Grammar Practice Book for Students of Law

Учебно-методическое пособие

Под редакцией  
кандидата филологических наук, доцента 
Н. Ф. Ежовой

ebooks@prospekt.org

Информация о книге

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК 81.2Англ-923

G71

Авторы:
Бадаева Т. В., Головина Н. М., Горбачева Л. В., Ежова Н. Ф., Калиновская В. В., Митрущенкова А. Н.

Рецензенты: Вьюшкина Е. Г., кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, профессор кафедры английского языка Саратовской государственной юридической академии (г. Саратов); Кавнатская Е. В., кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин Центрального филиала Российского государственного университета правосудия (г. Воронеж).

Под редакцией кандидата филологических наук, доцента Н. Ф. Ежовой.

Данное учебно-методическое пособие подготовлено коллективом преподавателей кафедры юридического английского языка и сотрудниками подразделений Московского государственного юридического университета имени О. Е. Кутафина (МГЮА).

Пособие предназначено для развития, тренировки и совершенствования грамматических, лексико-грамматических, коммуникативных умений студентов-юристов, бакалавров, магистрантов и всех лиц, изучающих юридический английский язык.

Книга состоит из теоретической части, снабженной таблицами и наглядными примерами грамматического материала, и практической части, задания которой могут быть использованы в рамках аудиторных занятий под руководством преподавателя и в процессе самостоятельной подготовки обучающихся, а также приложений с дополнительной информацией по разделам.

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК 81.2Англ-923

© Коллектив авторов, 2021

© ООО «Проспект», 2021

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Пособие «Grammar Practice Book for Students of Law» может быть использовано как приложение к учебнику «Introduction to International Legal English» в качестве учебно-методического сопровождения для тренировки, практики и совершенствования грамматических умений. Также это пособие может быть рекомендовано в качестве самостоятельного учебного материала по грамматике для всех лиц, изучающих юридический английский язык.

Целью данного пособия является формирование, развитие и совершенствование грамматических навыков с использованием юридической лексики, развитие навыков устной и письменной речи, расширение лингвистического кругозора студентов-юристов, расширение объема знаний в области специальной юридической терминологии, применяемой в профессиональной деятельности юристов; развитие и совершенствование речевой компетенции (речевых навыков и умений); развитие и совершенствование переводческой компетенции (переводческих навыков и умений).

В пособии подробно освещаются важные и наиболее сложные вопросы английской грамматики: действительный и страдательный залоги, порядок слов в английском предложении, типы вопросительных предложений, косвенная речь, модальные глаголы, условные предложения, словообразование, неличные формы глагола. Пособие состоит из 8 разделов, каждый из которых содержит определенный грамматический материал: правила с примерами из учебника «Introduction to International Legal English», таблицы по разделам грамматики, грамматические упражнения, составленные на основе материалов из учебника «Introduction to International Legal English». Авторами разработан банк вопросов, позволяющих закрепить грамматический материал по каждому из представленных разделов грамматики. Пособие рассчитано как на студентов-юристов, имеющих начальный уровень владения английским языком, так и на студентов с более продвинутым уровнем (правила и упражнения для таких студентов обозначены знаком*). В пособии даются упражнения для перевода с русского языка на английский и наоборот, что помогает лучше закрепить грамматический материал с использованием юридической лексики всех разделов учебника «Introduction to International Legal English».

Количество заданий, выполняемых на аудиторных занятиях, может варьироваться в зависимости от уровня группы. Большая часть заданий рассчитана на самостоятельную работу студентов.

Коллектив авторов надеется, что предлагаемое пособие «Grammar Practice Book for Students of Law (based on «Introduction to International Legal English»)» будет интересным и полезным для студентов-юристов, магистрантов, аспирантов и в целом для всех лиц, кто использует в своем обучении учебник «Introduction to International Legal English» для изучения юридического английского языка.

Коллектив авторов

1. ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ
(WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH SENTENCES)

В английском предложении (в отличие от русского предложения, где, благодаря падежам, порядок слов свободный, например: В нашей компании появились вакансии. — Вакансии появились в нашей компании. — Появились вакансии в нашей компании) существует твердо установившийся порядок слов.

В повествовательном предложении обязательно должны быть подлежащее и сказуемое, причем подлежащее стоит перед сказуемым (такой порядок слов называется прямым). Сказуемое — это глагол в одной из временных форм (Present Simple, Past Continuous, Future Perfect и другие).

За сказуемым идут дополнение (прямое или косвенное) и обстоятельство (которое может быть вынесено перед подлежащим). Подлежащее и дополнение чаще всего выражаются существительным, к которому могут относиться: 1) местоимения (this law), 2) прилагательные (legal research), 3) числительные (two companies), 4) другие существительные (arbitration clause). Существительное с относящимися к нему словами является одним членом предложения и занимает одно место. Такая группа слов, связанная единым смыслом, есть группа подлежащего, группа дополнения, группа обстоятельства.

Определение не имеет закрепленного места в предложении и входит в группу того члена предложения, которым является определяемое им существительное.

0 место | 1 место | 2 место | 3 место | 4 место
Обстоятельство | Подлежащее | Сказуемое | Дополнение | Обстоятельство
Last year | this company | purchased | a large quantity of goods | (last year)

При переводе на русский язык этот порядок слов сохранять не обязательно. Надо переводить так, чтобы не страдал стиль русской речи.

Например, предложение Last year this company purchased a large quantity of goods можно перевести:

а) В прошлом году эта компания приобрела большое количество товаров.

б) Эта компания в прошлом году приобрела большое количество товаров.

в) Эта компания приобрела большое количество товаров в прошлом году.

В английском языке существует несколько видов вопросительных предложений: общие, альтернативные, специальные, разделительные. Как правило, в вопросительных предложениях изменяется порядок слов, за исключением специальных вопросов к подлежащему.

6 ТИПОВ ВОПРОСОВ (6 TYPES OF QUESTIONS)

1. Общий вопрос (General question) — это вопрос, который предполагает в качестве ответа либо ДА, либо НЕТ. т. е. вопрос для получения общей информации (Yes / No answers). Вспомогательный глагол, подлежащее и сказуемое — обязательные члены данного типа вопроса.

E.g. Last year this company purchased a large quantity of goods. → Did this company purchase a large quantity of goods last year? — Yes, it did / No, it didn’t.

1 место | 2 место | 3 место | 4 место | 5 место
Вспомогательный глагол (AV — Auxiliary Verb) | Подлежащее (S — Subject) | Глагол-сказуемое (V–Verb) | Дополнение (O — Object) | Обстоятельство Adv — dverb)
Did | this company | purchase | a large quantity of goods | last year?
Didn't | this company | purchase | a large quantity of goods | last year?

ОБРАТИТЕ ВНИМАНИЕ! (NOTES!)

1) Если в английском предложении в состав сказуемого входит одна из форм глаголов to be, to have got или модальный глагол (за исключением have to, подробнее в разделе Modal Verbs), то они используются в качестве вспомогательного глагола в вопросах всех типов:

am / is / are was / were have / has /
had will shall may must can ought to would should might need could

E.g.1. A new associate lawyer is generally assigned to a practice area that is compatible with his or her interests. → Is a new associate lawyer generally assigned to a practice area that is compatible with his or her interests? — Yes, he is/ No, he isn’t.

E.g.2. The contract shall come into force next month. → Shall the contract come into force next year? — Yes, it shall/ No, it shan’t.

E.g.3. A self-employed client has just called a meeting? → Has a self-employed client just called a meeting?

2) Если глагол-сказуемое оканчивается на -(e)s (V (e)s — asks, raises), то необходимо использовать вспомогательный глагол does → Does S V1?

E.g. This process raises a number of questions. → Does this process raise a number of questions? — Yes, it does/ No, it doesn’t.

3) Если глагол-сказуемое имеет нулевое окончание (V — ask, receive), то необходимо использовать вспомогательный глагол do → Do S V1?

E.g. Associates also typically receive a year-end bonus → Do associates also typically receive a year-end bonus? — Yes, they do/ No, they don’t.

4) Если глагол-сказуемое оканчивается на -ed (Ved — asked, reduced) или имеет 2 форму непр. гл. V2 (gave, told), то необходимо использовать вспомогательный глагол did → Did S V1?

E.g. The judge reduced the punitive damages → Did the judge reduce the punitive damages? — Yes, he did/ No, he didn’t.

E.g. They gave up the right to appeal to a judicial body? → Did they give up the right to appeal to a judicial body? — Yes, they did/ No they, didn’t.

2. Разделительный вопрос (Tag-question) — это вид вопроса, выражающий сомнение, удивление или подтверждение сказанного. Разделительный вопрос образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола, использованного в предложении, и личного местоимения, которое смогло бы заменить подлежащее этого предложения; сохраняется прямой порядок слов. Русский эквивалент разделительной части разделительного вопроса — «не так ли?, не правда ли?».

Если предложение утвердительное, то разделительная часть будет отрицательной, и наоборот, если предложение отрицательное, то разделительная часть будет утвердительной.

E.g. The constitution of a company consists of two documents.

1 место | 2 место | 3 место | 4 место | 5 место
Подлежащее | Глагол-сказуемое | Дополнение | Вспомогательный глагол в противоположной форме | Личное местоимение (заменяет подлежащее)
The constitution of a company | consists of | two documents, | doesn't | it?

NOTES!

Don’t argue with them, will you? — Не спорь с ними, хорошо?

Let’s make a deal, shall we? — Давайте заключим сделку, хорошо?

Look through the contract, won’t you? — Просмотри договор, хорошо?

I have a good idea, don’t I? — У меня прекрасная идея, не так ли?

I am drafting a contract, aren’t I? — Я составляю договор, так это?

3. Специальный вопрос (Special question) — этот вопрос задается к второстепенным членам предложения (дополнению, обстоятельству, определению) для получения дополнительной информации. Поэтому он всегда начинается с вопросительного слова. Так как большинство вопросительных слов в английском языке начинаются с W, его часто называют ”W-questions?”.

E.g. The Internet provides a lot of useful information for legal practitioners.

1 место | 2 место | 3 место | 4 место | 5 место
Вопросительное слово | Вспомогательный глагол | Подлежащее | Глагол-сказуемое | Дополнение/ Обстоятельство
What | does | the Internet | provide | for legal practitioners?

Вопросительные слова (Question Words): Who? (Кто?), What? (Что?/Какой?), Which? (Какой?), Why? (Почему?/Зачем?), Where? (Где?/Куда?), When? (Когда?), How long? (Как долго?), How much/many? (Сколько?), How often? (Как часто?).

4. Альтернативный вопрос (Alternative question) — это вопрос с частицей OR (или), который предлагает сделать выбор. Выбор может быть предложен к любому члену предложения. Особенностью этого вопроса является то, что ответ как бы уже присутствует в вопросе, нужно только выбрать из двух заданных предметов, лиц, качеств и т. д.

E.g. The state prosecuted the company founder for tax evasion.

1 место | 2 место | 3 место | 4 место | 5 место
Вспомогательный глагол | Подлежащее | Глагол-сказуемое | Дополнение прямое | Дополнение 1 or Дополнение 2
Did | the state | prosecute | the company founder | for tax evasion or money laundering?

5. Вопрос к подлежащему (Subject question) — это вопрос к подлежащему, который задается при помощи вопросительных слов Кто? (Who?), Что? (What?), Сколько (сущ.)? (How many/much + noun?). При этом вопросительное слово Who (или What) условно стоит в 3-м лице единственного числа, т. е. мысленно заменяем на he/she.

В вопросе к подлежащему остается прямой порядок слов, как в обычном повествовательном предложении, нет надобности во вспомогательных глаголах и инверсии (перестановки членов предложения).

NOTES!

The lawyers often draft contacts. → Who often drafts contracts? (Present Simple)

The lawyers are drafting a contract now. → Who is drafting a contract now? (Present Continuous)

The lawyers have just drafted a contract. → Who has just drafted a contract? (Present Perfect)

The lawyers were drafting a contact at this time yesterday. → Who was drafting a contract at this yesterday? (Past Continuous)

The lawyers have been drafting a contract for 2 hours. → Who has been drafting a contract for 2 hours? (Present Perfect Continuous)

The lawyers can draft contracts. → Who can draft contracts? (Modal verb+Verb)

E.g.1. Contracts give both parties rights and obligations.

E.g.2. Shareholders invest money by buying shares in company.

1 место | 2 место | 3 место | 4 место
Вопросительное слово Who/What | Глагол-сказуемое V- 3-м лице ед. ч. | Дополнение прямое | Дополнение косвенное/ Обстоятельство
1) What | gives | both parties | rights and obligations?
2) Who | invests | money | by buying shares in company?

6. Косвенные вопросы (Reported questions) — в английском языке вопросы в косвенной речи передают только содержание вопроса прямой речи, поэтому представляют собой не вопросы как таковые, а утвердительные предложения. В конце косвенных вопросов ставится точка и сохраняется прямой порядок слов (подробнее в разделе Reported Speech).

E.g.1. He asks: “Have you signed a new contract?” → He asks if I have signed a new contract.

E.g.2. He said: “We have signed a new lucrative contract.” → He said that they had signed a new lucrative contract.

E.g. The students pass exams at the end of the term.

Общий вопрос |  | Вспомогательный глагол Do | Подлежащее the students | Сказуемое pass | Дополнение exams | Обстоятельство at the end of the term? |
Альтернативный вопрос |  | Вспомогательный глагол Do Do | Подлежащее the students or the pupils the students | Сказуемое pass pass | Дополнение exams exams or tests | Обстоятельство at the end of the term? at the end of the term? |

Специальный вопрос

Вопросительное

слово

What

When

Вспомогательный глагол

do

do

Подлежащее

the students

the students

Сказуемое

pass

pass

Дополнение

exams?

Обстоятельство

at the end of the term?

Разделительный вопрос |  |  | Подлежащее The students The students | Сказуемое pass don't pass | Дополнение exams exams | Обстоятельство at the end of the term, at the end of the term, | Разделительная часть don't they? do they?
Вопрос к подлежащему |  |  | Вопросительное слово Who | Сказуемое 3-м л ед. ч. passes | Дополнение exams | Обстоятельство at the end of the term? |

Exercise 1.

a) Fill in the gaps with the correct auxiliary word below to form a question: did, are, aren’t, do, does, was, haven’t, have, is, isn’t, will, shall

1. Why________ commercial agency important for international trade?

2. Which goods ________ be sold to the third party?

3. Why ________ Carmecom Ltd refuse to replace the product?

4. ________ clients have to pay for the advice given?

5. How much ________ Liebeck finally receive in damages?

6. Who else ________ been sent a copy of the letter?

7. Don’t buy this property, ________?

8. Which significant disadvantages ________ the lawyer mention?

9. Why ________ foreigners permitted to buy agricultural land in Ukraine?

10. When ________ you last sign a contract?

11. ________ the case heard before the European Court of Justice?

12. ________ you ever been the victim of identity theft?

13. I am still trying to persuade my boss to enter into this contract, ________?

14. ________ Mr Mohammed know about the progress of the planned sale?

15. A substantial amount of commercial law is governed by international treaties and conventions, ________ it?

16. How ________ banks contributing to the problem of phishing?

17. ________ new technology have to lead to a decrease in white-collar crime?

18. My client has requested me to file a lawsuit against you for breach of contract, ________ he?

19. File a lawsuit against your partner for breach of contract, ________?

20. How many hours ________ associates expected to bill per year?

21. New actions are often intended to solve a problem, ________ they?

22. What kind of organization ________ she applying to?

23. What legal work experience ________ she have?

24. Let’s include this clause into our contract, ________?

25. I am considering starting drug testing at my company, ________?

b) Now group these questions by their types.

Yes / No Questions: ________.

Alternative Questions: ________.

Special Questions: ________.

Tag Questions: ________.

Subject Questions: ________.

Exercise 2. Put the words into the correct order to make a sentence as it is shown in the example:

E.g. Currently / Monash University / a Master’s of e-law / is / at / he / undertaking. → He is currently undertaking a Master’s of e-law at Monash University.

1. Tort law / include / core subjects / criminal law / and / others / these / typically / such as / contract law / programs.

2. Three / usually / law / to complete / take / years / programs / degree.

3. The study / aims / the / student / this / with /course / familiarize / to / law.

4. Employment / matters / we / only / shipping / commercial / law / property / handle.

5. LPC / fees / full / for / we / GDL / your / course / pay / will / the / both.

6. 15 September / Program / at / Baker Rose / 2:30 p. m. / University / the / will / at / be / London Law Fair / Recruitment / presenting / Graduate / its / in.

7. The / questions / at / during / will / the / and / end / the / take / speaker.

8. That / work / law / area / in / an / do / associates / of / interests / new / them?

9. Terms / the / agree / parties / on / must / the / essential.

10. Enforceable / not / promise / a / contract / to / one-sided / an / something / lead / does / do.

11. What / by / include / do / specific / breaching / that / is / promised / was / other / performance / the / remedies / party / to?

12. Non-breaching / award / can / damages / a / party / the / court / to.

13. Laptop / the / without / leave / did / you / shop?

14. Offences / commonly / proscribes / law / of / categories / several / criminal.

15. Court / the / receive / sue / the / injured / from / wrongdoer / and / party / damages / the / can.

Exercise 3. Put the words into the correct order to form a question.

E.g. What / have / law / in / take / UK? / courses / to / students / do / the → What courses do law students have to take in the UK?

1. Why / be / the / information / might / stolen / inaccessible?

2. Which / how / a / teaches / to / course / witness? / cross-examine / students

3. How / awarded? / year-end / are / bonuses

4. Are / contract? / positive / a / which / wants / get / a / something / rights / party / from / to

5. Why / the / want / Export Threads / does / to / contract? / terminate

6. Does / allow / party / agreement? / automatically / breach / terminate / a / of / one / contract / to / the

7. What / deal / does / with? / clause / the

8. How / agents / sometimes / victims / their / commercial / success? / become / of / do

9. What / ruling? court / the / lower / was

10. Who / work / the / clinic? / at / this / does / law / legal /

11. What / suffer? / the / did / plaintiff / injury

12. Do / for / have / clients / to / given? / pay / advice / the

13. Some / allow / don’t / also / prosecutions, / private / they? / criminal / jurisdictions

14. Can / estates / be / and / divided / leaseholds? / property / into / real / freehold

15. My / hasn’t / money / inherited / client / has /money / she? / some

16. Is / pre-trial / the / or / by / solicitor / work / the / a / majority / barrister / carried out / of / UK / in / a

17. Is / form / business? / the / main / used / by / arbitration / ADR / of

18. Does / the / house / dwelling / at / the / reasonable / agree / price? / let / to / the / to / tenant / landlord / the

19. Under / be / terminated? / circumstances / the / what / contract / can

20. What / this / does / play / in / role / contract? / reliance

Exercise 4. Make general and tag questions to the following sentences.

E.g. The parties negotiated an offer. →

a) Did the parties negotiate an offer?

b) The parties negotiated an offer, didn’t they?

1. The role of commercial agents is well known.

2. Criminal law proscribes several categories of offences.

3. The injured party sues the wrongdoer and receives damages from the court.

4. A court may sentence an offender to execution, loss of liberty or corporal punishment.

5. Most crimes are characterized by two elements: a criminal act and criminal intent.

6. You don’t have to attend the meeting.

7. You have recently begun a small business.

8. The second party didn’t accept the offer.

9. The party doesn’t do what it is required to do under the contract.

10. Contracts give both parties rights and obligations.

11. He won’t require any other information.

12. The damages awarded will be either compensatory or punitive.

Exercise 5. Make questions to the underlined words of the sentence.

E.g. Contract law deals with promises which create legal rights. → What does Contract law deal with to create legal rights?

1. Contract law deals with promises which create legal rights.

2. Law clinics offer free legal assistance to the local community.

3. Commercial law firms expect recruits to have a good command of English.

4. The course of constitutional law covers the general principles of federal constitutional law.

5. You may find this course more challenging.

6. I’ll be handing out a list of the readings and the assignments.

7. That was definitely the most useful thing we did.

8. The students at the presentation have recently taken their mid-term exams.

9. There were over 70 lawyers working for Baker Rose in 1979.

10. A party may want to transfer its rights under a contract to another party.

11. The offer and acceptance must match each other in order for the contract to be binding.

12. The party who gets the rights is called the assignee.

13. The parties have just agreed on the essential terms of the contract.

14. Your contract involved a chain of sales.

15. Punitive damages are awarded to punish a wrongdoer.

16. The harm can be physical, emotional or financial.

17. He knew about the progress of the planned sale.

18. He knew about the progress of the planned sale.

19. You have been working as a self-employed plumber for several years.

20. My duties will include researching new legislation.

Exercise 6. Correct mistakes in the following questions.

E.g. What are the difference between a felony and a misdemeanour? →

What is the difference between a felony and a misdemeanour?

1. What course law students in the UK have to take?

2. Many universities also offer courses on legal practice, doesn’t it?

3. How is year-end bonuses awarded?

4. Does civil wrongs result in harm to a person or property?

5. What are the defendant alleged to have caused?

6. What injury did the plaintiff suffered?

7. How many did Liebeck finally receive in damages?

8. Does clients have to pay for the advice given?

9. What wrong with the product?

10. Carmecom refused to replace the product, did it?

11. What you think defamatory means?

12. How criminal law cases and civil law cases differ in the way that are initiated?

13. Who usually render the verdict?

14. I am not a student of Moscow State University, am not I?

15. Commercial agents have to arrange sales directly from the principal to the customer, haven’t they?

Exercise 7. Make questions for the given answers. Use the sentences in brackets as prompts.

E.g. What is tried in the criminal courts? Crimes. (Crimes are tried in the criminal courts.

1. ________________________________________? The rules of evidence. (This course will explore the rules of evidence)

2. _____________________________________? Judicial opinions. (The students will analyze judicial opinions)

3. ______________________________________? On the 14th of February. (The meeting will be held on 17 February)

4. _______________________________________?) Criminal law. (I am interested in criminal law)

5. _____________________________________? During and at the end of the talk. (The speaker will take questions during and at the end of the talk)

6. ________________________________________? To become a partner. (Her aim is to become a partner in a law firm by the age of 30)

7. ______________________________________? To perform the contract. (A court orders the breaching party to perform the contract)

8. _____________________________________? Damages. (A court can award damages to the non-breaching party)

9. _____________________________________? Intentional torts, negligent torts and strict liability torts. (Torts fall into three general categories: intentional torts, negligent torts and strict liability torts)

10. ________________________________________? Felonies and misdemeanours. (Some jurisdictions distinguish between felonies and misdemeanours)

11. _____________________________________? The memorandum of association and the articles of association. (The constitution of a company consists of two documents — the memorandum of association and the articles of association)

12. ____________________________________? Company formation. (The process of registering a company is known as company formation)

13. ______________________________________? Arranges sales directly from their principals to the customer. (A commercial agent arranges sales directly from their principals to the customer)

14. _____________________________________? The commercial agent. (The commercial agent will endeavour to obtain business for the Principal)

15.____________________________________? Freehold estates and leaseholds. (Real property can be divided into freehold estates and leaseholds)

Exercise 8. Ask questions using the prompts and the appropriate auxiliary words.

E.g. — how many documents the constitution of a company consists of?

→ How many documents does the constitution of a company consist of?

– company a legal person?

– what differences between tort law and criminal law include?

– what a court orders the breaching party?

– how many solicitors the law clinic require?

– what three requirements form a contract?

– how compensatory damages are awarded?

– what types of punishments a court sentence an offender?

– which information banking organizations provide their customers?

– how many documents the constitution of a company consists of?

– a commercial lawyer advises on matters relating to both contentious and non-contentious work?

– what commercial agents arrange directly from their principals to the customer?

– real property is divided into freehold estates and leaseholds?

– what three types of freehold estates there are in English-speaking jurisdictions?

– what the court delivers at the end of a trial?

– what ODR stands for?

– ADR methods such as negotiation, arbitration and negotiation?

– what codes provide?

– civil law and common law differ in their origins?

– why Russia is facilitated anti-smoking legislation?

Exercise 9. Make general questions to the following sentences.

E.g. Punitive damages are awarded to punish a wrongdoer. → Are punitive damages awarded to punish a wrongdoer?

1. The study of law is intellectually stimulating and challenging.

2. These programmes typically include core subjects such as criminal law, contract law, tort law and others.

3. There is also a variety of optional courses available.

4. This course will cover regulation of law enforcement conduct during the investigation of crimes.

5. The directors of Baggers plc took such issues into consideration and reported on them.

6. The second party has made a counter-offer.

7. A party may want to transfer its rights under a contract to another party.

8. A court can award damages to the non-breaching party.

9. This party wished to terminate the contract.

10. Torts are handled in the civil courts.

11. The plaintiff sued the railroad.

12. The judgment of the appellate court was reversed.

13. The victim had suffered third-degree burns on six per cent of her skin.

14. The clinic offers free legal advice to its clients.

15. She has had the opportunity to experience the actual way of the law.

16. Your company did enough to ensure that the palm oil come from sustainable, non-destructive sources.

17. The New York Supreme Court affirmed the Appellate Court and dismissed the case.

18. The internationalism has led to more opportunities for white-collar crimes.

19. Simpson was found liable for the wrongful death of Goldman and was sentenced to pay $33.5 million in damages.

20. Our client would be successful in any action against you.

Exercise 10. Make alternative questions to the underlined word(s) of the sentences.

E.g. Punitive damages are awarded to punish a wrongdoer. → Are punitive or compensatory damages awarded to punish a wrongdoer?

1. The parties must agree on the essential terms.

2. The court orders the breaching party to perform the contract.

3. Some jurisdictions distinguish between felonies and misdemeanours.

4. White-collar crime affects employees, consumers and citizens alike.

5. The process of registering a company is known as company formation.

6. The memorandum of association states the principal object of the company.

7. A shareholder invests money by buying shares in a company.

8. Commercial law deals with issues of both private law and public law.

9. Non-contentious work largely involves advising clients on the drafting of contracts.

10. The principal can benefit from the knowledge and local connection of the agent.

11. There are generally three types of freehold estate in English-speaking countries.

12. This agreement created a shorthold tenancy.

13. In the UK, the majority of pre-trial work is carried out by a solicitor.

14. The losing party may file post-trial motions to convince the judge to amend the judgment.

15. Arbitration is often used to resolve commercial disputes.

16. Litigation costs have risen by 25%.

17. The seminar will present the most important recent developments in the field of labour law.

18. The cause of action is the legal argument in a case.

19. Consideration involves the idea of exchange.

20. Comparative law has become of increasing practical importance for two reasons.

Exercise 11. Make tag questions to the following sentences.

E.g. Punitive damages are awarded to punish a wrongdoer. → Punitive damages are awarded to punish a wrongdoer, aren’t they?

1. This course aims to familiarize students with the study of law.

2. Most universities now offer language courses for lawyers.

3. The party who gets the rights is called the assignee.

4. A one-sided promise to do something does not lead to the formation of an enforceable contract.

5. There’ll be a few minutes available for questions at the end of the talk.

6. There are two main requirements — agreement and consideration.

7. It’s the most famous frivolous lawsuit.

8. Clients often required us to meet tight deadlines.

9. Your agreement doesn’t provide for an indemnity.

10. My client wouldn’t have to pay stamp duty.

11. China has signed other bilateral and multilateral treaties with various countries.

12. The director ended up firing her for professional negligence.

13. Her dismissal will be held to be unfair.

14. They wanted to pressure the company into signing a collective-wage agreement.

15. I don’t have a particularly good credit rating.

16. Courts are aware of the problem of forum shopping.

17. The characterisation of the cause of action may give rise to some incidental questions.

18. Mr. Piombo is not actually the rightful owner of the property anyway.

19. The CIETAC consists of three specialised committees.

20. The activities of your former agents would at least be severely limited.

Exercise 12. Make special questions to the underlined words of the sentences.

E.g. Punitive damages are awarded to punish a wrongdoer. → What party are punitive damages awarded to punish?

1. This course presents the basic concepts of criminal law.

2. New associates can work in area of law that interests them.

3. The court ordered the breaching party to perform the contract.

4. The offer and acceptance must match each other in order for the contact to be binding.

5. Restitution and specific performance are available only in certain circumstances.

6. We discussed the termination of your contract with Drexler Inc.

7. This contract will involve a chain of sales.

8. Punitive damages are awarded to punish a wrongdoer.

9. A new Kent Law Clinic was established in 1992.

10. Our client has lost a significant amount of business as a result of your actions.

11. Prosecutions are initiated by the state through a prosecutor.

12. An action will be brought by a governmental body against the wrongdoer.

13. Banking organizations should provide their customers with better information about how to prevent identity theft.

14. The articles of association regulates the company’s internal management.

15. The company has become the most popular form of business entity in most countries in the world.

16. A company can own property.

17. Specific law has developed in a number of commercial fields.

18. The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) regulates international trade in cooperation with the World Trade Organization (WTO).

19. The Internship will take place from May to July.

20. A licensee is not granted any title interest in the land.

Exercise 13. Make subject questions to the following sentences.

E.g. Punitive damages are awarded to punish a wrongdoer. → What type of damages is awarded to punish a wrongdoer? What damages are awarded to punish a wrongdoer?

1. We handle only commercial matters, offering training in company.

2. This course is designed to acquaint students with the nature of legal research.

3. You are going to hear a discussion between the lawyer and his client.

4. The parties must agree on the essential terms.

5. A party may want to transfer its rights under a contract to another party.

6. My client intends to claim damages for all of the losses incurred as a result of the breach.

7. The party will not be required to perform its contractual obligations.

8. Torts fall into three general categories: intentional torts, negligent torts and strict liability torts.

9. Students regularly represent clients in a wide range of tribunals.

10. The parties have just agreed upon the terms and conditions of the contract.

11. Crimes are tried in the criminal courts.

12. The injured party sued the wrongdoer.

13. Criminal sanctions exist to make society safer.

14. The process of registering a company is known as company formation.

15. I usually spend most of the day reviewing documents and drafting agreements.

16. The shareholders have received some money from their earlier investment.

17. Any disputes shall be decided by the competent Court.

18. The estate pur autre vie is similar to the life estate.

19. The landlord shall have the right to terminate a lease agreement and claim the return of real property.

20. The students were doing the internships when the second semester started.

Exercise 14. Put the words into the correct order to make a sentence.

E.g. Are / in / civil / torts /the / handled / courts. → Torts are handles in the civil courts.

1. Contract / business / a / an / enter / individual / or / a / may

2. On / many / courses / practice / universities / offer / on / legal / also

3. Spoken / the / may / contract / a / make / by / parties / words

4. The / terms / matter / price / the / contract / include / terms / the / and /essential / the / subject / of

5. Dispute? / of / the / at / what / product / center / this / kind / is / of

6. Society / wrong / which / a / is / against / committed / is / crime / a

7. Distinguish / some / misdemeanors / and / jurisdictions / felonies / between

8. Information / the / stolen / inaccessible? / might / be / why

9. Property / is / a / charge / against / simply / lien / a

10. For / WTO / and / new / responsible / negotiating / trade / implementing / the / agreements / is

11. Party / involves / a / type / with / structured / disputing / independent / the / and / mediation / of / third / meeting / an / parties

12. Be / if / cannot / the / an / formal / started / reach / action / parties / agreement, / may

13. Litigation / common / the / are / contract / sources / disputes / of / employment / most / and

14. Unfair / damages / for / dismissal / how / calculated? / are

15. In / case / the / of / cause / legal / action / a / argument / the / is

16. Common-law / precedent / role / what / systems? / of / in / the / is

17. Their / do / themselves / could / customers? / more / banks / protect / to

18. Advice / students? / have / career / to / pass on / current / you / do / any / to

19. Didn’t / the / include / we / a / agreement / restraint-of-trade / in / clause

20. Corporate / not / are / for / debts / stockholders / liable

Exercise 15. Make questions using the words in brackets.

E.g. An action is brought by a governmental body against the wrongdoer. (What) → What is brought by a governmental body against the wrongdoer?

1. Students deal with real clients rather than with fictional seminars. (Who)

2. The students have recently taken their mid-term exam. (What)

3. A one-sided promise to do something does not lead to the formation of an enforceable contract. (Doesn’t)

4. Usually contract formation occurs when an offer is accepted. (When)

5. Restitution and performance are available only in certain circumstances. (What)

6. Consideration basically means the price. (Doesn’t)

7. My client intends to claim damages for all of the losses incurred as a result of the breach. (Why)

8. Depending on the jurisdiction, the damages awarded will be either compensatory or punitive. (What type)

9. The plaintiff sued the railroad, claiming that her injury resulted from the negligence of the employee. (Did)

10. Ventricelli sued Kinney for negligence. (For what)

11. Most crimes are characterized by two elements: a criminal act and a criminal intent. (Which)

12. Commercial agents act as independent intermediaries representing their principals in the market. (How)

13. Czech property developers often incur large debts that they are unable to pay. (Which)

14. Litigation includes all stages before, during and after a trial. (How many)

15. Manufacturers have incurred costs of more than $14m. (.., haven’t…)

16. Custom originates from a pattern of state practice motivated by a sense of legal right or obligation. (Where)

17. There are two main sources of International uniform law: HCC and UNIDROIT. (How many)

18. Microsoft has won a long-running case in the US Supreme Court about the reach of US patent laws. (Where)

19. Mr Jones has recently sold his share in a restaurant in order to set up business in Australia. (Why)

20. International laws apply to the citizens of all signatory nations. (Which)

Exercise 16. Translate the sentences from Russian into English following the strict word order.

1. Этот курс охватывает основные концепции договорного права.

2. Некоторые дисциплины по программе Переводчика студенты изучали в прошлом году.

3. Стороны обсудили все существенные условия договора.

4. Основная цель деликтного права — предоставить средства судебной защиты за причиненный ущерб.

5. Новая юридическая клиника предлагает бесплатную юридическую помощь населению.

6. В уголовных делах бремя доказывания лежит на прокуроре.

7. Благодаря новым технологиям возрастает преступность среди должностных лиц.

8. Акционеры получают дивиденды в назначенный срок.

9. Специалист по коммерческому праву должен знать все тонкости материального права.

10. У арендодателя есть право расторгнуть договор об аренде.

11. Депозит — это первоначальный денежный взнос, который вносится при покупке недвижимости.

12. Спорящие стороны часто приходят к примирению, не обращаясь в суд.

13. Потерпевшая сторона подала иск в суд против стороны, нарушившей договор.

14. Изучением коллизий занимается институт международного частного права.

15. В последнее время возросла значимость сравнительного права.

16. Устав компании регулирует внутренний трудовой распорядок компании.

17. Договор вступит в силу 12 апреля 2022 г.

18. Стороны договора заключили выгодный контракт.

19. Существенное повышение заработной платы повлечет за собой сокращение рабочих мест.

20. Судья вынес решение в пользу истца.

2. ВРЕМЕНА ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА
(ACTIVE VOICE TENSES)
УКАЗАТЕЛИ ВРЕМЕН ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА
(TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH THE ACTIVE VOICE)

Действительный залог показывает, что лицо или предмет, выраженное подлежащим, само производит действие.

| PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE

SIMPLE

(констатация фактов, событий)

(что делаю? всегда, время
от времени,
мои привычки, хобби)

always

usually

sometimes

every day/week/Sunday

each time

often

seldom/rarely

never

(что сделал/делал? в прошлом)

yesterday

last week/year/winter

in 1974

ago (2 days ago)

When did…?

today

(что буду делать/сделаю? в будущем)

tomorrow

next week/summer

in 5 days (через)

in 2033

CONTINUOUS

(действие

происходит
в определенный

момент/период времени)

(что делаю? сейчас)

now

at the moment

at present

nowadays

still

currently

Look!

(что делал? в

прошлом в

определенный

момент/период времени)

at 5 o’clock

from 5 till 6

when I did sth

while I was doing sth

(что я буду делать? в будущем в

определенный

момент/период времени)

at 5 o’clock

from 5 till 6

when I do sth

PERFECT

(действие

завершилось к определенному

моменту/периоду времени.

Интересует

результат (было ли это действие совершенно)

(что уже сделал?

к настоящему времени)

already

just

yet

recently

since

so far

never

ever

today

this week/month

(что сделал?

в прошлом к

определенному

моменту/периоду)

by 5 o’clock

when I did sth

(что сделаю? в

будущем к

определенному

моменту/периоду)

by 5 o’clock

when I do sth

PERFECT — CONTINUOUS

(действие началось в прошлом, имеет уже какой-то результат, но еще не закончилось; процесс происходит уже в течение какого-то времени)

(что делаю? уже

в течение какого-то времени)

for

since

How long…?

(что делал? в

прошлом

в течение какого-то времени, но еще не завершил)

for

since

How long…?

(что буду делать? в будущем

в течение

какого-то времени)

for

since

How long…?

ФОРМЫ ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА
(FORMS OF THE ACTIVE VOICE)

| PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE

SIMPLE

to V

S — подлежащее

V — глагол-

сказуемое

— утвердит. форма

? — вопросит. форма

— отриц. форма

V₁ — нач. ф. гл

V₂ — пр. ф. неправ. Гл.

3 л. ед. ч (he, she, it) — V(e)s

+ S V₁ (e)s (asks)

? Does S V₁ (ask)?

— S doesn’t V₁ (ask)

I, we you, they — V

+ S V₁ (ask)

? Do S V₁ (ask)?

— S don’t V₁ (ask)

Regular Vebs

+ S Ved (asked)

? Did S V₁ (ask)?

— S didn’t V₁ (ask)

Irregular Verbs

+ S V₂ (got)

? Did S V₁ (get)?

— S didn’t V₁ (get)

+ S will V₁ (ask)

? Will S V₁ (ask)?

— S will not V₁ (ask)

won’t V₁

CONTINUOUS

to be Ving

am

+ S is Ving
(asking)

are

Am

? Is S Ving
(asking)?

Are

am not

— S isn’t Ving(asking)

aren’t

was — ед.ч

were — мн.ч

+ S was Ving (asking)

were

? Was S Ving (asking)?

Were

— S wasn’t Ving(asking)

weren’t

S will be Ving

(asking)

? Will S be Ving

(asking)?

— S won't be Ving

(asking)

PERFECT

to have V₃

V₃ — Ved -пр. гл.

3 ф. непр. гл.

he, she, it (3 л. ед. ч) — has

I, we, you, they — have

+ S have V₃ (asked/

has got)

? Have S V₃ (asked/

Has got)?

— S hasn’t V₃ (asked/

haven’t got)

+ S had V₃ (asked/got)

? Had S V₃(asked/got)?

— S hadn’t V₃ (asked/

got)

+ S will have V₃

(asked /got)

? Will S have V₃

(asked/got)?

— S won’t have V₃

(asked got)

PERFECT-CONTINUOUS

to have been Ving

+ S has been Ving

have (asking)

? Has S been Ving

Have (asking)?

— S hasn’t been Ving

haven’t (asking)

+ S had been Ving

(asking)

? Had S been Ving?

(asking)

— S hadn’t been Ving

(asking)

+S will have been Ving

(asking)

? Will S have been Ving

(asking)?

— S won’t have been

Ving

(asking)

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in the forms of Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Perfect, Future Continuous as it is shown in the example. Give the Russian equivalents to these verbs.

E.g. to dispute → disputes/dispute — disputed — have/has disputed — will de disputing

to deal, to develop, to derive, to relate, to facilitate, to involve, to adopt, to govern, to unify, to sign, to trade, to regulate, to concern, to pay, to borrow, to cooperate, to submit, to draft, to appeal, to review, to handle, to challenge, to attend, to apply, to avoid, to procure, to provide, to incur, to terminate, to transact, to entitle

Exercise 2. Change the following sentences using the tenses in brackets as it is shown in the example and translate the sentences into Russian.

E.g. Specific law has developed in a number of commercial fields (Future Simple) → Specific law will develop in a number of commercial fields.

1. They always reach an agreement. (Present Perfect)

2. They made a transaction yesterday. (Future Continuous)

3. Employees often seek legal advice. (Past Simple)

4. We will discuss this matter tomorrow. (Future Perfect)

5. Laws haven’t changed since primeval times. (Past Perfect)

6. They applied legal principles. (Past Continuous)

7. I know a good lawyer to consult. (Past Simple)

8. They will sell this apartment rather than pay a high rent for it. (Present Perfect)

9. The students have taken elective courses in debtor-creditor law and negotiable instruments. (Future Perfect)

10. The interviews will take place in late March/early April. (Present Simple)

11. The commercial agents arrange sales directly from their principals to the customer. (Future Simple)

12. The agent very often becomes a victim of his own success. (Present Perfect)

13. The contract shall come into force on 10 February 2017. (Past Simple)

14. The agent shall endeavour to obtain business for the principal. (Present Simple)

Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form.

1. The study of law _leads__ (to lead) to a variety of interesting careers.

2. When law firms ________ (to hire) new recruits, they generally ________ (to look) at four things: education, personality, work experience and language ability.

3. Constitutional law ________ (to cover) the general principles of federal constitutional law.

4. We ________ mainly ________ (to work) on language skills, such writing letters or speaking with clients.

5. Contract law ________ (to deal) with promises which create legal rights.

6. Last month Drexler ________ (to fail) to let you know by the agreed date.

7. I ________ (to write) to summarize our discussion and to confirm your instructions.

8. Recently you ________ (to agree) to purchase a large quantity of goods.

9.The plaintiff ________ (to stand) on a platform of defendant’s railroad when a train ________ (to move off) from the platform.

10. In 1992, Stella Liebeck, a 79-year-old woman from New Mexico, ________ (to buy) a cup of coffee from the drive-through of a McDonald’s restaurant. Liebeck ________ (to place) the coffee cup between her legs and ________ (to open) it. She ________ (to spill) the entire cup of coffee on her lap. Liebeck ________ (to wear) cotton sweatpants which ________ (to hold) the hot liquid against her skin, burning her lower body severely. At the hospital, it was determined that she ________ (to suffer) third-degree burns on six per cent of her skin. She ________ (to stay) in the hospital for eight days. Then she ________ (to sue) the defendant for gross negligence.

11. Our client ________ (to notice) that you ________ (to carry) a second bag of similar size and shape to the one containing the computer you ________ (to buy) recently from Carmercom.

12. Baggers’ competitors ________ yet (not to respond) to all the provisions of the Companies Act 2006.

13. He ________ currently (to undertake) a Master’s of e-LAW at Monash University.

14. While doing my internship my duties ________ (to include) researching new legislation and helping the partners prepare cases for trial.

15. The number of new customers they’re bringing in just doesn’t justify the commission they ________ still (to get) from the repeat orders.

16. I think I mentioned in my email that a colleague of mine ________ recently (to buy) a property in Prague with your help.

17. One thing we ________ (to look for) is any restrictive covenants that could limit your use of the property.

18. I ________ (to get) a copy of the agreement for you to sign as soon as possible.

19. Our firm ________ (to lose) a lot of lucrative contracts for the last few months.

20. Also in July 2007, the Commission ________ (to publish) its Communication COM (2007) 394 on simplified business environment for companies in the areas of company law.

21. Saving money on legal fees ________ (not to mean) ignoring problems or handling matters yourself when you need legal expertise.

22. Commercial agents ________ (not to buy) products from their principals, but ________ (to arrange) sales directly from their principals to the customer.

Exercise 4. Make negative and interrogative forms of the given sentences as it is shown in the example. Translate the sentences into Russian.

E.g. The clinic offers free legal advice to its clients. →

a) Does the clinic offer free legal advice to its clients? — Yes, it does/ No, it doesn’t.

b) The clinic doesn’t offer legal advice to its clients.

1. Criminal law contrasts with civil law.

2. A court may sentence an offender to execution, corporal punishment and others.

3. There are many specific torts, such as trespass, assault and negligence.

4. The agents are in breach of contract.

5. Mr Mohammed sold his shares the following day at 105p each, making a profit of $3,750.

6. The losing party should file post-trial motions to convince the judge to amend the judgment.

7. The case was heard before the European Court of Justice.

8. The Agent shall endeavour to obtain business for the Principal.

9. The jury has just rendered a verdict of ‘not guilty’.

10. Private international law is also referred to as conflict of laws.

11. The seminar will present the most important recent developments in the Community’s legislation policy in the