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               1147    .                  ,  ,     .





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 ,2023



ISBN978-5-0060-4735-8

     Ridero




RU


   1147         .     ,     1147  .

          .    12 .    1320-      - .  1327         .

ʠ1300    56 .      1360-1380-    .          . ʠ1475   III    100 .

  III     .       14811495,      .        1561   .   150 .

  1600-         - .  1712 ϸ I  -,       .

ʠ XVIII     200 .  1780-       .   II     .

 XIX     .  1852       .     1862  . -   1872, 1899   . ʠ1897    1 .

    1930- .      蠫   1935.        ,  .       , 1959   5.

 1960-1980-     ,   .    1980       .         .

   1990- 2000-      .     .    2016   . ʠ2020    12,7 .

       , ,  ,   ,    .




EN


Moscow was founded in1147byPrince Yuri Dolgoruky on Borovitsky Hill at the confluence ofthe Moscow and Neglinnaya Rivers. The exact date ofMoscows foundation is unknown, but the first mention ofthe city is dated 1147inthe Ipatiev Chronicle.

Inthe initial period Moscow was one ofmany small fortified settlements inthe region. The population was about 12thousand people. Under Ivan Kalita in1320th Moscow becomes the main city ofVladimir-Suzdal princedom. In1327the residence ofthe metropolitan ofthe Russian Orthodox Church was transferred toMoscow from Vladimir.

By1300the population ofMoscow had grown to56thousand people. The first wooden Kremlin was built in13601380s under Dmitry Donskoy. The favorable geographical position at the crossroads oftrade routes contributed toeconomic and political growth. By1475, during the reign ofIvan III, the population ofMoscow reached 100thousand people.

Under Ivan III, Moscow was transformed bylarge-scale construction. The Moscow Kremlin was rebuilt from white stone in14811495, including the Spasskaya Tower. St.Basils Cathedral on Red Square was completed in1561under Ivan the Terrible. The population exceeded 150thousand people.

Inthe early 1600s during the Time ofTroubles, Moscow was occupied byPolish-Lithuanian troops for two years. In1712Peter Imoved the capital toSt. Petersburg, but Moscow retained the importance ofthe cultural second capital.

Bythe end ofthe XVIII century the population ofMoscow exceeded 200thousand people. Inthe 1780s, large-scale works were carried out toimprove the city. Under Catherine II, classicism became the dominant architectural style.

Inthe XIX century industrialization brought new development. In1852the first telegraph line between Moscow and St. Petersburg was laid. The first railroad was opened in1862toNizhny Novgorod. The horse-railroad was launched in1872, by1899it switched toelectric traction. By1897the population ofMoscow exceeded 1million people.

Construction ofthe Moscow Metro began inthe 1930s. The first line between Sokolniki and Okhotny Ryad stations opened in1935. During the Great Patriotic War Moscow was subjected toGerman bombardment, but escaped occupation. Inthe post-war period there is arapid growth ofthe city, by1959the population reached 5million.

In19601980s there was alarge-scale construction ofinfrastructure, including the Moscow Ring Road. The 1980Summer Olympics left alegacy ofsports venues like the Luzhniki Stadium. The last decades ofthe Soviet period saw economic and political stagnation.




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