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         , 2019



The Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation



NEW DIRECTIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL LEGISLATION IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES:



COMPARATIVE LAW RESEARCH



Monograph



Executive editors N.A. Golovanova, S.P. Kubantsev



Moscow

LAW FIRM CONTRAKT

2019



Approved at the Public Law Section of the Scientific Council of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation



Reviewers:

L.V. Inogamova-Khegai  LLD, Professor, Department of Criminal Law of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL);

.. Gravina  PhD, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of Russian Federation, Member of the Russian Academy of Legal Sciences;

V.R. Avkhadeev  PhD, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of Russian Federation.



New Directions of the Development of Criminal Legislation in Foreign Countries: comparative law research: monograph/ V.Yu. Artemov, I.S. Vlasov, N.A. Golovanova, etc; Executive editors N.A.Golovanova, S.P. Kubantsev; The Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. M.: LAW FIRM CONTRACT, 2019. 424 p.



The present monograph is a comprehensive study, in which an attempt is made to systematize and summarize the main trends in the development of criminal legislation in a number of countries belonging to families of civil and common law. There is a tendency towards expansionism of criminal law, which is manifested not only in the expansion of corpora delicti, the use of the principle of extraterritoriality in the application of criminal laws, but also the involvement of other branches of law in addressing criminal law issues, the formation of new approaches to resolving criminal law conflict.

The research examines the issues of mutual influence of international law and national criminal law systems. Separately, the authors consider the most significant for the modern world directions of criminalization and decriminalization of offences. Alternative, quasi-criminal methods of influence on individuals and legal entities, which are used both at the pre-trial stage and at the stage of execution of punishment, are separately allocated.

For lawyers  scientists and practitioners, representatives of human rights organizations and law-making bodies, teachers, graduate students, undergraduates, students interested in the development of criminal law.



 The Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, 2019



 

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AUTHORS

Artemov V.Yu., PhD  Commonwealth of Australia;

Vlasov I.S., PhD, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, ass. professor  Federal Republic of Germany;

Golovanova N.A., PhD, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation  United Kingdom, Canada;

Kubantsev S.P., PhD, ass. professor  United States of America, Introduction, Conclusion;

Leschenkov F.A. Federal Republic of Germany;

Pechegin D.A., PhD  Federal Republic of Germany;

Pillipenko A.N., PhD, ass. professor  French Republic;

Sakaeva O.I. international standards;

Sakovich O.M., PhD  Czech Republic;

Semykina O.I., PhD  Azerbaijan, Georgia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Estonia;

Trefilov A.A., PhD  Swiss Confederation;

Treschetenkova N.Yu. Republic of Poland;

Fedorov A.V., Deputy Chairman of the Investigative Committee of Russia, PhD, prof., honored lawyer of the Russian Federation  states of the former Yugoslavia.







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.         .      ,      (states and territories)    ,       (Commonwealth)   . 51  [2 - Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act.].                    ,                 .            (  ),     .

     ,   ,     1995.[3 - Criminal Code Act 1995.]  ,       ,    ,      .

     .  ,        , :          1935.[4 - Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935.],         1913.[5 - Criminal Code Act Compilation Act 1913.],      1958.[6 - Crimes Act 1958.],   1899.[7 - Criminal Code Act 1899.]          2001.[8 - Crime and Misconduct Act 2001.]  .

            .                    (   ) 1999.[9 - Criminal Code Amendment (Slavery and Sexual Servitude) Act 1999.]

 2013.             (, ,   ,   )[10 - Crimes Legislation Amendment (Slavery, Slavery-like Conditions and People Trafficking) Act 2013.],     (servitude),   (forced labour),   (forced marriage),   (organ trafficking)    (debt bondage).         ,  ,       ,   . (divisions) 270  271 . 8 (         Offences Against Humanity and Related Offences)    1995.

                .    ,     ,     ,     .          ,   ,     .      .

             ,          . ,             .  2011.     ,       [11 - .:  ..,  ..,  .. . -      . . 382.]:      2011.[12 - Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission (IBAC) Act 2011.]    ,      2011.[13 - Victorian Inspectorate Act 2011.]    .

                                 1997.       1999.           (.70.170.5)     .   2010.                 [14 - Crimes Legislation Amendment (Serious and Organized Crime) Act 2010.],             [15 - .:  ..,  ..,  .. .     :  / . . .. . .: ;  , 2012. . 225.].

    () ,   ,                   (Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre  AUSTRAC).           1988.[16 - Financial Transaction Reports Act 1988.]            2006.[17 - Anti-Money Laundering and Counter Terrorism Financing Act 2006. . :  ..,  ..,  .. . -      . . 386, 387.]

 ,  ,            ,        ,    ,       ,    .

 (  ).         , ,  ,         .  ,          ,      :   , ,  , ,      ,    ,   .             ,      (        )  .

    ,      ,     ,  ,  ,    ,       ,    - ,    ,       .             ,    [18 - .: Card R., Molloy J. Criminal Law / Card, Cross & Jones Criminal Law; Twenty-second Edition. Oxford University Press, 2016. P. 2022.],          (..    primary legislation),    (   secondary legislation)[19 - . :  ..          //   . 2014. 11. . 96106.].      ,           1351.[20 - Treason Act 1351;         .:      :   /  . .., .. . . 2953.]

             [21 - .: The Law Commission (LAW COM 311). Tenth Programme of Law Reform // URL: http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/lc311_10th_Programme.pdf (http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/lc311_10th_Programme.pdf).],      [22 - .: Simplification of the Criminal Law // URL: http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/areas/codification-of-the-general-principles-of-the-criminal-law.htm (http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/areas/codification-of-the-general-principles-of-the-criminal-law.htm); http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp193_Simplification_Public_Nuisance_Consultation.pdf (http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp193_Simplification_Public_Nuisance_Consultation.pdf);http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp200_kidnapping_consultation.pdf (http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp200_kidnapping_consultation.pdf).],         ,     ,  ,    .                  (   ),   ,     .

          [23 -             ,       .]    [24 - Criminal Law Act 1967; Criminal Law Act 1977; Criminal Attempts Act 1981; Crime (Sentences) Act 1997; Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (   ;     ,    ();     ).],   ,   ,  .         ,    .       ,      (Murder, Manslaughter),          1861.[25 - Offences Against the Person Act 1861.]   .           ,           ,           .           ,   [26 -      ,     ,   ,        ..] (Public nuisance),     (Conspiracy to defraud)        (Misconduct in Public Office),      .   ,   1972.                ,         [27 - .: Knuller (Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd v DPP [1973] AC 435, [1972] 2 All ER 898, HL.].

    -        1861.;    1968.;       1971.[28 - Theft Act 1968; Criminal Damage Act 1971.]  ,        ,    .       (  2000-)       ,    ,    .        2002.,     2003.,    2006.,              2007. (     ),    2010.,     2015.,     2016.[29 - Proceeds of Crime Act 2002; Sexual Offences Act 2003; Fraud Act 2006; Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007; Bribery Act 2010; Modern Slavery Act 2015; Psychoactive Substances Act 2016.]  .

         ,     ,        ,         .    ,  ,   ,        .

,       2015.[30 - Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015.]    (. 26),         ,   ,        ,          .       43     ,   ,      ,         .                 .             30 .     ,       ,         .

         ,  ,    ,   ,              .           (regulatory offences),         2011.[31 - Public Bodies Act 2011.]             ,     (. 22).

      2018.        [32 - Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018.],     (  , ,  , )        . ,    ,     ,          ,    ,            ,              .            ,   ,                 ,     .             :      12  (, , )     ( )          10       .

               ,           ,    ,         ,      [33 - .: Macrory R. New approaches to regulatory sanctions // URL: http://www.ukela.org/content/page/2247/ELM-20-5-Macrory-final.pdf (http://www.ukela.org/content/page/2247/ELM-20-5-Macrory-final.pdf); Criminal Liability in Regulatory Contexts. The Law Commission Consultation Paper No. 195 http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp195_Criminal_Liability_consultation.pdf (http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp195_Criminal_Liability_consultation.pdf).].

            1972.            ,    , , ,   .    2018.      [34 - European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018.]    1972.,          .         ,        ,            [35 - ,      2015. (The Pyrotechnic Articles (Safety) Regulations 2015, No. 1553).].

.   ,      ,              2003. (  ,   2008  2012.[36 - Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012.]).              ,     (    ),    ,  ,    ,     , ,   ,  .

   -   ,   , , ,          ,      [37 - A New Sentencing Code for England and Wales Transition  Final Report and Recommendations // URL: http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/app/uploads/2016/05/lc365_Sentencing_Law_in_England_and_Wales.pdf (http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/app/uploads/2016/05/lc365_Sentencing_Law_in_England_and_Wales.pdf).].

   ,              ,         (The Sentencing Council for England and Wales)  ,    2010.      2009.[38 - Coroners and Justice Act 2009.]             ,    ,     ,          .             ,            .                [39 - How Guidelines are Developed, Sentencing Council // URL: http://sentencingcouncil.judiciary.gov.uk/guidelines/how-guidelines-developed.htm (http://sentencingcouncil.judiciary.gov.uk/guidelines/how-guidelines-developed.htm).].     ,      ,            ,     [40 -  ..,  ..,  .. .    :  /  . .. , .. . 2- ., . . ., 2018. . 200.].

    ,           , ,        ,        ,    .               ,  .

                     (                  - ).      ,   ,  ,        .

  30  ,   ,    . ,     14   1991, 1993, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2015  2018.[41 - Criminal Justice Act 1991, Criminal Justice Act 1993, Crime (Sentences) Act 1997; Crime and Disorder Act 1998; Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000; Proceeds of Crime Act 2002; Criminal Justice Act 2003; Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005; Serious Crime Act 2007, Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008; Coroners and Justice Act 2009; Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012; Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014; Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 and Assaults on Emergency Workers (Offences) Act 2018.]   ,    ,               ,        .

  2015.               (New Sentencing Code for England and Wales[42 - URL: https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/sentencing-code.]),      ,     .       ,    ,      2015.     (  1300 )     ,     ,       1361.,      1986.     1991.[43 - Peace Act 1361, Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986, Dangerous Dogs Act 1991.]              .    ,         ,     .

 ,       ,   ,                .          ,   .      22  2018.[44 - The Sentencing Code Volume 1: Report Presented to Parliament pursuant to section 3(2) of the Law Commissions Act 1965. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 22 November 2018 // URL: https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lawcom-prod-storage-11jsxou24uy7q/uploads/2018/11/Sentencing-Code-report-Web-version-1.pdf]     ,    ,        ( ) 2000.,      2003. . ,        ,    .

 .               ,     ,   ,       [45 -       .:  ..,  ..,  .. . . . . 183214.].                 2002.[46 - Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.],         ,    10.   ( ,   ).

    2015.[47 - Serious Crime Act 2015.]       2002.             (  6   12 )          .         ( ) 2000.       1      5   ,         7   ,     1     14    (   10 ).     10  ,                [48 - .:  ..       //   . 2015. 7. . 7886.].

  (     )                 in rem, .. ,            [49 -   in rem   . :  .. .    ,     ,     / . . .. . .: ; , 2015. . 134440;  ..  vs  ( ) //      . 2015. 3. C. 497.].                       ,      .

    ,   2017.,             ,      ,    . ,     2017.[50 - Criminal Finances Act 2017.]     (Her Majesty's High Court of Justice in England)      [51 -             ,       ,       ,     .]        (Unexplained wealth order).      (  )     ,    50.  ,     ,        ,     .

  ,    ,          .                ,              () ;          12   () .

.   ,     ,       ,                  (Queen in Right of Canada     ).  (  [52 -        .:  ..,  ..,  ..          (- ) / . . .. . ., 2013.])         ,          (,   ),   .

 . 91 (. 27)   1867.[53 - Constitution Act 1867 (British North America Act 1867).] (     )   -  (criminal law)     , ..    .      ,       , ,   , 20.   (Provincial Offences)     (Municipal Offences)      ,       .   ,   ,        ,        ,      ,        .

 ,    ,   . 92 (. 14)        ,  ,         ,            .  . 15         ,           ,   ,    .          ,    ,        .  ,           [54 - Criminal Law and Procedure. Cases and Materials / Eleventh Edition. Toronto. 2015. P. 415424.] (truly criminal conduct)   , ,     ,     .

     1892. (  . 1985.  [55 - Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985. . C-46).])   ,              ,     .            ,          .      (1906, 1927  1953.)       .  1953.       , , ,    ,    ,       (common law defences),   (excuse)   (justifications).

      1982. (Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms)[56 - Constitution Act 1982.],             ,   ,      ,        ,     ,      .

      ,   , -   ,        [57 -          ,      ,      , ,   /     . ,  -     9 .      -,    2009.  // URL: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/CERD.C.CAN.1920_ru.pdf.].      12 [58 -                .  1983.          12 ,  ,               .  12      ,          .              . .: Lees, Charlotte. The age of criminal responsibility, which direction?: acomparative study of the United Kingdom and Canada // URL: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33054&local_base=GEN01-MCG02.] (. 13),    ,      18 ,   ,   .

                      28   847 .     ,       .  ,  40%       ,   60%   - ,     ,     , , , ,    .

           .     (Interpretation),      . ,    ,    ,              ,          .

 ,             . ,  . II.1 () . 83.01      (terrorist activity)    (terrorist group); . III (   ) . 84       ,        ,    .

     ,                    .

, . II.1 () ,                         ,     (. 83.13, 83.14).            , ,     .

 XII.2 (  )           ,    , ,     .

                  (marginal notes),      1985.[59 - Interpretation Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. I-21). URL: http://tips.slaw.ca/2017/research/what-are-marginal-notes.]     .           ,     .

 ,             , ,     ,   ,      ,   ,       ,   .    ,         ,    (    , ), , ,     ,   ,        ,    ,   ,                 .       ,        .    ,       .   ,      (      )     , ..      ,         [60 - Criminal Law and Procedure. Cases and Materials. P. 4.].

     :    1893.[61 - Canada Evidence Act (R.S.C., 1985. . C-5).];      1920.[62 - Food and Drugs Act 1920.];      1992.[63 - Contraventions Act 1992.];     1995.[64 - Firearms Act 1995.];        1996.[65 - Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 1996.];      2002.[66 - Youth Criminal Justice Act 2002.];       2008.[67 - Tackling Violent Criminal Act 2008.];        2010.[68 - Protecting Victims from Sex Offenders Act 2010.];         2010.[69 - Eliminating Pardons for Serious Crimes Act 2010.];       2012.[70 - Safe Streets and Communities Act 2012.];       2013.[71 - Fighting Foreign Corruption Act 2013.];      - 2014.[72 - Protecting Canadians from Online Crime Act 2014.];          2015.[73 - Tougher Penalties for Child Predators Act S.C. 2015. . 23.];        2017.[74 - Genetic Non-Discrimination Act 2017 (S.C. 2017. . 3).]    .

    ,       . ,          1996.[75 - The Animal Care Act 1996 C.C.S.M. . A84.],   ,      ,   .,            10.  .  ()       ,          20.  .  ()      12 .             ,       ,    .

          1990.[76 - The Business Practices Act S.M. 1990-91. . 6.]       ,     ;        ,    .            100.  .  ()      12 ;           300.  .  ()      36 .           300.  .     1  .     .  ,                     ,       .

         ,       ,       (a municipal by-law     ).        . ,        1985.[77 - The Summary Convictions Act. SM 1985-86. . 4.]  ,       (   ,      [78 - The Municipal By-law Enforcement Act 2013 C.C.S.M. . M245.]),              5.  .  ()       ,       (. 4).

         2000.[79 - The Provincial Offences Procedure Act, RSA 2000. . P-34.] ,   ,   ,      2.  .  ()      6  (. 7).

      1990.[80 - The Provincial Offences Act R.S.O. 1990. CHAPTER P. 33.]     (     )      5.  . (. 61).                    ,  ,    ,   50  .       ,           ,        50.                 ,  ,       .

  .         .       400 ,             .                 ,        ,    [81 -       ,        .      53       ,  ,   50      -.],          ,      .

           .      ,      ,   ,   ,     ( ,      ..)       (   ,  ,    ..),    ,        ,                  .

,           ,            ,           . ,        ,    -            [82 -  ..   :    . ., 2007. . 7, 8.].

  XVIII.           .           1790.[83 - CRIMES ACT of 1790 (1st Federal criminal law) // URL: http://www.statutesandstories.com/blog_html/crimes-act-of-1790-1st-federal-criminal-law.]                .           - .         ,             ,                ,   ,   :  -    ,         [84 -    :   /  . .. , ... ., 1990. . 46,   : Bassiouni M.C. The sources and limits of criminal law in the United States // Revue internationale de droit penal. 1975. No. 3et 4. P. 309, 310.].

       1909.      [85 - Act of March 4, 1909, ch. 321, 35 Stat. 1088 (preamble to chapter).].     ,             , ,       .     ,   1948.         (   )   . 18    .         .      -        .              ,        ,   ,    ,   ,         .

         ()   1962.[86 - .:    ().     : . . / . ..  (.); . .. . ., 1969.]  ,        ,                  .    ,   ,    -    [87 - .:  .. . . . 10.].

          .             .             ,    ,       .         ,               .      .    ,        ,         .            ,    ,         ,           ,     .

         ,   10       ,  1962.   13-   ,         .   ,             .

 ,    XX.           .         ,     .     ,        - .     ,      XX.        nulla poena sine lege (       ),                ,       nullum crimen sine poena (   ).

              ,          ,                   - .                  ,     .

,  1972.         Furman v. Georgia[88 - Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972).]       VIII          .         (    ;     ),                .              .    1976.  Gregg v. Georgia[89 - Gregg v. Georgia, Proffitt v. Florida, Jurek v. Texas, Woodson v. North Carolina  Roberts v. Louisiana, 428 US 153 (1976).], ,  ,          ,           ,              ,    1977.               ,       .

        2005.             ,   VIII    [90 - Roper v. Simmons (03-633) 543 U.S. 551 (2005).].

  XX.        ,        ,         .     ,        ,        .  1995.      United States v. Lopez[91 - United States v. Lopez, 514  549. (1995).]                   .                 ,   ,       ,     -       [92 - United States v. Morrison, 529 US (2000).].

                -   ,                  ,       ;    ,           ;    ;    ,      ;  ,    ..

        .              ,         ,  ,     ,    [93 - City of Chicago v. Morales, 527 U.S. 41, 119 S. Ct. 1849 (1999).].

           ,      ( ).     (, )           ,  -         .            .    . 21       .

       ,          ,      (felony).  ,     ,    ,  ,     ,             - .

      ,       .               .    (. 18  )         .         (United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines),        ,               .

  ,           ,    . 18  ,    . 18      ,            .                       .               .         ,                   .

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           .      :

1)  (actus reus (https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/actus_reus));

2)    (mens rea (https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/mens_rea)[96 -   mens rea .:  ..       : . . .  //     . ., 1945;  .. Mens rea      . ., 2003;  ..        : . . . . . ., 2006.]);

3)      - .

     actus reus  mens rea      ,      .                actus reus,           mens rea (https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/mens_rea)[97 - . :  ..         // . 2000. 1. . 136149.].          ,   ,       .     ,        mens rea,        ,       ,   ;     , ,     .

  ,     ,       mens rea,                 ,       [98 - Elonis v. United States, 575 U.S. (2015).].

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    ,                  .        Robinson v. California[99 - Robinson v. California, 370 US 660 (1962).         .],   (https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/statute),     -  ,  VIII  XIV         . ,         ,       ,          .

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2. ,     


.         XIX.    1871. (    Strafgesetzbuch).         1851.,      1813.,   ,   ,        1810.   1871.                ,      ,           .  ,    ,        ,            .

    ,      ,     (Verbrechen),   (Vergehen)   (Verfehlung).          ,     ( ,   , ), ,      .   ,    ,            ,   1871.  .   ,             ,     ,           ,        (         ).

   ,     ,   1871.   ,     . ,         (19331945.),       ,               ,          -        ,      .           ( 1933.) .

      1949.                .   1951.  ()        .       ,     ,         ,          .      .      ,    ,       (V?lkerstrafgesetzbuch)  20  2002.,              (,         ,      ,          )       ( ,     ;      ,    ,         ..  17  ),            ,           ,        ;          .

         : -   24  1974.,    48                  ;       (Jugendgerichtsgesetz),     11  1974.,           ( 18 )    ( 21 );     1954. (    3  1975.),       (1986, 1998, 2002.),          (1980, 1994.),       13  1997.,          30  2016.

 ,        ,       ,            1960- .  1954.           ,                .             :        (              )    (             ).   (    Verfehlungen)               ,     ,       1968. (     Gesetz ?ber Ordnungswidrigkeiten).            (Geldb?sse)    5  1. ,     .                    (30).

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   ,   ,  1 ;

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   ,   ,    ,       1968.   ,           , [101 -              :      ,         ,     ,  ,     (.: Creifelds Rechtsw?rterbuch. C.H. Beck.M?nchen, 2000. S. 969).] 1000 .          ,       1  1975.      ,       1960- .,       1871.,   , , [102 -  ..   .   /  . .. . ., 2009. .12.].          ,  -   1871. (       13  1998.)[103 - .: Strafgesetzbuch mit Nebenggesetzen, 47. Auflage. M?nchen, 2009, Einf?hrung, S.16.].

           ,     1  1994.,     ,     15  1978.,     ,     5  2003. ,       - ,           -       .

         ,      ,       2  1974.,       .

        ,      19601970.,         1871.,     ,      ,    [104 - .:  ..,  ..    . ., 1993. . 55.].                1994.       .  77              1871.      ,    .          (Straftaten)     (Verbrechen) (,          )    (Vergehen) (           ).

.        ,           .           ,       Dziennik Ustaw        .  ,      ,    ,   ,         (. 1 2 . 91).

          :         .

     -    - , - ,  ,        .    , ,      .

     ,      (, ),       [105 - .: Makowski W. Kodeks karny wojskowy z dodaniem ustaw I przepisow wprowaczonych, przechodnich I uzupelniajacych oraz komentarza. Warszawa. 1921.       : 1)      (   . ); 2)    (, ,     1918  1970.); 3)       ,     (   19461958.).],      ,      .

      ,    .          ,              26  1982.[106 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2018. Poz. 969.]

            .     .      (Kodeks Karny),  6  1997. ( . 2018.)[107 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2018. Poz. 1600.],  ,   ,      .

-    (Kodeks Karny Skarbowy),  10  1999. ( . 2018.)[108 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2018. Poz. 1958.],  ,  .              ( ),     .

         ,   ,   .         ,    .      , ,        .

         .              ,          .

            .     ,           .  ,  ,        ,    ,    , , ,  ,     ..

                   .

        -    ()  22  2001.[109 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2018. Poz. 2114.]                  .                   2  12  (. 5860).

         ,           .                    .

         :     29  2005.[110 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2019. Poz. 852.],       29  2005.[111 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2015. Poz. 1390.],         26  1982.[112 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2018. Poz. 2137.],       13  2016.[113 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2018. Poz. 405.],     10  2016.[114 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2019. Poz. 796.],       21 2017.[115 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2017. Poz. 1051.],    ,      1  2018.[116 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2019. Poz. 1115.]

        ,     20  2002.[117 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2016. Poz. 283.]        ,           , -    ,         .

                 ,     (. 116).            ,            ,     .            .

        .     1997.  2015.    63 .       ,          .        [118 - .: Hryniewicz-Lach.Nowelizacja prawa karnego jako stala tendencja w polskiej polityce karnej; Platek M. Granice racjonalnej polityki karnej. PanstwoIPrawo. 2006. Nr. 9. S. 29.].

                ,   2015., 2017.   2018. 2020.,     ,    2018.      [119 - ,     25  2019.            . URL: https://www.ms.gov.pl//pl//informacje/news14535.].

             20  2015.     ,   [120 - Kala D., Zgolinski I. Reforma prawa karnego materialnego I procesowego z 2015 roku. Wybrane zagadnienia. Wolter Kluwer. Warszawa, 2015.]. ,    -      .

,     2015.[121 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2015. Poz. 396.],          ,                      .           .

                .          ,         MONEYVAL         [122 - .: Dwa lata wiezienia za finansowanie terroryzmu? Polska wprowadza nowe kary. Gazeta Prawna, 2015.].

            ,   2014.                  ,       ,     .  100.    217    ,   ,     .

    ,  , ,       ,      .          ,          .               ,  - ,  ,      ,     ,    ultima ratio       .     ,    2015.,   , ,   [123 - .: Zawlocki R. Reforma karna pozbawienia wolnosci z warunkowym zawieszeniem jej wykonania z perspektywy Komisji Kodyfikacyjnej Prawa Karnego. S. 21 i nast.].

 2015.         ,                [124 - .: Zrodlo: Kancelaria Prezesa Pady Ministrow. Infor. Pl. KPM. Gov. Pl. 1005. 2014.].        .              ( ).

         60%  [125 - .: Zmiany w Kodeksie Karnym. Czesciej grywny, rzadziej wiezienie. PAP, 16 stycznia 2015. URL: https://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju.3/sejm (https://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju.3/sejm) uchwalil-nowele-kodeksu-karnego-zmieniajaca filozofie-karania,506459.html].             .    ,           .       33           , ,    [126 - .: Wielka nowelizacja kodeksu karnego przyjeta przez rzad. Tvn 24. 2014.].          ,     ,     .

        ,    .                ,   .

                 ,   , .           .

     .              ,             .

      2015.  .   ,            - ,              [127 - .:  ..        . . 4. (   , )].

    ,   :            ;    ;         ;         ;  ,   , ,  ,     .

           .        [128 - .: Szeleszczuk D. Srodki karne w swietle nowelizacji Kodeksu karnego z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r.Studia Prawnicze Katolickego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawla II. 2015. Nr.4 (64). S. 75.].

             . V-a    .

          .   :    ,     ,     ,      ,   ,      .

 ,     ,      ,              .          .

        ,     ,     [129 - .: Giezek J. O sankcjach alternatywnych oraz mozliwosci wyboru rodzaju wymierzanej kary. Palestra. 2015. Nr. 78. S. 2536.].

       2015. ,                   ,    [130 - .: Uzasadnienie do Projektu ustawy o zmianie Ustawy Kodeks karny oraz niektorych innych ustaw. Druk Sejmowy. 2015. Nr. 1186. S.].             .       20 ,       25 ,    .

                 (System dozoru elektronicznego).               2009.,      7  2007.                [131 - .: Dziennik Ustaw. 2007. Nr. 191. Poz. 1366.].

   2015.   ,        (1 . 1. 93).               (VIIa).

          2      (  3 )              .          ,   2/3      .               .         ,       5    (    3 ).

           (.V-a),    20  2015.                  .    ,                ,   .     ()   ,   ,    [132 - .: Uzasadnienie do projektu ustawy o zmiane Ustawy Kodeks karny i innych ustaw // Druk Sejmowy. 2017. Nr. 1186. S. 4.].

  2015.     (.85 )[133 - .: Galazka M. Kara laczna po nowelizacji Kodeksa karnego z 20 lutego 2015 r. Studia Prawnicze Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelski Jana Pawla II. Nr 4 (64). 2015. S. 3256.].             (      )       ,      .       ,            30% .  2017.           45.    (wyrokow lacznych)[134 - .: Zasluzona kara dla przestepcow  przelomowe zmiany w Kodekse karnym // Biuro Komunikacji I Promocji Ministerstwo Sprawiedliwosci. 2018-07-24. URL: https://www.ms.gov.pl/pl/informacje/news (https://www.ms.gov.pl/pl/informacje/news),11428.zasluzona-kara-dla-przestepcow-przelomowe.html.].

         .       ,       ,             .      .

          (Zbignev Zuibro),   ,    ,     ,       ,    ,         ,           15   .    11         - .           ,       61 [135 - .: Zasluzona kara dla przestepcow  przelomowe zmiany w Kodekse karnym // Biuro Komunikacji I Promocji Ministerstwo Sprawiedliwosci. 2018-07-24. URL: https://www.ms.gov.pl/pl/informacje/news (https://www.ms.gov.pl/pl/informacje/news),11428.zasluzona-kara-dla-przestepcow-przelomowe.html.].

     - .     .  2016.     ,   10  ,      (, ),        .               13    .

 2018.         11  ,    ,     .                  .

            2017.,         .              .

                 .         2014. ,         ,            .

        ,                .                      2016.

,     ,      (  2017.)         2014/42UE  3  2014.      ,   ,        .        -     (konfiskacja rozszerzona)[136 -         .:     / . . .. ; . ., 2012. . 226232;  ..,  ..,  .. . -      . . 403431.].

,      23  2017.[137 - Dziennik Ustaw. 2017. Poz. 768.],    ,  .    ,        ,         .          ,  ,    ,           ,         -     .  ,         (2 . 45).

,                  .              .          .       , , , ,  , , , , , .     40%              13%    [138 - .: Konfiskata rozszerzona  trzeba udowodnic legalnosc pochodzenia mienia. URL: https://e-prawnik.pl/informacje/konfikata-rozszerzona.html.].

                     ,    (2 . 45).     ,   ,   .  ,                [139 -     .:  ..,  ..,  .. . -      . . 404431.].

        :

   (  )       ;

           5 ;

     .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=67285239)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


.:       / . . .. . ., 2002;  ..,  ..,  .. .          . ., 2005;  ..,  ..,  .. .        . ., 2009;  ..,  .. .      :   :   / . . .. . ., 2011;  ..,  ..,  .. .   : - : . ., 2012;  ..,  ..,  .. .        : -  / . . ... ., 2014;  ..,  ..,  .. . -      : -  / . . .. . ., 2014;  ..,  ..,  .. .    : - : -  / . . .. . ., 2016;      :   /  . .. , .. . ., 2016; ..,  ..,  .. .              .        : -  / . . .. . .: ; -, 2016;  ..,  ..,  .. .    ()      : -  / . . .. , .. . .: ; -, 2017;  ..,  ..,  .. .      . ., 2017;  ..,  ..,  .. .        :  / . . .. , .. . .: ; -, 2018;  ..,  .., .. .   -          :  / . . .. . ., 2019.




2


Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act.




3


Criminal Code Act 1995.




4


Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935.




5


Criminal Code Act Compilation Act 1913.




6


Crimes Act 1958.




7


Criminal Code Act 1899.




8


Crime and Misconduct Act 2001.




9


Criminal Code Amendment (Slavery and Sexual Servitude) Act 1999.




10


Crimes Legislation Amendment (Slavery, Slavery-like Conditions and People Trafficking) Act 2013.




11


.:  ..,  ..,  .. . -      . . 382.




12


Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission (IBAC) Act 2011.




13


Victorian Inspectorate Act 2011.




14


Crimes Legislation Amendment (Serious and Organized Crime) Act 2010.




15


.:  ..,  ..,  .. .     :  / . . .. . .: ;  , 2012. . 225.




16


Financial Transaction Reports Act 1988.




17


Anti-Money Laundering and Counter Terrorism Financing Act 2006. . :  ..,  ..,  .. . -      . . 386, 387.




18


.: Card R., Molloy J. Criminal Law / Card, Cross & Jones Criminal Law; Twenty-second Edition. Oxford University Press, 2016. P. 2022.




19


. :  ..          //   . 2014. 11. . 96106.




20


Treason Act 1351;         .:      :   /  . .., .. . . 2953.




21


.: The Law Commission (LAW COM 311). Tenth Programme of Law Reform // URL: http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/lc311_10th_Programme.pdf (http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/lc311_10th_Programme.pdf).




22


.: Simplification of the Criminal Law // URL: http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/areas/codification-of-the-general-principles-of-the-criminal-law.htm (http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/areas/codification-of-the-general-principles-of-the-criminal-law.htm); http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp193_Simplification_Public_Nuisance_Consultation.pdf (http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp193_Simplification_Public_Nuisance_Consultation.pdf);http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp200_kidnapping_consultation.pdf (http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp200_kidnapping_consultation.pdf).




23


            ,       .




24


Criminal Law Act 1967; Criminal Law Act 1977; Criminal Attempts Act 1981; Crime (Sentences) Act 1997; Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (   ;     ,    ();     ).




25


Offences Against the Person Act 1861.




26


     ,     ,   ,        ..




27


.: Knuller (Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd v DPP [1973] AC 435, [1972] 2 All ER 898, HL.




28


Theft Act 1968; Criminal Damage Act 1971.




29


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002; Sexual Offences Act 2003; Fraud Act 2006; Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007; Bribery Act 2010; Modern Slavery Act 2015; Psychoactive Substances Act 2016.




30


Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015.




31


Public Bodies Act 2011.




32


Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018.




33


.: Macrory R. New approaches to regulatory sanctions // URL: http://www.ukela.org/content/page/2247/ELM-20-5-Macrory-final.pdf (http://www.ukela.org/content/page/2247/ELM-20-5-Macrory-final.pdf); Criminal Liability in Regulatory Contexts. The Law Commission Consultation Paper No. 195 http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp195_Criminal_Liability_consultation.pdf (http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp195_Criminal_Liability_consultation.pdf).




34


European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018.




35


,      2015. (The Pyrotechnic Articles (Safety) Regulations 2015, No. 1553).




36


Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012.




37


A New Sentencing Code for England and Wales Transition  Final Report and Recommendations // URL: http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/app/uploads/2016/05/lc365_Sentencing_Law_in_England_and_Wales.pdf (http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/app/uploads/2016/05/lc365_Sentencing_Law_in_England_and_Wales.pdf).




38


Coroners and Justice Act 2009.




39


How Guidelines are Developed, Sentencing Council // URL: http://sentencingcouncil.judiciary.gov.uk/guidelines/how-guidelines-developed.htm (http://sentencingcouncil.judiciary.gov.uk/guidelines/how-guidelines-developed.htm).




40


 ..,  ..,  .. .    :  /  . .. , .. . 2- ., . . ., 2018. . 200.




41


Criminal Justice Act 1991, Criminal Justice Act 1993, Crime (Sentences) Act 1997; Crime and Disorder Act 1998; Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000; Proceeds of Crime Act 2002; Criminal Justice Act 2003; Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005; Serious Crime Act 2007, Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008; Coroners and Justice Act 2009; Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012; Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014; Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 and Assaults on Emergency Workers (Offences) Act 2018.




42


URL: https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/sentencing-code.




43


Peace Act 1361, Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986, Dangerous Dogs Act 1991.




44


The Sentencing Code Volume 1: Report Presented to Parliament pursuant to section 3(2) of the Law Commissions Act 1965. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 22 November 2018 // URL: https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lawcom-prod-storage-11jsxou24uy7q/uploads/2018/11/Sentencing-Code-report-Web-version-1.pdf




45


      .:  ..,  ..,  .. . . . . 183214.




46


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.




47


Serious Crime Act 2015.




48


.:  ..       //   . 2015. 7. . 7886.




49


  in rem   . :  .. .    ,     ,     / . . .. . .: ; , 2015. . 134440;  ..  vs  ( ) //      . 2015. 3. C. 497.




50


Criminal Finances Act 2017.




51


            ,       ,       ,     .




52


       .:  ..,  ..,  ..          (- ) / . . .. . ., 2013.




53


Constitution Act 1867 (British North America Act 1867).




54


Criminal Law and Procedure. Cases and Materials / Eleventh Edition. Toronto. 2015. P. 415424.




55


Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985. . C-46).




56


Constitution Act 1982.




57


         ,      ,      , ,   /     . ,  -     9 .      -,    2009.  // URL: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/CERD.C.CAN.1920_ru.pdf.




58


               .  1983.          12 ,  ,               .  12      ,          .              . .: Lees, Charlotte. The age of criminal responsibility, which direction?: acomparative study of the United Kingdom and Canada // URL: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33054&local_base=GEN01-MCG02.




59


Interpretation Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. I-21). URL: http://tips.slaw.ca/2017/research/what-are-marginal-notes.




60


Criminal Law and Procedure. Cases and Materials. P. 4.




61


Canada Evidence Act (R.S.C., 1985. . C-5).




62


Food and Drugs Act 1920.




63


Contraventions Act 1992.




64


Firearms Act 1995.




65


Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 1996.




66


Youth Criminal Justice Act 2002.




67


Tackling Violent Criminal Act 2008.




68


Protecting Victims from Sex Offenders Act 2010.




69


Eliminating Pardons for Serious Crimes Act 2010.




70


Safe Streets and Communities Act 2012.




71


Fighting Foreign Corruption Act 2013.




72


Protecting Canadians from Online Crime Act 2014.




73


Tougher Penalties for Child Predators Act S.C. 2015. . 23.




74


Genetic Non-Discrimination Act 2017 (S.C. 2017. . 3).




75


The Animal Care Act 1996 C.C.S.M. . A84.




76


The Business Practices Act S.M. 1990-91. . 6.




77


The Summary Convictions Act. SM 1985-86. . 4.




78


The Municipal By-law Enforcement Act 2013 C.C.S.M. . M245.




79


The Provincial Offences Procedure Act, RSA 2000. . P-34.




80


The Provincial Offences Act R.S.O. 1990. CHAPTER P. 33.




81


      ,        .      53       ,  ,   50      -.




82


 ..   :    . ., 2007. . 7, 8.




83


CRIMES ACT of 1790 (1st Federal criminal law) // URL: http://www.statutesandstories.com/blog_html/crimes-act-of-1790-1st-federal-criminal-law.




84


   :   /  . .. , ... ., 1990. . 46,   : Bassiouni M.C. The sources and limits of criminal law in the United States // Revue internationale de droit penal. 1975. No. 3et 4. P. 309, 310.




85


Act of March 4, 1909, ch. 321, 35 Stat. 1088 (preamble to chapter).




86


.:    ().     : . . / . ..  (.); . .. . ., 1969.




87


.:  .. . . . 10.




88


Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972).




89


Gregg v. Georgia, Proffitt v. Florida, Jurek v. Texas, Woodson v. North Carolina  Roberts v. Louisiana, 428 US 153 (1976).




90


Roper v. Simmons (03-633) 543 U.S. 551 (2005).




91


United States v. Lopez, 514  549. (1995).




92


United States v. Morrison, 529 US (2000).




93


City of Chicago v. Morales, 527 U.S. 41, 119 S. Ct. 1849 (1999).




94


.:    .   /  . .. . ., 2001. . 126.




95


.   :  ..,  ..,  .. .        : -  / . . ... .: ; , 2014.




96


  mens rea .:  ..       : . . .  //     . ., 1945;  .. Mens rea      . ., 2003;  ..        : . . . . . ., 2006.




97


. :  ..         // . 2000. 1. . 136149.




98


Elonis v. United States, 575 U.S. (2015).




99


Robinson v. California, 370 US 660 (1962).         .




100


.:  ..        //   . 2004. 9. . 120131.




101


             :      ,         ,     ,  ,     (.: Creifelds Rechtsw?rterbuch. C.H. Beck.M?nchen, 2000. S. 969).




102


 ..   .   /  . .. . ., 2009. .12.




103


.: Strafgesetzbuch mit Nebenggesetzen, 47. Auflage. M?nchen, 2009, Einf?hrung, S.16.




104


.:  ..,  ..    . ., 1993. . 55.




105


.: Makowski W. Kodeks karny wojskowy z dodaniem ustaw I przepisow wprowaczonych, przechodnich I uzupelniajacych oraz komentarza. Warszawa. 1921.       : 1)      (   . ); 2)    (, ,     1918  1970.); 3)       ,     (   19461958.).




106


Dziennik Ustaw. 2018. Poz. 969.




107


Dziennik Ustaw. 2018. Poz. 1600.




108


Dziennik Ustaw. 2018. Poz. 1958.




109


Dziennik Ustaw. 2018. Poz. 2114.




110


Dziennik Ustaw. 2019. Poz. 852.




111


Dziennik Ustaw. 2015. Poz. 1390.




112


Dziennik Ustaw. 2018. Poz. 2137.




113


Dziennik Ustaw. 2018. Poz. 405.




114


Dziennik Ustaw. 2019. Poz. 796.




115


Dziennik Ustaw. 2017. Poz. 1051.




116


Dziennik Ustaw. 2019. Poz. 1115.




117


Dziennik Ustaw. 2016. Poz. 283.




118


.: Hryniewicz-Lach.Nowelizacja prawa karnego jako stala tendencja w polskiej polityce karnej; Platek M. Granice racjonalnej polityki karnej. PanstwoIPrawo. 2006. Nr. 9. S. 29.




119


,     25  2019.            . URL: https://www.ms.gov.pl//pl//informacje/news14535.




120


Kala D., Zgolinski I. Reforma prawa karnego materialnego I procesowego z 2015 roku. Wybrane zagadnienia. Wolter Kluwer. Warszawa, 2015.




121


Dziennik Ustaw. 2015. Poz. 396.




122


.: Dwa lata wiezienia za finansowanie terroryzmu? Polska wprowadza nowe kary. Gazeta Prawna, 2015.




123


.: Zawlocki R. Reforma karna pozbawienia wolnosci z warunkowym zawieszeniem jej wykonania z perspektywy Komisji Kodyfikacyjnej Prawa Karnego. S. 21 i nast.




124


.: Zrodlo: Kancelaria Prezesa Pady Ministrow. Infor. Pl. KPM. Gov. Pl. 1005. 2014.




125


.: Zmiany w Kodeksie Karnym. Czesciej grywny, rzadziej wiezienie. PAP, 16 stycznia 2015. URL: https://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju.3/sejm (https://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju.3/sejm) uchwalil-nowele-kodeksu-karnego-zmieniajaca filozofie-karania,506459.html




126


.: Wielka nowelizacja kodeksu karnego przyjeta przez rzad. Tvn 24. 2014.




127


.:  ..        . . 4. (   , )




128


.: Szeleszczuk D. Srodki karne w swietle nowelizacji Kodeksu karnego z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r.Studia Prawnicze Katolickego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawla II. 2015. Nr.4 (64). S. 75.




129


.: Giezek J. O sankcjach alternatywnych oraz mozliwosci wyboru rodzaju wymierzanej kary. Palestra. 2015. Nr. 78. S. 2536.




130


.: Uzasadnienie do Projektu ustawy o zmianie Ustawy Kodeks karny oraz niektorych innych ustaw. Druk Sejmowy. 2015. Nr. 1186. S.




131


.: Dziennik Ustaw. 2007. Nr. 191. Poz. 1366.




132


.: Uzasadnienie do projektu ustawy o zmiane Ustawy Kodeks karny i innych ustaw // Druk Sejmowy. 2017. Nr. 1186. S. 4.




133


.: Galazka M. Kara laczna po nowelizacji Kodeksa karnego z 20 lutego 2015 r. Studia Prawnicze Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelski Jana Pawla II. Nr 4 (64). 2015. S. 3256.




134


.: Zasluzona kara dla przestepcow  przelomowe zmiany w Kodekse karnym // Biuro Komunikacji I Promocji Ministerstwo Sprawiedliwosci. 2018-07-24. URL: https://www.ms.gov.pl/pl/informacje/news (https://www.ms.gov.pl/pl/informacje/news),11428.zasluzona-kara-dla-przestepcow-przelomowe.html.




135


.: Zasluzona kara dla przestepcow  przelomowe zmiany w Kodekse karnym // Biuro Komunikacji I Promocji Ministerstwo Sprawiedliwosci. 2018-07-24. URL: https://www.ms.gov.pl/pl/informacje/news (https://www.ms.gov.pl/pl/informacje/news),11428.zasluzona-kara-dla-przestepcow-przelomowe.html.




136


        .:     / . . .. ; . ., 2012. . 226232;  ..,  ..,  .. . -      . . 403431.




137


Dziennik Ustaw. 2017. Poz. 768.




138


.: Konfiskata rozszerzona  trzeba udowodnic legalnosc pochodzenia mienia. URL: https://e-prawnik.pl/informacje/konfikata-rozszerzona.html.




139


    .:  ..,  ..,  .. . -      . . 404431.


