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 ,2020



ISBN978-5-4498-5514-5

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Text1

Today it is hard toimagine Moscow being dark at night. Yet, the central streets ofthe city became bright only in1730. Before then, Muscovites had tokeep candles burning inthe windows for passers-by. Most people also carried individual oil lamps when they walked late. During the summer months, candles and oil lamps were not allowed because ofthe risk offire. Later, gas lanterns appeared. They were rather effective but the real progress started later, with electric lamps. 448electric lamps were fixed inthe centre ofMoscow acentury ago. At present, Moscow has amodern system ofstreet lights with electronic control.

Today it is drah toimagine Moscow gnieb dark at night. Tey, the central streets ofthe city emaceb bright only ni 1730. Before neht, Muscovites had ot keep candles burning inehtswodniw for passers-by. Tsom people also carried individual lio lamps when they walked etal. During the remmus months, candles and oil lamps erew not allowed because fo the risk offire. Later, sag lanterns appeared. Yeht were rather effective tub the real progress detrats later, with electric spmal. 448electric lamps were dexif inthe ertnec ofMoscow acentury ago. Ta present, Moscow sah amodern system ofstreet sthgil with electronic lortnoc.

Todayit is hardto im agine Mos cowbeing darka tnight. Yet, the centralstreets ofthecitybe came brighton ly in1730. Beforethen, Muscov ites hadtokeep candles burningin thewin dows for passers-by. Mostpe ople al socar riedindiv idual oillamps whenthey walk edlate. Duringthe sum mermon ths, candle sand oillamps wereno tallow edbec auseoft he riskoffire. La ter, gaslantern sap pear ed. They we rerather ef fectivebut the realprogress startedlater, wi thelectric lamps. 448ele ctricla mpsw ere fixedin th e centre ofMoscow acenturyago. Atp resent, Moscowhasa m odernsyste m ofstreetl ight swith ele ctroniccontrol.



.lortnoc cinortcele htiw sthgil teerts fo metsys nredom asah wocsoM, tneserp tA. oga yrutnec awocsoM fo ertnec eht ni dexif erew spmal cirtcele 844.spmal cirtcele htiw, retal detrats ssergorp laer eht tub evitceffe rehtar erew yehT. deraeppa snretnal sag, retaL. erif fo ksir eht fo esuaceb dewolla ton erew spmal lio dna seldnac, shtnom remmus eht gniruD. etal deklaw yeht nehw spmal lio laudividni deirrac osla elpoep tsoM. yb-sressap rof swodniw eht ni gninrub seldnac peek ot dah setivocsuM, neht erofeB.0371ni ylno thgirb emaceb ytic eht fo steerts lartnec eht, teY. thgin ta krad gnieb wocsoM enigami ot drah si ti yadoT

.lortnoccinortc ele htiws thgi lteertsfo m etsysnredo m asahwocsoM, tneser pt A. ogayrutnec awocsoMf oertnec e ht nidexif ere wspm alcirtc ele 844.spmal cirtceleht iw, retaldetrats ssergorplaer eht tubevitcef fe rehtarer ew yehT. de raep pas nretnalsag, ret aL. eriffoksir eh tfoesua cebde wollat onerew spmallio dnas eldnac, sht nomrem mus ehtgniruD. etalde klaw yehtnehw spmallio laudi vidnideir racos la elpo eptsoM. yb-sressap rof swod niweht nigninrub seldnac peekotdah seti vocsuM, nehterofeB.0371ni yl nothgirb emac ebyticeht fo steertslartnec eht, teY. thgint akrad gniebwoc soM eniga mi otdrah si tiyadoT



Text2

According tosurveys, the popularity ofbikes is growing. More than 700cities inthe world have joined anew program for cyclists. Any person can take avacant bike and park it back at any bike station on their way. One can find information about the bike stations on smartphone maps. Cycling incities helps tolessen the problems ofstress and air pollution. Research held inLondon in2017confirmed this fact. People felt calmer after they rode tothe office instead ofdriving. Also, bikes do not produce harmful gases.

According ot surveys, eht popularity ofsekib is growing. Erom than 700seitic inthe world evah joined awen program for cyclists. Any nosrep can take avacant bike dna park it back at yna bike station on their yaw. One can dnif information about the bike snoitats on smartphone spam. Cycling incities spleh tolessen the smelborp ofstress and ria pollution. Hcraeser held inLondon ni 2017confirmed siht fact. People felt remlac after they rode toeht office instead fo driving. Also, bikes do ton produce harmful sesag.

Acco rding tosurveys, t he popul arity ofbikesi s growing. Mo rethan 700citi esin th eworld h avejoinedan ew programforcyc list s. Anyp erson c antake avacantbike an dparkit ba ck ata ny bikestat ionon the irwa y. On ecan f indinformation aboutt hebikes tation son smartp ho nemaps. Cycl ingincities he lp sto les se nthe probl em sofs tressan dair pol luti on. Re searc hhel din L on d on in2017con firmedthis f act. Peopl efelt cal merafter th eyrode tothe office insteadofdriving. Als o, b ikesdo notproduce harm fulgases.

.sesag lufmrah ecudorp ton od sekib, oslA. gnivird fo daetsni eciffo eht ot edor yeht retfa remlac tlef elpoeP. tcaf siht demrifnoc 7102ni nodnoL ni dleh hcraeseR. noitullop ria dna sserts fo smelborp eht nessel ot spleh seitic ni gnilcyC. spam enohptrams no snoitats ekib eht tuoba noitamrofni dnif nac enO. yaw rieht no noitats ekib yna ta kcab ti krap dna ekib tnacav aekat nac nosrep ynA. stsilcyc rof margorp wen adenioj evah dlrow eht ni seitic 007naht eroM. gniworg si sekib fo ytiralupop eht, syevrus ot gnidroccA



.sesagluf mrah ecudorpton odseki b,oslA. gnivirdfodaets ni ecif fo ehtot edorye ht retfarem lac tlefe lpoeP. tca f sihtdemrif noc 7102ni no d no L nid lehh craes eR. no itul lop riad nassert sfos me lborp ehtn es sel ots pl eh seiticnig ni lcyC. spamen oh ptrams nos noitat sekibeh ttuob anoitamrofnid ni f nace nO. yawri eht nonoi tatsekib yn ata kc ab tikrapd na ekibtnacava ekatna c nosre pynA. stsil cycrofmargorp we nadeniojeva h dlrowe ht nise itic 007nahter oM. gniworg s isekibfo ytira lupop eh t, syevrusot gnidroccA



Text3

Glass is anatural mineral. Natural glass is grey and hard tolook through. Man-made glass was first produced inEgypt 5000years ago. It was used for decorations because it had agreen or blue colour. The secret ofclear glass was found inEurope only inthe 13th century. At the same time, craftsmen learned toproduce lenses tolook at small objects or tobe used bypeople who had problems with their eyes. This is how the first glasses appeared. Glass dishes and mirrors became popular later with the rise oftechnology. InRussia, the first glass factory was built inMoscow region in1654.

Ssalg is anatural larenim. Natural ssalgsi grey and hard ot look hguorht. Man-made glass saw first produced ni Egypt 5000years oga. It was desu for decorations because ti had agreen roeulb colour. The terces ofclear ssalg was dnuofni Europe only nieht 13th yrutnec. At the same emit, craftsmen denrael toproduce sesnel tolook at small objects ro tobe used yb people ohw had problems htiw their seye. This is woh the first sessalg appeared. Sslag dishes dnasrorrim became ralupop later with eht rise fo technology. Ni Russia, eht first glass yrotcaf was tliub inWocsom region ni 1654.

Glassis ana tura l min eral. Natura lgl assis gre yan d h ard tolookth rough. Man-ma deglasswas fi rstpro duced inEgy pt 5000yea rsag o. Itwas used f or dec orat ionsbeca use it h ad agreen orblue co lour. Thesecre tof cl ear glasswas fou ndin Europ eo nly int he 13thcen tury. Atthesa me ti m e, craft smen le arnedtopro duce le nsestolook at sm all obje ctsorto beus ed b y peo plewhohad proble mswith the irey es. Thisis h owth e fir stglass esapp ear ed. Glassdis hesandmirror s bec ame popu la rlaterwi th theriseo ftechno log y. InRu ssia, thefirstgla ss fact orywasbu iltinMos cowre gionin 1654.



.4561ni noiger wocsoM ni tliub saw yrotcaf ssalg tsrif eht, aissuR nI. ygolonhcet fo esir eht htiw retal ralupop emaceb srorrim dna sehsid ssalG. deraeppa sessalg tsrif eht woh si sihT. seye rieht htiw smelborp dah ohw elpoep yb desu eb ot ro stcejbo llams ta kool ot sesnel ecudorp ot denrael nemstfarc, emit emas eht tA. yrutnec ht31 eht ni ylno eporuE ni dnuof saw ssalg raelc fo terces ehT. ruoloc eulb ro neerg adah ti esuaceb snoitaroced rof desu saw tI. oga sraey 0005tpygE ni decudorp tsrif saw ssalg edam-naM. hguorht kool ot drah dna yerg si ssalg larutaN. larenim larutan asi ssalG



.4561ninoig erwoc soMnitli ubsawyro tcaf ss algtsrifeht, aiss uRnI. ygol onhcetf oesireht ht iwretalr al upop ema ceb s rorrimdnaseh sidssalG. de rae ppase ssalgts rif e htwo h sisihT. se yeri eht htiwsm elborp dahohwelp oep y b de sueb otrostc ejbo lla ms t akoolotsesn el ecud orpotdenra el nems tfarc, e m it em asehttA. yrut necht31 eh tni yln oe poruE nidn uof sawssalg rae lc fot ercesehT. ruol oc eulbr oneerga da h ti esu acebsnoi taro ced ro f desu sawtI. ogasr aey 0005tp ygEni decud orptsr if sawssalged am-naM. hguor htkoolot dra h d nay erg sissa lgl arutaN. lare nim l arut ana sissalG



Text4

People have always wanted tolearn and share information. At different times they Iused different methods toexchange news. They made fires and beat drums tosignal important events. Later, they invented letters which were carried byspecial people called runners. They had tocover long distances todeliver information. The use ofhorses and birds made the delivery quicker. The state post inRussia appeared inthe 17th century. It was rather slow but quite reliable. In1851, the post started touse the railway. Since then the speed ofinformation exchange has been growing constantly.

People evah always wanted ot learn dna share information. Ta different semit they used tnereffid methods ot exchange swen. Yeht made serif and teabsmurd tosignal important stneve. Retal, they invented srettel which were deirrac byspecial elpoep called runners. They dah torevoc long distances ot deliver noitamrofni. The esu ofsesroh and sdrid made the delivery rekciuq. Eht state tsop inAissur appeared ineht 17th century. Ti was rather wols but quite reliable. In1851, the post detrats touse the yawliar. Since neht the speed fo information egnahcxe has been gniworg constantly.

Peop le h aveal way swan tedtole arn an ds hare inf ormat io n. Atdif fe r enttime sth eyIu sedd ifferen t m etho dst oexch ang e ne ws. Th eymade fir esan db e at d rumsto si gna li mpo rtantev e nts. La ter, t heyinven te dlet terswhic hwe re c arr iedbys peci alpeop lecal le d run ne rs. T heyhadto cov erlo ngdis tanc estodel ive rin for mat ion. T he us eo fho rs esand bi rds ma det hedel iver yquic ker. Thes tatepos tin Rus si aapp eare dinth e 17th centu ry. Itwa srat hers lowb utquite re li able. In1851, th e po stst artedtou sethera il way. Sinceth enth esp eedo finfor mat ion exch ange ha sb ee ngr owingcon stant ly.



.yltnatsnoc gniworg neeb sah egnahcxe noitamrofni fo deeps eht neht ecniS. yawliar eht esu ot detrats tsop eht,1581nI. elbailer etiuq tub wols rehtar saw tI. yrutnec ht71 eht ni deraeppa aissuR ni tsop etats ehT. rekciuq yreviled eht edam sdrib dna sesroh fo esu ehT. noitamrofni reviled ot secnatsid gnol revoc ot dah yehT. srennur dellac elpoep laiceps yb deirrac erew hcihw srettel detnevni yeht, retaL. stneve tnatropmi langis ot smurd taeb dna serif edam yehT. swen egnahcxe ot sdohtem tnereffid desu Iyeht semit tnereffid tA. noitamrofni erahs dna nrael ot detnaw syawla evah elpoeP



.y l tnats nocgniwo rgn ee bs ah egna hcxe no itam rofnif odee pse htne htecniS. yaw li arehtes uotdetra tsts op e ht,1581nI. elba il er etiuqtu bwol sreh tars awtI. yr utnec ht71 e htnid erae ppaa is suR nit sopetat sehT. rek ciuqy revi ledeh ted am sdr ib dnase sr ohf oe su eh T. noi tam rof nir evi ledotse cnat sidgn olre voc otdahyeh T. sr en nur d el lacel poepla icep sybdei rra c er ewh cihwsret teld et nevniyeh t, ret aL. stn e vetnatr opm il ang is otsmur d ta e bd nase rif edamye hT. sw en e gna hcxe otsd ohte m t nereffi ddes uIye hts emittne r ef fidtA. noi tamro fni erah sd na nra elotdet naws yaw laeva h elpoeP



Text5

Making weather forecasts is hard, complicated, scientific work. 70per cent ofits success depends on the accurate analysis ofair pressure. Areas ofpressure up to9kilometers above the Earth are measured bycomputers. Devices also record the vertical movement ofair that can cause clouds, rain and snow. If the air goes down towards the Earth, it destroys the clouds and we can enjoy the blue sky. Afront inthe atmosphere is another important factor for predicting the weather. The fronts may stretch for thousands ofkilometers and can be clearly seen from space. Its interesting that cold fronts move faster than warm ones.

Making rehtaew forecasts sidrah, complicated, cifitneics work. 70rep cent ofsti success sdneped on the accurate analysis ofria pressure. Saera ofpressure pu to9sretemolik above the Earth are derusaem bycomputers. Secived also record eht vertical tnemevom ofair that nac cause sduolc, rain and wons. If the ria goes nwod towards the Htrae, it destroys eht clouds and ew can yojne the blue yks. Atnorf inthe atmosphere is rehtona important factor for gnitciderp the weather. The stnorf may stretch rof thousands ofkilometers and nac be clearly nees from ecaps. Its interesting that dloc fronts move faster naht warm seno.

Mak ing weat her f orec astsish ard, c ompl ica ted, s cien tifi cwork. 70perc ento fits s ucc essd epe ndson t hea cc uratea nalys is ofair pres su re. Areasofpres su reupt o9kilo meter sabovet heE art hare m easu red b ycompute rs. D evic esals orec ordth everticalmove men tof air th at c an ca useclo uds, ra inan dsn ow. Ifth eai rgoe s do wntowardstheEarth, itdestroyst he cloudsandw e canen joy th eblue s ky. Afront int heatmosphere isanotherimporta nt fa ctorfo rpredi ctingthe wea t her. Thefro ntsma ystret chfo rth ousan dsof ki lometersand canbe cl earlyseen fromspa ce. Itsint erest ingthatco ldfr ontsm ove f asterth anwarmones.



seno mraw naht retsaf evom stnorf dloc taht gnitseretni stI. ecaps morf nees ylraelc eb nac dna sretemolik fo sdnasuoht rof hcterts yam stnorf ehT. rehtaew eht gnitciderp rof rotcaf tnatropmi rehtona si erehpsomta eht ni tnorf A. yks eulb eht yojne nac ew dna sduolc eht syortsed ti, htraE eht sdrawot nwod seog ria eht fI. wons dna niar, sduolc esuac nac taht ria fo tnemevom lacitrev eht drocer osla seciveD. sretupmoc yb derusaem era htraE eht evoba sretemolik 9ot pu erusserp fo saerA. erusserp ria fo sisylana etarucca eht no sdneped sseccus sti fo tnec rep 07.krow cifitneics, detacilpmoc, drah si stsacerof rehtaew gnikaM



.senomrawna htretsa f evo mstno rfdl octahtgni tsere tnistI. ec apsmorf neesylrae lc ebnac dnasretemol ik fosd nasuo htr ofhc tertsy amstn orfehT. reh t aew ehtgnitc iderpr ofrotc af tn atropmirehtonas ierehpsomtaeh tni tnorfA. yk s eulbe ht yoj nenac e wdnasduolc eh tsyortsedti, htraEehtsdrawotnw od s eogr iae htfI. wo nsd na ni ar, sdu olces uac na c ta ht ria fot nem evomlacitreve htdro cero slase cive D. sr etupmocy b der usae m erah tra Eeh tevobas retem olik 9otpuer us serpfosaer A. er us serp riaf osi sylan aetaru cc aeh t nosdn epe dsse ccu s stif otne crep 07.krowc ifit neic s, det aci lpmo c, dra hsistsa cero f reh taew gnikaM



Text6

Scientists have long been working on new orbital technologies for growing plants. They tried togrow different plants on the International Space Station. Then the plants were sent back tothe Earth for further study. This year, for the first time, astronauts could eat green leaves grown inspace. Space farming is extremely important for the future space missions planned toMars because it gives fresh food and vitamins. The new plant growing system is very smart. It informs humans when the plants need water. Special sensors measure the thickness ofthe leaves. If they become too thin, detectors send signals. This technology helps save water inspace and grow agood harvest.

Scientists evah long neeb working no new latibro technologies rof growing stnalp. They deirt togrow different stnalp on the International Ecaps Station. Then the stnalp were sent kcab tothe Earth for rehtruf study. Siht year, for eht first emit, astronauts dluoc eat green sevael grown inecaps. Space gnimraf is extremely important rof the future ecaps missions dennalp toMars because it sevig fresh doof and vitamins. The wen plant growing metsys is very trams. It informs snamuh when the plants deen water. Special srosnes measure the thickness fo the sevael. If they become oot thin, detectors dnes signals. Siht technology spleh save water inecaps and worg agood tsevrah.

Scie ntis ts h avel on gbeenwor king onn eworb italte chno logi es forgro wing p lan t s. Th yet ried t ogrowdif ferentplant son theInt ernatio nal Sp ace St at ion. Thenth e p lantswere sent b ack tothe Ear th forfurt herst udy. Thi syear, fort he f irstt ime, astro na ut scoul deat g re enleavesg ro wnin sp ace. Spacef armingi s ext remelyim portantfo rthefu turespa cemissio nsplan nedtoMa rs becau se itgiv esf reshf oo dand vitam ins. Then ewpl ant g row ings ystemi sverys mart. Iti nformshuma ns wh enth eplants needwa ter. Specials ensors me asure t hethic kness ofthel eaves. Ifthe ybe comet oo thi n, de tectorss ends ig nals. Th istech no logyhe lpssav e waterin spa ceandgr owag oo dharvest.



.tsevrah doog aworg dna ecaps ni retaw evas spleh ygolonhcet sihT. slangis dnes srotceted, niht oot emoceb yeht fI. sevael eht fo ssenkciht eht erusaem srosnes laicepS. retaw deen stnalp eht nehw snamuh smrofni tI. trams yrev si metsys gniworg tnalp wen ehT. snimativ dna doof hserf sevig ti esuaceb sraM ot dennalp snoissim ecaps erutuf eht rof tnatropmi ylemertxe si gnimraf ecapS. ecaps ni nworg sevael neerg tae dluoc stuanortsa, emit tsrif eht rof, raey sihT. yduts rehtruf rof htraE eht ot kcab tnes erew stnalp eht nehT. noitatS ecapS lanoitanretnI eht no stnalp tnereffid worg ot deirt yehT. stnalp gniworg rof seigolonhcet latibro wen no gnikrow neeb gnol evah stsitneicS



.tse vrahd oo gawo rgdnaec aps nireta we vasspl ehygol on hcetsi hT. slan gi sdne ssrotcet ed, n iht oo temoc eby ehtfI. sevae lehtf ossenk cihteh t erus aem srosne slaicepS. ret awdeen stnalpe htne hw sn amuhsmrofn itI. tram syrevs imetsy sg ni wor g tna lpwe nehT. sni mativ dnad oo fhser fse vigti es uaceb sr aMotden nalpsn oissimec apserut ufehtr oftnatrop miylemer txe s ignimra fecapS. eca ps ninw or gsevaelne er g taed luocs tu an ortsa, emi ttsri f eh trof, raeys ihT. ydu tsreh trufrof ht raE ehtot kca b tnes erewstnal p e htnehT. noi ta tS eca pS lan oitanre tnIeht nos tnalptneref fidworg ot deir tey hT. st nal p gniw orgrof se igol onhc etlati browe nn ognik rowneebg no leva h st sitn eicS.



Text7

Within the next hundred years or so, people will have toget energy from alternative sources. Alternative sources are also needed toput astop topollution. There are different alternative sources that are already successfully used inmany countries. One example is the Dead Sea, which produces electricity. When the sun heats the surface ofthe lake, the hotter and heavier layers ofsalty water sink. At the same time, the colder and lighter layers rise. The hot water can be stored at the bottom ofthe lake or piped away. It can be used toheat many buildings or togenerate electricity. It costs only athird as much as oil heating.

Within the txen hundred sraey or os, people lliw have totegygrene from alternative secruos. Alternative secruos are also dedeen toput apots topollution. There are tnereffid alternative sources taht are already yllufsseccus used inmany countries. Eno example is the Daed Sea, hcihw produces electricity. Nehw the sun staeh the surface ofeht lake, the rettoh and heavier sreyal ofsalty water knis. At the same emit, the redloc and lighter layers esir. The toh water can eb stored at ehtmottob ofthe lake or depip away. It nac be used toheat ynam buildings or toetareneg electricity. It stsoc only athird as hcum as oil gnitaeh.

Wit hinth en ext hund red y ears ors o, pe oplewil lh ave t ogetenergyfro malter nativesou rc es. Altern ativesou rcesareal so n eed edto puta st optop olluti on. The reare di fferent alternat ives ourc esthatar ealr ea dysuccess full yus edinm any cou ntr ies. Oneex ampleist he De ad Se a, wh ichpr odu ceselectri city. Wh enthesu nheat sthe sur faceof t helake, thehot terandhe av ierlayerso fsalty wa ters ink. Att hesa meti me, t he cold erandlight erlay ers ri se. Theho t waterca nbest oredatthe bot tomoft he lak eorpi pedaw ay. Itc an beus edtoh eatm anybu ild ings ort og en erateele ctr icity. Itcostson ly athi rdas m ucha soil he ating.



.gnitaeh lio sa hcum sa driht aylno stsoc tI. yticirtcele etareneg ot ro sgnidliub ynam taeh ot desu eb nac tI. yawa depip ro ekal eht fo mottob eht ta derots eb nac retaw toh ehT. esir sreyal rethgil dna redloc eht, emit emas eht tA. knis retaw ytlas fo sreyal reivaeh dna rettoh eht, ekal eht fo ecafrus eht staeh nus eht nehW. yticirtcele secudorp hcihw, aeS daeD eht si elpmaxe enO. seirtnuoc ynam ni desu yllufsseccus ydaerla era taht secruos evitanretla tnereffid era erehT. noitullop ot pots atup ot dedeen osla era secruos evitanretlA. secruos evitanretla morf ygrene teg ot evah lliw elpoep, os ro sraey derdnuh txen eht nihtiW

.gnit aeh lios ahcu m sadr ihta yl nostsoct I. ytici rtc eleetare ne g otr osg ni dli ubyna mtae hotde sueb na ctI. ya wadep iproe kal eh tfomot tob ehttadero tsebn acreta wt ohehT. es ir sre yalre thgildnare dloc eh t, em item aseh tt A. kni sret aw ytlasf osreyalrei va ehdnaret toheht, ekaleh t foecaf rus ehts taehn usehtne hW. ytic irtcelesec udo rphci hw, aeS da eD eh tsielpma xeen O. sei rtn uoc yna mnide suy lluf sseccusyd ae rlae ratahtse cruo sevi tanretl atnereff id eraer ehT. no itullo potpo ts atup otde dee n os laerasecr uosevita nretlA. se cr uosevitan retlam orfygrenetego t eva hl liwelpo ep, osr osrae y der dnuh txe ne htnihtiW



Text8

The first linguistic theories appeared around the 5th century B.C. inIndia, Greece, Rome, and China. Inorder tounderstand texts better, the first linguists studied different aspects ofthe language, philosophy, and culture. Most early studies inIndia were based on ancient songs. For the first time, ancient linguists distinguished words as nouns and verbs. This is how parts ofspeech appeared. Grammar and phonetics were later developed inGreece and Rome. Chinese linguists wrote the first dictionaries ofsynonyms. The first dictionary ofthe English language appeared much later, in1755. It had 40,000words.

Eht first citsiugnil theories dereappa around the 5th yrutnec B.C. inAidni, Greece, Emor, and China. Ni order todnatsrednu texts retteb, the first stsiugnil studied different stcepsa ofthe language, yhposolihp, and culture. Tsom early seiduts inIndia erew based no ancient sgnos. For eht first time, tneicna linguists distinguished sdrow as nouns and sbrev. This is how parts ofhceeps appeared. Rammarg and scitenohp were later depoleved inGreece and Emor. Chinese stsiugnil wrote the first seiranoitcid ofsynonyms. Eht first dictionary ofehtHsilgne language deraeppa much later, in1755. It dah 40,000sdrow.

Thefirs tlin gui sticth eo riesapp eare darou ndth e5t hcentu ry B.C.inInd ia, G ree ce, Ro me, an dChina. Ino rder tounders tandte xts b et ter, t hefi rstl ing uis tsstudi eddiffe rentaspe ctso fthelan gua ge, phil osop hy, andcultur e. Moste arlystu diesin Indiawe reba sedonan cients on gs. Fort he f irstt ime, ancie ntl ing uistsdistingu ishedwo rdsasn ounsan dverb s. Thisishowp artso fsp ee ch app ear ed. Gr amm arandph on eticswe rel aterde velope dinG reec ea ndR ome. C hine seli ngu istswro teth efir std ictiona riesofsyn onym s. Thef irstdic ti onar yo fth eE ng li shlangu ageappe aredmuchla ter, in1755. Ith ad40,000words.



.sdrow 000,04dah tI.5571ni, retal hcum deraeppa egaugnal hsilgnE eht fo yranoitcid tsrif ehT. smynonys fo seiranoitcid tsrif eht etorw stsiugnil esenihC. emoR dna eceerG ni depoleved retal erew scitenohp dna rammarG. deraeppa hceeps fo strap woh si sihT. sbrev dna snuon sa sdrow dehsiugnitsid stsiugnil tneicna, emit tsrif eht roF. sgnos tneicna no desab erew aidnI ni seiduts ylrae tsoM. erutluc dna, yhposolihp, egaugnal eht fo stcepsa tnereffid deiduts stsiugnil tsrif eht, retteb stxet dnatsrednu ot redro nI. anihC dna, emoR, eceerG, aidnI ni. C.B yrutnec ht5 eht dnuora deraeppa seiroeht citsiugnil tsrifehT

.sdr ow 000,04da htI.5571ni, ret alhcumdera eppaega ugnalhs il gn Ee htf oy rano it cidtsri fehT. smyno nysfoseir anoitci dts rife htet orwstsi ugn iles enih C. emo Rdn ae ceer Gnid epolev edreta ler ewscite no hpdnara mma rG. de rae pp ahc ee psf ostra pwohsisihT. sbrevd nasnuo nsasdr owdehsi ugnitsidstsiu gni ltn eicna, emi ttsri f eh troF. sg no stneic nanodes aber ewaidnI niseid utsylra etsoM. erutlucdna, yh poso lihp, eg aug nalehtf ostc epsatner effidde idutsst siu gni ltsr ifeh t, ret te b stx etdnat srednuot redr onI. anihCd na, em oR, ec eer G, ai dn Ini. C.B yr utnech t5e htdn uorad erae ppaseir oe htcits iug nilt srifehT



Text9

Inmany European countries, recycling has become apart ofgovernment policy. Modern technologies make it possible toproduce new packaging, bottles and even clothes from household waste. Germany has also recently started aseries ofprojects toencourage people tosort the rubbish they throw away. There are special containers ofdifferent colours that are meant for plastic, glass, paper and food. Those people who ignore the rules can be fined bythe rubbish police. Official laws also regulate the standards for rubbish packing, transportation and storage. These complex measures help tocreate ahealthy environment intowns and cities.

Inmany European seirtnuoc, recycling sah become atrap ofgovernment ycilop. Nredom technologies ekam it possible ot produce wen packaging, selttob and nevesehtolc from dlohesuoh waste. Ynamreg has also yltnecer started aseires ofstcejorp toencourage elpoep tosort the hsibbur they throw away. Ereht are laiceps containers ofdifferent sruoloc that are tneam for plastic, ssalg, repap and doof. Those elpoep who erongi the selurnac be fined bythe hsibbur police. Laiccifo laws osla regulate the sdradnats for hsibbur packing, transportation and egarots. Eseht complex measures pleh tocreate ayhtlaeh environment ni towns and seitic.

Inm anyEu rope an co untri es, rec yclingh asbe come apartofg overn mentpo licy. Mo dernte chnol ogiesm akeit po ssi bletop rod ucene wp acka ging, b ottl esan deven c lo thesfr omhouse holdw aste. Ge rmanyh asalsorec entlystar tedase riesof proj ectstoe nc ouragepe op let os orttheru bbi sht hey t hro waway. The rear espec ialcontai nersof di ffere ntc ol ours th atar emea ntforpl astic, g lass, pa peran dfood. Th osepeo plewho ig no rethe ru lesc anb efi nedbyt herub bishp olice. Offici all awsa lso reg ula tethest an dards fo rrubbi shpacking, t rans port at iona ndstor age. T hes ecomp lex meas uresh elpt ocrea tea h eal thyen viro nmenti ntow nsandcities.



.seitic dna snwot ni tnemnorivne yhtlaeh aetaerc ot pleh serusaem xelpmoc esehT. egarots dna noitatropsnart, gnikcap hsibbur rof sdradnats eht etaluger osla swal laiciffO.ecilop hsibbur eht yb denif eb nac selur eht erongi ohw elpoep esohT. doof dna repap, ssalg, citsalp rof tnaem era taht sruoloc tnereffid fo sreniatnoc laiceps era erehT. yawa worht yeht hsibbur eht tros ot elpoep egaruocne ot stcejorp fo seires adetrats yltnecer osla sah ynamreG. etsaw dlohesuoh morf sehtolc neve dna selttob, gnigakcap wen ecudorp ot elbissop ti ekam seigolonhcet nredoM. ycilop tnemnrevog fo trap aemoceb sah gnilcycer, seirtnuoc naeporuE ynamnI



.seiticdnasn wotn itnemn oriv neyht lae h aet aerco tple hseru saem xel pmoce seh T. ega rotsdn anoi ta trop snar t, gnikcaphs ibburr ofsdrad na tsehtet alu ger osl aswa lla iciff O.ecilo phsib bureh tybden ife bna csel ur ehter on gi ohwelp oepeso hT. doofd narep ap, ssal g, citsa lproftn aeme rata ht sruo lo ctn ereff id fosren iatnoclai cepse raer ehT. yawaw orh t yeh ths ibb urehttro s otel po epegaruo cn eotstce jorp foseir esadet ratsyltne ceroslasa hynamr eG. etsa wdloh esuohmo rfseht ol c neved nase ltto b, gnig akca pw enecu dor potelb iss op tieka mseigo lonhc etnred oM. ycil optnem nrevo gfotrapa emoc ebsa hgnilcy cer, se irtnu oc na epor uEynamnI



Text10

Cats and people have been living together for thousands ofyears. Nowadays, domestic cats are extremely popular pets. According tostatistics, they are even more popular than dogs. There is no doubt that cats love people as much as people appreciate them. Maybe its because cats and humans share some physiological traits. For instance, acats brain is more similar toahuman brain than adogs. The regions ofthe brain responsible for emotion are identical inboth humans and cats. Cats also have Aand B blood types, just like people.

Stac and people evah been living rehtegot for thousands ofsraey. Nowadays, citsemod cats era extremely ralupopstep. According toscitsitats, they era even erom popular naht dogs. Ereht is on doubt tahtstac love elpoep as hcum as alpoep appreciate meht. Maybe its esuaceb cats and humans erahs some physiological stiart. For instance, acats niarb is more similar toanamuh brain naht adogs. The snoiger ofthe brain responsible rof emotion are lacitnedi inboth snamuh and cats. Cats osla have Aand B doolb types, tsuj like people.

Ca tsa ndp eop leha vebee nliv ingtogethe rfo rth ou sands ofyears. Now ad ay s, dome sticc atsa reextre melypopu larpets. Acco rdingt os tatist ics, theya reevenmo rep opular tha ndogs. Th ere is n odoubt th atca tslove p popleasm uchas pe opl eappre ciatethe m. Ma ybeitsbe caus ecat sandh umanssha reso mephysi ological tra its. Forin stance, ac atsbrainis m oresimi lart oahuma nbrainth an adogs. T hereg ionsof thebra inrespon siblef orem otiona reidenti calin bo thh uman sandca ts. Ca tsal soh aveAandB bl oodtyp es, j ustli kepeople.



.elpoep ekil tsuj, sepyt doolb B dna Aevah osla staC. stac dna snamuh htob ni lacitnedi era noitome rof elbisnopser niarb eht fo snoiger ehT. sgod anaht niarb namuh aot ralimis erom si niarb stac a, ecnatsni roF. stiart lacigoloisyhp emos erahs snamuh dna stac esuaceb sti ebyaM. meht etaicerppa elpoep sa hcum sa elpoep evol stac taht tbuod on si erehT. sgod naht ralupop erom neve era yeht, scitsitats ot gnidroccA. step ralupop ylemertxe era stac citsemod, syadawoN. sraey fo sdnasuoht rof rehtegot gnivil neeb evah elpoep dnastaC



.el poepek iltsu j, se pytdoo lb BdnaAeva hos last aC. st acdnas namu hht ob nilac itnedier anoito mero felbis nopserni arbeht fosnoi gereh T.sgoda na htniarbn amuha otral imisero m siniarbsta c a, ecnats niroF. sti art lacigolo isyhpem oser ahssnamu hdnas tace suac ebstieby aM. mehtetaic erppae lpo ep sahcu msaelpop p evolst acta ht tbuodo n si ere hT. sgodn aht ralupo per omneveer ayeht, sci tsitat s otgnidr occA. stepral upopylem ertxeer asta ccits emod, s ya da woN. sraeyf osdnas uo htr ofr ehtegotgni viln eebev ahel poe pdn astaC



Text11

Nowadays people prefer communicating online. However, 50years ago people sent paper letters toeach other. It was the norm tohave amail box full ofenvelopes with letters. The envelopes were used for keeping letters and documents. The first envelopes appeared inEngland inthe first half ofthe 19th century. InMoscow, massive sales ofenvelopes started in1846. The first envelopes were made ofwhite paper. They were ofadifferent format. Topost aletter people needed round hand-made stamps. The stamps were fixed inthe top right corner ofthe envelope. InSt. Petersburg, stamps were blue, inMoscow they were red. Two years later, envelopes spread over the whole territory ofRussia.

Nowadays people referp communicating enilno. Revewoh, 50years oga people sent paper srettel toeach rehto. It was the mron toevah amail xob full ofsepolevne with letters. The sepolevne were used rof keeping srettel and documents. The tsrif envelopes deraeppa inEngland ineht first half fo the 19th yrutnec. InMoscow, evissam sales ofsepolevne started in1846. The tsrif envelopes erew made ofetihw paper. They erew ofadifferent tamrof. Totsop aletter elpoep needed round dnah-made spmats. The spmats were fixed inehtpot right renroc ofthe envelope. InSt. Petersburg, spmats were eulb, inMoscow yeht were der. Two sraey later, envelopes daerps over the whole yrotirret ofRussia.

Now ad ayspeoplep refercom mun icati ngon lin e. Ho we ver, 50ye arsag op eop lesentpa perle ttersto e achot her. Itwas t he n ormtoha veama ilbo xful lof en velope sw ithlet ters. T heen velope swe reu sedforke epi ngletter sanddo cum ent s. Thef irsten velop esapp eare dinEngl and inthefi rsth alf ofth e19thcen tu ry. InM osc ow, ma ssiv esaleso fenvelo pesstar tedi n 1846. Thef ir st en velopeswer emadeo fwh itepa per. The yw ereofa d iffer entformat. Top ostaletterp eoplene ededrou ndha nd-madesta mps. Th esta mpswe refixedi nthetopr ightcor nero ftheenve lope. InSt. Pet ersburg, sta mpswer eblue, inMo scowthe ywerered. Twoye arsl ater, env elopessp read overthew hole t erritoryo fRussia.



.aissuR fo yrotirret elohw eht revo daerps sepolevne, retal sraey owT. der erew yeht wocsoM ni, eulb erew spmats, grubsreteP. tS nI. epolevne eht fo renroc thgir pot eht ni dexif erew spmats ehT. spmats edam-dnah dnuor dedeen elpoep rettel atsop oT. tamrof tnereffid afo erew yehT. repap etihw fo edam erew sepolevne tsrif ehT.6481ni detrats sepolevne fo selas evissam, wocsoM nI. yrutnec ht91 eht fo flah tsrif eht ni dnalgnE ni deraeppa sepolevne tsrif ehT. stnemucod dna srettel gnipeek rof desu erew sepolevne ehT. srettel htiw sepolevne fo lluf xob liam aevah ot mron eht saw tI. rehto hcae ot srettel repap tnes elpoep oga sraey 05,revewoH. enilno gnitacinummoc referp elpoep syadawoN



.aissuRf oyrotirre t eloh wehtrev odaer pssepole vne, reta lsra eyowT. dererewy ehtwocs oMni, eulbe rewspm ats, grubsre teP. tSnI. epol evneehtf oren rocthgi rpotehtn idexifer ewspm atse hT. spm atsedam-dn ahdn uordede enelpoe prettelatso poT. tamroftne reffi d afoere wy ehT. rep apeti hwf oedame rewsepolev ne ts ri fehT.6481n idet ratssep olevnef oselase viss am, wo cso MnI. yr ut necht91e htf ofla htsr ifehtn idna lgnEnid erae ppase polev netsri fehT. stne muc oddnas rettelgn ipe ekrofdes uer ews epolev neeh T. sret telhti ws epolev ne fol lufx obli amaev ahotmro n eh t sawt I. reh tohca e otsrett elrep aptnesel poe po gasra ey05,rev ew oH. enil nogn itaci num mocrefer pelpoepsya dawoN



Text12

This fish is called the Black sea devil. We dont know much about it. It lives deep inthe darkness ofthe sea and seldom comes up. Scientists arent even sure how long it lives. The amazing fact is that the Black sea devil can perfectly adapt toits environment. They have sharp teeth, abig mouth arid beautiful fins used for swimming and hunting. Male fish live on the back offemale ones that are much bigger insize. Not long ago, aBlack sea devil was filmed inits natural environment for the first time. The fish was then brought tothe surface alive for further monitoring. It was placed inacool, dark container. Scientists want toknow if it can sense magnetic fields like sharks do. Aset ofexperiments will help tofindout.




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