Е.М. Александрова

English for economic security professionals

Учебник

ebooks@prospekt.org

Информация о книге

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК 81.2Англ-923

А46

Резензенты:

Широглазова Н. С., кандидат филологических наук, заведующая кафедрой зарубежной филологии и лингводидактики ЧОУ ВПО «Российская христианская гуманитарная академия»;

Пивкина Н. Н., кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков ФГБОУ ВПО «Российский государственный аграрный заочный университет».

Автор:

Александрова Е. М.

Учебник предназначен для студентов специалитета и магистратуры, обучающихся по направлениям «Экономическая безопасность», «Правовое обеспечение национальной безопасности», «Государственное управление и национальная безопасность» и др.

Работа с книгой направлена на развитие умений профессионального общения на английском языке через систему лексических, фонетических, рецептивных, репродуктивных и продуктивных коммуникативных упражнений к текстам профессионально ориентированного характера.

Учебник отражает международный подход к рассматриваемым темам, что позволяет обучающимся расширить понимание стандартов, принципов и подходов, существующих в сфере экономической безопасности в разных странах мира.

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК 81.2Англ-923

© Александрова Е. М., 2018

© ООО «Проспект», 2018

Предисловие

Учебник предназначен для студентов бакалавриата и магистратуры, обучающихся по направлениям «Экономическая безопасность», «Государственное управление и национальная безопасность», «Правовое обеспечение национальной безопасности», а также слушателей программ дополнительного профессионального образования «Переводчик в сфере экономической безопасности», «Переводчик в сфере юриспруденции и правового обеспечения национальной безопасности» и др.

В основе учебника лежит компетентностный подход, предполагающий формирование личности, обладающей компетентностью в сфере иноязычного общения на международном уровне. Данный подход определяет следующие цели курса:

1. Развитие языковой компетенции, включающей языковые знания, умения и навыки, соответствующие темам, сферам и задачам общения на конкретном этапе, и предполагающей готовность овладевать ими и использовать для достижения целей общения.

2. Развитие речевой компетенции, включающей речевые умения и навыки – чтения, аудирования, говорения и письменной речи, а также перевода, и предполагающей готовность их реализовывать в репродуктивной и продуктивной речевой деятельности в соответствии с коммуникативными задачами.

3. Развитие социокультурной компетенции, предполагающей знание культуры (в широком ее понимании): культуры своей страны, страны изучаемого языка и других стран мира; умение находить общее среди разных культур и видеть их отличие от своей культуры; умение и готовность использовать эти знания в процессе общения с представителями других культур на английском языке; готовность принимать культурное разнообразие и право на иной образ мыслей и жизни, при этом отстаивая свою позицию, сохраняя чувство собственного достоинства и не унижая достоинства представителей иных культур.

4. Развитие системно-аналитической информационной компетенции, включающей знания о современных источниках информации, умение и готовность работать с ними для извлечения, анализа (определения достоверности / новизны / важности), обработки, сохранения и эффективного использования информации в профессиональной и познавательной деятельности.

Данные цели обусловливают задачи курса:

– расширение активного и пассивного словарного запаса по изучаемым темам;

– совершенствование и активизация необходимого для усвоения изучаемой темы грамматического материала;

– развитие умений и навыков ознакомительного, поискового и аналитического чтения;

– развитие произносительных навыков;

– развитие умений и навыков разных видов говорения, ведения беседы и дискуссии, выступления с сообщением;

– развитие умений и навыков поиска и обработки информации лингвистического и иного плана с использованием традиционных и электронных носителей.

Основные воспитательные задачи курса:

– формирование гражданской позиции;

– формирование умений и навыков работы в команде;

– формирование качеств лидера.

Указанные задачи определяют структуру учебника, который содержит двенадцать глав, охватывающих такие темы, как: понятие безопасности, уровни безопасности, глобальная и национальная безопасность, глобальная экономическая безопасность, социально-экономическая безопасность, экономические преступления, статистика экономических преступлений, киберпреступность, коррупция, отмывание денег, методы и техники отмывания денег, этапы отмывания денег.

Учебник отражает международный подход к рассматриваемым темам. Это позволяет слушателям расширить понимание стандартов, принципов и подходов, существующих в сфере экономической безопасности в разных странах мира, что в дальнейшем сможет им дать значительное конкурентное преимущество.

Материал каждой главы направлен на поэтапное усвоение темы (4–6 часов) и включает:

– словарь по теме с транскрипцией;

– основной текст раздела;

– задания на проверку понимания, лексико-грамматические упражнения, направленные на тренировку и закрепление материала, условно-речевые и речевые упражнения и т. д.;

– дополнительные тексты по теме.

Материал, представленный в учебнике, является современным и информативным, обеспечивая развитие эрудиции и культуры будущего специалиста; языковой материал включает данные, необходимые для будущей профессиональной деятельности.

Работа с данным учебником направлена на формирование и совершенствование навыков чтения и перевода текстов по специальности, расширение и закрепление у обучающихся лексического запаса по специальности.

Контекст учебных материалов соответствует контексту специальностей, что, без сомнения, может способствовать увеличению заинтересованности студентов и повышению мотивации к изучению профессионального иностранного языка.

Пособие обеспечивает гибкость учебного процесса. Учебник может быть плодотворно использован при любой форме обучения: очной, очно-заочной (вечерней), заочной. По предпочтению преподавателя и студентов, в соответствии с особенностями конкретной аудитории, может осуществляться как выбор глав, так и выбор траектории самостоятельной работы студента.

В аудитории рекомендуется выполнять в первую очередь упражнения коммуникативной направленности.

В пособии представлены тесты, а также справочные материалы, необходимые для выполнения упражнений.

UNIT I. The concept of security

Vocabulary

1. concept [‘kɔnsept]
2. phenomenon [fɪ’nɔmɪnən] n
3. agenda [ə’ʤendə] от agendum n
4. manifestation [ˌmænɪfes’teɪʃ(ə)n] n
5. security policy
6. threat [θret] n
7. realm [relm] n
8. day-to-day [‘deɪtə’deɪ]
9. refer [rɪ’fɜː] (refer to)
10. secure [sɪ’kjuə] adj
11. tool [tuːl] n
12. certain [‘sɜːt(ə)n] adj
13. priority [praɪ’ɔrətɪ] n
14. interaction [ˌɪntər’ækʃ(ə)n] n
15. significant [sɪg’nɪfɪkənt] adj
16. invention [ɪn’venʃ(ə)n] n
17. National Security Council NSC
18. conduct [kən’dʌkt] v
19. pursue [pə’sjuː] v
20. encompass [ɪn’kʌmpəs, en-] v
21. nation state
22. attempt [ə’tempt] v
23. pursuit [pə’sjuːt] n
24. securities n pl
25. bonds [bɔnd] n
26. debenture [dɪ’benʧə] n
27. note [nəut] n
28. option [‘ɔpʃ(ə)n] n
29. share [ʃeə] n

– понятие, идея; общее представление; концепция

– событие, феномен, явление

– программа (работы), план (мероприятий)

– проявление; пример (чего-л.)

– политика безопасности
– опасность, угроза
– сфера, область
– будничный, обыденный, повседневный

– отсылать (к кому-л. / чему-л.)

– безопасный

– инструмент
– определенный

– преимущество, приоритет

– взаимодействие

– значительный, важный

– изобретение

– Совет национальной безопасности, СНБ

– вести, проводить

– заниматься

– выполнять, осуществлять

– национальное государство
– пытаться, стараться

– преследование; занятие

– ценные бумаги
– облигации; боны
– долговое обязательство, долговая расписка

– простой вексель; долговая расписка
– опцион

– акция

30. warrant [‘wɔr(ə)nt] n
31. stock exchange [‘stɔkɪksˌʧeɪnʤ]
32. pledged asset [‘æset]
33. in compliance [kəm’plaɪən(t)s]
34. lender [‘lendə] n
35. obligee [ˌɔblɪ’ʤiː] n
36. default [dɪ’fɔːlt] n
37. foreclosure [fɔː’kləuʒə]
38. interception [ˌɪntə’sepʃ(ə)n]
39. occurrences
40. deliberate action

– удостоверение, свидетельство, варрант (документ, подтверждающий право своего владельца на получение каких-л. товаров, услуг и т. д.)
– фондовая биржа

– заложенный актив

– в соответствии

– заимодавец, кредитор
– лицо, в отношении которого принято обязательство, кредитор

– невыполнение (обязательств)

– лишение права выкупа закладной

– перехватывание; перехват; прослушивание (телефонных разговоров)

– происшествия
– сознательный поступок

Security (definitions) ■ the state of being free from danger or threat; ■ the safety of a state or organization against criminal activity such as terrorism, theft, or espionage; ■ procedures followed or measures taken to ensure the security of a state or organization; ■ the state of feeling safe, stable, and free from fear or anxiety.

“Security” as a concept and as a phenomenon at the end of the cold war has taken on new forms. There are new security agendas, new security manifestations, and new rules of the game for security policy. Security is a word in common use, used in relation to a wide variety of personal and collective activities and conditions. One can distinguish between security in normal daily activities (job, economy, sex, transport, food), security for positive, desirable conditions (democracy, freedom, prosperity, development, a good life), and security against negative conditions (war, pollution, crime, all kinds of threats).

In a way we have three different realms for the term “security.” First, the broad, day-to-day use of the word, referring to a position aspired to: of being safe, secure, protected. Second, the political use of the word, referring to political actions, processes, or structures that can secure the safety of a political unit. In the political sphere the term “security” is used as a political tool, for example, to provide a certain phenomenon with a specific priority by placing it in the realm of high politics. Finally, “security” can be used as an analytical concept to identify, describe, understand, explain, or even predict phenomena in the general social realm; phenomena such as “security policy,” “security-policy interaction,” or “security institutions and structures.”

A significant change in the political use of the term “security” was, however, the invention of the concept of security policy. The United States, as one of the most important unit in the international system, was the initiator. In 1947 the US administration introduced the National Security Council, which became a model for several countries around the world. This also involved the introduction of a new concept, “security policy.” Now it became possible for states, in linguistic terms, to conduct or pursue a security policy. Security policy was more than defense policy, more than military policy, more than a policy aimed at being prepared for war. Security policy also aimed at avoiding war. Security policy encompassed internal, domestic security, economic-development policy, and policy for influencing the international system so as to create a peaceful environment, regionally as well as globally, including foreign aid to developing countries.

Security policy became an important tool for individual nation states to further their national interests by attempting to influence the international system. The pursuit of international security policy was the task of the United Nations (UN). The political notion of security was extended, from referring primarily to matters related to defense and the military, such as the avoidance of military aggression, to dealing with economic, political, and societal matters, domestic as well as international¹.

1. Finance: A financing or investment instrument issued by a company or government agency that denotes an ownership interest and provides evidence of a debt, a right to share in the earnings of the issuer, or a right in the distribution of a property. Securities include bonds, debentures, notes, options, shares, and warrants but not insurance policies, and may be traded in financial markets such as stock exchanges.

2. Banking: An asset pledged to guaranty the repayment of a loan, satisfaction of an obligation, or in compliance of an agreement. Security gives a lender or obligee a legal right of access to the pledged asset and to take their possession and title in case of default for a foreclosure sale.

3. Computing: The extent to which a computer system is protected from data corruption, destruction, interception, loss, or unauthorized access.

4. The prevention of and protection against assault, damage, fire, fraud, invasion of privacy, theft, unlawful entry, and other such occurrences caused by deliberate action².

I. Read the text. Say if the following sentences are true or false (t/f). Correct the false statements.

1. There are new security agendas, new security manifestations, and new rules of the game for security agency. ___

2. Security is a word used in relation to a wide variety of personal and collective activities and conditions. ___

3. One can distinguish between security in normal daily activities, security for positive, desirable conditions, and security against negative conditions. ___

4. There are four different realms for the term “security.” ___

5. The broad, day-to-day use of the word, refer to a position aspired to: political actions, processes, or structures that can secure the safety of a political unit. ___

6. The political use of the word refers to: of being safe, secure, protected. ___

7. “Security” can be used as an analytical concept to identify, describe, understand, explain, or even predict phenomena in the general social realm. ___

8. A significant change in the political use of the term “security” was, however, the invention of the concept of security policy. ___

9. In 1947 the UK administration introduced the National Security Council. ___

10. Securities include bonds, debentures, notes, options, shares, and warrants but not insurance policies, and may be traded in financial markets such as stock exchanges. ___

II. Match the words with their definitions.

1) security
2) threat
3) realm
4) tool
5) nation state
6) UN
7) NSC
8) securities
9) debenture
10) default

a) an organization which most countries belong to; its role is to encourage international peace, co-operation, and friendship
b) a body created by Congress after the Second World War to advise the President (who chairs it) on issues relating to national security in domestic, foreign, and military policy
c) a field or domain of activity or interest
d) a thing used to help perform a job
e) the state of being free from danger or threat
f) a statement of an intention to inflict pain, injury, damage, or other hostile action on someone in retribution for something done or not done
g) a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors which define a nation, such as language or common descent
h) failure to fulfil an obligation, especially to repay a loan or appear in a law court
i) a certificate attesting credit, the ownership of stocks or bonds, or the right to ownership connected with tradable derivatives
j) a long-term security yielding a fixed rate of interest, issued by a company and secured against assets

III. Make up word combinations in accordance with the text and translate them.

1) criminal
2) cold
3) security
4) desirable
5) certain
6) specific
7) realm
8) peaceful
9) foreign
10) nation
11) military
12) investment
13) ownership
14) insurance
15) stock
16) pledged
17) unauthorized
18) deliberate

a) of high politics
b) states
c) activity
d) war
e) environment
f) aid
g) policy
h) access
i) action
j) conditions
k) instrument
l) interest
m) policies
n) exchange
o) phenomenon
p) priority
q) aggression
r) asset

IV. Find 10 words on the topic in the letter box and translate them.

w

s

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V. Complete the sentences.

1. Securities include ________________________________.

2. Security gives a lender or obligee a legal right of __________________.

3. The extent to which a computer system is protected from __________.

VI. Fill in the gaps.

1. “Security” as a ___________ and as a __________ at the end of the cold war has taken on new forms.

2. There are new security _________, new security ________, and new rules of the game for ________ policy.

3. One can distinguish between security in normal daily __________ (job, economy, sex, transport, food), security _______ positive, desirable conditions (democracy, freedom, prosperity, development, a good life), and security _______ negative conditions (war, pollution, crime, all kinds of threats).

4. The United States, as the most important unit in the international system, was the _________. In ________ the US administration introduced the National Security Council.

5. Security policy also aimed at ____________ war.

6. Security policy became an important tool for individual nation ________ to further their national interests by attempting to influence the international system.

7. The pursuit of international security policy was the task of the ______ _______ (UN).

8. Securities include bonds, debentures, notes, options, shares, and warrants but not insurance policies, and may be traded in financial markets such as ________ exchanges.

9. An asset pledged to guaranty the repayment of a _______, satisfaction of an _______, or in compliance of an _________.

10. The extent to which a computer system is protected from data ________, destruction, interception, loss, or unauthorized ___________.

VII. Answer the questions. Think of more questions of your own.

1. What new forms has the concept of “Security” taken?

2. What is the common use of the word “security”?

3. What are the three different realms for the term “security”?

4. What was the role of the invention of the concept of security policy?

5. When did the United States administration introduced the National Security Council?

6. What is the difference between security policy, defense policy, and military policy?

7. What types of policy did security policy encompass?

8. What was the task of the United Nations (UN)?

9. Why is security important in Finance? Banking? Computing?

VIII. Write headings for the paragraphs.

IX. Make up a dialogue.

X. Give a summary of the text.

XI. Conversation questions.

1. What comes to mind when you hear the word ‘security’?

2. Do you have all the security you need?

3. What would life be like with little security?

4. What does the UN Security Council do? How effective is it?

Supplementary texts

Read and translate the text.

Money Laundering Example Cases

Money laundering is not uncommon, but some money laundering cases have met the spotlight due to the severity of the act, or the amount of money involved in the crime. Large-scale money laundering cases often involve global transactions. Below are some famous examples of money laundering cases.

• In 2012, HSBC Holdings, a London-based company, paid nearly $2 billion in fines after it was discovered that the financial institution laundered money for drug traffickers, terrorists, and other organized crime groups throughout Iran. The laundering went on for many years before the activity was detected.

• In 2014, BNP Paribas, a French bank with global headquarters in London, pled guilty to falsifying business records after it was discovered the institution violated U.S. sanctions against Cuba, Sudan, and Iran. As a result, BNP was forced to pay a fine of $8.9 billion which is the largest fine ever imposed for violating those sanctions³.

UNIT II. Six levels of security actors

Vocabulary

1. framework [‘freɪmwɜːk] n
2. distinguish [dɪ’stɪŋgwɪʃ] v
3. actor [‘æktə] n
4. victim [‘vɪktɪm] n
5. coherent [kə(u)’hɪər(ə)nt] adj
6. globe [‘gləub] n
7. assertion [ə’sɜːʃ(ə)n] n
8. vital [‘vaɪt(ə)l] adj
9. claim [kleɪm] n
10. survival [sə’vaɪv(ə)l] n
11. coercion [kəu’ɜːʃ(ə)n] n
12. violence [‘vaɪəl(ə)n(t)s] n
13. victimize [‘vɪktɪmaɪz] v
14. identity [aɪ’dentətɪ] n
15. sovereignty [‘sɔvr(ə)ntɪ] n
16. permanence [‘pɜːm(ə)nən(t)s] n
17. anarchic(al) [æ’nɑːkɪk((ə)l)] adj
18. sustainability [səˌsteɪnə’bɪlətɪ] n

– структура, строение
– проводить различие
– деятель, личность
– жертва
– сцепленный, связанный
– а) (the globe) Земля б) планета
– утверждение
– (жизненно) важный, насущный
– требование
– выживание
– принуждение, насилие
– жестокость, насилие
– мучить; вводить в заблуждение
– идентичность, индивидуальность
– независимость, суверенитет, суверенность
– постоянство, стабильность
– анархичный, беспорядочный
– устойчивость; устойчивое развитие

In order to establish a general understanding of the analytical concept of security we would like to introduce a simple model. It is not our purpose to provide a new framework, rather the opposite: traditional dividing lines are re-used and re-combined.

A useful and rewarding exercise is to distinguish between six levels of security, each defined by the security actors that at the same time are victims of the security-related threats at that level:

1. Security for the individual (individual security).

2. Security for the social group, the community, “nation,” organized national or ethnic entity (societal security).

3. Security for the state or “nation,” in the US terminology (national security).

4. Security for the region, that is, a coherent security region, not necessarily one based on proximity (regional security).

5. Security for the society of nations or what could be referred to as “international society,” consisting of all, or most states in the world (international security).

6. Security for the globe, meaning “Spaceship Earth” or the planet (global security).

The fundamental assertion is that the all-over general threat deals with the simple existence of the political unit in question. As to the specific vital threats to the six levels of units, the basic claims are the following.

To the single individual the vital threat seems to be that to physical and economic survival. It has to do with coercion and violence in physical and economic terms. You cannot be a “political man” if you are heavily victimized by these threats.

To the national society the vital element is identity, which is the basic constructive element of society. Without identity there is no society.

To the state, the vital threat is to sovereignty. Without sovereignty, a socio-political entity cannot be recognized as a state.

For the region, stability and coherence are the main factors. Again, there is no regional organization without these vital elements.

To the international society, a threat to the system’s permanence, to the way that generally recognized norms and rules can exist in a basically anarchic order, is the essential one.

Finally, to the globe as a kind of security unit, sustainability is considered to be the vital factor exposed to threats⁴.

I. Read the text. Say if the following sentences are true or false (t/f). Correct the false statements.

1. A useful and rewarding exercise is to distinguish between the levels of security, each defined by the security victims. ___

2. There are seven levels of security. ___

3. For the security for the individual the basic constructive element is identity. ___

4. Security for the social group, the community, “nation,” organized national or ethnic entity has to do with coercion and violence in physical and economic terms. ___

5. To the security for the state or “nation,” the vital threat is to sovereignty. ___

6. To the region, stability and coherence are the main factors. ___

7. To the security for the society of nations sustainability is considered to be the vital factor. ___

8. To the globe, a threat to the system’s permanence is the essential one. ___

II. Match the words with their definitions.

1) actor
2) individual
3) community
4) state
5) region
6) international
7) globe

a) a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common
b) a single human being as distinct from a group
c) an area, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries
d) a group consisting of all, or most states in the world
e) a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government
f) a participant in an action or process
g) the earth

III. Make up word combinations in accordance with the text and translate them.

1) simple
2) new
3) security-related
4) Spaceship
5) fundamental
6) basic
7) survival
8) constructive
9) political
10) anarchic

a) model
b) assertion
c) framework
d) economic
e) entity
f) order
g) threats
h) Earth
i) claims
j) element

IV. Match the columns.

level of security

the vital threats is to

1) security for the individual
2) security for the social group
3) security for the state
4) security for the region
5) security for the “international society”
6) security for the globe

a) the system’s permanence
b) physical and economic survival
c) sustainability
d) identity
e) sovereignty
f) stability and coherence

V. Complete the sentences.

1. A useful and rewarding exercise is to distinguish between six levels of security: __________________________________________________.

2. As to the specific vital threats to the six levels of units are the following __________________________________________________________.

VI. Fill in the gaps.

1. A useful and rewarding exercise is to distinguish between six levels of security, each defined by the security _________ that at the same time are ___________.

2. Security for the individual (___________ security).

3. Security for the social group, the community, “nation,” organized national or ethnic entity (__________ security).

4. Security for the state or “nation,” in the US terminology (________ security).

5. Security for the region, that is, a coherent security region, not necessarily one based on proximity (____________ security).

6. Security for the society of nations or what could be referred to as “international society,” consisting of all, or most states in the world (___________ security).

7. Security for the globe, meaning “Spaceship Earth” or the planet (_________ security).

8. To the single individual the vital threat seems to be that to physical and economic ________.

9. To the national society the vital element is _____________________.

10. To the state, the vital threat is to ________________.

11. For the region, ________ and ____________ are the main factors.

12. To the international society, a threat to the system’s _________.

VII. Find 11 words on the topic in the letter box and translate them.

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VIII. Answer the questions. Think of more questions of your own.

1. How many levels of security can be distinguished?

2. How are the levels of security defined?

3. What are the vital threats to the individual security?

4. What are the threats to the societal security?

5. What are the threats to the national security?

6. What are the threats to the international security?

7. What are the threats to the regional security?

8. What are the threats to the global security?

IX. Make up a dialogue.

X. Give a summary of the text.

XI. Conversation questions.

1. If you had to choose between security and freedom, which would you go for?

2. Do you worry about job security?

3. What kinds of security are there in life?

4. Does your country provide good social security if you have no job or home?

Supplementary texts

Read and translate the texts.

California Woman Sentenced for Role in Offshore Sweepstakes Scheme On Aug. 11, 2015, in Asheville, North Carolina, Patricia Diane Clark, of Sacramento, California, was sentenced to 130 months in prison and ordered to pay $642,032 in restitution and to forfeit the same amount jointly with her co-defendants. Clark pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit wire fraud, wire fraud and conspiracy to commit money laundering. According to court documents, from about 2007 through February 2013, Clark and her coconspirators called U.S. residents from Costa Rican call centers, falsely informing them that they had won a cash “sweepstakes.” The victims, many of whom were elderly, were told that in order to receive the prize, they had to send money for a purported “refundable insurance fee.” Clark picked up money from the victims and sent it to her co-conspirators in Costa Rica. Clark also managed others who picked up money from the victims in the US and she kept a portion of the victims’ payments. Once the victims sent money, Clark’s co-conspirators contacted the individuals again and falsely informed them that the prize amount had increased, either because of a clerical error or because another prize winner was disqualified. The victims then had to send more money to pay for “new” fees to receive the larger sweepstakes prize. The attempts to collect additional money from the victims continued until an individual either ran out of money or discovered the fraudulent nature of the scheme. Clark, along with her co-conspirators, was responsible for approximately $640,000 in losses to more than a hundred U.S. citizens⁵.

Businessman Sentenced for Conspiracy to Misbrand a Product for Human Consumption, Money Laundering

On Aug. 5, 2015, in Providence, Rhode Island, Tayfun Karauzum, of Newport Beach, California, was sentenced to 60 months in prison and three years of supervised release. On Jan. 30, 2015, Karauzum pleaded guilty to conspiracy to misbrand a product for human consumption and money laundering. According to court documents, Karauzum manufactured, marketed and distributed for human consumption Potion 9, a product containing butanediol, an industrial solvent that rapidly metabolizes into gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB) – commonly referred to as a “club drug” or “date rape drug.” Karauzum was the owner of Max American Distribution LLC in Newport Beach, California, through which he marketed and distributed between $1 million and $2.5 million dollars’ worth of Potion 9 through online sales and dietary supplement companies. Karauzum caused nearly 13.5 million milliliters of the misbranded product Potion 9 to be manufactured and available for distribution. Karauzum routinely transferred proceeds from the sale of Potion 9 sales in increments in excess of $10,000 from his business’ PayPal account into a personal bank account⁶.

UNIT III. Global and national security

Vocabulary

1. divide [dɪ’vaɪd] n
2. to cater for
3. citizenry [‘sɪtɪz(ə)nrɪ] n
4. contend [kən’tend] v
5. breed [briːd] v
6. rivalry [‘raɪv(ə)lrɪ] n
7. remedy [‘remədɪ] n
8. dignity [‘dɪgnətɪ] n
9. malnutrition [ˌmælnjuː’trɪʃ(ə)n] n
10. depletion [dɪ’pliːʃ(ə)n] n
11. tensions
12. capacity [kə’pæsətɪ] n
13. prosperity [prɔs’perətɪ] n
14. consequence [‘kɔn(t)sɪkwən(t)s] n
15. refugee [ˌrefju’ʤiː] n
16. transcend [træn’send, trɑːn-] v
17. contiguity [ˌkɔntɪ’gjuːətɪ] n
18. aftermath [‘ɑːftəmɑːθ] n
19. disarmament [dɪs’ɑːməmənt] n
20. non-proliferation n
21. acquisition [ˌækwɪ’zɪʃ(ə)n] n

– граница; различие
– обслуживать
– гражданское население, граждане
– соперничать; противостоять
– порождать, вызывать
– соперничество; конкуренция
– средство, мера (против чего-л.)
– достоинство
– недоедание
– истощение (ресурсов)
– противоречия
– способность (что-л. делать)
– преуспевание, процветание
– последствие
– беженец
– переступать пределы
– соседство, близость, контакт
– последствия (событий)
– демилитаризация, разоружение
– нераспространение (ядерного оружия)
– приобретение

In many forums on the topic of security, there has been an attempt to establish a divide between national and global security. National security has been described as the ability of a state to cater for the protection and defence of its citizenry. Global security, on the other hand, evolved from the necessity that nature and many other activities, particularly globalization, have placed on states.

One of the major challenges that the field of global security has to contend with is the concept of security complex⁷, a situation in which the security concerns of states are deeply interconnected to the point that one state’s security needs cannot be realistically considered without taking into consideration the security needs of the other states⁸. The fear or threat content of security complex breeds rivalry among states. The remedy for such rivalry lies in cooperation which can only be found in global security initiatives among states.

With the advocacy of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) human security elements have acquired a wider dimension, for they go beyond military protection and engage threats to human dignity. Accordingly, it has become necessary for states to make conscious efforts towards building links with other states and to consciously engage in global security initiatives. OCHA’s expanded definition of security calls for a wide range of security areas:

1. Economic: creation of employment and measures against poverty.

2. Food: measures against hunger and famine.

3. Health: measures against disease, unsafe food, malnutrition and lack of access to basic health care.

4. Environmental: measures against environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters and pollution.

5. Personal: measures against physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic violence and child labour.

6. Community: measures against inter-ethnic, religious and other identity tensions.

7. Political: measures against political repression and human rights abuses⁹.

A critical examination of these OCHA human security measures makes global security an important exercise to analyse.

For instance, there are many states where the capacity to deal with issues of unemployment are grossly lacking. The same applies to food provision and other areas.

Health care poses a challenge in varying dimensions at different levels in many states. As a result of globalization, people from different parts of the world crisscross between geographical boundaries. As much as this has claimed to bring economic prosperity, it is also replete with challenges, particularly in regard to the spread of communicable diseases, crime and terrorism.

Aside from problems resulting from deliberate human activities, another area of concern is the consequences of internal conflicts, which include refugee problems and which transcend geographical contiguity. Environmental and climate change issues are other areas that call for more cooperation among states, especially when dealing with the aftermath of an earthquake or a tsunami.

Disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction are other areas that make global collaboration and cooperation necessary. The acquisition of nuclear weapons and similar armaments, which started as a national security option, has become today a major threat to national and global security. The seemingly hard-line posture of many state actors towards disarmament requires the development of a moral consciousness that can only be reinforced by cooperation and collaboration at the international level.

The global community stands to benefit from greater intra-states collaboration and cooperation, for greater interaction will help build trust and confidence. National and regional security breakdowns are a global security problem. Therefore, it is in the interest of all that no national security challenge be allowed to escalate into a global problem¹⁰.

I. Read the text. Say if the following sentences are true or false (t/f). Correct the false statements.

1. National security evolved from the necessity that nature and many other activities, particularly globalization, have placed on states. ___

2. Global security is the ability of a state to cater for the protection and defence of its citizenry. ___

3. OCHA’s expanded definition of security calls for a wide range of security areas: economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, political. ___

4. There are states where the capacity to deal with issues of unemployment are grossly lacking. ___

5. As much as globalization has claimed to bring economic prosperity, it is also replete with challenges, particularly in regard to the spread of communicable diseases, crime and terrorism. ___

6. The consequences of internal conflicts are environmental and climate change. ___

7. The acquisition of nuclear weapons has become today a major threat to national and global security. ___

8. National and regional security breakdowns are not a global security problem. ___

II. Match the words with their definitions.

1) globalization
2) challenge
3) rivalry
4) remedy
5) depletion
6) disarmament
7) non-proliferation
8) refugee

a) competition for the same objective or for superiority in the same field
b) the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale
c) a call to someone to participate in a competitive situation or fight to decide who is superior in terms of ability or strength

9) breakdown

d) the reduction or withdrawal of military forces and weapons
e) a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
f) a failure of a relationship or system
g) a successful way of dealing with a problem
h) reduction in the number or quantity of something
i) the prevention of an increase or spread of something, especially the number of countries possessing nuclear weapons

III. Make up word combinations in accordance with the text and translate them.

1) breeds
2) military
3) human
4) conscious
5) unsafe
6) environmental
7) resource
8) domestic
9) child
10) identity
11) political
12) non-proliferation
13) moral

a) dignity
b) efforts
c) of weapons
d) consciousness
e) food
f) violence
g) labour
h) tensions
i) rivalry
j) degradation
k) depletion
l) protection
m) repression

IV. Complete the table with the words from the box.

1) pollution 2) terrorism 3) employment 4) poverty 5) hunger 6) famine
7) disease 8) unsafe food 9) malnutrition 10) health care 11) environmental degradation 12) resource depletion 13) natural disasters 14) human rights abuses 15) domestic violence 16) physical violence 17) crime 18) child labour
19) inter-ethnic tensions 20) religious tensions 21) political repression

Security areas

Economic

Food

Health

Environmental

Personal

Community

Political

V. Find 11 words on the topic in the letter box and translate them.

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VI. Complete the sentences.

1. National security has been described as ________________________.

2. Global security is ______________________________________.

3. OCHA’s expanded definition of security calls for a wide range of security areas _________________________________________________.

VII. Fill in the gaps.

1. There has been an attempt to establish a divide between national and ______________ security.

2. National security has been described as the ability of a state to cater for the protection and defence of its _____________.

3. The fear or threat content of security complex breeds ________ among states.

4. The _________ for such rivalry lies in cooperation which can only be found in global security initiatives among states.

5. Economic security measures against ____________.

6. Food security measures against hunger and ___________.

7. Health security measures against disease, unsafe ____________, malnutrition and lack of access to basic ______________ care.

8. Environmental security measures against environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters and pollution.

9. Personal security measures against physical ____________, crime, terrorism, domestic violence and child ___________.

10. Community security measures against inter-ethnic, religious and other identity _________.

11. Political security measures against political _____ and human rights ________.

12. As a result of ______________, people from different parts of the world crisscross between geographical boundaries.

13. Another area of concern is the consequences of internal conflicts, which include ____________ problems.

14. Disarmament and non-proliferation of _________ of mass _________ are other areas that make global collaboration and cooperation necessary.

VIII. Answer the questions. Think of more questions of your own.

1. What is the main difference between national and global security?

2. What does the fear or threat content of security complex breed?

3. What security areas are called in OCHA’s expanded definition?

4. What does economic/ food/ health/ environmental/ personal/ community/ political security measure against?

5. What are the results of globalization?

6. What are the consequences of internal conflicts?

7. What are the consequences of environmental and climate changes?

8. What is the major threat to national and global security?

IX. Write headings for the paragraphs.

X. Make up a dialogue.

XI. Give a summary of the text.

XII. Conversation questions.

1. Douglas MacArthur said: “There is no security on this earth. Only opportunity.” Do you agree with this statement?

2. Someone once said: “Security is an illusion. Life is either a daring adventure or it is nothing at all.” Do you agree with this statement?

3. Britain’s Lord Acton said: “The most certain test by which we judge whether a country is really free is the amount of security enjoyed by minorities.” Do you agree with this statement?

Supplementary texts

Read and translate the texts.

International security

The need for international security, as opposed to merely security, derives from the nature of the international system. Security – the perception of physical safety and freedom from fear-cannot be guaranteed because the international system is anarchic. The world is a self-help system in which each state must do all it can to protect its vital interests and ensure that those interests are protected in the future. Broadly, there are two means by which states can ensure their security and that of the state system: balance of power and the liberal peace.

According to the realist school of international relations (IR) theory, states should seek a balance of power, whereby they join forces to balance the power of another state or group of states. This deters potential aggressors by making any attack by them costly and uncertain. Liberal theorists, however, suggest that states can protect their security by following international laws, negotiating to resolve their security concerns, creating and joining international organizations (IOS), promoting the spread of democracy and economic interdependence, and agreeing to reduce armaments¹¹.

New forms of international security

International security has taken new forms in the twenty-first century. The concept of international security as security among states belongs to the twentieth century. Threats are no longer primarily coming from states.

Threats are coming from ethnic groups obsessed by hypernationalism, from criminal gangs, Mafiosi governance, from epidemics, AIDS, terrorism, dangerous food, from poverty, from economic mismanagement, from over-population, from failed states, from flows of refugees, and, most importantly, from pollution and the effects of pollution, the irrigation and destruction of nature, and the diversification of nature.

The victims of the new threats are primarily the single individual (individual or human security), society (societal security), and the globe (global security). The physical and economical survival of the individual is threatened. The survival of societies is threatened, as concerns identity and coherence. The survival of the world as we know it is threatened in the long-run. For the first time in history there is a common, global awareness of the necessity of fighting for the sustainability of the globe.

One important precondition is the fact that the world more than ever in history has become one. The old slogan from the beginning of the cold war, “one world or none,” is now relevant in a new, broad understanding taking in new dimensions: globalization, internationalization, transnationalism, interdependence, and integration. This implies that a world dominated by fragmentation, separatism, disintegration, hypernationalism, religious or ethnic fanaticism, isolationism, and self-sufficiency is threatening in itself.

The only way to secure the world and maintain the sustainability of the globe is to support and emphasize the notion: “One world or none.” The good news is that the structural and political conditions for the realization of the one world concept are better than ever.

Never before in history has there been a common, international acceptance by almost all the world’s countries of common, general global norms. These norms are democracy, a market economy, human rights, and personal freedom.

The interpretation of these norms is different in different countries, and only few, often referred to as the rogue states, are not in agreement. It is, however, a fact that officially almost all states adhere to these international norms, and that they are inclined to follow them. Why is this so? They are following not necessarily in the “believing” sense, but in the “copying” sense, meaning that countries following these norms are often doing well in the international system. It simply pays – internationally, as well as domestically – to follow these norms. The bad news, however, is that the forces of antiglobalism, hypernationalism, isolationism, and hyper-religionism are still at work¹².

UNIT IV. Global Economic Security

Vocabulary

1. conduct [‘kɔndʌkt] n
2. murky [‘mɜːkɪ] adj
3. encompass [ɪn’kʌmpəs, en-] v
4. concern [kən’sɜːn] n
5. maintain [meɪn’teɪn] v
6. requirements
7. adequate [‘ædɪkwət] adj
8. ruler [‘ruːlə] n
9. disposable [dɪs’pəuzəbl] adj
10. income [‘ɪŋkʌm, ‘ɪn-] n
11. tax receipts
12. military capability
13. purchase [‘pɜːʧəs] v
14. divert [daɪ’væːt] v
15. pursuit [pə’sjuːt] n
16. drag on v
17. funding [‘fʌndɪŋ] n
18. total war
19. run out v
20. expenditure [ɪk’spendɪʧə, ek-] n
21. collapse [kə’læps] v
22. intermittently [ˌɪntə’mɪt(ə)ntlɪ] adv
23. territorial integrity
24. military adventure
25. conquer [‘kɔŋkə] v
26. dumping ground
27. overproduction [ˌəuvəprə’dʌkʃ(ə)n] n
28. subordinate [sə’bɔːd(ə)nət] adj
29. coercion [kəu’ɜːʃ(ə)n] n
30. shortage [‘ʃɔːtɪʤ] n

– руководство, управление
– неясный
– заключать
– проблема, вопрос
– поддерживать, сохранять
– потребности
– адекватный, соответствующий
– правитель
– доступный
– доход
– налоговые поступления
– военный потенциал
– добиваться; достигать
– 1) направлять в другую сторону 2) отвлекать (внимание)
– занятие, дело; профессия
– тянуться медленно; затягиваться
– субсидирование, финансирование
– тотальная война
– кончаться, иссякать
– расходование, трата денег
– потерпеть крах, неудачу (о предприятии, планах)

– периодически; с перерывами
– территориальная целостность, неприкосновенность
– военная авантюра
– завоевывать
– свалка
–перепроизводство, затоваривание
– зависимый от (кого-л. / чего-л.), подчиненный
– принуждение, насилие
– нехватка, недостаток; дефицит

31. trigger [‘trɪgə] v
32. stockpiling
33. retaliation [rɪˌtælɪ’eɪʃ(ə)n] n
34. shifting rents

– приводить в действие
– накопление запасов
– отплата, расплата
– повышение платы

Global security can take many forms, including economic, environmental, personal and information security. Each of these is significant for the conduct of international politics and international economic relations.

Economic security refers to the protection of systems of production and exchange, of economic resources, and of business interests. The globalization of economic relations, and growth of the multinational corporations (MNCs) and international financial markets, has produced new problems for global economic security¹³.

Economic security’ is a murky concept that loosely encompasses three concerns:

(1) countries need to maintain a strong enough economic base to support military spending requirements;

(2) countries need to protect their citizens from international economic shocks and to ensure access to critical resources and technologies;

(3) countries need to provide an adequate standard of living to their citizens, which may involve the maintenance of domestic production in `strategic’ industries.

Different analysts and policy options address each of the three types of economic security.

The first economic security definition has close ties to traditional national security policies. Rulers’ disposable income, which depends on tax receipts from a productive economy, has always determined the amount of military capability that can be purchased. Capital and labour invested in force structure and weapons research are diverted from productive civilian pursuits. Peacetime military forces require a long-term stable level of investment a steady drag on productivity. Wartime activities require additional short-term funding for operations (resources consumed by the war). In the age of total war, national military mobilization diverts additional workers from production of consumer goods and additional capital from long-term investment. Countries that run out of money for military expenditure lose wars; countries that lack the economic base to maintain their peacetime level of military expenditures often collapse from within.

The second economic security definition focuses on external factors that can intermittently affect prosperity — just as military security focuses on protection from wars that intermittently threaten a country’s territorial integrity. Marxist theories of Imperialism argue that military adventures are stimulated by the need to conquer foreign markets as a dumping ground for capitalist industries’ overproduction. According to this view, military security is subordinate to economic security, and wars start when the business cycle threatens influential corporations’ profits. Realists sometimes also justify military interventions for economic reasons, but from a more defensive perspective than the Marxists. The state of economic security, in this view, is defined by immunity from external economic shocks and foreign economic coercion. Realists want to preserve access to critical raw material supplies to prevent wartime shortages and to prevent foreign leaders from suddenly raising prices on essential imports, which might trigger a domestic recession. Strategic stock-piling of resources complements the realist economic security prescription of military intervention in preserving access to supplies. Liberals, on the other hand, recommend policies to shift from dependence to interdependence as a response to economic security threats: the threat of retaliation under interdependence may deter attempts at economic coercion.

The third economic security definition considers a country’s long-term prosperity the base rate of economic grows rather than the variance in prosperity addressed in the second definition. At one extreme, economic security might require citizens’ access to a minimum level of ‘basic human needs’, including adequate housing and food supplies. This definition brings the economic security discussion most directly to the level of the individual.

At the national level, a more moderate definition still envisions the protection of long-term prosperity as the key measure of economic security. Competitiveness has been considered an appropriate focus for policy in all governments. Government policies that help domestic industries in strategic sectors can increase real national wealth by shifting rents from foreign competitors¹⁴.

I. Read the text. Say if the following sentences are true or false (t/f). Correct the false statements.

1. Economic security refers to the protection of systems of production and exchange, of economic resources, and of business interests. ___

2. The globalization of economic relations, and growth of the multinational corporations (MNCs) and international financial markets, has caused new achievements of global economic security. ___

3. Economic security’ encompasses three concerns: countries need to maintain a strong economy to support military spending requirements, to protect their citizens from international economic shocks, also countries need to provide an adequate standard of living to their citizens. ___

4. The first economic security definition has close ties to traditional national security policies. ___

5. State income depends on tax receipts from a productive economy. ___

6. Countries that run out of money for military expenditure win wars. ___

7. The second economic security definition focuses on internal factors that can intermittently affect prosperity. ___

8. The third economic security definition considers a country’s long-term prosperity the base rate of economic grows. ___

9. Government policies that help domestic industries in strategic sectors cannot increase real national wealth by shifting rents from foreign competitors. ___

II. Match the words with their definitions.

1) standard of living
2) income
3) total war
4) expenditure
5) subordinate
6) profit
7) raw material
8) shortage
9) interdependence
10) dependence

a) an amount of money spent
b) lower in rank or position
c) a war which is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the accepted rules of war are disregarded
d) the basic material from which a product is made
e) the condition of a group of people or things that all depend on each other
f) the state of relying on or being controlled by someone or something else
g) a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
h) the degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community
i) money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments
j) a state or situation in which something needed cannot be obtained in sufficient amounts

III. Make up word combinations in accordance with the text and translate them.

1) business
2) multinational
3) financial
4) murky
5) standard
6) domestic
7) tax
8) military
9) short-term
10) total
11) consumer
12) long-term
13) run out
14) territorial
15) conquer

a) production
b) receipts
c) investment
d) of living
e) capability
f) funding
g) of money
h) interests
i) corporations
j) markets
k) concept
l) war
m) goods
n) profits
o) shortages

16) dumping
17) corporations’
18) wartime
19) National

p) integrity
q) foreign markets
r) ground
s) wealth

IV. Find 13 words on the topic in the letter box and translate them.

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V. Complete the sentences.

1. Global security can take many forms, including _________________.

2. Economic security refers to the protection of systems of _______________________________________________________________.

3. Economic security’ is a murky concept that loosely encompasses three concerns: _________________________________________________.

VI. Fill in the gaps.

1. The _____________ of economic relations, and growth of the _____________ corporations (MNCs) and international financial markets, has produced new __________ for global economic security.

2. Countries need to maintain a strong enough economic base to support _____________ spending requirements.

3. Countries need to protect their citizens from international economic _________ and to ensure ________ to critical resources and technologies.

4. Countries need to provide an adequate _____________ of living to their _____________, which may involve the ______________ of domestic production in `strategic’ industries.

5. Rulers’ disposable _____________, which depends on ________ receipts from a productive economy, has always determined the amount of military ____________.

6. The second economic security definition focuses on ____________ factors that can intermittently affect __________.

7. The third economic security definition considers a country’s long-term prosperity the base ________ of economic _______.

VII. Answer the questions. Think of more questions of your own.

1. What does the term “economic security” refer to?

2. What concerns does the concept of economic security encompass?

3. What problems does the first economic security definition focus on?

4. What factors does the second economic security definition focus on?

5. What does the third economic security definition consider?

VIII. Write headings for the paragraphs.

IX. Make up a dialogue.

X. Give a summary of the text.

XI. Conversation questions.

1. Franklin Delano Roosevelt said: “True individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence.” Do you agree?

2. How important is financial security to you?

3. What is more important to you, safety or convenience?

Supplementary texts

Read and translate the text.

Economic security

This can refer to states as well as to private companies.

At first view, the term ‘economic security’ seems to be a contradiction in itself in liberal economies, since capitalism is based on insecurity. It refers to doctrines and policies, consisting in preventing and avoiding disruptions in the life of firms or, more often, of states.

As our globalisation is firstly an economic process, it is understandable that security has shifted from the military to the economic. Economic security takes particularly into account the new risks occurring from the combination of the globalised competition and the incredible new role of information, for example threats on data, attacks on public research centres, attacks from financial predators against state currencies (like in UK by GeorgeF Soros in 1992, at a time when capacities of information were even less developed), stock market manipulations, etc...

And States build up new legal tools in order to protect their economies from predators, such as the US CFIUS since 1975 or in France, a minimum version in 2005. The question is to reach an acceptable balance between security and protectionism¹⁵.

Read the texts about Money Laundering Investigations. What do you think?

Former Pharmacy Operator Sentenced for Structuring Bank Deposits

On Aug. 3, 2015 in Huntington, West Virginia, Kofi Ohene Agyekum, former owner and operator of A+ Care Pharmacy in Barboursville, West Virginia, was sentenced to 64 months in prison. Agyekum also agreed to forfeit to the United States more than $2.3 million plus a Lexus. Agyekum pleaded guilty in May 2015 and admitted to avoiding the federal reporting requirement by making deposits in an amount less than $10,000 and making the deposits in multiple bank accounts in various area banks. Federal banking laws aimed at identifying criminal activity require financial institutions to report cash transactions of more than $10,000 to federal authorities. Structuring, or dividing cash transactions into amounts less than $10,000, is a common technique used by criminals to avoid triggering the reporting requirements and the detection of the underlying crimes. It was found that the funds Agyekum structured were derived from the illegal distribution of oxycodone from A+ Care Pharmacy.

Former Ringleader of Albuquerque-Based Drug Trafficking Organization Sentenced

On July 28, 2015, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Christopher Roybal, the former leader of an Albuquerque-based drug trafficking organization, was sentenced to 168 months in prison, five years of supervised release and required to pay a $184,080 money judgment. On Feb. 25, 2015, Roybal pleaded guilty to five counts of a second superseding indictment, charging him with participating in a cocaine trafficking conspiracy, three money laundering conspiracies, and a substantive money laundering offense. In entering his guilty plea, Christopher Roybal admitted that between Aug. 2011 and Dec. 2012, he conspired with others to distribute kilogram quantities of cocaine in Albuquerque and Las Vegas, N.M. He also admitted participating in three conspiracies that laundered the proceeds of his drug trafficking organization. One conspiracy involved the transportation of drug proceeds from Albuquerque to California to pay for marijuana that was distributed by Christopher Roybal’s organization. The second and third conspiracies involved the laundering of Christopher Roybal’s drug proceeds through accounts at a bank and a credit union. As part of his plea agreement, Roybal agreed to forfeit his Albuquerque residence and a 1967 Chevrolet Camaro. The charges filed in the case were the result of a 16-month multi-agency investigation into a drug trafficking organization headed by Roybal. Roybal was one of the 19 defendants charged in Dec. 2012, with drug trafficking and money laundering charges in a 60-count indictment. The indictment was superseded twice; first in Feb. 2014, to add a 20th defendant and a witness tampering charge, and again in Sept. 2014, to add another witness tampering charge and a heroin trafficking charge¹⁶.

UNIT V. Socio-Economic Security

Vocabulary

1. pertain [pə’teɪn, pɜː-] to v
2. dwelling [‘dwelɪŋ] n
3. impact [‘ɪmpækt] n
4. social environment
5. community [kə’mjuːnətɪ] n
6. capacity [kə’pæsətɪ] n
7. benefits
8. assurance of receipt
9. disability retirement
10. minimum wage
11. progressive taxation
12. enshrine [ɪn’ʃraɪn, en-] v
13. bargain [‘bɑːgɪn] v
14. on behalf of
15. trade unions
16. strike [straɪk] n
17. ample [‘æmpl] adj
18. income-earning adj
19. quantity [‘kwɔntətɪ] n
20. cognitive [‘kɔgnətɪv] adj
21. full-employment
22. wage [weɪʤ] n
23. salary [‘sæl(ə)rɪ]
24. arbitrary [‘ɑːbɪtr(ə)rɪ] adj
25. dismissal [dɪs’mɪs(ə)l] n

– а) принадлежать б) относиться

– жилище, (жилой) дом

– сильное воздействие; влияние

– социальная среда, общественные условия, социальное [общественное] окружение
– община; местное сообщество

– способность

– льготы, услуги; привилегии
– гарантия денежных поступлений

– выход на пенсию по инвалидности [по состоянию здоровья]

– 1) минимальная заработная плата
2) прожиточный минимум

– прогрессивное налогообложение (система налогообложения, при которой налоговые ставки возрастают по мере роста базы налогообложения, напр., облагаемого дохода или стоимости облагаемого имущества налогоплательщика)
– бережно хранить
– заключить сделку; договориться
– от лица, от имени (кого-л.)
– профсоюзы

– забастовка

– богатый, изобильный

– приносящий доход, доходный

– количество

– когнитивный, познавательный
– полная занятость
– заработная плата (рабочих)
– жалованье, заработная плата (служащего); оклад

– произвольный, случайный
– увольнение; отставка, сокращение

27. self-employed [ˌselfɪm’plɔɪd]
26. redress [rɪ’dres] v
28. hiring
29. firing
30. dilution [daɪ’luːʃ(ə)n] n
31. craft boundaries
32. craft union
33. scourge [skɜːʤ] n
34. absenteeism [ˌæbs(ə)n’tiːɪz(ə)m] n
35. harassment [‘hærəsmənt, hə’ræsmənt]
36. apprenticeship [ə’prentɪsʃɪp] n

– самозанятый; имеющий собственное предприятие

– возмещать, компенсировать (убытки, ущерб)

– наем
– увольнение (по решению работодателя)
– замена части квалифицированных рабочих неквалифицированными

– границы профессии
– профсоюз, организованный по цеховому принципу
– бич, бедствие, беда; кара

– отсутствие без уважительной причины; систематические прогулы

– харассмент (термин, используемый чаще всего для обозначения сексуальных домогательств на рабочем месте, также и для других видов действий, производимых вопреки желанию объекта)
– обучение, учение, ученичество (ремеслу)

Economic security is composed of basic social security, defined by access to basic needs infrastructure pertaining to health, education, dwelling, information, and social protection, as well as work-related security.

The report delineates seven component of work-related security. While all seven dimensions are important, two are essential for basic security: income security and voice representation security.

Basic security means limiting the impact of uncertainties and risks people face daily while providing a social environment in which people can belong to a range of communities, have a fair opportunity to pursue a chosen occupation and develop their capacities.

Income security denotes adequate actual, perceived and expected income, either earned or in the form of social security and other benefits. It encompasses the level of income (absolute and relative to needs), assurance of receipt, expectation of current and future income, both during working life and in old age or disability retirement. Classic income security protection mechanisms include a minimum wage machinery, wage indexation, comprehensive social security, and progressive taxation.

Representation security refers to both individual representation and collective representation. Individual representation is about individual rights enshrined in laws as well as the individuals’ access to institutions. Collective representation means the right of any individual or group to be represented by a body that can bargain on their behalf and which is sufficiently large, sufficiently independent and sufficiently competent to do so. Independent trade unions with the right to collectively bargain over wages, benefits, and working conditions as well as to monitor working practices and strike have been typical forms of granting representation security.

Labour market security arises when there are ample opportunities for adequate income-earning activities. It has a structural component, in that it represents the types and quantity of opportunities. Furthermore, it has a cognitive side, as it also features expectations that opportunities are or will become adequate. Policies aimed at enhancing this form of security have included full-employment oriented macro-economic policies, the creation of employment agencies, and other placing services.

Employment security is protection against loss of income-earning work. For wage and salary workers, employment security exists in organizations and countries, in which there is strong protection against unfair or arbitrary dismissal and where workers can redress unfair dismissal. For the self-employed, it means protection against sudden loss of independent work, and/or business failure. Typical forms of enhancing employment security have been protection against arbitrary dismissal, regulations on hiring and firing, and imposition of costs on employers for failing to adhere to rules.

Job security signifies the presence of niches in organizations and across labour markets allowing the workers some control over the content of a job and the opportunity to build a career. Whereas employment security refers to the opportunity of a worker to continue working in an enterprise, job security refers to the worker’s ability to pursue a line of work in conjunction with his or her interests, training and skills. Protection mechanisms have consisted of barriers to skill dilution such as craft boundaries, job qualifications, restrictive practices, craft unions, etc.

Work security denotes working conditions in organizations that are safe and promote workers’ well-being. Classic “occupational health and safety” provisions shielding workers from occupational hazards, diseases, and injuries are an integral part. Work security goes beyond this, though, in addressing the modern scourges of stress, overwork, absenteeism, and harassment. Protection devices for work security include provisions and insurance against accidents and illness at work, and limits on working time.

Skill reproduction security denotes workers’ access to basic education as well as vocational training to develop capacities and acquire the qualifications needed for socially and economically valuable occupations. Ways to further skill reproduction security include policies to generate widespread opportunities to gain and retain skills through education, apprenticeships, and employment training¹⁷.

I. Read the text. Say if the following sentences are true or false (t/f). Correct the false statements.

1. Economic security is composed of basic social security, and work-related security. ___

2. There exist six components of work-related security. ___

3. Income security and voice representation security are essential for basic security. ___

4. Income security arises when there are ample opportunities for adequate income-earning activities. ___

5. Classic income security protection mechanisms include a minimum wage machinery, wage indexation, comprehensive social security, and progressive taxation. ___

6. Representation security refers to both individual representation and collective representation. ___

7. Individual representation means the right of any individual or group to be represented by a body that can bargain on their behalf and which is sufficiently large, sufficiently independent and sufficiently competent to do so. ___

8. Collective representation is about individual rights enshrined in laws as well as the individuals’ access to institutions. ___

9. Labour market security denotes adequate actual, perceived and expected income, either earned or in the form of social security and other benefits. ___

10. Employment security is protection against loss of income-earning work. ___

11. Job security denotes working conditions in organizations that are safe and promote workers’ well-being. ___

12. Work security signifies the presence of niches in organizations and across labour markets allowing the workers some control over the content of a job and the opportunity to build a career. ___

13. Skill reproduction security denotes workers’ access to basic education as well as vocational training. ___

II. Match the words with their definitions.

1) dwelling
2) retirement
3) taxation
4) trade union
5) craft union
6) wage
7) salary
8) job
9) work
10) craft
11) strike

a) a union of people of the same skilled craft
b) an organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests
c) a fixed regular payment earned for work or services, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis
d) a house, flat, or other place of residence
e) the action or fact of leaving one’s job and ceasing to work
f) a paid position of regular employment
g) activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a result

h) a refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer
i) an activity involving skill in making things by hand
j) the levying of tax
k) a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a monthly basis but often expressed as an annual sum, made by an employer to an employee, especially a professional or white-collar worker

III. Make up word combinations in accordance with the text and translate them.

1) social
2) chosen
3) develop
4) level
5) assurance
6) disability
7) minimum
8) trade
9) income-earning
10) cognitive
11) arbitrary
12) build
13) skill
14) craft
15) job
16) scourges
17) vocational

a) of income
b) of receipt
c) capacities
d) wage
e) unions
f) a career
g) dilution
h) activities
i) side
j) retirement
k) protection
l) occupation
m) of stress
n) training
o) dismissal
p) boundaries
q) qualifications

IV. Make up sentences.

1) Income security denotes
2) Representation security refers to
3) Labour market security arises when there are
4) Employment security is
5) Job security signifies
6) Work security denotes
7) Skill reproduction security denotes

a) ample opportunities for adequate income-earning activities.
b) adequate actual, perceived and expected income, either earned or in the form of social security and other benefits.
c) working conditions in organizations that are safe and promote workers’ well-being.
d) workers’ access to basic education as well as vocational training to develop capacities and acquire the qualifications needed for socially and economically valuable occupations.
e) the presence of niches in organizations and across labour markets allowing the workers some control over the content of a job and the opportunity to build a career.
f) both individual representation and collective representation.
g) protection against loss of income-earning work.

V. Find 11 words on the topic in the letter box and translate them.

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VI. Complete the sentences.

1. Economic security is composed of ___________________________.

2. The seven components of work-related security are_______________.

3. Basic security means ___________________________________.

VII. Fill in the gaps.

1. Income security denotes adequate actual, perceived and expected __________________, either earned or in the form of social security and other __________.

2. Income security encompasses the level of income, assurance of __________, expectation of current and future income, both during working life and in old age or disability ___________.

3. Classic income security protection mechanisms include a minimum _________ machinery, wage __________, comprehensive social security, and progressive _________.

4. Representation security refers to both individual representation and ___________ representation.

5. Independent trade________ with the right to collectively bargain over wages, benefits, and working conditions as well as to monitor working practices and __________ have been typical forms of granting ________________ security.

6. Labour market security arises when there are ample opportunities for adequate _______________-_____________ activities.

7. Employment security is protection against __________ of income-earning work.

8. Typical forms of enhancing employment security have been protection against arbitrary ___________, regulations on ________ and firing.

9. Job security protection mechanisms have consisted of barriers to skill ____________ such as craft ___________, job _________, restrictive practices, ____________ unions, etc.

10. Work security goes beyond this, though, in addressing the modern ________ of stress, overwork, absenteeism, and harassment.

11. Skill reproduction security denotes workers’ access to basic education as well as ______________ training.

VIII. Answer the questions. Think of more questions of your own.

1. What parts is economic security composed of?

2. What does «basic security» mean?

3. What does income security denote?

4. What do classic income security protection mechanisms include?

5. What does representation security refer to?

6. When does labour market security arise?

7. What is employment security?

8. What are the typical forms of enhancing employment security?

9. What is the difference between job security and employment security?

10. What are the protection mechanisms of job security?

11. What does work security denote?

12. What does protection devices for work security include?

13. What are the ways to skill reproduction security?

IX. Write headings for the paragraphs.

X. Make up a dialogue.

XI. Give a summary of the text.

XII. Conversation tasks.

The safety of victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault and stalking is inextricably linked to their economic security. Law enforcement can better protect victims and prevent future harm by understanding this link and its connection to the work of law enforcement. As the gateway to the criminal justice system, law enforcement plays a critical role in protecting the economic security of victims whether through collecting evidence, arresting for economic crimes or enforcing court orders¹⁸.

1. Look at the list of situations when immediate safety is the first priority. Match the scenes with possible economic implications. Which situation do you consider the most/ the least dangerous?

Red Flags to Look for at the Scene

Possible Economic Implications

1. Is the victim hesitant to let officers in the home?

a. A sign of economic control. May prohibit the victim from going to work/school or reaching safety.

2. Is the victim hesitant to have the offender arrested?

b. A sign of economic dependency. If the offender is in a position of power (employer, supervisor, administrator, coach, teacher, etc.), the victim may fear retaliation against their job, education or scholarship.

3. Did the offender take or have the only car or house keys?

c. A sign of concern about the landlord and fear of eviction. May also show fear of the abuser being arrested.

4. Does the victim have nowhere else to go?

d. A sign of economic dependency, inability to work or access health care, and control over immigration status. Huge potential for economic abuses in immigrant cases.

5. Is the offender translating for a limited English proficiency victim?

e. A sign of the offender hiding electronic surveillance, evidence of accessing the victim’s bank accounts, or proof of economic crimes like theft, identity theft or forgery.

6. Is the offender hesitant or unwilling to turn over their laptop or cell phone?

f. A sign of economic dependency and isolation. The victim may not have resources or control of finances for a hotel.

7. Did the victim delay reporting the assault because of school?

g. A sign of fear that exposure of the assault would disrupt education and/or career. The offender may be someone at school or in a position of power.

During both the initial response and the follow-up investigation, officers can collect evidence and ask questions that will benefit the victim’s economic security. Thorough evidence collection is one of the best ways for law enforcement to preserve or improve a victim’s economic security. First responders must have the economic impacts of abuse in mind from the onset and gather the necessary evidence at the scene because it will probably be quickly cleaned up or altered and may be too late to document. Other evidence may take longer to collect and will most likely be documented by the follow-up investigators.

2. Look at the list of Evidence Collection and Interviewing recommendations. Which do you consider the most/least important?

First Responders and/or Investigators: Recommended Economic Evidence Collection

a. If the injuries or property damage occurred outside, check neighboring businesses or residences for any security camera footage that may have captured it.

b. Document the property in the offender’s possession that belongs to the victim.

c. Collect information, with corroboration from the victim, of property’s value or repair cost.

d. Document calls, emails, text messages and social media both at home and at work or school.

e. Inquire about and collect financial documents showing related costs of the violence (bills, bank statements, credit reports, invoices, receipts, canceled checks, stolen pay checks, etc.).

f. Document injuries from violence and the related health care costs.

g. Obtain records of missed work or school (HR leave request forms, school attendance reports, security sign-in logs, etc.) as a result of the violence.

h. Utilize forensic accounting to uncover cyberstalking/electronic surveillance, online economic crimes and identity theft. Show monitoring from the offender’s work and home technology. On the victim’s end, identify phone/ email spoofs, unauthorized GPS tracking and phone breaking.

i. Document any measures taken by the victim to protect against violence or threats, such as security systems, moving to another residence, changing phone numbers, etc. Verify all costs of such measures (bills, receipts, bank statements, credit card reports, etc.).

Beyond serving as witnesses of the violence itself, certain individuals can provide information about the victim’s economic insecurity as well as the economic abuses or costs inflicted by the offender. Beyond basic questions about the history of abuse or harassment that officers already routinely ask, the following inquiries may help assess the full economic impact of the violence and serve as additional evidence for economic relief.

3. Look at the list of questions that may help assess the full economic impact of the violence and serve as additional evidence for economic relief. Match the witnesses and the questions.

1. Employer and co-workers:

a. Has there been any previous law enforcement presence that might put the victim’s housing stability at risk by violating lease policies against criminal involvement?
Has there been property damage (broken windows or furniture, repair people, etc.)?

2. Neighbors:

b. Does the offender disrupt the workplace?
Does the disruption impede the victim’s ability to work or cause a decline in performance?
Did the offender cause the victim to miss days of work?

3. Roommate:

c. Did the assault occur at school, school property or a school-sanctioned activity?
Does the offender know how to access the victim’s on-campus housing?

Has the victim’s class work or grades suffered since the assault?
Is the victim’s enrollment or school-based employment at risk because of the violence?
What health care or economic support services has the school offered the victim?
Have other students been harmed or impacted? Are other students aware of the assault? If so, how are they treating the victim?

4. School affiliates (ex. teachers/professors, administrators, classmates, Resident Assistant):

d. Do you have access to the victim’s bank accounts, paychecks or other personal data?
How often do you contact the victim at work?
Have you threatened to fire/expel/reprimand the victim for reporting a sexual assault?
Do you have any of the victim’s property in your possession?

5. Offender:

e. Has the landlord or housing manager threatened you or the victim with eviction due to violence, missed or late bills, or the presence of law enforcement at the home?
Is the landlord or housing manager the perpetrator of the violence or harassment?
Has the offender destroyed or damaged any property at home?

While necessary and often beneficial, these interviews may