Useful grammar
 


     ,    ,   .   ,     .     ,     .





Useful grammar



 



  



 ,2025



ISBN978-5-0059-5286-8

     Ridero







 ,  !

    .      British Council,  10  ,       ,     , ,  .      ,     Friends club  .

     ,  ,    ,   ,    .            ,         .             111,    ,    . ,        ,       .        ,  . ,     ,        ,    ,     .

    ,     -!




Phonetics / 


ABC / 



Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx YyZz



: a/ e / i/ o/u



     :  .        e  ,      .   ,     ,      ,   ,      .    ,   .



A

[e?]  name / take/ cake/ plane 

[?]  cat / hat / can / man 



B [b] bag / black /bad



C [k] cat / cap / can / carrot



D [d]  dog / doll / drink /duck



E

[?] me / he/ we / eve 

[e]  red / neck/ open / dress 



F [f]  flag / fat / fast / flake



G

[g]  get / go /good

[?]  age / agent / angel

  [g].



H [h]  hot / home /hill



I

[a?]  I/ hi / fine / hide 

[?] is / Liz / his / him 



J [?]  jam / jump / jacket



K [k] key / black / kangaroo



[k]  ,  , ,  -k  , : know/ knee  -n.


L [l]  live / like / let /lift



M [m]  milk / man / make /me



N [n]  nice / nose / neck /nine



O

[?u]  home / go / no 

[?] oon / pond / top 



P [p]  pot / plate /pig



Q [k] question / quick / queen



R [r]  rest / red / ride /read



S [s] sad / sit / sun /sofa



T [t]  task / taste / take / trust



U

[ju: ] pupil / ruler / music 

[?] umbrella / run / cup 



V [v] van / vase / violin



W[w]  win / wine / we /weak



X [ks]  box / Rex/fox



Y

[a?]  my / fly /bye

[?] family / Billy / Willy



Z[z]  zoo / zebra /zero



:

sh [?]  shop / brush /ship



ch [?]  chocolate / chips / cheese



th

[?]   this / that / father

[?]   think / through /both



wh [w] what / why /when



ck [k] black / duck /pack



ph [f]  photo / elephant / phone



ng [n]  bring / watching / thing



er

[?: ]her

[?]  sister / brother



[i: ]

ea please / mean / teacher

ee bee / green /see



ir [?: ] bird / third



y [j]  yes / young /your



s [?] pleasure / vision / usual



o[?] alove / mother / son / brother / grandmother



:

     .



[e?]  name / late /aim

[a?]  my / idea /time

[e?]  pair / where /bear

[?e]  hier /beer

[au]  out /cow

[u?] aa pure / fewer

[?: ]oo your / or / daughter



Silent letters/  :

island, knee, knife, know, knock, knowledge, wrong, wrist, muscle, castle, whistle, fasten, listen, bomb, lamb, thumb, comb, scissors, psychology, honest, hour, cupboard, answer, guess, handsome, half, calm, Christmas.



     :

ous [?s]  famous / dangerous / unconscious

age [??]  luggage / village /cabbage /manage /message

able [?bl]  comfortable / suitable / vegetable

are [e?]  care / square/ stare/fare

ile [a?l]  mobile / while /file

tory / tary [t?r?]  directory / history / documentary / secretary

ture [??]  picture / departure / future

ate [e?t]  educate / operate / communicate




 / Pronouns







Possessive pronouns:    .




Verb Tobe / 


     .



 ࠖ .



+



Iam = Im Iam apupil. =Im apupil. / .



he

she ? is = s is adoctor. =Hes adoctor. / .

it



you

we ? are = re They are friends.= Theyre friends. / .

they







      not.



Iam not = Im not Im not apupil. / .



he

she ? is not = isnt He isnt adoctor. / .

it



you

we ? are not = arent They arent friends. / .

they



?



  am, is, are   .



Am IAm Iapupil? / ?



Is he / she / it Is he adoctor? / ?



Are you / we / they Are they friends? / ?



 :



Yes, Iam. No, Imnot.

Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isnt.

Yes, you / we / they are. No, you / we / they arent.




Verb Have/has got /

 


,  ,  - - .



 ࠖ .



+



I/ you / we / they ? have got = vegot

You have got acat. /Ӡ .



he / she / it ? has got = sgot

She has got adog. /Ӡ  .







      have / has not.



I/ you / we / they ?have not got = haventgot

You havent got acat. /Ӡ  .



he / she / it ? has not got = hasntgot

She hasnt got adog. /Ӡ  .



?



  have / has   .



Have you / we / they / Igot

Have you got acat? /Ӡ ?



Has he / she / itgot

Has she got adog? /Ӡ  ?



 :



Yes, I/ you / we / they have.

No, I/ you / we / they havent.

Yes, he / she / ithas.

No, he / she / it hasnt.




Verb Can / 


+



I

he

she

it??? ? can Ican run/   .

you

we

they







I

he

she

it???? cannot = cant He cant read./   .

you

we

they



?



   can  .



Can I/ you / we / they / he / she / it?

Can you dance?   ?



 :

Yes, I/ you / we / they / he / she / itcan.

No, I/ you / we / they / he / she / it cant.




Articles Part 1/ . 1


    .  :  .



a,an



    :

a,    ;

an ,   .



adog, an orange



   :

Ihave got abrother.



C :

He is ateacher.



the



       .



  - .

Ihave got acat. The cat is black.




Plural nouns /   


1.ʠ   -s.

acat cats, adogdogs



2.   -s, -ss, -ch, -sh, -x  -o,   -es.

abus buses, adress dresses, abrush brushes, abench benches, abox boxes, atomato tomatoes.



*:

aphoto photos / apiano pianos / aradio radios / avideo videos



:

aman men (ࠖ )

awoman women (ࠖ )

achild children (ꠖ )

aperson people (ꠖ )

agoose geese ( )

atooth teeth (᠖ )

afoot feet (ࠖ )

amouse mice ( )

an ox oxen (ꠖ )

adeer deer ( )

afish fish (ࠖ )

asheep sheep (ࠖ )



 :



3.   -f  -fe,    -v -es.

aleaf leaves / aknife knives



*:

agiraffe giraffes / aroof roofs / achief cheifs / aproof proofs



4.    + y,  y  i+es.

acountry countries / ababy babies




There is / There are /  There is /are


,   ,  - - .    ,  ?,  ?.



There is apen on the table. / .

There are books inmy bag. /   .



 there is,     ..

 there are,     ..



  ,   is  are ,   ,      . .,    !!!



:



There is atable, two chairs and asofa inthe room.



:



There are four dogs, acat and ahamster inthe pet shop.




This / that / these / those


This . .,  , //.

That . .,  , //.

These . .,  ,.

Those . .,  ,.



:



This is mypen.   .

That book is hers.  .

These magazines are interesting.   .

Those girls are my friends.  蠖  .




Possessive s /   


1.E   ,  - - ,  젒s.



Toms cat 

my sisters doll   



2.  ,    .



my parents car   

my friends books   



3.    ,   s (c   ).



childrens toys  




The Present Simple Tense /   


1.     .   ,    , ,  .



2.       ,  he / she / it   -s.



Iplay hockey everyday.

He plays hockey everyday.



3.      dont,  he / she / it doesnt,     ().



Idont play hockey everyday.

He doesnt play hockey everyday.



4.     do,  he / she / it does,     ().



Do you play hockey everyday?

Does he play hockey everyday?



 :

Yes, I/ you / we / they do. No, I/ you /we / they dont.

Yes, he / she / it does. No, he /she / it doesnt.



5.- / Words-markers: every day, every month/week/year, every Monday, on Tuesdays, inthe morning/evening/afternoon, at noon, at night, at 5oclock, every evening, inspring / summer / winter / autumn, at the weekend andetc.



6. O    he / she /it:



    + y,   y i -es.

Ifly he flies / Itry he tries



!!!   + Y,   -s: Iplay he plays.



    -ch / -sh / -x/ -o / -s / -ss,    -es.

Ibrush he brushes / Idress he dresses / Iwatch he watches / Igo hegoes



: Ihave hehas.



7.Phonetics /  :

[s]   : works / helps / takes;

[z]    : falls / goes / becomes;

[iz]   : dresses / watches / brushes.



8.Adverbs offrequency /  .

    .



always 

usually 

often 

sometimes 

seldom / rarely 

never 



      ,   tobe.



Iusually wake up at 7oclock.

We are never late.




The Present Continuous Tense /   


1. ,  ,  .



2.    am / is / are +   -ing.



He is runningnow.

We are working at the moment.



3.    am/is/are c not.



Iam not = Imnot

is not = isnt

are not = arent

He isnt runningnow.

We arent working at the moment.



4.     am / is /are.



Is he runningnow?

Are we working at the moment?



 :

Yes, Iam. No, Imnot.

Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isnt.

Yes, you / we / they are. No, you / we / they arent.



5.- / Words markers: now, right now, at the moment, at this moment, today, Look!, Listen!, Quiet!



6.   :



   -e,      -ing.

take taking / make making



     +  +   ,     .

stop stopping / sit sitting



!!!  -w / -r  ,  -l .




Prepositions oftime /  


AT :

 : at 7oclock;

 : at Christmas;

  at the moment/at night.



IN:

 c : inJune;

  : inthe morning;

  : insummer;

 : inthe 19th century;

 : in2010.



ON :

  : on Monday;

 : on 3d ofJuly;

 : on Friday evening

    day: on a Christmas day.




omparative and superlative adjectives /   


1..

small, interesting



2.C:

   ,   -er.

small smaller



     ,      more.

interesting more interesting



3.:

    ,     the  -est.

small the smallest



     ,      the most.

interesting the most interesting



    :

    -e,    .

nice nicer the nicest



    -y,    -i.

happy happier the happiest



     +  + ,     .

big bigger the biggest



4.:

good better thebest

bad worse the worst

far further the furthest

little less the least



5.    ,    than.

Iam taller than my sister. / ,   .




Some&Any&No /

, ,  


     .



SOME    (+)   (?) Would / Could /Can.



There are some books inmybag.

There is some juice inthe fridge.



ANY   (-) (?) .




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