Е. Е. Руденко, Е. В. Федорова

АВТОМОБИЛИ И АВТОМОБИЛЬНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО

Учебное пособие

ebooks@prospekt.org

Информация о книге

УДК 629.1

ББК 81.2

Р83

Рецензенты:

Губайдуллина Т. А. — канд. пед. наук, профессор ВГУЭС;

Макаренкова Л. И. — канд. филол. наук, профессор МГУ им. адм. Г. И. Невельского.

Авторы: Руденко Е. Е., Федорова Е. В.

Учебное пособие составлено на основе учебной программы по английскому языку для технических вузов и предназначено для студентов вторых курсов автотранспортных факультетов, а также может быть использовано студентами для самостоятельного дополнительного чтения.

УДК 629.1

ББК 81.2

© ДВФУ, 2007

© ООО «Проспект», электронная версия книги, 2015

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Учебное пособие «Автомобили и автомобильное хозяйство» предназначено для студентов второго курса автотранспортных факультетов технических вузов, изучающих иностранный язык.

Целью пособия является развитие у студентов умений и навыков чтения и устной речи, аутентичных профессионально-ориентированных текстов на английском языке в соответствии с программой.

Учебное пособие для развития навыков профессионально-ориентированного чтения состоит из десяти разделов (Units), которые посвящены соответствующим направлениям автомобилестроения и связанными с ними направлениями промышленности. Разделы пособия построены по тематическому принципу в соответствии с программой обучения студентов по направлению 190500 «Эксплуатация транспортных средств». Разделы пособия содержат тексты, вопросы для самоконтроля и упражнения. В конце учебного пособия находятся тесты, предназначенные для самоконтроля студентов.

Словарь содержит не только специальные термины, но и слова и словосочетания технического характера по изучаемой проблеме. Для того чтобы сделать работу над текстом более удобной, лексика вводится тематически.

При составлении пособия были использованы различные английские и американские технические журналы, рекламные материалы, сервисная документация, англо-русскоязычные справочники, словари и Интернет.

Данное издание может быть полезно широкому кругу читателей, прежде всего студентам и аспирантам, а также научным работникам, инженерам, переводчикам и преподавателям высших технических учебных заведений в работе над переводом научно-технической литературы по автомобилестроению.

UNIT I.
Automobile

Development of the Automobile

Vocabulary:

automobile – автомобиль

carriage – повозка

cylinder – цилиндр

engine – двигатель

features – особенности

internal-combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

inventor – изобретатель

lever – рычаг

mass production – массовое производство

rear wheel – заднее колесо

self-propelled vehicle – самоходное транспортное средство

speed – скорость

to accelerate – ускорять

to produce – производить

to require – требовать

well-known – известный

The automobile has a long history. The French engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot built the first self-propelled vehicle (Paris, 1789), a heavy, three-wheeled, steam-driven carriage with a boiler that projected in front; its speed was 5 kph. In 1801 the English engineer Richard Trevithick also built a three-wheeled, steam-driven car; the engine drove the rear wheels. Development of the automobile was retarded for decades by over-regulation: speed was limited to 6.4 kph and until 1896 a person was required to walk in front of a self-propelled vehicle, carrying a red flag by day and a red lantern by night. The Stanley brothers of Massachusetts, the most well-known American manufacturers of steam-driven autos, produced their Stanley Steamers from 1897 until after World War I.

The development of the automobile was accelerated by the introduction of the internal-combustion engine. Probably the first vehicle of this type was the three-wheeled car built in 1885 by the engineer Karl Benz in Germany. Another German engineer, Gottlieb Daimler, built an improved internal-combustion engine c.1885. The Panhard car, introduced in France by the Daimler company in 1894, had many features of the modern car. In the United States, internal-combustion cars of the horseless buggy type were manufactured in the 1890s by Charles Dmyea and J. Frank Duryea, Elwood Haynes, Henry Ford, Ransom E. Olds, and Alexander Winton. Many of the early engines had only one cylinder, with a chain-and-sprocket drive on wooden carriage wheels. The cars generally were open, accommodated two passengers, and were steered by a lever.

The free growth of the automobile industry in the early 20th cent. was threatened by the American inventor George Selden’s patent, issued in 1895. Several early manufacturers licensed by Selden formed an association in 1903 and took over the patent in 1907. Henry Ford, the leader of a group of independent manufacturers who refused to acknowledge the patent, was engaged in litigation with Selden and the association from 1903 until 1911, when the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the patent, although valid, covered only the two-cycle engine; most cars, including Ford’s, used a four-cycle engine. The mass production of automobiles that followed, and the later creation of highways linking cities to suburbs and region to region, transformed American landscape and society.

General understanding:

1. Who built the first self-propelled vehicle?

2. What accelerated the development of the automobile?

3. Who manufactured internal-combustion cars of the horseless buggy type in the United States, in the 1890s?

4. When was the first vehicle of the internal – combustion engine built?

5. What is the name of independent manufacturers leader?

Exercise 1. Find in the left column English equivalents of Russian words and word-combinations.

1. Internal-combustion engine

2. Speed

3. Self-propelled vehicle

4. Lever

5. Engine

6. Mass production

7. Rear wheel

A. Самоходное транспортное средство

B. Двигатель

C. Заднее колесо

D. Двигатель внутреннего сгорания

E. Скорость

F. Рычаг

G. Массовое производство

Exercise 2. Translate words and word-combinations in brackets into English, and then translate the sentences, into Russian in writing form.

1. The French engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot built the first (самоходное транспортное средство).

2. The development of the automobile was accelerated by the introduction of (двигателя внутреннего сгорания).

3. (массовое производство автомобилей) that followed, and the later creation of highways linking cities to suburbs and region to region, transformed American landscape and society.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences, having chosen a corresponding variant.

1. The first self-propelled vehicle was built by ... .

a) french engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot;

b) american inventor George Selden;

c) germany engineer Karl Benz.

2. The development of the automobile was accelerated by the introduction of the ... .

a) assembly lines;

b) internal-combustion engine;

c) electricity.

3. Henry Ford is the leader of a group of independent ... .

a) manufacturers;

b) engineers;

c) bankers.

Automobile Industry

Industry History

Vocabulary:

assembly lines – сборочные линии

consumer – потребитель

front axle – передняя ось

mass production – массовое производство

to compete – конкурировать

Although ancient Chinese writers described steam-powered vehicles, and both steam- and electric-powered cars competed with gas-powered vehicles in the late 19th cent. Frenchman Jean Joseph Etienne developed the first practical internal-combustion engine (1860), and later in the decade several inventors, most notably Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, produced gas-powered vehicles that ultimately dominated the industry because they were lighter and less expensive to build. French companies set the design of the modern auto by placing the engine over the front axle in the 1890s and U.S. manufacturers made important advances in the mass production of the auto by introducing cars with interchangeable machine-produced parts (one such car was created by Ransom E. Olds in 1901). In 1914 Henry Ford began to use assembly lines. In addition, his practice of providing loans to consumers to buy cars (1915) made the model-T affordable to the middle class. In the 1920s, General Motors further changed the industry by emphasizing car design. The company introduced new models each year, marketed different lines of cars to different income brackets (the Cadillac for the rich; the Chevrolet for the masses), and created a modern decentralized system of management. U.S. auto sales grew from 4,100 in 1900 to 895,900 in 1915, to 3.7 million in 1925. Sales dropped to only 1.1 million in 1932 and during World War II, the auto factories were converted to wartime production.

General understanding:

1. Who produced gas-powered vehicles that ultimately dominated the industry?

2. What Henry Ford used for mass production cars?

3. What happened during World War II?

4. When did Henry Ford begin to use assembly lines?

5. How did General Motors change the industry in the 1920s?

Exercise 4. Find in the left column English equivalents of Russian words and word-combinations.

1. Assembly lines

2. Manufacturer

3. Industry

4. Front axle

5. Vehicle

6. Production

A. Транспортное средство

B. Передняя ось

C. Производство

D. Промышленность

E. Сборочные линии

F. Промышленник

Exercise 5. Translate words and word-combinations in brackets into English, and then translate the sentences, into Russian in writing form.

1. Frenchman Jean Joseph Etienne (спроектировал) the first practical internal-combustion engine.

2. In 1914 Henry Ford began to using (сборочную линию).

3. In 1890s U.S. manufacturers made important advances in the (массовом производстве) of the auto by introducing (автомобилей) with (взаимозаменяемыми) machine-produced parts.

Exercise 6. Complete the sentences, having chosen a corresponding variant.

1. Henry Ford provided loans to consumers to buy ....

a) buses;

b) tractors;

c) cars.

2. Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, produced gas-powered vehicles that ultimately dominated the industry because they were ..to build.

a) expensive and not light;

b) lighter and less expensive;

c) the lightest and the least expensive.

3. General Motors further introduced new models ....

a) each month;

b) each year;

c) each week.

The Modern Industry

Vocabulary:

alternative energy sources – альтернативные источники энергии

auto pollution – автозагрязнение

electricity – электричество

global market – мировой рынок

natural gas – природный газ

safety – безопасность

solar power – солнечная энергия

After 1945, sales once again took off, reaching 6.7 million in 1950 and 9.3 million in 1965. The U.S. auto industry dominated the global market with 83% of all sales, but as Europe and Japan rebuilt their economics, their auto industries grew and the U.S. share dropped to about 25%. Following the OPEC oil embargo in 1973, smaller, fuel-efficient imports increased their share of the U.S. market to 26% by 1980. In the early 1980s, U.S. auto makers cut costs with massive layoffs. Throughout the 1990s, imports particularly from Japan took an increasing share of the U.S. market.

Beginning in the early 1980s, Japanese and, later, German companies set up factories in the United States; by 1999, these were capable of producing about 3 million vehicles per year. As a result, the three big U.S. auto makers now produce less than two thirds of the cars sold in America. In the early 1990s, over $140 billion worth of motor vehicles and parts were produced in the United States by companies employing more than 210,000 workers. Complaints about auto pollution, traffic congestion, and auto safety led to the passage of government regulations beginning in the 1970s, forcing auto manufacturers to improve fuel efficiency and safety. Auto companies are now experimenting with cars powered by such alternative energy sources as natural gas, electricity, and solar power.

General understanding:

1. What happened after the OPEC oil embargo in 1973?

2. What were capable after Japanese and German companies set up factories in the United States?

3. What kind of alternative energy sources use the companies?

Exercise 7. Find in the left column English equivalents of Russian words and word-combinations.

1. Safety

2. Solar power

3. Pollution

4. Economics

5. Alternative energy sources

6. Natural gas

A. Загрязнение

B. Альтернативные источники энергии

C. Экономика

D. Природный газ

E. Солнечная энергия

F. Безопасность

Exercise 8. Translate words and word-combinations in brackets into English, and then translate the sentences into Russian in writing form.

1. Beginning in the early 1980s, Japanese and, later, German companies (создали) factories in the United States.

2. Complaints about auto (загрязнения), traffic congestion and auto (безопасности) led to the passage of government regulations beginning in the 1970s.

3. Auto companies are now experimenting with cars powered by such alternative energy sources as (природный газ), (электричество), and (солнечная энергия).

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences, having chosen a corresponding variant.

1. The U.S. auto industry dominated the global market with 83% of all ... .

a) sales;

b) purchases;

c) manufacture.

2. As a result, the three big U.S. auto makers now produce less than two thirds of the cars sold in America

a) Russia;

b) Japan;

c) America.

3. Auto companies are now experimenting with powered by such alternative energy sources as natural gas, electricity, and solar power.

a) heavy trucks;

b) tractors;

c) cars.

UNIT II.
Components of Automobile

Vocabulary:

body – кузов

car wheels – колеса автомобиля

clutch – сцепление

engine crankshaft – коленчатый вал двигателя

final drive – главная передача

frame with axles – рама с осями

fuel system – топливная система

lubricating system – система смазки

power plant – силовая установка

power train – силовая передача (трансмиссия)

springs – рессоры

steering system – рулевое управление

Basically, the automobile consists of three parts: the power plant, or the engine, the chassis and the body. To these may be added the accessories: the heater, lights, radio, speedometer and other devices.

The power plant, or engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move. It includes electric, fuel, cooling and lubricating systems. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders.

The chassis consists of a power train, frame with axles, wheels and springs. The chassis includes brakes and steering system.

The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels and contains the clutch, gearbox, propeller or cardan shaft, differential and the final drive.

The clutch is a friction device connecting (or disconnecting) the engine crankshaft to the gears in the gearbox. It is used for freeing the gearbox from the engine and is controlled by the clutch pedal.

Brakes are important mechanisms of the car. They are used to slow or stop the car. Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. They are operated by the brake pedal. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal, they are applied and the car stops.

General understanding:

1. What are the main basic parts of the automobile?

2. What does the chassis consist of?

3. What units does the power train contain?

4. What is the function of the clutch?

5. What is the function of brakes?

Exercise 1. Find in the left column English equivalents of Russian words and word-combinations.

1. Lubricating system

2. Power train

3. Engine crankshaft

4. Frame with axles

5. Steering system

6. Accessories

7. Clutch

A. Коленчатый вал двигателя

B. Рулевое управление

C. Вспомогательные устройства

D. Система смазки

E. Сцепление

F. Рама с осями

G. Силовая передача

Exercise 2. Translate words and word-combinations in brackets into English, and then translate the sentences into Russian in writing form.

1. Basically, the automobile consists of three parts: (силовой установки), or the (двигателя), the (шасси) and the (кузова).

2. The chassis includes brakes and (систему рулевого управления).

3. (Тормоза) are important mechanisms of the car.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences, having chosen a corresponding variant.

1. The mechanism used for stopping the car is ... .

a) clutch;

b) gearbox;

c) brakes.

2. The unit caring the power from the engine to the car wheels is ... .

a) power plant;

b) power train;

c) chassis.

3. The instrument measuring the speed of car is ... .

a) heater;

b) lights;

c) speedometer.

UNIT III.
Engine

Diesel Engine

Vocabulary:

capacity – мощность

coal dust – угольная пыль

compression of air – сжатие воздуха

construction – строение, конструкция

continuously operating pump – насос постоянного действия

cylinder – цилиндр

electric generator – электрический генератор

exhaust valve – выпускной клапан

explosion force – сила взрыва

flywheel – маховое колесо

framework – структура

highly efficient – высокоэффективный

ignition – зажигание, воспламенение

injector – инжектор

long warming-up period – долгий период нагрева

low-cost fuel oil – дешевое горючее

piston – поршень

rapid expansion of the gas – быстрое расширение газа

smooth action – гладкое действие

smooth-turning effect – эффект гладкого вращения

spark – искра

stationary and mobile installations – стационарные и передвижные установки

steam turbine – паровая турбина

to be patented – быть запатентованным

to convert – преобразовывать

to differ from – отличаться от ...

to ignite – зажигать(-ся-), воспламенять(-ся-)

truck – грузовик

Type of internal-combustion engine invented by the German engineer Rudolf Diesel and patented by him in 1892. Although his engine was designed to use coal dust as fuel, the diesel engine now burns low-cost fuel oil. The diesel engine does not require a large water supply or a long warming-up period and is highly efficient in converting heat energy into work. Diesels are widely used in both stationary and mobile installations where the power required is between that furnished by the gasoline engine and that of the steam turbine and where the relatively high initial cost can be written off over a long period. For example, diesels having capacities of 100 to 5,000 hp are employed on industrial and municipal electric generators and on continuously operating pumps (e.g., on oil pipelines). Moreover, they occupy relatively little space compared with steam units, since no boiler is needed – a factor of importance aboard ships.

The diesel engine differs from the gasoline engine in that the ignition of fuel is caused by compression of air in its cylinders instead of by a spark: the high compression ratio allows the air in the cylinder to become hot enough to ignite the fuel. Because of the high temperatures of operation, a diesel engine must be water-cooled. The construction of the diesel engine is heavier than that of the gasoline engine; there are usually three or more cylinders (supported on a framework and bedplate) and a heavy flywheel. The cylinders are set to work alternately to give a smooth-turning effect, and the flywheel contributes further to smooth action.

There are two classes of diesel engines. In the two-stroke, or two-cycle, type there is a complete cycle of operation in every two strokes of a piston. This type of engine requires a supply of compressed air for operating and for starting. In the four-stroke, or four-cycle, type the first down stroke of the piston draws in air, which is compressed on the up stroke to about 500 lb per sq in. (35 kg per sq cm). At the top of the stroke a jet of oil is sprayed in through an injector. The oil is ignited and the rapid expansion of the gas created by the explosion forces the piston down in the working, or firing, stroke. The next upstroke drives the waste gases out through the exhaust valve, and the cycle is complete.

The speed and power of the diesel are controlled by varying the amount of fuel injected into the cylinder, not the amount of air admitted as in the gasoline engine. Small and medium-size ships may have several diesels producing as much as 50,000 hp. Heavy-duty land transports such as trains, trucks, buses, and tractors are often diesel-powered. Some automobiles and even some airplanes have had diesel engines.

General understanding:

1. Who invented and patented diesel engine?

2. What is the deferens between the diesel engine and gasoline engine?

3. How many classes of diesel engines?

4. Where are diesel engines widely used?

5. What type of engine does require a supply of compressed air?

Exercise 1. Find in the left column English equivalents of Russian words and word-combinations.

1. Ignition

2. Capacity

3. Highly efficient

4. Construction

5. Compression of air

6. Exhaust valve

7. Engine

A. Мощность

B. Сжатие воздуха

C. Выпускной клапан

D. Двигатель

E. Конструкция

F. Высокоэффективный

G. Воспламенение

Exercise 2. Translate words and word-combinations in brackets into English, and then translate the sentences into Russian in writing form.

1. The (дизельный двигатель) does not require a large water supply or a (долгий период нагрева) and is highly efficient in converting heat energy into work.

2. The (конструкция) of the diesel engine is heavier than that of the gasoline engine; there are usually three or more (цилиндров) and a heavy (маховое колесо).

3. The (скорость) and power of the diesel are controlled by varying the amount of fuel injected into the cylinder, not the (количество) of air admitted as in the gasoline engine.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences, having chosen a corresponding variant.

1. Type of internal-combustion engine invented by the German engineer Rudolf Diesel and patented by him in ... .

a) 1892;

b) 1982;

c) 1829.

2. The .... of the diesel engine is heavier than that of the gasoline engine.

a) construction;

b) volume;

c) capacity.

3. Some automobiles and even some airplanes have had ... engines.

a) reciprocating engines;

b) diesel engines;

c) steam engines.

Internal-combustion Engine

Vocabulary:

gas turbine – газовая турбина

lawn mower – газонокосилка

reciprocating engine – поршневой двигатель

rotary engine – роторный двигатель

to provide – обеспечивать

mechanical stresses – механические усилия

Internal-combustion engine is the engine which combustion of the fuel takes place in a confined space, producing expanding gases that are used directly to provide mechanical power. Such engines are classified as reciprocating or rotary, spark ignition or compression ignition, and two-stroke or four-stroke; the most familiar combination, used from automobiles to lawn mowers, is the reciprocating, spark-ignited, four-stroke gasoline engine. Other types of internal-combustion engines include the reaction engine and the gas turbine. Engines are rated by their maximum horsepower, which is usually reached a little below the speed at which undue mechanical stresses are developed.

General understanding:

1. What is the internal-combustion engine?

2. When was invented internal-combustion engine?

3. How can invented internal-combustion engine be classified?

Exercise 4. Find in the left column English equivalents of Russian words and word-combinations.

1. Combustion

2. Gas turbine

3. Reciprocating engine

4. Rotary engine

5. Space

6. Internal-combustion engines

7. Mechanical stresses

A. Роторный двигатель

B. Двигатель внутреннего сгорания

C. Пространство

D. Газовая турбина

E. Mechanical stresses

F. Сгорание

G. Поршневой двигатель

Exercise 5. Translate words and word-combinations in brackets into English, and then translate the sentences, into Russian in writing form.

1. Internal-combustion engine is the engine which combustion of the fuel takes place in a (ограниченном пространстве).

2. Other types of (двигатели внутреннего сгорания) include the reaction engine and the gas turbine.

3. (Двигатели) are rated by their maximum horsepower, which is usually reached a little below the speed at which undue (механические воздействия) are developed.

Reciprocating Engines

Vocabulary:

bottom of the piston – основание поршня

carburetor – карбюратор

coil spring – спиралевидная пружина

combustion chamber – камера сгорания

internal-combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

composition of the mixture – состав смеси

correct sequence – точная последовательность

crankshaft – коленчатый вал

cylinders vertical – вертикальные цилиндры

idling speed – холостой ход

manifold – коллектор

metal cover – металлическое покрытие

noise muffler – шумовой глушитель

piston-type gasoline engine – бензиновый двигатель поршневого типа

reciprocating engine – поршневой двигатель

revolution – вращение, ход

rod clamps – зажимы прута

spark plug – свеча зажигания

throttle – дроссельная заслонка

to occur – происходить

V-engine – V-образный двигатель

The most common internal-combustion engine is the piston-type gasoline engine used in most automobiles. The confined space in which combustion occurs is called a cylinder. The cylinders are now usually arranged in one of four ways: a single row with the centerlines of the cylinders vertical (in-line engine); a double row with the centerlines of opposite cylinders converging in a V (V-engine); a double zigzag row somewhat similar to that of the V-engine but with alternate pairs of opposite cylinders converging in two Vs (W-engine); or two horizontal, opposed rows (opposed, pancake, flat, or boxer engine). In each cylinder a piston slides up and down. One end of a connecting rod is attached to the bottom of the piston by a joint; the other end of the rod clamps around a bearing on one of the throws, or convolutions, of a crankshaft; the reciprocating (up-and-down) motions of the piston rotate the crankshaft, which is connected by suitable gearing to the drive wheels of the automobile. The number of crankshaft revolutions per minute is called the engine speed. The top of the cylinder is closed by a metal cover (called the head) bolted onto it. Into a threaded aperture in the head is screwed the spark plug, which provides ignition.

Two other openings in the cylinder are called ports. The intake port admits the air-gasoline mixture; the exhaust port lets out the products of combustion. A mushroom-shaped valve is held tightly over each port by a coil spring, and a camshaft rotating at one-half engine speed opens the valves in correct sequence. A pipe runs from each intake port to a carburetor or injector, the pipes from all the cylinders joining to form a manifold; a similar manifold connects the exhaust ports with an exhaust pipe and noise muffler. A carburetor or fuel injector mixes air with gasoline in proportions of weight varying from 11 to 1 at the richest to a little over 16 to 1 at the leanest. The composition of the mixture is regulated by the throttle, an air valve in the intake manifold that varies the flow of fuel to the combustion chambers of the cylinders. The mixture is rich at idling speed (closed throttle) and at high speeds (wide-open throttle), and is lean at medium and slow speeds (partly open throttle).

The other main type of reciprocating engine is the diesel engine, invented by Rudolf Diesel and patented in 1892. The diesel uses the heat produced by compression rather than the spark from a plug to ignite an injected mixture of air and diesel fuel (heavier petroleum oil) instead of gasoline. Diesel engines are heavier than gasoline engines because of the extra strength required to contain the higher temperatures and compression ratios. Diesel engines are most widely used where large amounts of power are required: heavy trucks, locomotives, and ships.

General understanding:

1. What is reciprocating engine?

2. What is the top dead center?

3. What kind of stroke can the events in engine cylinder be divided into?

4. What is the most common internal-combustion engine?

5. What is the main type of reciprocating engine?

Exercise 6. Find in the left column English equivalents of Russian words and word-combinations.

1. Combustion chamber

2. Cylinders vertical

3. Piston

4. Revolution

5. Top dead centre

6. Bottom dead centre

7. Spark plug

A. Поршень

B. Ход

C. Нижняя мёртвая точка

D. Камера сгорания

E. Верхняя мертвая точка

F. Вертикальные цилиндры

G. Свеча зажигания

Exercise 7. Translate words and word-combinations in brackets into English, and then translate the sentences into Russian in writing form.

1. The confined space in which combustion occurs is called a (цилиндр).

2. The number of crankshaft revolutions per minute is called the (оборот двигателя).

3. Diesel engines are most widely used where large amounts of power are required: (тяжёлые грузовики), (локомотивы), and (корабли).

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences, having chosen a corresponding variant.

1. The number of crankshaft revolutions per minute is called the … .

a) engine speed;

b) manifold;

c) convolution.

2. The intake port admits the ... .

a) exhaust;

b) air-gasoline mixture;

c) idling speed.

3. The composition of the mixture is regulated by the ... .

a) piston;

b) camshaft;

c) throttle.

Rotary Engine

Vocabulary:

advanced pollution control devices – передовые устройства контроля за загрязнением окружающей среды

advantage – преимущество

combustion pocket – карман сгорания

compression – сжатие

piston engine – поршневой двигатель

exhaust – выхлоп

expansion – расширение

four-stroke cycle – четырехтактный цикл

intake – впрыск

lack of torque at low speeds – нехватка вращающего момента при низких скоростях

rotary engine – роторный двигатель

weight – вес

Rotary Engine is internal-combustion engine whose cycle is similar to that of a piston engine, but which produces rotary motion directly without any conversion from reciprocating motion. A major problem associated with engines of this type is preventing the leakage of combustion gases. The only type of rotary engine currently considered to be of practical value is the Wankel engine. Although the gas turbine produces rotary motion directly, it is not generally considered a rotary engine because it functions differently.

The most successful rotary engine is the Wankel engine. Developed by the German engineer Felix Wankel in 1956, it has a disk that looks like a triangle with bulging sides rotating inside a cylinder shaped like a figure eight with a thick waist. Intake and exhaust are through ports in the flat sides of the cylinder. The spaces between the sides of the disk and the walls of the cylinder form combustion pockets. During a single rotation of the disk each pocket alternately grows smaller, then larger, because of the contoured outline of the cylinder. This provides for compression and expansion. The engine runs on a four-stroke cycle.

The Wankel engine has 48% fewer parts and about a third the bulk and weight of a reciprocating engine. Its main advantage is that advanced pollution control devices are easier to design for it than for the conventional piston engine. Another advantage is that higher engine speeds are made possible by rotating instead of reciprocating motion, but this advantage is partially offset by the lack of torque at low speeds, leading to greater fuel consumption.

General understanding:

1. What is the rotary engine?

2. What is the most successful rotary engine?

3. Who developed rotary engine?

4. What are advantages of rotary engine?

Exercise 9. Find in the left column English equivalents of Russian words and word-combinations.

1. Rotary engine

2. Greater fuel consumption

3. Intake

4. Bulging sides

5. Piston engine

6. Advantage

7. Torque

A. Впрыск

B. Преимущество

C. Поршневой двигатель

D. Роторный двигатель

E. Вращающий момент

F. Выпуклые стороны

G. Большее потребление топлива

Exercise 10. Translate words and word-combinations in brackets into English, and then translate the sentences, into Russian in writing form.

1. The most successful rotary engine is the (двигатель Ванкеля).

2. The Wankel engine has 48% fewer parts and about a third the bulk and (вес) of a reciprocating engine.

3. Another (преимуществом) is that higher engine speeds are made possible by rotating instead of reciprocating motion.

Exercise 11. Complete the sentences, having chosen a corresponding variant.

1. The most successful rotary engine was developed by the German engineer Felix Wankel in ... .

a) 1965;

b) 1956;

c) 1695.

2. The engine runs on a ... .

a) two-stroke cycle;

b) four-stroke cycle;

c) six-stroke cycle.

Steam Engine

Vocabulary:

atmospheric pressure – атмосферное давление

belt – ремень

crank-flywheel mechanism – механизм махового колеса

electric motor – электрический двигатель (мотор)

exhaust valve – клапан входного отверстия

gear – шестерня

governor – регулятор

inlet valve – клапан входного отверстия

mercury steam gauge – ртутный паровой шаблон

practical solution – практическое решение

pulley – шкив

pushes – толчки

rope – жгут, веревка

shaft – вал

Machine for converting into mechanical energy using steam as a medium, or working fluid. When water is converted into steam it expands, its volume increasing about 1,600 times. The force produced by the conversion is the basis of all steam engines. Steam engines operate by having superheated steam force a piston to reciprocate, or move back and forth, in a cylinder. The piston is attached by a connecting rod to a crankshaft that converts the back-and-forth motion of the piston to rotary motion for driving machinery. A flywheel attached to the crankshaft makes the rotary motion smooth and steady. The typical steam engine has an inlet valve at each end of the cylinder. Steam is admitted through one inlet valve, forcing the piston to move to the other end of the cylinder. This steam then exits through an exhaust valve. Steam from the other inlet valve then pushes the piston back to its original position, and the cycle starts again. In a single-cylinder steam engine the exhaust steam is usually expelled directly into the atmosphere. A compounded steam engine has several cylinders, which the steam passes through successively until, leaving the last cylinder, it is condensed into water and returned to the boiler. From the Greek inventor Heron of Alexandria to the Englishmen Thomas Newcomen and John Cawley, many persons contributed to the work of harnessing steam. However, James Watt’s steam engine, patented in 1769, provided the first practical solution. Earlier engines depended on atmospheric pressure to push the piston into the cylinder, where a vacuum was created by sudden cooling of its steam content. Watt’s use of a separate condenser resulted in a 75% saving in fuel. It also made possible the use of steam pressure to move the piston in both directions. Watt’s continuing efforts produced a governor, a mercury steam gauge, and a crank-flywheel mechanism, all of which prepared the steam engine for a major role in the Industrial Revolution. Sailing vessels gave way to steamboats, and stagecoaches yielded to railroad trains as the steam engine was perfected. Transmitted by belts, ropes, shafts, pulleys, and gears, the energy from steam engines drove machines in factories and mills. Now, however, steam engines have been replaced in most applications by more economical and efficient devices, e.g., the steam turbine, the electric motor, and the internal-combustion engine, including the diesel engine. They are still sufficiently economical to be used in industries where steam is necessary for some purpose in addition to that of driving an engine.

General understanding:

1. What is steam engine?

2. How does steam engine operate?

3. Who patented the first steam engine?

4. What is the basis of all steam engines?

Exercise 12. Find in the left column English equivalents of Russian words and word-combinations.

1. Crank – flywheel mechanism

2. Inlet valve

3. Gear