Т. Д. Витлинская, А. В. Дорошенко

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ ИЗУЧАЮЩИХ ПРАВО ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО СОЮЗА

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Информация о книге

УДК 811.111

ББК 81.2Англ-923

         В54

Авторы:

Витлинская Т. Д. — кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры английского языка № 1 Университета имени О. Е. Кутафина (МГЮА) — юниты 1, 3, 5 и ключи к упражнениям;

Дорошенко А. В. — кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры английского языка № 1 Института юридического перевода Университета имени О. Е. Кутафина (МГЮА) — введение, юниты 2, 4, 6 и ключи к упражнениям, вопросы к коллоквиуму.

Рецензенты:

Ковшова М. Л. — доктор филологических наук, ведущий сотрудник отдела теоретического и прикладного языкознания Института языкознания РАН;

Богданова Е. Г. — кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры международно-правового факультета Всероссийской академии внешней торговли.

Пособие предназначено для лиц, изучающих английский язык, заинтересованных в овладении чтением аутентичных источников и в изучении терминологии права Европейского союза на английском языке. В пособие включены оригинальные тексты по праву Евросоюза и упражнения на развитие коммуникативных умений в данной области права.

УДК 811.111

ББК 81.2Англ-923

© Витлинская Т. Д., Дорошенко А. В., 2016

© ООО «Проспект», 2016

Введение

Учебное пособие «Английский язык для изучающих право Европейского Союза» в рамках дисциплины «Практический курс иностранного языка» программы дополнительного профессионального образования «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации» предназначено для лиц, получающих юридическое образование, а также для магистрантов, аспирантов и практикующих юристов, специализирующихся в международно-правовой области. Поскольку опубликованных пособий по английскому языку в сфере права Евросоюза практически нет, данный учебный материал особенно актуален для юристов, выбравших указанную область права в качестве своей узкой специализации. Право Европейского Союза, изложенное на английском языке, изобилует специальными понятиями, категориями и терминами, что особенно касается наименований институтов Евросоюза и актов органов власти.

Цель пособия заключается в обучении слушателей в первую очередь чтению аутентичных текстов на английском языке в сфере европейского права. Сопутствующие цели и задачи обучения — это развитие и закрепление навыков и умений в других видах речевой деятельности — говорении и письме. Следует особо отметить, что многие упражнения пособия разработаны с соблюдением формата заданий международных тестов, определяющих уровень владения английским языком, в первую очередь — кембриджского теста ILEC (International Legal English Certificate). Получение международных сертификатов о владении английским языком можно считать сильным мотивирующим фактором для учащихся, поэтому использование формата заданий международных тестов в пособиях по английскому языку способствует подготовке и психологической адаптации к международным экзаменам, а также служит для учащихся стимулом к освоению материала. В использовании формата заданий международных тестов авторы видят новизну пособия.

Тематика пособия охватывает ключевые и наиболее востребованные и интересные для учащихся области права Евросоюза: история права ЕС; основные договоры, выступающие в функции конституции Евросоюза; акты органов законодательной власти; основы европейского права; свобода перемещения товаров и лиц в пределах границ Еврозоны; Шенгенские соглашения; создание общего рынка. Естественно, пособие не могло включить тексты по всем правовым аспектам европейского права, однако на взгляд авторов текстовый материал отличается репрезентативностью и позволяет составить четкое представление о характере текстов данной правовой области.

По своей структуре пособие состоит из введения, 6 уроков-юнитов, ключей к упражнениям, вопросника для проведения коллоквиума и алфавитного словаря-глоссария.

Во введении указываются цели обучения, приводится структура юнита, объясняются задачи каждой из составляющих частей юнита и даются методические рекомендации по работе с пособием.

Каждый юнит структурно подразделяется на несколько частей.

— Discussion. Каждый юнит начинается с дискуссии, вводящей в тему юнита. Дискуссионные вопросы призваны выявить либо уже имеющиеся знания по теме, либо лакуны в знаниях, которые предстоит заполнить, проработав тексты. Таким образом, с самого начала изучения урока у учащихся создается мотивация для получения знаний и выработки навыков и умений.

— Legal terms. В этой части приводится поурочный словарь терминов и терминологических сочетаний, подлежащих активному усвоению в упражнениях. Все поурочные словари сведены в алфавитный словарь-глоссарий, приводящийся в конце пособия.

— Аутентичный основной текст содержит информацию по теме юнита и служит основой обсуждения содержащихся в нем проблем, явлений, понятий и иной информации.

— Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary Work. Данная часть юнита развивает навыки чтения и способствует усвоению словаря. Здесь содержатся дополнительные тематически отобранные тексты юнита, на базе которых разработаны упражнения по чтению. В заданиях используется формат заданий, заимствованный из международных тестов. Наряду с навыками чтения в упражнениях отрабатываются и сопутствующие речевые навыки и умения, такие как устная речь, лексико-грамматические знания и умения, ведение дискуссии, развитие диалогических умений при работе в парах. В эту часть урока также включаются упражнения на закрепление концептуальной основы терминов, установление эквивалентности русских и английских терминологических единиц в области европейского права, а также упражнения, развивающие умение использовать надлежащую сочетаемость слов и синонимы.

— Research task. Учащимся дается задание осуществить поиск информации (Интернет, монографии, справочники и другие источники) и подготовить презентацию, проектную работу, показ видеоматериала с его комментарием, сообщение, вопросы для обсуждения и пр. Эта часть предполагает творческую самостоятельность и активную вовлеченность слушателей и использование изученных языковых средств.

— Speaking. Для активизации изученных в юните терминов и других лексических единиц и грамматических структур учащимся предлагаются задания на устную речь. Задания могут выполняться в виде монологических высказываний, парной работы или дискуссии на усмотрение преподавателя.

— Writing. Завершает юнит задание на письмо: учащимся предлагается изложить свои мысли в виде сочинения по тематике урока (причем задается объем письменного высказывания по модели заданий в международных тестах), а также написать резюме основного текста урока.

Пособие включает ключи к упражнениям, соответственно слушатели могут проверять правильность выполнения заданий. Благодаря ключам пособие может использоваться для самостоятельной работы и автономного изучения материала.

Проверка полученных в результате изучения пособия знаний, навыков и умений, а также сформированность коммуникативной компетенции может осуществляться, среди прочих возможностей, в виде коллоквиума. Для этого в конце пособия приводится список вопросов для подготовки к нему.

Цель алфавитного словаря-глоссария — обеспечить удобство нахождения лексических единиц, содержащихся в поурочных словарях разных юнитов.

В качестве методических рекомендаций следует обратить внимание на то, что задания в упражнениях носят комплексный характер, а именно: они нацелены на выполнение учащимися нескольких взаимосвязанных видов речевой деятельности. Задания к упражнениям следует читать внимательно, чтобы понять учебную задачу, заложенную в упражнение. Так, недостаточно всего лишь заполнить пропуски в текстах упражнений, но нужно также ответить на вопросы к тексту (что может выполняться в виде парной работы), а затем пересказать текст или резюмировать ответы, кратко сообщить о новой информации, извлеченной из текста. Авторы убеждены, что именно комплексный характер упражнений и правильное их выполнение позволят добиться наиболее эффективного усвоения материала пособия, развития навыков и умений коммуникации и формирования коммуникативной компетенции слушателей.

Приблизительное время изучения пособия — 30 академических часов.

Авторы выражают благодарность профессору С. Ю. Кашкину и доценту В. А. Жбанкову за помощь в выборе источников и отборе текстов для пособия.

Авторы надеются, что пособие окажется интересным и полезным для обучающихся.

Unit 1. THE EUROPEAN TREATIES

Discussion

What associations come to your mind when you hear the word ‘Europe’?

Could you explain the difference between the two legal terms: ‘contract’ and ‘treaty’? Give examples of contracts and treaties.

Do you remember how many countries formed the EU at first? Can you name them?

What, in your opinion, were the reasons behind the formation of the EU?

Give the arguments ‘for’ and ‘against’ the existence of the EU.

Legal terms

1. | European Coal and Steel Community | Европейское объединение угля и стали
2. | European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) | Европейское сообщество по атомной энергии, «Евратом»
3. | common foreign and security policy | общая внешняя политика и политика безопасности
4. | home affairs | внутренние дела (страны, союза)
5. | Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) | договор о функционировании Европейского Союза
6. | institutional framework | институциональная, ведомственная структура; система учреждений
7. | promote values | поддерживать ценности
8. | advance objectives | способствовать достижению целей
9. | consistency | логичность, последовательность, связность
10. | Court of Justice | Суд Европейского Союза
11. | Court of Auditors | Европейская счетная палата
12. | free movement of persons | свободное передвижение лиц
13. | asylum | прибежище, пристанище, убежище; приют
14. | social exclusion | социальная изоляция
15. | territorial cohesion | территориальное единство
16. | enhance cultural heritage | умножать культурное наследие
17. | Monetary Union | Валютный союз
18. | free and fair trade | свободная и добросовестная торговля
19. | eradication of poverty | искоренение бедности
20. | United Nations Charter | Устав ООН
21. | foreign policy | внешняя политика
22. | security policy | политика безопасности
23. | further the objectives | содействовать достижению целей
24. | undermine the internal market | подрывать внутренний рынок
25. | distort competition | нарушать конкуренцию
26. | impede the implementation | препятствовать внедрению
27. | notify the intention | уведомить о намерении
28. | ascertain | устанавливать, определять, выяснять, удостоверять
29. | grant authorization | предоставить разрешение
30. | act unanimously | действовать единогласно
31. | opinion on consistency (with) | мнение относительно соответствия чему-либо
32. | follow from the terms and the spirit (of) | следовать из буквы и духа чего-либо
33. | give precedence to the national law (over) | отдавать приоритет внутригосударственному праву по отношению к чему-либо
34. | reciprocity | взаимность
35. | domestic law | внутреннее, внутригосударственное право
36. | jeopardize | подвергать риску
37. | fall into disrepute | не пользоваться популярностью, утрачивать популярность
38. | acquis communautaire | свод основных норм и требований Евросоюза
39. | primary Union law | первичное право Евросоюза
40. | secondary legislation | вторичное право
41. | Regulation | норма, правило; регламент, постановление; устав; инструкция;
42. | Directive | директива
43. | case law | прецедентное право
44. | define the terms of reference | определить пределы компетенции, круг полномочий
45. | adopt an amending decision | принять решение, вносящее поправку
46. | extend the competences | расширить круг полномочий
47. | simple majority | простое большинство
48. | qualified majority | квалифицированное большинство

EU TREATIES

Introduction

An examination of the subject ‘Europe’ should logically start with the European Union (EU). It was established among the, at that time, 12 Member States by the Maastricht Treaty. It was signed at Maastricht, the Netherlands, on February 7, 1992, and entered into force on November 1, 1993. The Maastricht Treaty added new dimensions, new fields of activity to the ones provided for by the Treaties which established the three original European Communities, i.e. the European Coal and Steel Community (no longer in existence), the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and what was then the European Economic Community (EEC). The EU Treaty modified those three Treaties, it did not replace them. The EU Treaty has specific features of its own and its own objectives. In addition to those features, it was founded on three elements: (1) the three European Communities; (2) a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP); and (3) the provision on co-operation in the fields of justice and home affairs. These three elements constituted the so-called three pillars of the European construction.

The EU Treaty and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

The various elements (pillars) of the Union were held together by: “an institutional framework, which aims to promote its values, advance its objectives, serve its interests, those of its citizens and those of the Member States and ensure the consistency, effectiveness and the continuity of its policies and actions.” This institutional framework now consists of seven institutions: The European Parliament (hereinafter “Parliament”), the European Council, the Council¹, the Commission, the Court of Justice, the European Central Bank and the Court of Auditors.

The objectives of the Union can be summarized as follows, the Union is to:

• promote peace, its values and the wellbeing of its people;

• offer its citizens an area of freedom, security and justice: free movement of persons, but with external border controls, asylum and immigration measures, and combating of crime;

• establish an internal market;

• develop Europe based on balanced economic growth and price stability;

• establish a competitive social market economy, aiming at full employment and social progress;

• ensure a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the environment;

• promote scientific and technological advance;

• combat social exclusion and discrimination and promote social justice and protection;

• promote equality between women and men, solidarity between generations and protection of the rights of the child;

• promote economic, social and territorial cohesion and solidarity among Member States;

• respect the rich cultural and linguistic diversity and ensure that Europe’s cultural heritage is safeguarded and enhanced;

• establish an economic and monetary union whose currency is the Euro;

• and, in relation to the wider world:

— uphold and promote its values and interests and contribute to the protection of its citizens;

— contribute to peace, security, the sustainable development of the Earth;

— promote solidarity and mutual respect among peoples, free and fair trade, eradication of poverty;

— ensure the protection of human rights, in particular the rights of the child; and

— ensure strict observance and development of international law, including respect for the participants of the United Nations Charter.

Enhanced Co-operation

It is provided for in Title IV of the EU Treaty and Title III of the TFEU — it was previously called Closer Co-operation. Once the Council has established that the objectives of such co-operation cannot be attained within a reasonable period by the Union as a whole, the Member States wishing to establish enhanced co-operation between themselves in one of the areas covered by the Treaties, with the exception of the Union’s exclusive competences and the common foreign and security policy, may, “make use of the institutions and exercise those competences by applying the relevant provisions of the Treaties”. Provided, however, that this co-operation:

• is aimed at furthering the objectives of the Union, at protecting its interests and at reinforcing its integration process;

• complies with the Treaties and the Union law;

• does not undermine the internal market or economic, social and territorial cohesion;

• does not constitute a barrier to or discrimination in trade between Member States, nor distorts competition;

• involves at least nine Member states;

• respects the competences, rights and obligations of the non-participating Member States, the latter may not impede the implementation of the enhanced co-operation; and

• is open to all Member States; the Commission and the participating Member States must promote participation by as many Member States as possible. Any member State wishing to participate in enhanced co-operation in progress must notify its intention to the Council and the Commission, which must ascertain that the conditions for the participation have been met and, if not, indicate the arrangements to be adopted. The Member States concerned may refer the matter to the Council.

Authorisation to proceed with enhanced co-operation shall be granted by the Council acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and after obtaining the consent of Parliament. A request for enhanced co-operation within the framework of the CFSP shall be addressed to the Council; it shall be forwarded to the High Representative of the Union for the Foreign Affairs and Security Policy for an opinion on consistency with that policy and to the Commission for an opinion on the consistency with other Union policies. It shall be forwarded to Parliament for information.

The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

In 1951, the drafters of the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) coined the word “supranational” to describe the particular character of the functions fulfilled by the members of the High Authority, which later became the Commission. The term was from the start also used to designate the specific nature of the Union itself and of the law it embodied. It was understood to mean that the Union was more than a grouping of member nations and that its law was more than their national law.

By contrast with ordinary international treaties, the European Treaties thus created their own legal system to which the term “international” does not apply, since it is not international law; the term “supranational” expressed the difference. Furthermore, it follows from the terms and the spirit of the European Treaties that the Member States may not give precedence to their national law over a legal system accepted by all of them on the basis of reciprocity. Indeed, the executive force of Union law cannot vary from one State to another in deference to domestic law without jeopardising the attainment of the objectives of the Treaties. The law of the European Union cannot, therefore, be regarded as national law either. It is different, independent, it is separate, it is not national law; since it is common to 27 nations, it is truly supranational. The term “supranational” has now fallen into disrepute and was even eliminated from the ECSC Treaty. This, however, does not change the specific nature of the Union and of the law it created. More importantly, the concept is now universally accepted and expressed by the words “Union Law”.

Union law is to be found mainly in the European Treaties (also referred to as “primary” Union law) and in the implementing legislation or the “secondary” Union law, not to be confused with the acquis communautaire. (Acquis communautaire means everything that was decided and agreed upon since the establishment of the three European Communities, whatever the form in which this was done, whether legally binding or not. It refers to the body of rules which govern the Union in whatever field of activity. In other words it encompasses everything that was “acquired” by the previous Communities and the Union.)

Primary Union law now consists of the treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), the treaty establishing the European union (EU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), as amended over the years. The first can be considered as a sectoral treaty, while the TFEU covers the economic and social fields in general. (Hereinafter “Treaties” refers mainly to the EU Treaty and the TFEU.)

By “secondary legislation” is meant the legislative texts issued by the institutions, which implement, and in certain cases, complement the original Treaties. Union law has gradually evolved over the past half century, from the 100 articles of the ECSC Treaty, into an impressive body of law comprising thousands of regulations, directives, decisions, agreements and other acts and measures, and, above all, the case law of the Court of Justice.

Modification of the Treaties

The EU Treaty provides for the three different procedures to amend the Treaties:

• the ordinary revision procedure which may, inter alia, serve either to increase or reduce the competences of the Union on a proposal from a government, Parliament or the Commission to the Council which submits it to the European Council and notifies the national parliaments. After consulting Parliament and the Commission, the European Сouncil decides by a simple majority in favour of examining the proposed amendments. The President of the European Council convenes a Convention composed of representatives of the national parliaments, of the Heads of State or governments, of Parliament and the Commission. The convention adopts by consensus a recommendation to a conference of representatives of the governments of the Member States. In case the convening of the Convention is not justified by the extent of the proposed modifications, the European Council defines the terms of reference for a conference. The latter determines by common accord the amendments to be made to the Treaties, which shall enter into force after being ratified by all Member States.

• the simplified revision procedure: this revision procedure concerns only provisions of Part III of the TFEU relating to the internal policies and actions of the Union. The European Council, after consulting Parliament and the Commission, adopts an amending decision, which must be approved by the Member States. The decision may not extend the competences of the Union.

• the so-called bridging amendment: where the TFEU or Title V of the EU Treaty provides for a unanimous decision of the Council, the European Council may authorise the Council to act by qualified majority, except in the area of defence. Similarly, where adoption by the Council is provided via a special legislative procedure, the European Council may authorise adoption via the ordinary legislative procedure. These initiatives must be notified to the national parliaments, which have six months to oppose the revision.

Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary Work

Exercise 1. Look through the text and answer the following questions.

When did the European Union appear? What document lies at its heart?

What constitutes ‘three pillars of the European construction’?

What institutions of the EU form the institutional framework which ensures its proper functioning?

What are the requirements that have to be complied with in order to establish co-operation between the Member States?

What word was used to describe the particular character of the functions fulfilled by the members of the High Authority, which later became the Commission?

What are the two types of Union law?

What is meant by the term ‘acquis communautaire’?

Name three different procedures to amend the EU Treaties.

Exercise 2. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions. Use them in your own sentences.

A the continuity of its policies and actions; combating of crime; price stability; full employment; linguistic diversity; exclusive competence; social and territorial cohesion; the executive force of Union law; legally binding; the body of rules; internal policy

B to ensure the consistency and effectiveness; to promote peace; to contribute to the protection of the citizens; to promote solidarity and mutual respect; to reinforce the integration process; to obtain the consent; to forward; to implement legislation; to complement the original Treaties; to submit to the European Council; to adopt by consensus; to act by qualified majority

C i.e.; provided that; by contrast with; thus; furthermore; in deference to; therefore; inter alia

Exercise 3. Answer the questions on the text.

How many Member States formed the EU on the eve of its foundation?

Name the three original European Communities.

What are the aims of the institutional framework which holds together the three pillars of the EU?

Single out the groups into which the objectives of the Union can be divided.

In what areas can the member States establish enhanced co-operation between themselves?

What is necessary to participate in enhanced co-operation in progress?

What EU institution grants authorisation to proceed with enhanced co-operation? Describe this procedure.

What was the word ‘supranational’ intended to mean?

Explain the reasons why the term ‘international’ cannot be applied to the European Treaties?

Can Union law be regarded as national law? Substantiate your opinion.

What is the difference between primary Union law and secondary legislation?

Describe the details referring to the three different procedures to amend the Treaties: the ordinary revision procedure, the simplified revision procedure, the bridging amendment.

Exercise 4. Read the text and choose the best suitable word to fill in the gaps. Say what you have learned from the text.

The Treaties which 1 the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the European Economic Community (EEC), are also 2 to as the ‘Treaties of Rome’. These two 3 were signed there in March 1957. However, the ‘Treaties’ generally mean the EU Treaty and the TFEU.

The Treaties provide precise rules and timetables for the establishment of the internal market and of the economic and monetary union, while the other policies are described in the Treaties in rather general 4, leaving it to the institutions, and, in the first place, to the Commission, which must 5 proposals for the Union’s legislative action, to 6 the initiative. However, notwithstanding the absence of a timetable, Union activities have penetrated more and more social, economic, and related fields, some of which were not even, until recently, 7 provided for in the Treaties. Union law, it seems, is in the process of 8 most of the economies of the Member States.

1. | A | instituted | B | established | C | constituted | D | formed
2. | A | mentioned | B | named | C | called | D | referred
3. | A | documents | B | papers | C | treaties | D | contracts
4. | A | words | B | concepts | C | terms | D | things
5. | A | make | B | do | C | initiate | D | commence
6. | A | catch | B | grasp | C | take | D | find
7. | A | explicitly | B | properly | C | impliedly | D | implicitly
8. | A | dominating | B | integrating | C | penetrating | D | leading

Exercise 5. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the required prepositions provided below. Then say whether the statements below are true, false or incomplete. Finally, say what you have learned about the functioning of the European Council and the Council.

in (5); to; of; for (2); from; on (2); by (5); --; after; into

1 great importance is the new competence of the European Council and the Council, introduced by the Treaty of Nice, concerning 2 a ‘serious breach of the Union’s values’ by a Member State. It allows, 3 the first phase, the Council to determine, 4 a majority of four-fifth of its members — 5 obtaining the consent of Parliament, 6 the basis of a reasoned proposal 7 one-third of the Member States, Parliament or the Commission — that there is a clear risk of a serious breach 8 a Member State of any of the principles of human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect 9 human rights; principles that are common 10 all Member States.

11 a second phase, the European Council, acting 12 unanimity, (without taking 13 account the vote of the Member State 14 question) 15 a proposal by one-third of the Member States or the Commission, and after obtaining the assent of Parliament, may determine the existence of a serious and persistent breach, after inviting the Member State 16 question to submit its observations. The consequence of such a determination is that the Council, acting 17 qualified majority, may suspend certain of the rights deriving 18 the application of the Treaties 19 the Member State in question, including the voting rights of its representative.

The consequences of a ‘serious breach of the Union’s values’ by a Member State are set out in the Treaty of Rome.

Each Member State has its own view on the principles of human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality.

The European Council, acting by unanimity, may determine the existence of a serious and persistent breach.

The European Council, acting by unanimity, may determine the existence of a serious and persistent breach without taking into account the vote of the Member State in question.

The Council may determine, by a majority of one-third of its members that there is a clear risk of a serious breach by a Member State.

The Council may not suspend certain of the rights deriving from the application of the Treaties for the Member State in question.

Exercise 6. Read the text. Use the words in the box on the right to form one word that fits in the gap.

The Council, 1 by a qualified majority, may subsequently vary or revoke the measures taken in response to changes in the situation which led to their being 2.

The Court of Justice has jurisdiction in regard to the 3 procedural stipulations of the provisions concerning a 4 by a Member State of the principles of democracy.

The Common Foreign and Security Policy could lead to a common 5, which would need to be approved by all the member States in accordance with their constitutional 6.

1. act

2. imposition

3. pure

4. break

5. defensive

6. require

Exercise 7. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the box. Then answer the questions below the text.

TFEU covers overseas external corresponds follows apply referred fiscal

Broadly speaking, the Treaties 1 to the 27 Member States. However, a distinction must be made between the territories (1) to which what is 2 to as ‘the Treaties’ apply, (2) to which only the Customs Union applies, and (3) referred to as the ‘3 Territory’.

As for the territory to which the Treaties apply, it is defined as 4: it 5, in the first place, all the Member States; secondly, the French 6 departments, the Azores, Madeira and the Canary islands; thirdly, Part IV of the Treaty ‘Association of the Overseas Countries and territories’ applies to those listed in Annex II to the 7; and fourthly, it shall apply to the European territories for those 8 relations a Member State is responsible.

The territory of the Customs Union 9 to that to which the Treaties apply with the exception of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Melilla, the communes of Livigno and Campioned’Italia, etc.

Questions

What distinction must be made with respect to the scope of application of EU law?

How is ‘the territory’ defined?

What is ‘the territory’ of the Customs Union?

Exercise 8. In this exercise certain parts have been taken out from the text and reshuffled. Restore the text by filling in the gaps meaningfully. What information does the text contain?

Common and internal markets

A. except for the common commercial policy

B. the completion of the internal market

C. of which it is the main feature

D. while the second constitutes

E. services and capital is ensured

The ‘common market’, now ‘internal market’, often confused with the Union as such, 1 means the so-called basic freedoms (free movement of goods, of persons, freedom of establishment, freedom to provide services and free movement of capital and payment), together with various policies implemented by the Union itself (for example, competition and commercial policy). The internal market does not include, for example, external relations, 2.

The internal market is defined as an area without frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, 3. 4, at the end of 1992, was the object of the Single European Act, signed in January 1986. This Act is called ‘single’ because it is the combination of two different instruments. The first instrument contains modifications to the three European Treaties, 5 , in fact, an agreement among the Member States concerning co-operation in the field of external relations.

Exercise 9. Working with this Unit, you have come across a lot of abbreviations. They are of great importance for reading texts in EU law. To check whether you remember what they mean or not, cover the right column and decipher the abbreviations to your group-mates.

EU | European Union
Euratom | European Atomic Energy Community
EEC | European Economic Community
CFSP | Common Foreign and Security Policy
TFEU | Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
ECSC | European Coal and Steel Community

Research task

Exercise 10. Enumerate the best known EU Member States. Find out the dates of their entering into the Union.Look the information up in the Internet, if necessary.

Writing

Exercise 11. Write a ‘for’ and ‘against’ composition on the positive and negative aspects of the European Union taking into account the Union legislation. Mind that the composition must contain 200–250 words.

Exercise 12. Write a plan and a short summary of the main text.

Speaking

Exercise 13. Choose one of the best known Union Acts and make a 5 minute presentation on its main aspects.

Unit 2. HISTORY OF EU LAW

Discussion

Can you say when the European Union came into being?

Do you know what the ultimate goal to establish the European Union was?

What international events brought about the set-up of the European Union?

Is the shaping of the EU completed?

Do you think the endeavour to establish united Europe was successful?

Legal Terms

1. | European Communities | Европейские Сообщества
2. | European Union | Европейский Союз
3. | sovereign remedy | здесь: эффективное средство, применяемое государством
4. | European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) | Европейское Объединение Угля и Стали
5. | Council of Europe | Совет Европы
6. | set up a regional structure | сформировать региональную структуру
7. | Organisation of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) | Организация Европейского Экономического Сотрудничества
8. | High Authority | верховный орган власти, верховный департамент
9. | negotiations | переговоры
10. | set up, establish a common market | создать общий рынок
11. | feasibility of plans | осуществимость, исполнимость, выполнимость, годность планов
12. | institutional set-up of communities | институциональная (ведомственная) структура, система, организация; институциональный (ведомственный) порядок, уклад сообществ
13. | Merger Treaty | Договор о Слиянии
14. | Single Council of the European Communities | Единый Совет Европейских Сообществ
15. | Single Commission of the European Communities | Единая Комиссия Европейских Сообществ
16. | repeal a treaty | отменять, аннулировать договор
17. | EU Treaty | Договор ЕС
18. | retain provisions | сохранять положения (договора)
19. | Customs Union | Таможенный Союз
20. | EEC Treaty | Договор о Европейском Сообществе
21. | become fully operational | начать действовать в полную силу
22. | abolish tariffs and quotas | отменить тарифы и квоты
23. | Financial Contributions from Member States | финансовые взносы стран-членов
24. | confer budgetary powers (upon) | возлагать бюджетные полномочия (на кого-либо)
25. | European Parliament | Европейский Парламент
26. | hereafter | здесь и далее (в этом тексте)
27. | direct election | прямые выборы
28. | Direct Universal Suffrage | прямое всенародное голосование
29. | democratic legitimacy | демократическая законность, легитимность
30. | issue a joint declaration | издать совместную декларацию
31. | Declaration on Fundamental Rights | Декларация об основных (основополагающих) правах
32. | values of legal, political and moral order | правовые, политические и моральные (этические) ценности
33. | safeguard the principles of representative democracy | охранять принципы репрезентативной (представительной) демократии
34. | rule of law | принцип господства права, верховенство права, диктатура права; равенство перед законом
35. | social justice | социальная, общественная справедливость
36. | respect for human rights | уважение прав человека
37. | political system of pluralist democracy | политическая система плюралистической демократии
38. | completion of the internal market | окончательное оформление (формирование), завершение создания внутреннего рынка
39. | White Paper | Белая Книга (о завершении создания внутреннего рынка)
40. | abolition of barriers | отмена, уничтожение барьеров
41. | inter-state trade | торговля между государствами
42. | harmonisation of rules | гармонизация, согласование правил, норм
43. | approximation of legislation | согласование, сближение законов
44. | strengthening of monetary cooperation | укрепление финансового сотрудничества
45. | fiscal barriers | фискальные, налоговые, финансовые барьеры
46. | amend the treaties | вносить поправки, дополнять договоры
47. | Single European Act | Закон о единой Европе
48. | without internal frontiers | без внутренних границ
49. | ensure the movement of goods, persons, services and capital | обеспечивать, гарантировать перемещение товаров, лиц, услуг и капиталов
50. | strengthening of the decision-making process | упрочение, повышение эффективности процесса принятия решений
51. | qualified majority | квалифицированное, особое большинство (в отличие от простого, т. е. больше 50% голосов)
52. | Economic and Social Cohesion (Regional Development) | экономическое и социальное взаимодействие, сотрудничество (региональное развитие)
53. | legislative procedures | законодательные процедуры, процессы; законодательный порядок
54. | foreign policy | внешняя политика

DEVELOPMENT OF EU LAW

Every institution is the product of a series of historical events, and at the same time it reflects the convictions, hopes and concerns of those who were instrumental in establishing it. The European Communities, now European Union, are no exception to this rule. Although the expression “United States of Europe” was already used by Victor Hugo as far back as in 1849, the end of the Second World War seems to provide a fair starting point.

Churchill’s Speech

The agreement made at Yalta in 1945 by the United Kingdom, the United States and the USSR left Europe more divided than ever and the growing antagonism among the victorious Allies created only more tensions and catastrophes. It was on September 19, 1946 that Winston Churchill proposed a “sovereign remedy”, i.e. to “recreate the European family, or as much of it as we can, and provide it with a structure under which it can dwell in peace, in safety and in freedom. We must build a kind of United States of Europe”. As will be seen, it was this (British) idea that also inspired the French Government in 1950 to propose the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community. Churchill also proposed to start by setting up a regional structure and to form a Council of Europe.

Marshall Plan — OEEC

The European States in those days lacked the necessary stamina to proceed with such far-reaching plans, since they were preoccupied with their daily fight for economic survival. Once again, the United States came to the rescue. George Marshall, US Secretary of State, announced on June 5, 1947, that the US would do “whatever it is able to do, to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world”. This offer was accepted by 16 European countries on July 15, 1947, and so the Marshall Plan was born; but more important for the future of European integration was the setting up of the Organisation of European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) in 1948. Within that forum the European States re-learned to work together.

Robert Schuman: May 9, 1950

On May 9, 1950, Robert Schuman, French Foreign Minister, declared that a united Europe was essential for world peace and that a gathering of the European nations required the elimination of the century-old opposition between France and Germany. As a first practical step towards this end he proposed “to place the whole Franco-German coal and steel production under one joint High Authority, in an organisation open to the participation of the other countries of Europe”. Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Italy accepted in principle and negotiations started at once.

The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

The negotiations progressed rapidly. The work consisted mainly in giving the proposed principles legal form. The Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was signed in Paris on April 18, 1951. Ratification by the national parliaments met with little opposition and on July 23, 1952 the Treaty entered into force for a period of 50 years. The ECSC therefore ceased to exist on July 23, 2002. The rights and obligations arising under the international agreements concluded by the ECSC were taken over by the European Community, now European Union.

The European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)

The Benelux (BElgium, the NEtherlands and LUXemburg) countries proposed in 1955, to their partners in the ECSC, to take another step towards economic integration by setting up a common market and jointly developing transportation, classical energy and atomic energy. This led to the conference of Messina in the same year, at which Mr Spaak, Belgian Foreign Minister, was asked to report on the feasibility of those plans. The Spaak report was ready in 1956, and was discussed in Venice, where the decision was taken to start negotiations for drafting treaties that would establish a common market and an Atomic Energy Community. With incredible speed (June 1956–February 1957) these two complex Treaties were prepared for signature in Rome on March 25, 1957, ratified by the six parliaments and on January 1, 1958, the European Economic Community and the (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) became a reality.

The Treaty Establishing a Single Council and a Single Commission

On April 8, 1965, the institutional set-up of Communities was simplified by the so-called Merger Treaty establishing a Single Council and a Single Commission of the European Communities. It entered into force on July 1, 1967. Later the Merger Treaty was repealed by the EU Treaty (1992), which, however, retained the essential elements of its provisions.

The Customs Union

The Customs Union provided for by the EEC Treaty became fully operational on July 1, 1968. It meant that tariffs and quotas between the Member States had, by then, been completely abolished and that the replacement of the national external tariffs by the common (external) customs tariff (CCT) had been completed.

The Community’s (now Union’s) own Resources

The replacement of the Financial Contributions from Member States by the Union’s own Resources inaugurated a new era in the history of the Union. It became, in a certain way,financially independent and the Treaty amending Certain Budgetary Provisions of the ECSC, EEC and Euratom Treaties of the Merger Treaty, conferred specific budgetary powers upon what had become the European Parliament (hereafter “Parliament”).

The Direct Election of Parliament and the Declaration on Democracy and Fundamental Rights

On September 20, 1976, the representatives of the Member States in Council agreed on the conditions for direct election and signed the Act concerning the Election of the Representatives of the Assembly by Direct Universal Suffrage, which was subsequently ratified by the nine (at that time) national parliaments. The first elections were held in June 1979, giving “Europe” its democratic legitimacy.

On April 5, 1977 Parliament, the Council and the Commission issued a joint Declaration on Fundamental Rights, which confirmed their will to ensure that the values of legal, political and moral order are respected and to safeguard the principles of representative democracy, of the rule of law, of social justice and of respect for human rights. They stated that the application of these principles implies a political system of pluralist democracy.

The Completion of the Internal Market by 1992

In June 1985, the Commission sent a White Paper to the European Council entitled “Completing the Internal Market”. This was the beginning of “Operation 1992”. It lays down a comprehensive programme and timetable for the abolition of barriers of all kinds in inter-State trade, the harmonisation of rules, the approximation of legislation and of tax structures and the strengthening of monetary co-operation. To complete the internal market, the White Paper provided for removal of physical, technical and fiscal barriers. It was, among other things, to make the implementation of this comprehensive programme possible, that the Member States decided to amend the existing Treaties through the Single European Act. It was signed in Luxemburg on February 17, and at The Hague on February 28, 1986; entered into force on July 1, 1987. The SEA’s objective is the completion of the so-called “internal market” defined as “an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured”. It provides, among other things, for the strengthening of the decision-making process by extending the number of decisions to be taken by qualified majority, the inclusion in the Treaty of chapters on Economic and Social Cohesion (Regional Development), Research and Technological Development and Environment. It also provides for closer involvement of Parliament in the legislative procedures. The SEA makes reference to a Treaty on an “Economic and Monetary Community” and to co-operation in the sphere of Foreign Policy.

Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary Work

Exercise 1. Look through the text and answer the following questions.

What statesmen inspired and played a significant role in the development of Europe’s unification?

What European organizations and communities emerged as a result of efforts to recreate the European family?

What treaty contributed to establishing the institutional set-up of Communities?

What did the Customs Union provide for?

What kind of election is held to form the European Parliament?

What document reflects the principles of representative democracy, adherence to the rule of law, social justice and respect for human rights?

When was the internal market in Europe completed?

Exercise 2. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions. Use them in your own sentences.

A. the product of a series of historical events; victorious allies; daily fight for economic survival; economic health; elimination of the century-old opposition; classical energy; implementation of this comprehensive programme; closer involvement.

B. to reflect the convictions, hopes and concerns; to be no exception to the rule; to be instrumental in establishing an institution; to create tensions; to dwell in peace, safety and freedom; to lack the necessary stamina; to come to the rescue; to progress rapidly; to cease to exist; to draft treaties; to be provided for by a treaty; to inaugurate a new era in the history of the Union; to confirm one’s will; to lay down a comprehensive programme and timetable; to make reference to a treaty.

C. as far back as; towards this end; with incredible speed; subsequently; among other things.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions on the text.

What is every institution of the EU the product of?

What is meant by a “sovereign remedy” that Winston Churchill proposed?

What assistance did the US provide to ensure the return of normal economic health in the world?

Within what forum did the European states re-learn to work together?

When did the ECSC become effective and how long was it in force?

What Community took over the rights and obligations arising under the international agreements concluded by the ECSC?

What was the history of setting up the EEC and Euratom? What kind of integration did they ensure?

What importance did the merger Treaty have?

What was the role of the Customs Union?

What financial event inaugurated a new era in the history of the Union?

What is meant by Direct Universal Suffrage in the context of the EU?

How does pluralist democracy manifest itself within the framework of EU law?

What does the White Paper entitled “Completing the Internal Market” lay down?

What was the idea underpinning the Single European Act?

Exercise 4. Read the text and choose the best suitable word to fill in the gaps. Say what you have learned from the text.

The Treaty on European Union or Maastricht Treaty (EU Treaty)

The Treaty was signed in Maastricht, the Netherlands, on February 7, 1992 and came into force on November 1, 1993. It 1 seven parts. Title I 2 for a European Union, 3 its objectives, among others: the establishment of an economic and monetary union 4 including a single currency; a common foreign and security policy including the eventual framing of a 5 defence policy; the introduction of a citizenship of the Union for the nationals of the Member States; 6 on justice and home affairs; the maintenance of the acquis communautaire; and the respect of the 7 of subsidiarity. It also “officialises” the European Council, which must provide the necessary 8 and define the general political 9 for Union action and it indicates that to be a member of the Union a State’s government must be founded on the principles of democracy, while the 10 rights are considered to be general principles of Union law. Titles II, III and IV contain 11 to the three European Treaties.

Vocabulary Notes:

foreign and security policy — внешняя политика и политика безопасности

eventual framing — окончательное формирование

maintenance of the acquis communautaire — соблюдение свода основных норм и требований Евросоюза

subsidiarity — субсидиарность: система разрешения проблем на возможно более низком уровне; принцип учета мнений на всех уровнях

1. | A | contains | B | consists | C | is made up | D | includes
2. | A | envisages | B | stipulates | C | contains | D | provides
3. | A | gives | B | sets out | C | outlines | D | mentions
4. | A | ultimately | B | subsequently | C | finally | D | at last
5. | A | bilateral | B | multilateral | C | common | D | mutual
6. | A | coordination | B | harmonisation | C | approximation | D | co-operation
7. | A | principal | B | princip | C | principle | D | importance
8. | A | impetus | B | stimulus | C | drive | D | motive
9. | A | policy | B | guidelines | C | instructions | D | directions
10. | A | general | B | basic | C | main | D