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        1950- .      , ,      .         .A. .   :     [3 - AlmondG.A., Verba S. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy inFive Nations. CA: Sage. 1989.], .  .   [4 - Verba S., NieN.H.Participation inAmerica: political democracy and social equality. Chicago, IL. 1972; Verba S., Schlozman K, BradyH.E.Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism inAmerican Politics. Cambridge, MA. 1995; Burns N., LehmanL.S., Verba S. The Private Roots ofPublic Action. Cambridge, MA. 2001.], . , . . .    :   [5 - Verba S. NieN.H., Kim J. Participation and Political Equality: ASeven-Nation Comparison. Cambridge, MA. 1978.], .  .   :     [6 - Barnes S., Kaase M. Political action: mass participation infive western democracies. Beverly Hills Sage. 1979.].      ,      :  ,  ,  .

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           ,     1960-  1980- .   XX          ,        [8 - MilbrathL.W., GoelM.L.Political Participation: How and Why do People get Involved inPolitics? 2nd ed. Chicago. 1977; BennettS.E.Apathy inAmerica 19601984: Causes and Consequences ofCitizen Political Indifference. NY. 1986; ConwayM.M.Political Participation inthe United States. 3rd ed. Washington DC; TeixeiraR.A.The Disappearing American Voter. Washington DC. 1992.].

  ࠖ    , ,         蠫   .     .      .  ⠫  [9 - Downs A. An Economic Theory ofDemocracy. N.Y. 1957; Olson M. The Logic ofcollective Action: Public Goods and the Theory ofGoods. Cambridge, MA. 1965.].  蠫  ,        .

    ,    ,        [10 - Held D. Models ofDemocracy. 2nd ed. Stanford, CA. 1996.].  ,  .  ,             ,   ,    [11 - SchumpeterJ.A.Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London, 4th ed. 1952.].  ,      ,     ,      .    ,         ,        ,    .

Ѡ ,   . , ..,. ,    [12 - Barber B. Strong Democracy. Berkeley. 1984.]       .       ,  ,       ,     .    ,   ,        , ,    ,    .

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    ,  .  . ,     ,       .           ,    IDEA (Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance),      ,    1945.[29 - PintorR.L., Gratschew M. Voter Turnout Since 1945: AGlobal Report. Stockholm, International IDEA. // URL: http:www.idea.int]

,                 ,    ,   (  ),   ,   ,    [30 - Massicotte L., Blais A., Yoshinaka A. Establishing the Rules oftheGame: Election Laws inDemocracies. Toronto. 2004.].         -   ,   (,    , , , )[31 - Kersting N., Baldersheim H. Electronic Voting and Democracy: AComparative Analysis. N.Y. 2004.].

         : ,           . ʠ      ,      (  ). , ..       - ,    . ,   ,        ,         ,      [32 - PowellG.B.Voting turnout inthirty democracies: Partisan, legal and socioeconomic influences. InElectoral Participation: AComparative Analysis. Ed.Richard Rose. London: Sage. 1980; PowellG.B.Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability and Violence. Cambridge, MA. 1982; PowellG.B.American Voter Turnout inComparative Perspective // American Political Science Review. 1986. 80(1). P.1743.].

.. ..          1980-, ,            [33 - JackmanR.W., MillerR.A.Voter Turnout inthe Industrial Democracies During the 1980s. Comparative Political Studies, 27. 1995; Katz R. Democracy and Elections. Oxford. 1997.].   , .. .     ,    19721995.          .   ,     :   ,  ,   ,    ,  ,   -   [34 - Blais A., Dobrzynska A. Turnout inelectoral democracies // European Journal ofPolitical Research. 1998. 33(2). P. 239261; Blais A. ToVote or Not toVote? The Merits and Limits ofRational Choice Theory. Pittsburgh. 2000.].  . , .    .        ,       -          (  ,   ,     )[35 - FranklinM.N., Eijk C. van der, Oppenhuis E. The Institutional Context: Turnout. InChoosing Europe? The European Electorate and National Politics inthe Face ofUnion. Ann Arbor, MI. 1996.].

    IDEA, .  ,           :   ,     ,    ,   ;    ,    [36 - Rose R. Voter turnout inthe European Union member countries. InVoter Turnout inWestern Europe Since 1945. Stockholm: International IDEA. 1994.].   .            , ,     ,  ,   -       [37 - FranklinM.N.Voter Turnout and the Dynamics ofElectoral Competition inEstablished Democracies Since 1945. Cambridge, MA. 1994.].

 ,                 .

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    ,        ,     ,   1950-.       ,        ,   . ,      .. . ,      [38 - KatzR.S., Mair P. Party Organizations: AData Handbook on Party Organizations inWestern Democracies, 19601990. London Sage. 1992; KatzR.S., Mair P. Changing Models ofParty Organization and Party Democracy: The emergence ofthe cartel party // Party Politics. 1995. 1(1). P. 528.],    .  .        [39 - DaltonR.J., WattenbergM.P.Parties without Partisans: Political Change inAdvanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford. 2000; Webb P., Farrell D., Holliday I. Political parties inadvanced industrial democracies. Oxford. 2001.].  ,                    [40 - DaltonR.J., WattenbergM.P.Parties without Partisans: Political Change inAdvanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford. 2001; Mair P. Party System Change. Oxford. 1997.].

 ,      ,     [41 - Lawson K., Merkl P. When Parties Fail: Emerging Alternative Organizations. Princeton, NJ. 1988.].    , ,      ,   ,       [42 - Schmitt H., Holmberg S. Political parties indecline? InCitizens and the State eds. Hans-Dieter Klingemann and Dieter Fuchs. Oxford. 1995.].  ,  . , .   . ,   , ,  1950-          ,       ,      [43 - Mair P. Biezen van I. Party membership intwenty European democracies 19802000// Party Politics. 2001. 7(1). P. 722; Scarrow S. Parties without Members? InParties without Partisans. N.Y. 2001.].

    ,      [44 - Seyd P., Whiteley P. Party Members and Activists // Special issue ofParty Politics. 2004. 10(4).].   ,       ,  ,           [45 - Whiteley P., Seyd P. High-Intensity Participation: The Dynamics ofParty Activism inBritain. Ann Arbor, MI. 2002.].

             ,    ,    .  ,            堖 ,  - ;   ,     ;     ,    ,   ,  ,  [46 - Berry J. The Interest Group Society. Boston. 1984; Norris P. Democratic Phoenix. NY. 2004.].            .

          .  . [47 - Bourdieu P. Reproduction inEducation, Culture and Society. London: Sage. 1970. ColemanJ.S.Social capital inthe creation ofhuman capital // American Journal ofSociology. 1988. 94. P. 95120; ColemanJ.S.Foundations ofSocial Theory. Cambridge. 1990; Baron S., Field J., Schuller T. Social Capital: Critical Perspectives. Oxford. 2000.].   .     (1993) 蠫  (2000)       ( ,     )[48 - PutnamR.D.Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions inModern Italy Princeton. NJ. 1993; PutnamR.D.The Strange Disappearance ofCivic America // The American Prospect. 1996. .24; PutnamR.D.Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival ofAmerican Community. NY. 2000; PutnamR.D., Feldstein L. Better Together: Restoring the American Community. N.Y. 2003.]. .        ⠖    ,  ,    [49 - PutnamR.D.Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival ofAmerican Community. NY. 2000. P.19.]. ,  .        ( ),    ( ). .  ,      ,               ,    .

,    .     ,  ,    ,   ,      ..   ,    (,   ).  ,     ,          .   .        ,     [50 - PutnamR.D.Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival ofAmerican Community. NY. 2000. P.246; PutnamR.D.Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance ofSocial Capital inAmerica // Political Science and Politics. 1995. XXVIII (4). P. 664683; Norris P. Did Television Erode Social Capital? AReply toPutnam // Political Science and Politics. 1996. XXIX (3). P. 474480.].

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,     ,          ,     ,    [52 - Rosenau J. Turbulance inWorld Politics: ATheory ofChange and Continuity. Princeton. 1990; Lipschutz R. Global Civic Society and Global Environmental Governance. Albany, NY. 1996; KeckM.E., Sikkink K. Activists beyond Borders Advocacy Networks inInternational Politics. Ithaca, NY. 1998; Smith J., Chatfield C., Pagnucco R. Transnational social movements and global politics: Solidarity beyond the state. Syracuse, NY. 1997; Kriesi H., PortaD.D., Riucht D. Social Movements inaGlobalizing World. London. 1998.].        , , 堫  ,    (belonging),     [53 - ZaldM.N., McCarthy J. Social Movements inan Organizational Society. New Brunswick, NJ. 1987; Oberschall A. Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests and Identities. New Brunswick. 1993; Meyer D., Tarrow S. The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for aNew Century. Lanham, MD. 1998; Larana E., Johnston H., GudfieldJ.R.New Social Movements: From Ideology toIdentity. Philadelphia. 1994; McAdam D., McCarthyJ.D., ZaldM.N.Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. N.Y. 1996.].           ,        .

       ,    ,    .

         ,      ,    (cause-oriented). ,            .  ,  ,   ,      ,   ..   ,      ,      [54 - Verba S., NieN.H., Kim J. The Modes ofDemocratic Participation: ACross-National Analysis. Beverley Hill, CA. 1971; Verba S., NieN.H.Participation inAmerica: Social Equality and Political Participation. N.Y. 1972; Verba S., NieN.H., Kim J. Participation and Political Equality: ASeven-Nation Comparison. N.Y. 1978; Verba S., Schlozman K., BradyH.E.Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism inAmerican Politics. Cambridge, MA. 1995.].

 ,       .      (   ). 頖  ,     ( ,  ,  )[55 - ,     ,      蠫  . .: Pattie C., Seyd P., Whiteley P. Citizenship inBritain: values, participation and democracy. Cambridge. 2004.].

       ,     (,     ),        ( ,    ).    ,  ,      ,    ,    .

 ,       ,  ,     ,       蠫.    :    ,      ,     ;  ,  ,   ;   ,   .  ,    - ,     .

  ,          ,    ,   .       ,   ,  ,  ,    ,  , [56 - Sassen S. Globalization and its Discontents. N.Y. 1999; Keck M., Sikkink K. Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks inInternational Politics. Ithaca, NY. 1998; Edwards M., Gaventa J. Global Citizen Action. Boulder, CO. 2001; Evans P. Fighting marginalization with transnational networks: Counter-hegemonic globalization // Contemporary Sociology. 2000. 29(1). P. 230241.] ..

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,         1950- .       ; ,      .  , 1960-  1980-             ,   .

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notes








1


,            -.




2


..     //  :    .    , 12 2000. ., 2000. .37.




3


AlmondG.A., Verba S. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy inFive Nations. CA: Sage. 1989.




4


Verba S., NieN.H.Participation inAmerica: political democracy and social equality. Chicago, IL. 1972; Verba S., Schlozman K, BradyH.E.Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism inAmerican Politics. Cambridge, MA. 1995; Burns N., LehmanL.S., Verba S. The Private Roots ofPublic Action. Cambridge, MA. 2001.




5


Verba S. NieN.H., Kim J. Participation and Political Equality: ASeven-Nation Comparison. Cambridge, MA. 1978.




6


Barnes S., Kaase M. Political action: mass participation infive western democracies. Beverly Hills Sage. 1979.




7


Books J., Prysby C. Studying contextual effects on political behavior: Aresearch inventory and agenda // American Politics Quarterly. 1988. 16. P. 211238; Huckfield R, Sprague J. Citizens, Politics and Social Communication. Cambridge, MA. 1995.




8


MilbrathL.W., GoelM.L.Political Participation: How and Why do People get Involved inPolitics? 2nd ed. Chicago. 1977; BennettS.E.Apathy inAmerica 19601984: Causes and Consequences ofCitizen Political Indifference. NY. 1986; ConwayM.M.Political Participation inthe United States. 3rd ed. Washington DC; TeixeiraR.A.The Disappearing American Voter. Washington DC. 1992.




9


Downs A. An Economic Theory ofDemocracy. N.Y. 1957; Olson M. The Logic ofcollective Action: Public Goods and the Theory ofGoods. Cambridge, MA. 1965.




10


Held D. Models ofDemocracy. 2nd ed. Stanford, CA. 1996.




11


SchumpeterJ.A.Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London, 4th ed. 1952.




12


Barber B. Strong Democracy. Berkeley. 1984.




13


Parry G,. Moyser G., Day N. Political Participation and Democracy inBritain. Cambridge, MA. 1992.




14


..    .    // . 1995.5.




15


..    1990-. ., 2000. ..      80  90 : , , .  . . . . 1999; ..  : - .  . . . ., 1995; ..      .  . . . ., 2001; ..  . ., 1997.




16


.., .. . ., 1988; .., ..  . ., 1986.




17


Verba S., Nie N., Kim J. Participation and Political Equality: ASeven-Nation Comparison. N.Y. 1978. P.46.




18


Kaase M. Partizipation. Staat und Politik. Bonn, 1991. S. 251252.




19


 ,          ,  . .: ... ., 2001. .266.




20


.., .. . ., 2000. .388.




21


.: .., ..  . ., 1997. . 7,146.




22


.. 146148.




23


.: ..  . ., 1990. .29.




24


Milbrath L. Political Participation. Chicago. 1965. P.19.




25


Verba S., Nue N. Participation inAmerica: Political Democracy and Social Equality. N.Y. 1972. P.73.




26


..   :    // GrossVita.  - , URL://http://giacgender.narod.ru/n6m1.htm




27


..   :    // GrossVita.  - , URL:// http://giacgender.narod.ru/n6m1.htm




28


 .   : , ,   // . 1999. 1. .49.




29


PintorR.L., Gratschew M. Voter Turnout Since 1945: AGlobal Report. Stockholm, International IDEA. // URL: http:www.idea.int




30


Massicotte L., Blais A., Yoshinaka A. Establishing the Rules oftheGame: Election Laws inDemocracies. Toronto. 2004.




31


Kersting N., Baldersheim H. Electronic Voting and Democracy: AComparative Analysis. N.Y. 2004.




32


PowellG.B.Voting turnout inthirty democracies: Partisan, legal and socioeconomic influences. InElectoral Participation: AComparative Analysis. Ed.Richard Rose. London: Sage. 1980; PowellG.B.Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability and Violence. Cambridge, MA. 1982; PowellG.B.American Voter Turnout inComparative Perspective // American Political Science Review. 1986. 80(1). P.1743.




33


JackmanR.W., MillerR.A.Voter Turnout inthe Industrial Democracies During the 1980s. Comparative Political Studies, 27. 1995; Katz R. Democracy and Elections. Oxford. 1997.




34


Blais A., Dobrzynska A. Turnout inelectoral democracies // European Journal ofPolitical Research. 1998. 33(2). P. 239261; Blais A. ToVote or Not toVote? The Merits and Limits ofRational Choice Theory. Pittsburgh. 2000.




35


FranklinM.N., Eijk C. van der, Oppenhuis E. The Institutional Context: Turnout. InChoosing Europe? The European Electorate and National Politics inthe Face ofUnion. Ann Arbor, MI. 1996.




36


Rose R. Voter turnout inthe European Union member countries. InVoter Turnout inWestern Europe Since 1945. Stockholm: International IDEA. 1994.




37


FranklinM.N.Voter Turnout and the Dynamics ofElectoral Competition inEstablished Democracies Since 1945. Cambridge, MA. 1994.




38


KatzR.S., Mair P. Party Organizations: AData Handbook on Party Organizations inWestern Democracies, 19601990. London Sage. 1992; KatzR.S., Mair P. Changing Models ofParty Organization and Party Democracy: The emergence ofthe cartel party // Party Politics. 1995. 1(1). P. 528.




39


DaltonR.J., WattenbergM.P.Parties without Partisans: Political Change inAdvanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford. 2000; Webb P., Farrell D., Holliday I. Political parties inadvanced industrial democracies. Oxford. 2001.




40


DaltonR.J., WattenbergM.P.Parties without Partisans: Political Change inAdvanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford. 2001; Mair P. Party System Change. Oxford. 1997.




41


Lawson K., Merkl P. When Parties Fail: Emerging Alternative Organizations. Princeton, NJ. 1988.




42


Schmitt H., Holmberg S. Political parties indecline? InCitizens and the State eds. Hans-Dieter Klingemann and Dieter Fuchs. Oxford. 1995.




43


Mair P. Biezen van I. Party membership intwenty European democracies 19802000// Party Politics. 2001. 7(1). P. 722; Scarrow S. Parties without Members? InParties without Partisans. N.Y. 2001.




44


Seyd P., Whiteley P. Party Members and Activists // Special issue ofParty Politics. 2004. 10(4).




45


Whiteley P., Seyd P. High-Intensity Participation: The Dynamics ofParty Activism inBritain. Ann Arbor, MI. 2002.




46


Berry J. The Interest Group Society. Boston. 1984; Norris P. Democratic Phoenix. NY. 2004.




47


Bourdieu P. Reproduction inEducation, Culture and Society. London: Sage. 1970. ColemanJ.S.Social capital inthe creation ofhuman capital // American Journal ofSociology. 1988. 94. P. 95120; ColemanJ.S.Foundations ofSocial Theory. Cambridge. 1990; Baron S., Field J., Schuller T. Social Capital: Critical Perspectives. Oxford. 2000.




48


PutnamR.D.Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions inModern Italy Princeton. NJ. 1993; PutnamR.D.The Strange Disappearance ofCivic America // The American Prospect. 1996. .24; PutnamR.D.Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival ofAmerican Community. NY. 2000; PutnamR.D., Feldstein L. Better Together: Restoring the American Community. N.Y. 2003.




49


PutnamR.D.Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival ofAmerican Community. NY. 2000. P.19.




50


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