Т. В. Ускова, Ю. В. Юсева

Имя существительное

Артикль рабочая тетрадь

Учебное пособие по грамматике английского языка

ebooks@prospekt.org

Информация о книге

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК 81.2Англ-923

У75

Авторы:

Ускова Т. В., доцент кафедры лингвистики и профессиональной коммуникации в области права Московского государственного лингвистического университета;

Юсева Ю. В., доцент кафедры лингвистики и профессиональной коммуникации в области права Московского государственного лингвистического университета.

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 1 курса, обучающихся по направлению подготовки 40.03.01 «Юриспруденция» (квалификация «бакалавр»), специальностям 40.05.01 «Правовое обеспечение национальной безопасности» («специалист») и 40.05.02 «Правоохранительная деятельность» («специалист»), изучающих английский язык в качестве первого или второго иностранного. Оно может быть использовано при обучении студентов других неязыковых специальностей, а также для широкого круга лиц, изучающих английский язык.

Пособие является частью учебного комплекса, включающего основной учебник с теоретическим материалом и базовыми упражнениями. Книга представляет собой обширный сборник упражнений и заданий, структурированных по темам двух разделов английской грамматики: имя существительное и использование артиклей с различными категориями имен существительных в английском языке. Упражнения разнообразны по форме и содержанию, могут быть использованы как для классной, так и для самостоятельной работы. Грамматический материал подобран с учетом профессиональной подготовки студентов-юристов.

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК 81.2Англ-923

© Ускова Т. В., Юсева Ю. В., 2020

© Московский государственный лингвистический университет, 2020

© Оформление. ООО «Проспект», 2020

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 1 курса, направление подготовки 40.03.01 «Юриспруденция (бакалавриат)»; специальность – 40.05.01 «Правовое обеспечение национальной безопасности» и 40.05.02 «Правоохранительная деятельность». Также пособие может быть использовано при обучении широкого круга лиц, изучающих английский язык.

Данное учебное пособие по грамматике английского языка охватывает две темы – имя существительное и артикль – и состоит из 14 уроков, в которых приводятся общие сведения по каждой теме и объясняются особые случаи употребления. Цель данного пособия – представить в доступной форме особенности употребления имени существительного и артикля, необходимые для практического использования. Рабочая тетрадь может использоваться как в качестве самостоятельного учебного пособия, так и в комплексе с пособием по грамматике английского языка тех же авторов, посвященным употреблению английских существительных и артиклей.

В основе структуры уроков настоящего пособия лежит принцип сопоставления моделей русского и английского языков, а также дифференциация сходных (для носителя русского языка), но различающихся по сути грамматических структур английского языка.

Пособие рассчитано на 36 часов.

В соответствии со статьей 1274 Гражданского кодекса РФ авторы данного пособия использовали в своей работе с обязательным указанием имени автора и источника заимствования правомерно обнародованные произведения в качестве иллюстрации в объеме, оправданном поставленной целью.

Unit 1. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS

1. Proper and common nouns

Task 1. State whether the nouns in bold type are proper or common.

1. The Imperial State Crown of the Queen of England is normally kept at the Tower. 2. This church has a tower attached to it. 3. The English Channel is the narrow area of water between England and France. 4. The main channels had been closed by enemy submarines. 5. You are like a Figaro. One minute here, another there. 6. I’ve bought a Kodak, but I don’t know how it works. 7. In the art circles he was known as a Metsenat. 8. Wellington defeated Napoleon’s army in the battle of Waterloo. 9. Wellingtons are rubber boots. Americans call them galoshes. 10. What had happened, became a Waterloo Bridge for him. 11. He is a real Paparatssi in everything that concerns making money. 12. Rita Brown writes like an American Evelyn Waugh. 13. He is thrilled at his new buy: a classic Mercedes Benz.
14. Antony Marshall lives outside the city. Every morning he drives to the City where he works as staff manager. 15. The Red-White-and-Blue Union Jack hung out of every window, fluttering in the breeze. 16. Degas and Monet were her husband’s favourite artists, and both were well represented in their house. 17. He glanced at the list of her art collection. Sisleys, Monets, Manets, a Dali, Renoirs and a Degas. It was a fabulous collection. 18. Carl Faberge was Russia’s Imperial Jeweller. 19. – What a beautiful Easter egg! – Yes, it’s a Faberge. 20. The two friends bought a Johnny Walker to celebrate the event. 21. Kurt Vonnegut is writing with the half-embittered, half-amused voice of a later-day Mark Twain. 22. Tonight Samantha wore highly polished black Oxfords.

Task 2. Explain the origin and the meaning of the following common nouns. Use them in sentences of your own.

A Dracula, a Cartier, a Sony, a Camel, a Marlborough, a complete Shakespeare, a Reebok, a Mauzer, a Lovelace, a Webster, a Don Juan, a Dunhill, the White House, a Barbie, a Jillet, a Stradivarius, an Oscar, a Walkman, bermudas, a Xerox, a Newton.

Countable or uncountable?

Task 3. Comment on the nouns in bold type.

1. I dropped in at the supermarket and bought a few cold meats, and I also made a salad. 2. Fruit juices are ideal in hot weather. 3. Good wines are the best buys before Christmas. 4. My Granny makes four jams every year. 5. A set menu in this Chinese cafe consists of four soups. I prefer a Singaporean seafood soup. It tastes and smells terrific. 6. I used to eat toast with orange marmalade. 7. I always have a beer while watching television. 8. France has an excellent range of cheeses. 9. Herbal teas are my favourite. 10. Can I offer you something? Coffee, tea, a soda, perhaps? 11. Tea is our most social and sociable drink – a part of our daily life for well over 300 years. 12. The finest rums come from Puerto Rico. 13. This shop sells fine foods. 14. Harrods has so much to offer. Vintage wines and sparkling champagne, rustic country pates and silky smooth terrines, delicate scented teas and subtle infusions, buttery shortbread biscuits and rich fruity jams, robust pickles and tangy relishes, mature farmhouse cheddars and crumbly stiltons, hams and smoked salmon which melts in the mouth – all presented in traditional wicker baskets or Harrods boxes. The only thing Harrods can’t supply is the weather!

Task 4. Make up exclamatory sentences according to the model.

Model: competent advice – What competent advice! good question – What a good question!

original advice, great idea

beautiful nature, difficult character

fashionable furniture, big refrigerator

modern equipment, ancient fortress

unexpected money, great fortune

wonderful music, sentimental tune

hitting news strange call

good progress, big success

heavy traffic, busy line

miserable weather, nasty day

deep knowledge, excellent certificate

difficult work, pleasant job

terrific Russian linen, linen towel

leafy foliage, beautiful leaf

Task 5. Explain the difference between the following pairs of words and use them in sentences of your own.

A.

air – an air

beauty – a beauty

coffee – a coffee

cloth – a cloth

dinner – a dinner

fire – a fire

glass – a glass

language – a language

lemon – a lemon

light – a light

nature – a nature

oak – an oak

paper – a paper

play – a play

power – a power

rubber – a rubber

ice – an ice

stone – a stone

study – a study

will – a will

B. Make up sentences with the following pairs of words to show the difference between them.

сhicken – a chicken, experience – an experience, hair – a hair, iron – an iron, lace – a lace, room – a room, speech – a speech, sport – a sport, success – a success, time – a time, wood – a wood, work – a work, whisky – a whisky, fish – a fish, fruit – a fruit

Task 6. Choose the appropriate noun from the list below for each sentence. Add an article (a/an/the) or plural (s/es) where necessary.

Affection, spirit, information, red, damage, paper, milk, wonder, left, glass, luggage, wood, cheese, wild, work, water, wool, salt

1. It’s a very shy animal and lives in …; it’s rarely seen in the open fields. 2. The girl in the travel agent’s was very helpful and gave me lots of … about Turkey. 3. Our dairy produces five different …. 4. He never really loved her – he just toyed with her …. 5. Sorry, sir, you can’t have whisky. Our license doesn’t allow us to serve …, only wine or beer. 6. “Hamlet” is one of Shakespeare’s best known …. 7. I didn’t know you were short-sighted. How long have you been wearing …? 8. He buys … on the way home to check the race results. 9. I need … which will match the other shades of scarlet in the room. 10. Roquefort and Camembert are only two of the wide variety of … produced in France. 11. This plant is only found in … of Alaska. 12. To get to the station, you should take … just after the bridge. 13. Many Englishmen have explored … of the Nile.14. Sorry I’m late – some of my … went missing at the airport. 15. Woodworm can cause a lot of … if it is not treated. 16. British … such as cashmere, mohair, lambswool, merino wool come mostly from the Shetlands. 17. … occurs naturally in sea water. 18. Where are my bathing …? 19. The Great Pyramid of Cheops is one of the seven … of the Ancient World; it’s the only one that has survived and exists today.

Task 7. Translate into English.

1. Это здание построено из белого камня. 2. Я больше не могу идти, мне в ботинок попал камешек. 3. Он был настоящим художником и мог оценить красоту. 4. Его невеста – настоящая красавица. 5. Лимон богат витамином С. 6. Купи к чаю лимон и мед. 7. Китайский язык очень трудный. 8. Язык обладает силой влиять на поступки людей. 9. Чтобы восстановиться после такой аварии, нужна очень сильная воля. 10. Если хотите составить завещание, вам нужно обратиться к нотариусу. 11. Свет необходим для жизни. 12. Когда мы почти потеряли надежду, мы увидели вдалеке огонек. 13. Природу нужно охранять. 14. У моей сестры очень романтичная натура. 15. Фруктовые и овощные соки очень полезны. 16. На завтрак у меня обычно овсянка и апельсиновый сок. 17. Дания, Голландия и Швейцария славятся своими сырами, а Италия и Франция знамениты своими винами.

2. Gender of nouns

Task 8. Explain whether the nouns below denote male or female people.

an agent, a client, a cousin, a mermaid, a friend, a foreigner, a guest, a lawyer, a neighbour, a parent, a journalist, a person, a scientist, a stranger, a visitor, a witch, a wizard, a magician, a clown, a fairy, an amazon, a brunette, a sailor, a spy, a ballet dancer, a ballerina, an angel

Task 9. Give the nouns of the opposite sex.

a boy, a father, a son, a king, a gentleman, a bridegroom, a headmaster, a bachelor, Mr., a bull, a man, an actor, a count, an emperor, a mayor, a god, a host, a heir, a manager, a millionaire, a prince, a poet, a waiter, a widow, a lion, a tiger, a hero, a czar, a giant, a businessman.

Task 10. Read and translate the sentences. Explain how gender of the nouns is expressed in them. Make a conclusion as to what kinds of inanimate nouns can be replaced with the pronouns he/she.

1. Ireland! She is our Motherland. 2. The New Year brought more disastrous news for Britain and her allies. 3. Mine is a fine car. She has never let me down. 4. What a fine yacht! – Yes, and she cost me a fortune. 5. I can’t guarantee at all that this plane will get down on the field. She’s just as likely to pan down or overshoot. We’ll probably try to bring her in from the east. I want you to unlock the autopilot, it will hold her straight and level. 6. I reached for my little dog and picked her up. 7. The novel is about Japan’s major problems, the adoption of Western style and the preservation of her own. 8. He called her “Beautiful Dreamer”. She was one of the most magnificent oceangoing yachts ever designed by the best naval architects. 9. My cat is such a funny little animal; she always brings a smile to my face and makes me laugh.

Task 11. Read the text and retell it. Do you think it is possible/necessary to alter grammar in accordance with changing social and political realia?

Gender Benders

Correct grammar beats political correctness, even in France. Each of the seven women in the French Government is in future to be addressed as Madame La Ministre according to the decree of the Prime Minister. But language laughs at legislators, for French grammar recognizes no governments other than its own rules. Ministre, like most titles and descriptions of professions in French, is of the masculine gender. The designation of a doctor, director or mayor is masculine, even when the holder of that post is a woman. Linguistic gender has no connection with sex or “natural” gender. Female sailors and farmers were rare in Ancient Rome. But their occupations are in the feminine gender in Latin, the mother of all the Romance languages. A spoon is masculine in German (der Loffel); a fork is feminine (die Gabel); and a knife is neuter (das Messer). Suspicious French feminists have recently published research suggesting that words of the feminine gender describe domestic items such as une casserole (a saucepan), while masculine words carry more prestige, like un livre (a book). Their evidence is gibberish. Even in languages such as English, where gender is mercifully vestigial and recalled only in pronouns, countries, ships and vehicles are called “she”, as well as “it”. Gender is not a matter of feminine stereotypes, for “she” can be used in anger. Guns, tanks and trucks that refuse to work are still cursed as feminine.

This question of French gender is being debated with fit passion, as some people care more for political correctness than grammar. Language does evolve, but not for official circulars. So, why not go the whole way and have La Ministresse? If the French are starting to find gender odd, then it will fade away, as it has in English. Even French female masculine ministers have no right (or power) to alter French grammar.

Are you “politically correct”? Which of the following terms do you use?

a) Mrs b) Ms

a) a chairman b) a chairperson

a) a fireman b) a firefighter

a) a pensioner b) a senior citizen

a) the handicapped b) the disabled c) the differently abled

a) a Red Indian b) a Native American

a) ladies b) women

a) a congressman b) a member of Congress

a) a mailman b) a mail carrier

a) mankind b) humanity

a) a policeman (woman) b) a police officer

Unit 2. THE CASE OF NOUNS

1. Case of nouns

Task 1. Join the nouns by means of -‘s / -s’ or of-phrase.

the owner/that car

the mother/Ann

the jacket/that man

the top/the page

the daughter/Charles

the cause/the problem

the newspaper/yesterday

The birthday/my father

The name/this street

The toys/the children

The new manager/the company

The result/the football match

The garden/our neighbours

The ground floor/the building

The children/Don and Mary

The economic policy/the government

The husband/Catherine

The husband/the woman talking to Mary

The car/the parents/Mike

The wedding/the friend/Helen

Task 2. Paraphrase the following expressions and sentences using the Possessive.

A. What is another way of saying these things? Mind the use of the indefinite article in the following pattern.

a hat for a woman

a name for a boy

clothes for children

a school for girls

a nest for a bird

a magazine for women

B. Read the sentences and write new sentences beginning with the underlined words. Pay attention to the way nouns denoting time and place may be used in the possessive case.

The meeting tomorrow has been cancelled.

The storm last week caused a lot of damage.

Exports from Britain to the United States have fallen recently.

Tourism is the main industry in the region.

The only cinema in the town has closed down.

C. Use the information given to complete the sentences. If possible, complete them in two possible ways.

If I leave my house at 9 o’clock and drive to London, I arrive at about 12. So it’s about three hours’ drive to London from my house (drive).

If I leave my house at 8.55 and walk to the station, I get there at 9 o’clock. So it’s only __________________________ from my house to the station (walk).

I’m going on holiday on the 12th. I have to be back at work on the 26th. So I’ve got _______________________ (holiday).

I went to sleep at 3 o’clock this morning and woke up an hour later. After that I couldn’t sleep. So last night I only had __________________ (sleep).

Task 3. Put the following phrases in the plural form of the possessive case.

Pattern: this boy’s/bag – these boys’ bags

1. this designer/work 2. my sister/clothes 3. this woman/umbrella 4. this country/economy 5. my friend/advice 6. his teacher/question 7. this man/wife 8. my child/toy 9. this city/mayor 10. this sheep/wool

Task 4. Replace the of-phrase by the noun in the possessive case.

A. 1. The wife of our neighbour. 2. The order of the commander-in-chief. 3. The house of Mr. Lanister. 4. The novels of Dickens. 5. The books of the boys. 6. The life of a bachelor. 7. The works of this economist. 8. A dress of a lady. 9. A meeting of students. 10. The flat of my mother-in-law. 11. The rights of women.

B. 1. A distance of two miles. 2. The crew of the ship. 3. The bridges of London. 4. An interval of three hours. 5. The oil deposits of the world. 6. The rays of the sun. 7. The population of England. 8. The theatres of Moscow. 9. The joys of life. 10. For the sake of convenience.

C. 1. The mother of Jane and Jessica. 2. The fathers of Robert and Tom. 3. The novels of Ilf and Petrov. 4. The poems of Byron and Shelley. 5. The children of my sister Emily. 6. The speech of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. 7. The times of Peter the Great. 8. The correspondent of the Times of India.

Task 5. Replace the possessive case by a prepositional group where possible.

1. The only thing that stood out clearly was his parentshouse. 2. Nobody could explain the young girls’ behaviour at yesterday’s dinner. 3. The boy got his first week’s salary and looked very proud. 4. You don’t object to the speaker’s proposal, do you? 5. We found the boy looking through a children’s magazine. 6. After an hour or so’s break the committee resumed their work. 7. In those days he lived, for economy’s sake, in a little town. 8. There was a moment’s silence between them. 9. It was a typical student’s mistake. 10. The morning’s post brought me a surprise m the shape of a letter. 11. They are the same author’s books.

Task 6. Replace the prepositional groups by the possessive case where possible.

1. The teacher drew the attention of the students to the peculiarity of the style of the author. 2. Before I could say a word, the sound of carriage wheels was heard. 3. The girl was nicely dressed for the ceremony of the evening. 4. He did not want to hurt the feelings of the girl. 5. There was a spot of ink on the table cloth. 6. I spent a fortnight in the house of my friend. 7. The pursuit of the enemy stopped only at nightfall. 8. There was a great variety of books for children on display. 9. I could not agree with the interpretation of the piece by the conductor. 10. We visited the village of Mikhailovskoye where Pushkin, the great poet of Russia, lived in exile. 11. Never shall I forget those words of my father. 12. We could not tear our eyes off the hands of the pianist. 13. The river was at a distance of a mile from the camp. 14. The wings of the plane were getting ice-crusted. 15. She contributes to a magazine for women.

Task 7. Replace the word combinations in bold type by the independent/ absolute possessive. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The party was held in the house of the Johnsons. 2. The major was one of Papa’s particular friends. 3. The third house on the right hand was one of Stevensons’ footwear shops. 4. It was the actor who absorbed Tony’s attention simply because he had absorbed the attention of Lilly. 5. I promised to call for my wife at the place of her parents. 6. We heard the news from one of the Smiths’ relations. 7. When the aunt’s eyes met the eyes of Tom she understood that he was lying. 8. He would never let anyone sit on his chair, which was one of my uncle’s whims. 9. We were very busy at work, so we decided to take the children to the house of their grandmother. 10. There is no music I like better than the music by Tchaikovsky. 11. The man was notable most for his hands. Large hands they were, but shaped like the hands of a woman. 12. The mother took the ring off her finger and put it on the finger of her daughter. 13. The dog did not respond to the voice. It was not the voice of his master. 14. He was sure that it was one of Peter’s tricks. 15. The best results at the competition were shown by Michael. 16. I saw a flush on Mary Pearson’s face, I saw a smile on the face of Mr. Pearson as he glanced at her. 17. His mother’s eyes were blood-shot, and so were Mabel’s eyes; so had been the eyes of everybody he had looked at.

Task 8. Translate the following word combinations into English using the possessive case.

A. имя этого ребенка, имена этих детей, детские игрушки, книги того мальчика, книги тех мальчиков, книги для мальчиков, жена моего брата, письмо ее сестры, вопросы их сына, семья нашего друга, голос этой девочки, голоса этих девочек, девчоночьи голоса, машина моих родителей, сумки этих женщин, женские журналы, работа этого студента, работы этих студентов, студенческая конференция, тетради ваших учеников, пенал этого ученика, крылья этой птицы, клетка этих птиц, птичье гнездо, романы Диккенса, дом Джона, дом Джеймса, свадьба подруги Аманды, квартира родственников Майкла, чей-то зонт.

B. дочь моей младшей сестры, младшая дочь моей сестры; Пятая симфония Чайковского; прежний секретарь директора; еще один охотничий рассказ, рассказ другого охотника; шляпа этой старой дамы, старая шляпа этой дамы; традиции студентов Оксфорда, старые студенческие традиции; первая жена Ивана Грозного; заявление нового правительства, новое заявление правительства; прибытие в Лондон российского посла в Англии.

Task 9. Translate the following sentences into English using the possessive case.

A. 1. Комната Сары небольшая, но очень светлая. 2. Где чашки девочек? 3. Муж моей школьной подруги – хирург. 4. Сад Брауна очень красивый. 5. Ученик не слышал следующий вопрос учителя. 6. Рабочий день моего младшего брата начинается в восемь часов. 7. У меня двухлетний ребенок, я не могу работать полный день. 8. Я беру месячный отпуск каждый год и еду в новое место. 9. Я хочу прочитать сегодняшнюю газету. 10. До нашего коттеджа идти один километр, вы не устанете.

B. 1. Как зовут сестру вашего друга? 2. По дороге мы зашли в цветочный магазин и купили большой букет роз – любимые цветы моей матери. 3. Лагерь туристов был расположен на берегу реки. 4. Вопрос гостя был нетактичным, все почувствовали себя неловко, но после минутного молчания хозяин ответил на вопрос. 5. Каждый год весной мы приводим наш сад в порядок, убираем прошлогодние листья, подстригаем кусты и деревья. 6. В детских садах и лагерях детям полагается отдыхать в течение двух часов после обеда. 7. Он был на волосок от смерти. Только чудо его спасло. 8. Портрет жены Рембрандта – один из шедевров художника. 9. Население Лондона составляет более 12 миллионов. 10. Мы долго не виделись и, когда встретились, вволю наговорились. 11. Это сегодняшние новости? 12. До станции пять минут ходьбы. 13. Расстояние в 10 миль – не проблема для человека с машиной. 14. Я взял десятидневный отпуск и поехал на море.

2. Compound nouns

Task 10. Which words are being defined?

A substance that you use to clean your teeth _________________

A piece of furniture for keeping your clothes in ________________

The first language you learn as a child ___________________

A punctuation mark in the end of the sentence __________________

A card you use to pay for things ________________

Someone who plays music on the radio or at discos ________________

A card with your name, photograph and information to prove who you are ________________

Task 11. Complete the sentences.

income tax waiting room science fiction wheelchair baby-sitter film star campsite parking meter sunglasses alarm clock travel agent first aid box traffic jam birthday card cashpoint

I’m late because there was a terrible …. in the centre of town.

Humphrey Bogart was a famous …. in the forties and fifties.

My …. didn’t call this morning and I didn’t wake up until 9.30.

When I got to the surgery, I had to sit in the …. for forty minutes before I could see the dentist.

Mary really wanted to see the film but she couldn’t find a …. for the children, so she had to stay at home.

When I’m driving I always wear …. if it’s very bright and sunny.

You have to pay …. on your salary in Britain; the amount depends on how much you earn.

I often have the same problem: I park the car next to a …., and then I discover that I don’t have the right money.

In some countries you have to have a …. in your car for minor injuries and illnesses.

My brother loves …., but I prefer true stories about the present or the past.

I got some money from the …. .

I booked our holiday through a …. .

We stayed at a very nice …., but unfortunately our tent wasn’t really big enough.

He can’t walk at all now, so he has to use a …. to move around.

I sent her a …. but she never received it; it must have got lost in the post.

Task 12. Take one word (the first or the second part) from each compound and create a new compound. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary. Mark the stress on each of the compound nouns you have created.

Examples: brother-in-law mother-in-law table tennis table leg

dining room __________________

film star ______________________

credit card ____________________

toothpaste ____________________

traffic lights ___________________

sunglasses _____________________

post office _____________________

airport ________________________

hairdryer ______________________

bus driver _____________________

wheelchair _____________________

Task 13. Try creating your own compound nouns. Choose two or three common words and then try to form compound nouns from them. When you have two or three possibilities, check in a dictionary to see if your words exist. Start with these.

…. book or …. book …. …. card

Unit 3. THE NUMBER OF NOUNS

Task 1. Give the plural for the following nouns.

A. a pin, a hat, a fox, a baby, a day, potato, a volcano, a piano, a photo, a knife, a roof, a half, a leaf, a cliff, a chief, a life, a family, a queue, a bath, a berry, a valley, a century, a salmon, a taxi, a person, a penny, a watch, a virtuoso, a lily, a woodworm

B. a man, a woman, a German, a foot, a tooth, a sheep, a ship, a fish, an ox, a fox, a child, a fireman, a mouse, a swine, a house, a louse, a goose, a mongoose, a deer, a means, a series, a species, an aircraft, an offspring, a Swiss, a Japanese, a Maltese, a Portuguese, a Chinese, a Milanese

C. A passer-by, a mother-in-law, a room-mate, a forget-me-not, a merry-go-round, a fellow-worker, a man-of-war, a school-inspector, a commander-in-chief, a boy-messenger, a personnel-manager, a woman-driver, a man-servant, a hanger-on, a face-lift, a spoonful, a cupful, a boyfriend, a grown-up, an office-block, a workmate

Task 2. Consult the table and give the plural of the following foreign words.

Ending
Regular plural
Latin/Greek plural

a
-us
-uses
-i

b
-a
-as
-ae

с
-um
-ums
-a

d
-ex
-exes
-ices

e
-ix
-ixes
-ices

f
-is
-ises
-es

е
-on
-ons
-a

a) cactus, fungus, radius, stimulus, genius;

b) alga, formula (in science), vertebra, antenna;

с) bacterium, curriculum, datum, medium, memorandum, stratum, millennium;

d) index (in mathematics, in books);

e) appendix (in books, in medicine);

f) analysis, axis, basis, crisis, diagnosis, hypothesis, oasis, parenthesis, thesis;

g) criterion, phenomenon

Task 3. State the number of the following nouns and give the corresponding singular or plural, if any.

brethren, memoranda, antenna, means, scissors, school-inspector, pence, Frenchman, Roman, sanatoria, cafeteria, strata; vertebra, automata, fish, photo, axes, physics, mechanics, cloth, commander-in-chief, works, forget-me-not, swine, halves, staff, sleeves, grief, mice, species, governor-general, contents, sledges, business, knowledge, feet, corps, phenomena, clothes, bases, headquarters, Japanese, nebula

Task 4. Make sentences with the words provided, using them as subjects. Supply the predicate in the singular or in the plural as appropriate (singularia, pluralia tantum).

pyjamas, trousers, spectacles, lodgings, outskirts, premises, works, stairs, authorities, breakables, goods, draughts, sweets, archives, remains, costs, damages, wages

Task 5. Correct any mistakes in these sentences or put a “R” if they are correct.

Politics is popular in this university.

Gymnasts from over 40 countries are competing in Madrid this weekend.

Economics has become an increasingly popular course at university.

The latest news of the earthquake survivors are very disturbing.

Diabetes are an illness caused by too much sugar in the blood.

Recent government statistics show a sharp decline in crime.

Women’s gymnastics are no longer dominated by eastern Europeans.

Statistics are now compulsory for all students taking a course in engineering.

Most years, over three hundred athletes competes in games.

The economics of the plan is worrying investors.

Measles is still a fairly serious childhood disease in some countries.

Task 6. Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the usage of the words in bold type.

1. Money can’t buy happiness, and it certainly can’t buy health. 2. Whoever said that money doesn’t buy happiness was misinformed, in my opinion. It buys a lot of happiness for a lot of people. And frankly, I’d rather be miserable with money than without it. 3. English money is not accepted here. 4. All Bess’s money goes on clothes. 5. The money was sent by cheque. 6. The project received community monies. 7. Borrow money from pessimists – they don’t expect it back. 8. We’ve got a fascinating piece of news for you. 9. News travels pretty fast. 10. They want advice on how to do it. 11. His advice always comes in time. 12. The scout brought valuable information. It helped a lot. 13. Does this information interest you? 14. What hard work! But it’s rewarding. 15. I like all Chopin’s works. 16. The works is closed today. 17. It’s perfect weather for flying today. 18. She’s wearing galoshes in all weathers. 19. My employer was an importer of rare tropical fish. 20. Try this fish. Everybody who tries it, likes it. 21. Meredith peered down into the pond. “There really are fish in it,” she said sounding surprised. 22. Forget him! There are many other fish in the sea. 23. He had a big collection of minerals, insects and fishes. 24. They’ve been fishing since dawn but so far haven’t caught a single fish. 25. A flying fish can project itself through the air at a speed of about thirty-five miles per hour. 26. Fruit is rich in mineral salts and vitamins. 27. Is fruit cheap this year? 28. What fruits do you cultivate here? 29. To make a fruit salad we shall need different fruits. 30. A fruitarian is a person who eats only fruit. 31. What an exotic fruit! 32. Very soon you’ll enjoy the fruits of your hard work. 33. The fruits of nature belong to all mankind.

Task 7. Which of the underlined parts of these sentences is correct? Mind different meanings of the underlined words.

“Did you hear noise/a noise just now?” – “No I didn’t hear anything.”

a) If you want to know the news, you can read paper/a paper. b) I want to write some letters but I haven’t got a paper/any paper to write on.

a) I thought there was somebody in the house because there was light/a light on inside. b) Light/a light comes from the sun.

a) I was in a hurry this morning. I didn’t have time/a time for breakfast. b) “Did you enjoy your holiday?” – “Yes, we had wonderful time/a wonderful time.”

Sue was very helpful. She gave us some very useful advice/advices.

We had very good weather/a very good weather while we were on holiday.

We were very unfortunate. We had bad luck/a bad luck.

It’s very difficult to find a work/job at the moment.

Our travel/journey from London to Istanbul by train was very tiring.

When the fire alarm rang, there was total chaos/a total chaos.

I had to buy a/some bread because I wanted to make some sandwiches.

Bad news don’t/doesn’t make people happy.

Your hair is/Your hairs are too long. You should have it/them cut.

Nobody was hurt in the accident but the damage/the damages to the car was/were quite bad.

Task 8. State whether the nouns in the following sentences are countable or uncountable and put in the indefinite article where necessary.

1. He needs _________ experience to become a good doctor. 2. I want ________ salad and _______ coffee please. 3. Let’s make ________ fire. 4. I like _________ hot coffee. 5. It’s must be done as soon as possible. It’s __________ urgent work. 6. Be careful not to break it, it’s made of ____________ glass. 7. He is _______ clever man and always gives __________ good advice. 8. I can say I feel _________ great respect for this man. 9. I like to walk in ________ rainy weather. 10. This is ________ very interesting news. 11. First of all you must think about ________ health. 12. What he needs now is _______ luck and I am sure he will achieve _________ success. 13. You’ve made ________ great progress this year and you got _______ deep knowledge of the subject. 14. Doctors say he mustn’t eat _______ meat. They say ______ meat can do him harm. 15. He likes _______ strong tea with _______ sugar and ______ lemon. 16. Waiter! I’d like ______ juice and _________ ice-cream, please. 17. Don’t give her _______ ice-cream. She has _____ cold.

Task 9. Insert s, ‘s, or s’ instead of the hyphens where necessary.

1. This is a new edition of Esenin- poem-. 2. That man was Vera- and Nelly- old teacher- of music. 3. Those were Nick- and Kate- parent-. 4. We spent a week- holiday at the Barton-. 5. We spent a two week- holiday with the Barton-. 6. The book is neither John- nor Mary-. 7, It was neither John- nor Mary-. 8. I haven’t seen anything of John- of late. 9. I haven’t touched a single book of John-. 10. Father took some money from his pocket and put it into my younger brother-. 11. Father took some money from his pocket and gave it to my younger brother-. 12. His eyes narrowed like a cat-. 13. He moved around softly like a cat-. 14. Vakhtangov- life was short but bright. 15. The Vakhtangov- theatre is one of the leading Moscow- theatre-. 16. The Queen- of Belgium- visit to Moscow was timed to the Tchaikovsky- World Competition of Violinists and Pianists. 17. Tchaikovsky- house in Klin is now a museum. 18. The wall- in the hunter- club were decorated with mountain goat- and wild deer- horn-. 19. A great many scientist- took part in the First International Geophysical Year. 20. Many a time did he rewrite some of his chapter- before submitting the book to the reader- judgement.

Task 10. Translate into English.

I. 1. Многие из твоих советов мне очень пригодились. А сейчас мне нужен совет в одном важном деле. 2. Все сведения были сомнительными и ненадежными. 3. Эти деньги не твои, положи их обратно. 4. Давай сходим в кино. Сколько у тебя денег? – У меня мало денег, их не хватит на два билета. 5. Твоих знаний недостаточно, чтобы выполнить эту работу. 6. Его познания в области физики поразили всех. 7. Какая у дипломатов интересная работа! 8. Работы этого ученого в области генетики широко известны за пределами страны. 9. Произведения Пушкина переведены не только на европейские, но и на восточные языки. 10. Какая дождливая погода! 11. Эти новости уже всем известны. 12. За лето он сделал большие успехи в разговорном английском. 13. Как у тебя дела с фонетикой? Добился ли ты успехов за этот семестр? 14. Это колье – настоящее произведение искусства. 15. Рыбаки были довольны: они поймали много рыбы. 16. В аквариуме было пять рыбок, одна из них золотая. 17. У моей сестры густые каштановые волосы. 18. Не советую покупать диван этой фирмы, это ужасная мебель, развалится через месяц.

II. 1. а) Если добавить лимон в чай, будет вкуснее. б) По рецепту в этот пирог кладется один лимон. в) Купи, пожалуйста, десять лимонов, я хочу сделать домашний лимонад. 2. а) В этом районе добывают много железа. б) Нам надо купить новый утюг, наш старый постоянно выключается. 3. а) Все считают ее красавицей, и она уже привыкла к этому. б) Путешественников поразила красота окружающего пейзажа. 4. а) Недалеко от нашего дома был прекрасный лес. б) Я предпочитаю вещи, сделанные из дерева, а не из пластмассы. 5. а) Вредно пить много кофе. б) Принесите нам два кофе и один чай, пожалуйста. 6. а) Ураган нанес большой ущерб урожаю. б) Авария произошла по нашей вине, нам придется оплатить убытки.

III. 1. Возьмите эти ножницы, они острые. 2. Мальчик вырос, и брюки стали ему коротки. 3. Лестница на чердак была очень крутая. 4. Мои часы отстают; их нужно отдать в починку. 5. Товар еще не прибыл, позвоните попозже. 6. Франция славится своими винами. 7. Содержание вашего сочинения не соответствует теме. 8. Почему твоя одежда на полу? Положи ее в шкаф. 9. Физика – сложный предмет, очень немногие в нашем классе делают успехи. 10. Кто знает, какая политика была в то время у нашего государства по этому вопросу? 11. Политика – это призвание. 12. Его политические взгляды неизвестны.

IV. 1. a) Советы давать легко, но следовать им бывает трудно. б) Позвольте мне дать вам один совет. в) Обратитесь к нему, он, как правило, дает хорошие советы. 2. a) Что нового? б) Это старые новости, я их уже давно слышал. в) Какая прекрасная новость! Родители обрадуются, когда услышат ее. 3. a) Где деньги? – Они на столе. б) Сейчас я не могу дать тебе много денег. Двести рублей устроят тебя (достаточно)? 4. a) Эта книга содержит все сведения о последней экспедиции Федора Конюхова. б) Новые сведения еще не поступили; мы ждем их с минуты на минуту. 5. a) Он ищет работу. б) Это очень трудная работа. Стажер не сможет сделать ее самостоятельно. в) Я не собираюсь менять место работы. Здесь мне нравится и работа, и коллектив. 6. a) Вы хорошо отдохнули за городом? – Да, была чудесная погода, и мы вдоволь накупались. б) В этом году с погодой происходит что-то странное. У нас раньше никогда не было дождливой погоды зимой. в) Я надеюсь, погода не изменится к худшему; я оставила плащ и зонт дома. 7. За последнее время он сделал большие успехи в решении сложных задач.

V. 1. Россия ввозит много фруктов, их доставляют из Южной Европы и Азии. 2. В этом районе Италии растут различные цитрусовые фрукты. 3. Вымой фрукты и положи их на блюдо. 4. У шиповника терпкие плоды. 5. Ну что же, пусть теперь он пожинает горькие плоды своих махинаций. 6. На третье у нас будут фрукты и мороженое. 7. Вытяжки из различных фруктов используются в косметологии. 8. Для многих людей фрукты очень дорогие, они не могут позволить их себе каждый день. 9. На наших рынках сейчас продается много экзотических фруктов. 10. Фрукты полезны, в них много витаминов.

VI. 1. В этой реке много рыбы. 2. Рыба более полезна, чем мясо. 3. Эта девочка плавает как рыбка. 4. Рыба проплывает большие расстояния. 5. Моя любимая еда – тушеная рыба с овощами. 6. Что это за рыба? – Это рыба-клоун. 7. Сколько рыб ты поймал на выходных? – Ни одной, но я получил огромное удовольствие от процесса. 8. В аквариуме было семь рыбок, но кошка съела двух, так что осталось пять рыбок. 9. Не грусти, свет клином на нем не сошелся.

Unit 4. AGREEMENT BETWEEN SUBJECT AND VERB

Task 1. Comment on the nouns in bold type.

1. According to modern standards my family isn’t big. 2. My family are early birds. 3. The board consists of twelve people. 4. I know what the board think of me. They regard me as the spoiled granddaughter of a rich and powerful woman. And the board are very aware of that. 5. This council is responsible for looking after roads. 6. The council have been promising to mend the fences, doors and windows for years. 7. The public stop and stare. 8. “You could join us,” he suggested helpfully. “We’re a jolly crowd.” 9. The government has cut back on public expenditure. 10. Some people said darkly that the Government were behind it. 11. The staff are going to buy a leaving present for their boss. 12. His staff is very efficient. 13. This team plays for Spain. 14. The team are training hard for the coming match. 15. Statistics is the study of figures. 16. Statistics are often misleading. 17. Politics is a popular topic now. 18. What are his politics? 19. The jury were in disagreement. 20. The jury has announced its verdict. 21. The people at the interview were very helpful. 22. How different are the beliefs of various peoples across the world!

Task 2. Comment on the usage of the plural and singular verbs.

The orchestra are just tuning up – let’s hurry in.

A cricket team is made of eleven members, including its captain.

The staff do not like the new manager.

The club is fifty per cent more members than a year ago.

In England, a state school has to give time to religious education.

When the family were alone she often read to them before going to bed.

The public are requested not to leave litter in these woods.

That day the committee was meeting at her friend’s house.

A team of inspectors is visiting the prison tomorrow afternoon.

The family has agreed that the funeral should be held in Ireland.

Task 3. Use the correct form of the verb.

1. These stairs (is/are) dangerous. 2. The team (is/are) no more than seven young men. 3. The hospital staff (is/are) all very young. 4. The news (is/are) too good to be true. 5. The class (has/have) its final test on Friday. 6. The class (is/are) working on their individual projects today. 7. The crew (was/were) asleep in their bunks. 8. The committee (is/are) ready to make the programme public. 9. The family (is/are) fighting among themselves constantly. 10. My family (live/lives) in a private house. 11. Judging by the fact that Malfoy usually had the best of everything, his family (is/are) rolling in gold. 12. She came from a large, close-knit, and loving clan who (was/were) always there to protect and help each other. 13. The Government (is/are) of the opinion that money in the accounts (is/are) siphoned out of the country. 14. The press (was/were) requested to show their credentials to the guard. 15. The Portuguese (is/are) fortunate to have such a beautiful coastline. 16. The police (think/thinks) it’s the Mafia’s doing. 17. The police (want/wants) to interview two men about the robbery last week. 18. The police (was/were) thorough in their examination of the murder site. 19. What (is/are) the contents of the note? 20. The criteria for promotion (is/are) clearly stated. 21. Supernatural phenomena (is/are) of great interest to many people.

Task 4. Complete the following sentences with is/are, was/were, does/do or has/have. If both singular and plural forms are possible, write them both.

1. The police ________ here and they are doing their best, sir. 2. The local police _______ closed this night club. 3. The police _______ assisted by private detectives. 4. ______ the police know how the accident happened? 5. The cattle ______ in the fields. 6. Where ______ the people? – They _______ gone to the briefing. 7. The peoples of the Commonwealth _______ a new monetary unit. 8. This _____ a warlike people. 9. Her poultry ______ the finest in the whole village. 10. Gymnastics ______ my favourite sport. 11. Where ______ your family live? 12. The jury ______ still considering their verdict. 13. The Roman Catholic clergy ______ stationed in Vatican. 14. The staff of the school _____ not happy with their working conditions. 15. Scotland _____ playing France next week (in a football match). 16. Shell _____ increased the price of petrol. 17. Dice _____ used in many board games. 18. I don’t like very hot weather. Thirty degrees _____ too warm for me. 19. These scales _____ not correct. 20. My glasses ______ become too weak for me. 21. Can I borrow your scissors? Mine ______ not sharp enough. 22. Fortunately the news _______ not as bad as we expected. 23. What time ____ the news on television? 24. My kid’s pyjamas ______ made of cotton. 25. Six miles _____ a long way to walk every day. 26. These tights _____ made in Italy. 27. Physics ____my best subject at school. 28. Don’t you think your trousers ______ too short? 29. The goods _____ arrived. 30. The surroundings ______ unfamiliar to him. 31. My wages ______ risen considerably lately. 32. Three days _____ not long enough for a good holiday. 33. Twenty thousand pounds ______ stolen in the robbery. 34. I can’t find my binoculars. Do you know where they _____? 35. The outskirts of this town ______ shabby looking. 36. The trousers you bought for me _____ not fit me. 37. Clothes _____ no longer something one doesn’t discuss. Clothes ____ part of the image. 38. Three years ____ a long time to be without a job. 39. There ____ a chair and a table in the room. 40. There ______ a chair and two tables in the room. 41. There _____ two tables and a chair in the room.

Task 5. Complete the sentences using a suitable noun. Sometimes you will need a or some before the noun.

My eyes aren’t very good. I need ________.

This plant is ___ very rare ________.

Footballers don’t wear trousers when they play. They wear ________.

The bicycle is __________ of transport.

The bicycle and the car are ________ of transport.

I want to cut this piece of material. I need ___________.

Ann is going to write _________ of articles for her local newspaper.

There are a lot of American TV _________ shown on British television.

While we were out walking, we saw 25 different ________ of bird.

Task 6. Correct any errors in these sentences.

The government want to increase taxes.

Susan was wearing a black jeans.

Brazil are playing Italy in a football match next Wednesday.

I need more money than that. Ten pounds are not enough.

I’m going to buy a new pyjama.

The committee haven’t made a decision yet.

There was a police standing at the corner of the street.

Has the police arrived yet?

Your reading glasses is by the bed.

The jury are still arguing about the guilt of the offender.

There are one locking nut and four bolts for each wheel.

I have a great deal of experiences in dealing with a problem like this.

Can you explain why my best trousers have a hole in them?

The scissors in the sewing box needs sharpening.

The pair of binoculars have been in this drawer for as long as I can remember.

Half the audience were asleep by the interval.

I can’t say that economics are a subject I’ve ever been very interested in.

There’re one potato and two onions in the recipe.

Where has those kitchen scales gone that we used to have?

Four miles are a long way to walk for a person of my age.

Task 7. Finish the following sentences so that they have a similar meaning to the first sentence.

Model: You can find the shears on the table. – The shears are on the table.

They drove the cattle into the barn. – The cattle _______________.

He found the police very helpful. – The police ________________.

Someone needs to clean the stairs. – The stairs ________________.

There is a disagreement among the staff about the new contract. – The staff _______________.

You have to evacuate the premises immediately if there is a fire. – The premises _______________.

We can see from the statistics that unemployment has increased. – The statistics _______________.

They are teaching Physics in Room 2A. – Physics _______________.

We give exam advice at the end of the course. – Exam advice _______________.

We need new members for our tennis club. – Our tennis club _______________.

One doesn’t need money to be happy. – Money _______________.

Task 8. Translate the words in brackets into English.

She spent several hours in the film (архив)___________.

He swallowed half the (содержимое)__________ of the glass in one gulp.

I didn’t relish the prospect of climbing another flight of (лестницы)__________.

The land was bought out of the (выручку)__________ of the sale of his paintings.

You must learn how to take the (протокол)__________.

Give my (привет)___________ to your daughter.

The object of the show was to stimulate the (продажу)___________ of his new novel.

Her only chance was to use her (ум)___________ to bluff and outsmart the enemy.

The scandal has shaken the Democratic Party to its (основания)__________.

They expressed their (благодарность)____________ to the organizers.

Task 9. Complete the sentences with either is/are, was/were or has/have. In some sentences both variants are possible.

Meat pie and peas (be)__________ Tom’s favourite meal at the moment.

Some 80% of the people (be)__________ expected to vote.

Three multiplied by five (be)__________ fifteen.

Almost three fourths of the apples