Pro   
 Demidka


  ,      ,       ,    





Pro   



 Demidka



 Demidka,2023



ISBN978-5-0060-4299-5

     Ridero







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Old World language Families Tree byMinna Sundberg

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 ,         . Ƞ, ,   ,  ,   .

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   :     .  ,        . ,    ,    ,      -, -,        -s.

   .        ,   :

- sister

 - semolina

-feed

:

Vasya feeds sister semolina

Sister feeds Vasya semolina

Semolina Vasya feeds sister

Feeds semolina sister Vasya

  ,    ?

.        ,     .

,      ,       ,       :

1)      ,

2)   .

Vasya feeds his sister semolina.       .  , .    , ,   Cambridge Grammar ofEnglish,        .   젖  .

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   (,   ) ,      ,  , , .

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 ,      (;),   .    ,   ,   , .  ,   ,         (dummy subject).

     

He is astudent.

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London is the capital ofGreat Britain, its political economic and commercial center. It is one ofthe largest cities inthe world and the largest city inEurope. Its population is about 8million. London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old. Traditionally it is divided into several parts, the city, Westminster, the West. End. They are very different from each other. The City is the oldest part ofLondon, its financial and business center. Numerous banks, offices and firms are concentrated here. Few people live inthe city but over amillion come towork here. There are two places ofinterest inthe city: St. Pauls Cathedral was built inthe 17th century bythe architect Christopher Wren. The Tower ofLondon was built inthe 15th century. It was used as afortress, apalace and aprison. Now its amuseum. Westminster is the aristocratic official part ofLondon. There are Buckingham Palace where the Queen lives and the Houses ofParliament along the north bank ofthe Thames. The clock tower ofthe Houses ofParliament is famous for its big hour bell known as Big Ben. Westminster Abbey is the place where the coronation ofnearly all kings and queens has taken place. Many ofthem are buried here as well as some other famous people ofthe country. The West End is the richest and most beautiful part ofLondon. The best hotels, restaurants, shops, clubs, parks and houses are situated there. There are many tourists there from different countries ofthe world. Trafalgar Square is the geographical center ofLondon, it was named inthe memory ofAdmiral Nelsons victory inthe battle ofTrafalgar in1805. The tall Nelsons Column stands inthe middle ofthe square. The East End is an industrial district ofLondon. There are many factories there. The region is densely populated byworking class families.



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 ?  .    . Ƞ ,    ,  ,      .   ,     .

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1. ,   .

2.   .

3. ,  tense .

4. ,    tense.

5.  .

6.    .

7. .

     ,     ,    ,    .  ,   ,   - ,     . ,   ,   .

  ,    ,       ,     . ࠖ      .     ,  .         ,    .

   ,        ,  ,          .    ,    ,      .      ,  Old English (OE), ,           .          . Ƞ         ,       ,    .




      


      .  ,  ,  ,    .

       .

      :

 (Old English) c V XI  ..

   (Norman Conquest) XI XIII  ..

 (Middle English) XIII XVI  ..

  (Modern English)  XVI  ..      Present-Day English ( PDE).

         43 .. , , ,      .

 VIII  . .      .       ,  .     .       .

 43 . .         .  ,   , .  , castrum (, ,  ,  )        Lancaster, Winchester, Manchester.       Londinium.   ,  strata.    젗street, srtight, autostrada.

     V  . .,    .     ,           .  ,      ,      ,    ,   .

       ,  -,   .

Ƞ         .

:

ࠖ sister

-sun

- swine

- month

-snow

-cold

 hill

-nose

- mother

- daughter

 apple

,  ()grab

-will

 ,      ,    .

Ӡ ,  ,   ,   .     ,       ,   ,   .

,   ,  ,       (Old English).




Old English



    .        .  , V       IXX ,    (Heptarchy) .     ,       .

   :

East Anglia   (  ),

Mercia  (  ),

Northumbria  (  ),

Wessex (  ),

Essex (  ),

Kent  ( ),

Sussex (  ).

    .

, ,     ,   .    :

Mercian ,

Northumbrian ,

Kentish ,

West Saxon .

-    VII    . ʠIX   ,   ,     .     ,  ,   ,   ,  Old English,  .     .        (Caedmons hymn), ,   658690.

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     VIII   ,       X  XI .

          ,     .

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 nihtnight (),writan write ()Old Ehglish  ,   ,     night h, write w.

 ,   ,    light,   ,     .

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,   ,    Old English.

Old English   ,         ,    ,   ,   .

   : , , ,  () ;  : ,  ;   .

     ,   , ,   ,       .

   ,  .

    . , wif()  . ,      ,   .   , ,     ,      .




 Old English


 ,   ( )    .

cyning king ()      (determiner),  the,   ,      ࠖ  -s   .








cwen queen ()      (determiner).








wif woman ()      (determiner).








 ,                  .  ,      ,     :??t wif?a wif.      deer,fishsheep,   Old English    ,        .

   ,   .   . ,  .

fot foot ()  








      ࠖfeet,    (,  irregular).

   ,      ,    -s,       Plural,     (Singular   ).




 Old English


     .








 ,        :

頖I,

頖Ik,

頖Ich.

        ,       (determiners)   .   ,      ,     ,  .

       / :

   .    ? ?

   , . Ƞ ,     .

   .  堖  mine,    .

Ilike your book. Do you like mine?

my,     ,  堖  ,   .

    :

Ilike your book.Do you likemy?

:

Ilike your book. Do you like my book?Ilike your book. Do you like mine?




 Old English


 Old English  (  )  ( ),(// )( ,  ,  )   .       ,      .

        .








 ,   .         , ,   be.      ,  ,      .

   sculan()  shallshould, willan(,  ) willwould.    .    ,    ,   .

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       ࠖ    .   .    ,  ,  .

,   -ed-   :

,

edere ,

etan,

eat  .

           (irregular verbs),       .

Eat- , ate- , eaten- 

                 ,        (regular verbs)      -ed.




 Old English


 Old English    ,  .  ,  Old English     ,  ,     .     ,   ,  ,     ( The kings are good),      ( Good kings).



   god good ().

  :








  :








       ,      .

    -ra(-er),   -ost(-est).

?is (wise) ?isra (wiser) ?isost (wisest)

, , 

cr?ftig (crafty) cr?ftigra (craftier) cr?ftigost (craftiest)

, - , - , 

hefig (heavy) hefigra (heavier) hefigost (heaviest)

-  -

 ,      ,      .

god (good) betera (better) betst (best)

 - 

yfel (bad, evil) ?irsa (worse) ?irst (worst)

- - 

lytel (little) l?ssa (less) l?st (least)

- - 

micel (much) mara (more) m?st (most)

 - 




 Old English


  Old English   ,     .      .    ,  ,   蠖        ,        .

, with (),     ,   ,      ??

with aspoon- .




 Old English


Ƞ,        ,    .   determiner.     ,    ,    , ,     .    .  堖mine, my      .      .      .      .




 Old English


      ,  ,  ,    .

 

      ,  ,  ,      , ,   ,  .      .      verb-second ( V2)    .

 .      :

 

 

 .

     .    ,     :

 .

  .

      ⠖ SVO (subject verb object),      ,  , 젖  (), 堖 ,   .  ,       ,     , ,  ⠖ S, 堖 V, 堖O.

 ,  ,      SVO.          .   ,   -   . , :

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 .

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    .     ,  , 젖  .

 ,    ,      ,      SV  VS.  , ,  ,   .       ,   .   ( 㠗 )  ,  ,  ,  .

  ,    ,   (  )    .  ,   ,    . ,    ,    ,      ,      . Ƞ     ,      ,   .     ,    ,     ,     ,  , ,    .

,    100  .  ,     ,  .       . ,      .   XX         .  -  ? ,    .

   .        .         ,   . 12      .    蠖 2, 3, 6.     ,   English tense system.

 

        蠖    (S)  (V)   .

  .  

  ? 

  .  

  ? 

..

       ,   ,  ,  .

 ,      ,       . sculan(PDEshell)   ,willan(PDEwill) , ,  ,wesan/beon(PDEbe) , , ,habban(PDEhave) ,  . ,    Old English  Present Day English,       ,    .    ,   . ,   will ,       -.

 

   .       .     .

  ic ne sceal()

 - ic ne wille()

  ic ne h?bbe()

 Present Day English       .   not   .

 텠 ic ne sceal () Ishell not (PDE)  

 󅠖 ic ne wille () Iwill not (PDE)  

  ic ne h?bbe () Ihave not (PDE)  

    .  ,       ,   .

     :

   ,   .

     ,      .

    :

Ihave not heard anything.   -

:

Ihave heard nothing.   .

,    ,        ,  ,      .




 Old English


    ,      , , ,    .  ,    ,  ,        ,    .

         ,       .

,   , , 

 -end-ere,  ,   ,  ,    .       -er.      .

B?cere baker- 

Fiscere- fisher- 

Lufiend-lover 

     :

 mis- (=mis-)    misdeed (, ), misunderstanding ()

 -had (=hood) childhood (), priesthood ()

-scipe (= ship) friendship ()

 -nes (=ness)   - brightness (- ), gladness (- )

 -ung (=ing)   ,  hunting (- )

    -ing,   .  -ing    .

,   

      ,    . ,          .

Sunday ()   Sunnand?g,      Sunna, Sl.

Monday ()  Monand?g,   Mni,     Sl (Sunna).

Tuesday ()   Tiwesd?g, Tiw  Tyr (),    ,    .

Wednesday () Wodens day,   (Woden  Odin),  蠖 .  젖 Wodnesd?g.

Thursday ()  ,  蠖 .  젖 ?unresd?g.

Friday ()    ࠖ  (Freya),  蠖 .  젖 Friged?g.

  Saturday ()   ,      S?turnesd?g,    .

    Beowulf    :  ,  .

            .   ,  ,   , .

 , ,    ,   ,      .      ,     .

            .          .

   蠖   蠖        .     ,          .            ,    .

 ,   -s   ,     ,      .

         ,     (Norman Conquest).      ,     .




Norman Conquest


     1013,  II     .   ,  ,       1042.        ,  1051       ,  .

  , ,    II (Harold Godwinson),    .   . ,      ,      .  II    .

25 1066       .     ,             .  1071    .

  -      .     ,   .    . ,    ,    젖  .      .      .      ,      .       .   , ,      ,    .      ,        .      .

     ,   .    ,      , ,   ,   .   ,   ,   .

      ,      . ,    ,   ,       .      .     .

   ,      ,             -.        .      ,       .  ,      ,   ,    .

 ,      ,   .          , . .      .

  ,  ,    ,   .  ,  ,  ,   .   ,    ,    .           .   ,   ,   ,    ,  ,      .

ʠ       .     ,   .      , -,     - .

     .    ,   ,    ,    .

      ,  ,    .

,        :

government 

parliament 

court

state 

justice , 

crime 

prison 

army 

victory 

religion 

art 

color

lesson

library 

pen   

pupil 

pencil 

dinner

supper

table

plate 

napkin 

market 

money 

pleasure .

  ,   . ,       ,   .

 ,   ,   .           .

 ࠖ  ,  堖       .       .    ,      .  ,  ,    .

:

tocome toarrive ;

speech discourse , ;

work labor ;

life existence , .

       .   :ࠖ cow,  swine.    .     -:ࠖ beef, ࠖ pork.

      ,   .         :

ance, -ence:   . ignorance, entrance, innocence;

able, -ible:  . admirable, tolerable, flexible;

dis-, des-:     . disappoint, disdain, disagree.

 , ,    ,        ,  ,  Middle English.




Middle English


 ,      , 1200  ,  , ,    ,    .

 1199    I   .  ,    , ,          .

 ,     ,   ,        ,       II .        ,    󠗠 .

-,   ,    ,       .  .  ,  ,        .

  .            . 78-         .      .   -.       ,    .       ,     ,       .

   , 12021206       .  , 1207      III    .      ,   .     , 1214        1000 .

   ,      , , ,    .    .       ,  .

           60-  XIII .    ,     ,     .

       ,     .     .

 ,   XIII             .   㠗Le Tretiz Walter ofBibbesworth,   XIII .

    XIV      .      .   ,     ,      ,  ,    .

 1258    Provisions ofOxford.   : ,  .

   XII    ,    ,   ,      ,    .     .      .           ,   .     1349, 1385 .      1362.   ,   ,     -.

 1399          .

 XII       .      ,   . , , deep




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