Vierten Reiches Derstellvertretende SPD-Vorsitzende Oskar Lafontaine ?ber die Politik seiner Partei DerSpiegel 39/1989 25.9.1989.




447


           8 1989 . :  堖     ,           .     ,     ,      ,        (. . ..).




448


Man mu? auch anst??ig sein Der Spiegel 52/1989 25.12.1989.




449


 ,   :          . Bild am Sonntag 1.10.1989. : Bernt Conrad, Ich habe nichts zu korrigieren Egon Bahr wird 75 Unbeirrte R?ckschau eines Vordenkers Die Welt 18.3.1997




450


Egon Bahr Nachdenken ?ber das eigene Land Frankfurter Rundschau 13.12.1988.          ,       .      ,      . .: Margit Roth Innerdeutsche Bestandsaufnahme der Bundesrepublik 19691989: Neue Deutung Springer VS 2014 pp.148149.




451


Rede von Willy Brandt auf dem SPD-Parteitag, Berlin, 18.12.1989 CVCE.EU. Es kann keine Rede davon sein, im Westen die Schotten dicht zu machen.




452


 :   ,       ,   -        . .: Man mu? auch anst??ig sein Der Spiegel 52/1989 25.12.1989 and In Angst vor der Einheit Der Spiegel 51/1989 18.12.1989.




453


Die Geduld ist zu Ende Der Spiegel 41/1989 9.10.1989.




454


R?dder Deutschland pp. 118124. . : F?r unser Land on 26.11.1989, .: Matthias Judt (ed.) DDR-Geschichte in Dokumenten: Beschl?sse, Berichte, interne Materialien und Alltagszeugnisse Ch. Links 1998 p. 544.




455


Craig R. Whitney New Ties to Bonn Sought byPremier of East Germany NYT 18.11.1989.




456


Herbert Kremp Lassen wir uns die Einheit vom anderen vorformulieren? Die Welt 19.11.1989.




457


Bahrmann & Links Wir sind das Volk p. 146. . : Republikaner Mit Freude einschl?rfen: Mit intellektualisiertem Programm wollen die Republikaner den Einzug in den Bundestag schaffen Der Spiegel 48/1989 27.11.1989.




458


Teltschik 329 Tage p. 41.




459


Ibid. pp. 42, 40.




460


Vorlage von Teltschik f?r Kohl 6.12.1989 and Memo SU und deutsche Frage ( ),    : DESE docs 112 and 112A pp. 616617. Teltschik, 329 Tage pp. 4344.    . : The Soviet Origins of Helmut Kohls 10 Points NSAEBB No. 296; Grachev Gorbachevs Gamble pp. 143147 esp. pp. 146147; Alexander von Plato DieVereinigung Deutschlands ein weltpolitisches Machtspiel: Bush, Kohl, Gorbatschow und die internen Gespr?chsprotokolle Ch. Links 2009 pp. 115121; Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni?ed p. 118




461


Teltschik 329 Tage p. 45.




462


DESE doc. 112A pp. 616618; Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 4344.




463


Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 4445.




464


Ibid. pp. 4749.




465


Ibid. pp. 4445, 49.




466


Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 113115; Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 5051.




467


Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 114115.




468


  ,                    -      . See Whitney Bonn Ties More Aid For East Germany To Free Elections.




469


Ein Staatenbund? Ein Bundesstaat? Der Spiegel 49/1989 4.12.1989.




470


Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 115.




471


Helmut Kohls Ten-Point Plan for German Unity (28.11.1989) DGDB-GHIDC.  . .: Rede von Bundeskanzler Helmut Kohl im Bundestag (10-Punkte-Programm) 28.11.1989 CdMDA.




472


Teltschik 329 Tage p. 58.




473


AmEmb Bonn to Sec State Washdc Cable Subject: Kohls Ten-Point-Program Silence on the Role of the Four Powers 1.12.1989, reprinted in CWIHP Paris Conference 2006.




474


R. W. Apple Jr Millions of Czechoslovaks Increase Pressure on Party with 2-Hour General Strike NYT 28.11.1989; Ferdinand Protzman Kohl to Outline Plan for German Unity NYT 28.11.1989.




475


R. W. Apple Jr Prague Party to Yield Some Cabinet Posts and Drop Insistence on Primacy in Society NYT 29.11.1989; Ferdinand Protzman Kohl Offers an Outline to Create Confederation of the 2 Germanys NYT 29.11.1989; Excerpts from Kohl Speech on Reuni?cation of Germany NYT 29.11.1989.  , ,   10      : Mark Fisher Kohl Proposes Broad Program for Reuni?cation WP 29.11.1989.   ,           ,   ,        .




476


Ferdinand Protzman Head of Top West German Bank Is Killed in Bombing by Terrorists NYT 1.12.1989; .  Wir k?nnen jeden erledigen and cover of Der Spiegel 49/1989 4.12.1989.




477


AmEmb Bonn to Sec State Washdc Cable Subject: Kohls Ten-Point-Program Silence on the Role of the s Four Powers 1.12.1989,   CWIHP Paris Conference 2006.




478


   28.11.1989,   DESE doc. 101 pp. 567573; Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni?ed p. 122; Jason De Parle THE WORLD  The Bitter Legacy of Yalta: Four Decades of What-Ifs NYT 26.11.1989.




479


   28.11.1989, . : Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni?ed p. 122.




480


Bush & Scowcroft A World Transformed p. 194.




481


GHWBPL Telcon of Bushs call to Kohl 29.11.1989 Oval Office pp. 1, 4.           DESE.  . : Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni?ed p. 123.




482


   ,                   ; Martin J. Medhurst (ed.) The Rhetorical Presidency of George H. W. Bush Texas A&M Press 2006 ch. 2. See also Thomas Singer (ed.) The Vision Thing: Myth, Politics and Psyche in the World Taylor & Francis 2014.  , , ,    ,      1987.                 .    ,       ,    1987 . Newsweek     :    .      1988 .          ,        .   ,      , ,    ,      ,       .    .      29     .     ,  ,             1989 .          ,  ,   ,   .  , ,  -     .




483


      29.11.1989 APP.




484


Vorlage von Lambach fur Sudhoff, 1.12.1989,   DE doc. 25;       29.11.1989,  :     . . 267; . . . . 17. . 206; Zelikow & Rice Germany Uni? ed p. 124; Kiessler & Elbe Ein runder Tisch pp. 5254; Vorlage von Hartmann an Kohl 1.12.1989,  :DESE doc. 107 pp. 595596.




485


Kiessler & Elbe Ein runder Tisch pp. 5152




486


  ,   ,               ,      .        . Genscher Erinnerungen p. 673.




487


Ibid. p. 682; . : Ritter Hans-Dietrich Genscher pp. 3940.




488


Werner Weidenfeld et al. Aufienpolitik f?r die deutsche Einheit: Die Entscheidungsjahre 1989/90 [Geschichte der deutschen Einheit, Band 4] DVA 1998 p. 646.




489


Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 683684.   .      : Gorbachev Memoirs pp. 527528.




490


   .: PAAAZA 178.931E Vermerk  Memcon of GorbachevGenscher talks in Moscow on 5.12.1989 by Kastrup D2 6.12.1989.     .:     . . 274284.




491


Minute from Sir Patrick Wright (FCO) to Wall 30.10.1989, printed in DBPOIII VII GU 1989/90 doc. 26 fn. 3p. 79. Cf. Elisabth Guigou Une femme au coeur de lEtat. Entretiens avec Pierre Favier et Michel Martin-Roland Fayard 2000 pp. 7577. .  TNA UK PREM 19/2691 Charles Powells Memo for Thatcher: Meeting with President Mitterrand 29.8.1989.




492


DBPO III VII GU 1989/90 doc. 26 fn. 4p. 69. .      23.9.1989,  : MoH:1989 doc. 85 pp. 530532; Thatcher The Downing Street Years p. 792; Rodric Braithwaite Across the Moscow River: The World Turned Upside Down Yale UP 2002 pp. 135136. Vermerk by Hartmann on London talks 13.10.1989,  : DESE doc. 61 pp. 450451.




493


G. R. Urban Diplomacy and Disillusion at the Court of Margaret Thatcher: An Insiders View I.B. Tauris 2006 p. 100.     24   -  ,         .   ,                 . TNA UK PREM 19/2892 Charles Powells Letter to Wall: Prime Ministers Meeting with President Bush at Camp David 25.11.1989.




494


PAAA ZA 178.931E Vermerk; by Amb. von Richthofen on the ThatcherGenscher talks in London, 1710-1805hrs (29.11.1989) 30.11.1989.    : Andreas Hilger (ed.) Diplomatie f?r die deutsche Einheit: Dokumente des Ausw?rtigen Amts zu den deutsch-sowjetischen Beziehungen 1989/90 Oldenbourg 2011 (hereafter DDE) doc. 10 pp. 4955.




495


      ,    -         - 1924.10.1989    ,   . ,  ,   ,   -      . DBPO III VII GU 1989/90 doc. 26 p. 80 fn. 6.




496


Minute, Sir John Fretwell to Wall 29.11.1989,  : DBPO III VII GU 1989/90 doc. 62 pp. 143144.




497


.    19.12.1989   25.3.1990,  : Urban Diplomacy pp. 104116, 131 ( , ,  ), 133.




498


DE doc. 25 p. 151.    27.11.1989,  : DESE doc. 100 pp. 565566.




499


Niederschrift (Memcon) by Amb. Pfeffer of MitterrandGenscher talks Paris 30.11.1989, printed in DDE doc. 11 pp. 5657.




500


 ,     - , .       , 6.12.1989,  :     . .286.




501


DDE doc. 11 p. 58.




502


DBPO III VII GU 1989/90 doc. 26 fn. 3p. 79




503


DDE doc. 11 pp. 5661. . : Patrick Wright, Behind Diplomatic Lines: Relations with Ministers Biteback Publ. 2017 p. 52; Malcolm Rifkind, Power and Pragmatism Biteback Publ. 2016 p. 255; Robin Renwick A Journey With Margaret Thatcher: Foreign Policy Under the Iron Lady Biteback Publ. 2014 pp. xviiixxi




504


Kohl Meine Erinnerungen p. 136.




505


Ibid. p. 138.




506


Kohl Erinnerungen 19821990 pp. 10121013




507


Mitterrand and Thatcher on German Uni?cation (December 1989) 8.12.1989,  : Jussi Hanhim?ki & Odd Arne Westad (eds) The Cold War A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts Oxford UP 2003 pp.609612.




508


Alan Riding European Leaders Give Their Backing to Monetary Plan NYT 9.12.1989. Π        , ,   ,     ,       , . TNA UK PREM 19/3981 Charles Powell to Prime Minister (Secret) Meeting with Secretary Baker 9.12.1989 pp. 13.




509


Excerpts from Statement by European Community NYT 10.12.1989; Alan Riding Europe Backs Idea of One Germany NYT 10.10.1989




510


- 10, ,        . TNA UK PREM 19/3981 Charles Powell to Prime Minister (Secret) Meeting with Secretary Baker 9.12.1989 pp. 12.




511


Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 47, 6061; . : Bozo Mitterrand pp. 156160, 163167, 419420,   160161, 167168.               9.12.1989,  : DESE doc. 117 pp. 628631.          6.12.1989, .: MoH:1989 doc. 114 pp. 657659.




512


Zelikow & Rice Germany Unified p. 140 ();       9.12.1989;   ո 10.12.1989,   : DBPO III VII GU 1989/90 docs 72-3 pp. 166169.




513


    ( ,   1989),  : DESE doc. 126 pp. 658659; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 143144; Teltschik 329 Tage pp. 8586.    ,      ,  ,   ,  ,         .  ,             ,       .        , ,         ,   .




514


Vorlage von Hartmann an Kohl (re: Gorbachevs letter) 18.12.1989,  :DESE doc. 127 p.




515


Ibid. 127 pp. 661.




516


Kohl Erinnerungen 19821990 p. 1020.




517


Teltschik 329 Tage p. 87.




518


Ibid. pp. 8788, 90;       19.12.1989,  : DESE doc. 129 pp. 668673. . : Vorschlag fu?r Gespr?chslinie (     ,  ),  : DESE doc. 128A p. 665.




519


Teltschik 329 Tage p. 86; Serge Schmemann Leaders of the 2 Germanys Meet Symbolic Reconciliation Cheered NYT 20.12.1989.




520


Rede des Bundeskanzlers auf der Kundgebung vor der Frauenkirche in Dresden am 19.12.1989,  : Bulletin no. 150 22.12.1989; Schmemann Leaders of the 2 Germanys Meet.




521


          20.12.1989,  : DESE doc. 130 pp. 673675; Teltschik 329 Tage p. 93.




522


Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 156167.




523


Teltschik 329 Tage p. 92.




524


Schmemann Leaders of the 2 Germanys Meet. . : R?dder Deutschland pp.144145.               . .: Hans Modrow Ich wollte eine neues Deutschland Dietz 1998 pp. 391392.




525


Michael Richter Die Friedliche Revolution: Aufbruch zur Demokratie in Sachsen 1989/90 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2009 p. 1094; Genscher Erinnerungen pp. 697702; idem, Unterwegs zur Einheit pp. 232238. Cf. Modrow Ich wollte eine neues Deutschland pp. 393394.




526


Cold War Is Over Says Shevardnadze at NATO LAT 19.12.1989.




527


Bozo Mitterrand pp. 163167.




528


Teltschik 329 Tage p. 95.




529


Ibid. p. 96; Kohl Meine Erinnerungen pp. 158159.




530


Peter Siani-Davies The Romanian Revolution of December 1989 Cornell UP 2007 p. 97.




531


McDermott & Stibbe (eds) The 1989 Revolutions pp. 1819; Sebestyen Revolution 1989 pp.380386; Thomas L. Friedman Casualties Reported in Rumania Protest Spawned byaClash NYT 19.12.1989.




532


Friedman, Rumanias Suppression of Protest Condemned by the US as Brutal NYT 20.12.1989.




533


Sebestyen Revolution 1989 pp. 361366; Jordan Baev 1989: Bulgarian Transition to Pluralist Democracy & Documents CWIHP Bulletin 12/13 pp. 165180. Cf. On the change, Maria Todorova Daring to remember Bulgaria, pre-1989 Guardian 9.11.2009.




534


Oldrich Tuma Czechoslovak November 1989 & Documents CWIHP Bulletin 12/13 pp. 181216. Sebestyen Revolution 1989 pp. 367369; Garton Ash The Magic Lantern pp. 78130. Cf. Michael Pullmann The Demise of the Communist Regime in Czechoslovakia, 19871989: ASocio-Economic Perspective in McDermott & Stibbe (eds) The 1989 Revolutions pp.136153




535


Garton Ash The Magic Lantern p. 78.




536


Craig R. Whitney Czech Parliament Unanimously Picks Dubcek as Leader NYT 29.12.1989; idem Havel, Long Pragues Prisoner, Elected President NYT 30.12.1989.




537


   31.12.1989, .: Bundesregierung website.




538


Remarks of the President and Soviet Chairman Gorbachev and a Q&A Session with Reporters in Malta 3.12.1989 APP.




539


Ibid; . . . . 17. . 243.




540


GHWBPL Memcon of Presidents Private Meeting with Gorbachev 1.051.30 p.m. Governors Island NYC 7.12.1988 pp. 45 NSAEBB No. 261; and Bush & Scowcroft AWorld Transformed pp. 67.




541


GHWBPL NSC Files Condoleezza Rice Files, Soviet Union/USSR Subject Files Folder: Summit at Malta December 1989, Malta Memcons (hereafter NSC-CRF-MM1989) First expanded bilateral session with Gorbachev on the Maxim Gorky 10.0011.55 a.m. 2.12.1989 p.2 DAWC.




542


   22.11.1989,  : Bush All the Best p. 444.


