English for AVT specialists.      .     
  


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English for AVT specialists.      

    



  



    



  ,2021



ISBN978-5-4493-6662-7

     Ridero


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           .        (   ),       ,    ,         . ʠ   ,           ,       .        (Unified State Examination)   FCE (First Certificate inEnglish)   .        , ,  .      ,  .

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           .    10 (Units),  16.      24 .

   ,    .          (Essential glossary).    ,     (Unified State Examination)   FCE (First Certificate inEnglish).

    ()    Pre-reading,           (brainstorming and predicting),      ,    .

    Subject and language study      (skimming and scanning),    (reading indetail).       (grammar revision)   (vocabulary work),       .

   Talking and discussing point         ,  ,  ,   .

    Writing        (, ,     .),   ,       .        FCE.

 Check point      .         .       ,       .




Unit1

From the history ofsound production





Text1. Part 1. The Renaissance

the 1940s


PRE-READING



1. Read the heading ofthe unit. Write down some words and phrases related tothe subject.



2. Can you guess the meaning ofthese words?



Natural, mono, stereo, history, Renaissance, composer, compose, antiphonal, music, musician, cathedral, choir, organ, incorporate, sonic, effect, concert, hall, German, conductor, complex, orchestra, perform, foyer, audience, specialist, laboratory, telephone, experiment, multichannel, audio, format, system, idea, animated, film, soundtrack, concert, hall, record, technology, engineer, pioneer, reproduction, control, front, configuration, subwoofer, prototype, group, cinematic, commercial, stereophonic, dramatically, military, various, klaxon.



3. Tell the class what you already know on the topic.



4. a) Talk toyour classmate. Give your own definition ofthat special period inthe history ofhumankind called the Renaissance.

b) Report your definitions back tothe class. Discuss and compare your ideas.

c)Study some dictionary definitions ofthe Renaissance. Do they differ from how you definedit?



5. You are going toread an article about the history ofsurround sound. Before you start reading, discuss the following points with the group.



1)What is surround sound? How does it work?

2) Can you name some examples ofsurround sound systems?

3What kind ofmusic did the Renaissance composers write?

4) What do you know about the European musicians Hector Berlioz and Richard Wagner?

5) How did Walt Disney and his engineers contribute tothe surround sound appearance?



SUBJECT AND LANGUAGE STUDY



Reading



6. Skim the text tocomplete the following statements:



a)This text considersthe

b) It tells the readershow

c) Each paragraph gives us information about



It is more natural for the human ear tolisten insurround than tohear sounds inmono or stereo. If we go back tothe history as far as the 1416


 centuries, we will see that the Renaissance composers who wrote antiphonal church music managed tofill vast cathedral spaces with the sound ofthe choir or organ incorporating side-to-side or front-to-rear sonic effects. In1830, Hector Berlioz composed his Symphonie Fantastique whose score called for the horns tobe placed at the back ofthe concert hall. The German composer and conductor Richard Wagner (18131883) created works so mighty and complex that they required large orchestras and the musicians toperform inthe foyer, under the stage, and even among the people inthe audience.

Throughout the 1930s specialists at Bell Laboratories (also called Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) carried out experiments with different multichannel audio formats, including three-channel stereo or system 3.1(left, center, right). In1938, Walt Disney triggered off the idea ofadding surround sound tohis upcoming animated film, Fantasia. The soundtrack was recorded using atechnology called Fantasound developed byDisney engineers. Fantasound was apioneering sound reproduction system, which stored three channels ofaudio (3.1) and acontrol track on the film itself. The sound was playbacked through five channels: three front speakers and two rear ones. This speaker configuration, sans subwoofer, was the prototype ofthe 5.1arrangement, which is incommon use today. Besides amazingly  the same group ofengineers invented multitrack recording, panning, and overdubbing! Thus, Fantasia became the first commercial cinematic release shown instereophonic sound.

Unfortunately, war preparations dramatically curtailed further advance ofsurround sound technologies inentertainment. However, multichannel audio was used bythe military for identifying the source ofthe sound: independent speakers were dedicated tovarious alarm sounds (for example, klaxon, bell, horn) aboard warships and it helped sailors inan emergency instantly locate the entering sound.

Essential glossary



antiphonal , 

 toincorporate  (), ()

 sonic 

 score . 

 horn , , , ,  

 conductor 

 surround sound system    

 store , 

 film 

 toplayback , 

 speaker , ,  , 

 subwoofer  ,   

 panning 

 overdubbing   ()  

 entertainment  

 alarm 

 emergency  

 tolocate  



7. Scan the reading passage. What are the answers tothe questions inexercise5?



8.Read the text quickly. Put the names and the events mentioned inthe text inthe chronological order.



Richard Wagner; military preparations; the Renaissance composers; Walt Disneys Fantasia; Hector Berlioz and his Symphonie Fantastique, invention ofmultitrack recording, panning and overdubbing; Bell Laboratories.



9. Find the English equivalents for the following words and expressions inthe passage.



 ;        ;  ;  ;  30;   ;  ;  ;   ;   ;     ;   ;    ;  ;     ;  ;   ;   ;   .



10. Read the text inmore detail and find the answers tothe following questions.



1)What did the Renaissance composers try todo for listening church music insurround?

2) What was so special about Hector Berliozs Symphonie Fantastique regarding surround sound?

3) How are Richard Wagners works described inthe article?

4) What kind ofexperiment did the Bell Laboratories specialists do with different audio formats?

5) What technology did Disney engineers develop inorder torecord the soundtrack for the animated film Fantasia?

6) How did the military forces employ multichannel audio systems?



11. Match the people (17) with their achievements (a-g).



1)specialists at Bell Laboratories

2Richard Wagner

3) the military

4) Walt Disney

5) the Renaissance composers

6) Hector Berlioz

7) Disney engineers

a) his music was performed byorchestras so big that the musicians had toplay scattered around the concert hall: inthe foyer, under the stage, and even inthe audience;

b) the location ofthe sound was identified bythe multichannel audio system;

c) they wrote music designed toachieve spatial effects inlarge cathedrals;

d) used his great idea inone ofthe upcoming animated films;

e) the score ofhis work required that the musicians playing the horns had tostand at the rear ofthe hall;

f) did experiments with various multichannel audio formats;

g) invented anew technology called Fantasound

12. All the terms inthe left column below are mentioned intext 1. Match the terms with their definitions inthe right column.








Grammar revision: regular and irregular verbs



Regular verbs

The past simple and past participle ofregular verbs end ined.

Describe-described-described, include-included-included

Irregular verbs

Irregular verbs do not follow this rule. For some irregulars, all the three forms are the same.

Hit-hit-hit, let-let-let, put-put-put

For other irregular verbs, the past simple is the same as the past participle.

Tell-told-told, make-made-made, catch-caught-caught

With some other verbs, the three forms are different.

Write-wrote-written, do-did-done, show-showed-shown

There are some verbs that can be regular or irregular.

Burn-burned-burned or burn-burnt-burnt

Dream-dreamed-dreamed or dream-dreamt  dreamt

It is more usual touse the irregular forms inBritish English.

We use the past participle for making the perfect tenses and the passive forms.

The engineers have carried out numerous experiments with different audio formats recently. (present perfect)

The sound was playbacked through five channels: three front speakers and two rear ones. (past simple passive)



13. Some ofthese verbs are regular and some are irregular. Give their three forms. Work out the meaning ofthe words that you do not know from the context.



Example: hear-heard-heard

Go, see, be, write, manage, fill, incorporate, compose, call for, place, create, require, perform, know, carry out, trigger off, record, develop, store, playback, invent, become, show, curtail, use, dedicate, help, locate.



Use the verbs inyour own sentences.

Vocabularywork



14. Look through the text and write alist ofkey words. Compare it with your classmates list. Make up new sentences with them.



TALKING AND DISCUSSING POINT



15. Think ofaplan tothe article. Make asummary ofthe article according toyour plan.



16. Explain these words and expressions from the text.



Tohear sounds inmono or stereo, vast cathedral spaces, conductor, audience, pioneering sound reproduction system, sans subwoofer, prototype, stereophonic sound, source ofthe sound, emergency, instantly.



17. What have you learnt from the text about the following?



The Renaissance composers and their antiphonal church music

Walt Disneys Fantasound

Bell Labs experiments



18. Speak on music. Comment on the statements.



Music distracts us from daily routine.

Can you imagine your day without music?

Atuneful song barely heard out ofthe open window, abrass band playing somewhere at adistance, birds singing nicely inthe garden There is so much music around us that sometimes we do not even noticeit.

WRITING



19. Write acomposition on the topic (120180words).



So what is music?



20. Make areport, an electronic presentation or do aproject on one ofthe following topics:



The Renaissance music

Hector Berlioz. His life and works

Richard Wagner and his influence on music

Bell Laboratories. Discoveries and developments

Walt Disneys Fantasia



CHECK POINT



21. Complete the following statements basing on the information inthe first part ofUnit 1. You do not need more than three words, symbols or numbers for eachgap.



1)Renaissance composers wrote their antiphonal music with the sound ofthe choir or organ incorporating side-to-side or front-to-rear sonic effects tobe playedin

2) Hector Berliozs Symphonie Fantastique was performed with the horns placed at the back ofthe

3) Richard Wagners works were so impressive and complicated that they needed large orchestras; the musicians stood inthe foyer, under the stage, and even among the people inthe

4) Inthe 1930s, specialists at Bell Labs experimented with three-channel stereo or system, as well as with other multichannel audio formats.

5) Fantasound was the first sound reproduction system, which stored three (3.1) and acontrol track on the film itself.

6) The sound inFantasound was playbacked through five channels: three front speakers andtwo

7) This speaker configuration inFantasound, sans subwoofer, became the prototype ofthe

8) Besides, the same group ofDisney engineers created multitrack recording, panning and!

9) Further development ofsurround sound technologies inentertainment was curtailedby

10) Multichannel audio was utilized bythe for identifying the source ofthe sound.




Text2. Part 2. The 19501980s


PRE-READING



1. What do you know about the following things:



the arrival ofthe television;

gimmicks used tomake film watching more entertaining;

home hi-fi arrangements



2. Look at the statement: Inthe 1950s, the rise ofthe television became areal threat tothe cinema. Why do you think it happened? Work ingroups ofthree or four and discuss your ideas. Report them tothe class.



3. What do you think these words and word combinations mean?



Dominant source, public entertainment, film studios, technological advance, 3D glasses, auditorium, limit, economic factors, professionals, frustration, numerous technical problems, vinyl medium, aesthetic problems, full-range front channels, minimum number ofspeakers.



4. Name some more words and phrases you know relating tothe subject.



SUBJECT AND LANGUAGE STUDY



Reading



5. Skim the reading passage tocomplete the statements.



The text considers

It describes

Each paragraph tellsus



6. Look through the passage and spot the answers tothese questions.



1)What technological advances did the film studios introduce tofight the television?

2) Why did the idea ofthe four-channel configuration Quad fail?

3) When did the system 5.1appear?



Bythe early 1950s, the movie certainly remained the dominant source ofpublic entertainment. Nevertheless, the rise ofthe television became areal threat tothe cinema. Infact, the growing popularity ofthe television influenced meaningfully the profits ofthe film industry. The film studios fought back desperately introducing one technological advance after another. Though some ofthem were just gimmicks toattract viewers (things like 3D glasses), other ones, such as the wide-screen cinemascope, eventually developed into significant improvements. Another achievement worth mentioning was afour-channel stereo (three front speakers accompanied byaswitchable effects speaker). Soon after that, 70mm 6-track film was invented. It had five front channels (left, left/center, center, center/right, right) plus adedicated effects channel placed inthe auditorium. However, mastering these technologies was limited bycertain economic factors.

Home audio systems were also evolving greatly. Bythe 1960s, home hi-fi arrangements were all the rage. Stereo sound replaced monaural as astandard. The stereo recordings ofaping  pong ball bouncing between speakers stimulated the rise oftodays consumer surround sound.

Inthe early 1970s many professionals felt akind offrustration at the scanty abilities oftwo speakers leading toresearch into the consumer surround sound which resulted inan analog four  channel configuration called Quad. It was aprogressive idea going ahead ofits time. It failed, however, beset bynumerous technical (inability ofthe vinyl medium tocarry four discrete signals without strong crosstalk and compromises infrequency response), economic (there were alot ofcompeting, non-compatible formats) and even aesthetic problems (the public did not completely understand the psychoacoustics ofthe four-channel sound.)

However, bythe late 1970s, the first digital audio sets made an appearance at the market. The film industry was pushing forward its positions, too. Dolby Laboratories started their work at amatrixing system Dolby Stereo where three front speakers and an array ofrear speakers received information through four channels derived from two stereo channels that were printed optically onto film. Dolby professionals also made an introduction ofaseparate boom subwoofer channel, or so called the LFE channel (which stands for Low Frequency Effects). It effectively increased dynamic range (the difference between the softest sound and the loudest sound perceived) incinematic installations.

Bythe mid  1980s, the system 5.1was supposed tobe astandard for 70mm cinematic releases. It was composed ofthree full-range front channels (left, center, right), two full-range rear channels, and asubwoofer. Inthe name 5.1 the. 1 stands for the LFE channel because it carries only approximately one  tenth ofthe frequency range ofthe other channels. Researchers considered this as being the minimum number ofspeakers needed tosupply the listener with an enveloping, immersive sound perception, as well as providing asufficient level oflocalization (the capability toreceive asound as coming from adefinite point inspace). The 5.1is still the most common configuration used for surround sound today.



Essential glossary



 profit , 

 advance , 

 gimmick , , 

 viewer 

 improvement , 

 achievement 

 switchable 

 dedicated channel  

 be all the rage   , 

 monauralsound ,   , 

 consumer 

 research  

 vinyl medium  

 crosstalk  , 

 frequency response  

 psychoacoustics 

 range 

 installation , 

 compose , 

 approximately , 

 immersive ,        (, , , ); ,   

 sufficient 

 the most common  

 capability 



7. Scan the article and use the words inbrackets tocomplete the statements.



1)Bythe early 1950s, the increasing popularity ofthe television became a tothe movies.

2) Bythe 1960s, home hi-fi schemes were all the rage. Stereo sound took the place of as astandard.

3) Inspite ofbeing aprogressive idea going ahead ofits time, the usage of failed, attacked bynumerous technical, economic, and even aesthetic problems.

4) The 1970s featured intense development ofboth audioand

5) Bythe mid  1980s, , which still remains the most widely used surround sound configuration, became astandard for 70mm cinematic releases.

(5.1system, real threat, video technologies, monaural, Quad)



8. Read the text inmore detail and answer the questions.



1)What source ofpublic entertainment threatened the cinema inthe early50s?

2) What did the film studios do inwhat seemed tobe alosing battle with television? What technological advances were offered byaudio engineers?

3) What sound system was accepted as astandard instead ofthe old one inthe early 1960s?

4) What caused the first exploration into the consumer surround sound? What was its result?

5) When did the early digital audio devices appear at the marketplace?

6) What does Dolby Stereo consistof?

7) What does the. 1 stand for inthe system5.1?



9. Find the English equivalents for the following words and expressions inthetext.



   ;  () ;  ;   ;    ;    ;     ; ,   ;    ;   ;     ;     ; ,   ;   ,  ,    ; ,  ;   ;  ;  ;       ;   .

Grammar revision: active and passive voice



We use the active voice tosay what the subject ofthe sentence does:

Inthe 1970s, Dolby professionals made an introduction ofaseparate boom subwoofer channel, or so called the LFE channel.

We use the passive voice tosay that something happens tothe subject:

However, mastering these technologies was limited bycertain economic factors.

Here is some more information about the passive voice.



We use apassiveverb

1) when what or who causes the action is unimportant, unknown or obvious from the context:

Two new studios have been built recently.

2) tosound more formal or more polite:

The letter hasnt been sent. (Instead of: You havent sent the mail.)

3) when the action itself is more important than who or what does it (intechnological processes, reports, newspaper headings, manuals, instructions, regulations etc.):

Dolby Stereo Digital was first encoded on the 1992film Batman Returns.

4) toput more emphasis on the agent:

The new laboratory will be opened bythe company president.



We form the passive voice with the verb tobe and the past participle ofthe main verb:

be (is/was/have been etc.) + the past participle (made/ washed/done etc.)








10. Fill the gaps inthe sentences with the verbs given. Use them inthe correct tense either inthe active or inpassive voice.



Remain, influence, introduce, limit, evolve, fail, beset, receive, increase.

1) Some ofthese technological advances finally _______ into meaningful improvements.

2) The cinematic systems ofthat time were unable toproduce loud low frequency signals without clipping, thats why asubwoofer channel (also called the LFE channel) _____ ______ byDolby Laboratories.

3) Though the pioneering idea ofthe Quad installation______, it led tofurther exploration into consumer surround sound.

4) The acceptance ofnew technologies, especially since the expansion oftelevision was making serious inroads into the profit margins ofthe cinematograph, _____ ______ bycertain economic factors.

5) Until the early 1950s the dominance ofthe movie was obvious and it _______ the main source ofpublic entertainment.

6) Bythe late 1970s, specialists at Dolby Laboratories started their development ofthe Dolby Stereo system, whereby information _____ _____ bythree front speakers and afew rear speakers.

7) The invention ofthe boom subwoofer channel had an added advantage: it effectively ______ the dynamic range oftheatrical installations.

8) The growing popularity oftelevision certainly _______ the development ofthe film industry.

9) The analog four-channel arrangement Quad turned out to_____ _____ byamultitude ofeconomic, technical, and aesthetic problems that eventually led toits failure.



Vocabulary work: adjectives and adverbs



Alot ofadverbs are made from adjectives byaddingly:

Quick-quickly, careful-carefully

Note that not all words, which end inly, are adverbs. There are some adjectives that have the ly ending,too:

Friendly, lively,etc.



11. Transform the adjectives into adverbs using the pattern given below. Work out the meaning ofthe unknown words from the text.

Example: amazing  amazingly

Certain, real, meaningful, desperate, eventual, significant, great, progressive, complete, optical, separate, effective, approximate, sufficient, definite.



Use the words insentences ofyourown.



TALKING AND DISCUSSING POINT



12. Make aplan tothe article using your notes inexercise5.



13. Write akey sentence for each point ofyour plan.



14. Make asummary ofthe article adding afew more sentences toeach point ofyour plan. Use the key words.



15. Answer the What do you think questions.



1)Why did television threaten the cinema inthe early 1950s?

2) Which ofthe two opponents the movie or the television  has eventuallywon?

3) Why 3D glasses are called agimmick inthe text? What other gimmicks used toattract audience can you name?

4) Are there any economic, technical and aesthetic problems inthe sphere ofthe sound production nowadays?

5) What technological advances inthe surround sound will be achieved inthe nearest future?



WRITING



16. Write acommentary that contains two arguments for and two arguments against the statement: Society cannot do without technologies. Write 120180words.



17. Write an essay commenting on the following statement (State Exam Writing).



Work is the most important thing inlife.



Do you agree with the statement? What is your point ofview?



Write 200250words.

Use the plan below:

make an introduction (state the problem)

express your personal opinion giving 23reasons tosupportit

express an opposing opinion giving 12reasons forit

explain why you do not agree with the opposing opinion

write aconclusion restating your position



CHECK POINT



18. Complete the sentences choosing from the words inbrackets. Use the information you have learnt from Unit 1, Part2.



1)Though some advances introduced bythe film studios inthe 1950s were just (gimmicks, failures, digital schemes) toattract viewers, other ones eventually developed into significant improvements.

2) The stereo recordings ofa (child, ping  pong ball, football) bouncing between speakers encouraged the growth ofthe modern consumer surround sound.

3) Inthe early 1970s, the (research, experiment, record) into the consumer surround sound led toan analog four  channel configuration called Quad.

4) The LFE channel invented byDolby specialists inthe 1970s really (decreased, made, increased) dynamic range incinematic configurations.

5) Inthe name 5.1 the. 1 stands for the LFE channel because it carries only approximately (one-third, one-fifth, one-tenth) ofthe frequency range ofthe other channels.




Text3. Part 3. The 1990s today


PRE-READING



1. Guess the meaning ofthe following words from thetext.



Organization, information, communication, optimum, allocation, classical, material, effect, result, document, accompany, professional, standard, factual, industry, recommendation, modern, mix, method, equally, film, production, role, studio, number, laser, disc, encoded, industry, theater, mass, public, manufacturer, multitrack, component, console, monitor, integral, automobile, gadget, content, compromise.



2. Think ofsome more words or phrases tosupplement the list above.



3. Think ofsome achievements inthe sphere ofsound production that have come insight over the past 30years. How have they influenced ordinary customers lives?



SUBJECT AND LANGUAGE STUDY



Reading



4. Skim the text. Are the following statements true or false?



1)The ITU carried out research todetermine the optimal position ofthe speaker ina5.1system.

2) The ITU document Recommendation for Multichannel Stereophonic Sound System With and Without Accompanying Picture came out in1990.

3) Inthe 1990s, at least five major film digital surround sound encoding formats made appearance.

4) The DVD appeared inthe middle90s.

5) Using high definition formats toallocate content surround sound producers can do without clipping and sonic compromise.



Inthe early 1990s, the organization that is responsible for information and communication technologies throughout the world known as the ITU (International Telecommunications Union) conducted research aimed at determining the optimum speaker allocation ina5.1arrangement. The research was based mainly on the classical music as source material and the rear speakers were described only as effects or ambience speakers. As aresult, adocument entitled Recommendation for Multichannel Stereophonic Sound System With and Without Accompanying Picture was issued in1994. Actually, professionals widely accepted it as afactual industry standard. The ITU Recommendation, however, may not be considered tobe perfectly suitable for many music applications, since it came out long before the appearance ofmodern surround sound mixing methods which treat all the five speakers as equally important.

The 1990s were featured bydevelopment and proliferation ofdigital audio systems. Employment ofdigital audio for film production was practically becoming acommonplace; the role ofdigital audio workstations (DAWs) inrecording studios all over the world was getting more and more important. There were plans for creating adigital television broadcast system that gradually would mature into High Definition Television (HDTV). Researchers made afocus on embedding surround sound into the second-generation digital audio systems that were growing innumber successfully. Inthat period, at least three major film digital surround sound encoding formats saw the light ofthe day. These were Sony SDDS 


, Dolby 


Digital 


(technically called AC-3), and DTS 


. Moreover, the introduction oflaser discs (with their ability tocarry encoded surround sound) greatly encouraged advance ofanascent industry known as home theater. People began toadd supplementary subwoofers and surround speakers totheir home listening sets.

Inthe mid  1990s, the DVD was released. It provided the mass public with amedium delivering surround sound right into the comfort oftheir homes. Audio manufacturers started offering different surround sound tools that whetted the consumers appetite for high quality digital multitrack systems and avariety ofcomponents such as surround  ready mixing consoles, monitoring units and effects devices have found their way into peoples living rooms as well as into professional studios.

Today, surrounds sound is an integral part ofhome theater and has also made its appearance inthe automobile. Multichannel audio is used inthe digital television broadcast, gaming gadgets, and inthe Internet (through streaming codecs). High definition formats (like SA  CD Multichannel and DVD  Audio) enable the surround sound producer toallocate content without clipping and sonic compromise. This makes their advent one ofthe most remarkable achievements inthe history ofthe sound production.



Essential glossary



aimed at 

 allocation , 

 source 

 ambience , , 

 suitable , 

 application , () 

 proliferation 

 employment 

 commonplace  , 

 gradually 

 toencode , 

 nascent ,  , 

 supplementary , 

 medium (pl. media) 

 avariety of 

 integral part () 

 codec  (-) 

 high definition format   

 allocate , 

 content 

 clipping  (), 



5. Scan the article and use the words inbrackets tocomplete the statements.



1)The document Recommendation for Multichannel Stereophonic Sound System With and Without Accompanying Picture was issued in1994as aresult ofthe conducted bytheITU.

2) The 1990s are characterized bydevelopment and proliferationof

3) Inthe 1990s, at least three main film digital surround sound encoding formats arrived on the scene: , Dolby 


Digital 


(technically called AC-3), and DTS




4) The DVD, which appeared inthe mid  1990s, provided the mass public with a bringing surround sound right into their homes.

5) Today, high definition formats enable the surround sound producer toallocate content without clippingand

(digital audio systems, Sony SDDS


, sonic compromise, research, medium)



6. Read the article indetail tofind the answers tothe questions below.



1)What was the purpose ofthe ITU research done inthe 1990s?

2) Why may the ITU recommendation not be ideal for many music applications?

3) What was one ofthe main characteristics ofthe 1990s regarding the sound production technologies?

4) What was the focus inthe exploration into surround sound throughout the 1990s?

5) What event served as aspringboard toanewly  born industry called home theater?

6) What fact may be considered as one ofthe most important achievements proving that surround sound has finally come ofage?



7. Find the English equivalents ofthe following words and expressions inthetext.



,  ;   ;  ;  ;  ;  ;   ;  ;  ;     ;   ;  ;    .



Grammar revision: comparative and superlative adjectives



The comparative form ofadjectives is er or more The superlative form is est or themost

We use er and est for one-syllable words (short adjectives).

High-higher-the highest, cheap-cheaper-the cheapest

We use more and the most for longer adjectives.

Difficult-more difficult-the most difficult, expensive-more expensive-the most expensive

Some words are irregular: good-better-the best, bad-worse-the worst, and others.



8. Use the adjectives given below inthe comparative and superlative degrees. Mind the grammar rules. Some ofthe words are irregular.



Example: suitable  more suitable  the most suitable

Important, long, successful, little, high, good, remarkable, far, modern, popular, significant, short, meaningful, advanced.



Present continuous and present perfect (simple).



The present continuous is be + verb + ing (am/is/are + verb +ing)



We use the present continuous tense.



1)Totalk about an action that is happening at the moment ofspeaking

Dont enter the studio. They are recording asong at the moment.

2) Todescribe atemporary situation

The engineers are working at the new audio scheme this month.

3) Totalk about changes occurring aroundnow

The role ofthis digital audio arrangement inrecording studios all over the world is getting more and more important.

4) When we are irritated (with always)

He is always listening toloud music inthe evenings.

5) When we talk about arrangements and plans

They are trying out the new device tomorrow.



The present perfect simple is have + past participle.



We use the present perfect tense.



1)Totalk about actions and states that started inthe past and continue up tothe present

He has been asound engineer for ten years.

2) When we see the result ofapast actionnow

Look! Theyve left aterrible mess inthe laboratory.

3) When we talk about repeated actions inthe past continuing inthe present

The company has taken part inevery exhibition sofar.

4) Totalk about our life experience

Ihave never visited Disney Land.

5) Tosay how many times we have done something.

That is the second time theyve won the award.

6) With superlatives

This is the worst film Ihave ever seen.



Note that we often use these adverbs with the present perfect: yet, since, ever since, already, ever, never, still, before, this morning, this week, this month, this year.



9. Inthe following sentences, change the present continuous tothe present perfect. Translate the sentences into Russian.



Example:

The scientists are conducting research todetermine optimum speaker placement.

The scientists have conducted research todetermine optimum speaker placement.



1)Inthe experiment, the researchers are describing the component as effects or ambience part only.

2) Gradually, manufacturers are accepting this recommendation as ade facto industry standard.

3) Usage ofthis audio digital format is becoming acommonplace.

4) Some ofthese technological advances are obviously maturing into meaningful improvements.

5) The laboratory engineers are making afocus on incorporating the invention into the digital audio systems.

6) The new generation audio systems are growing innumber successfully.

7) Modern surround sound tools are certainly whetting the consumers appetite for adding extra units totheir home listening environments.

8) The new device is also finding its way into gaming consoles.



Vocabularywork



10. Write alist ofkey words for text 3. Compare your list with the classmates key words. Use them inyour own sentences.



TALKING AND DISCUSSING POINT



11. Explain these words and expressions from the text. Paraphrase them; give synonyms or/and antonyms tothem where possible.



Conduct research, industry standard, equally important, proliferation ofdigital audio systems, become acommonplace, gradually, nascent industry, whet appetite, professional studio, integral part, enable.



12. Write alist offive questions tothe text. Exchange your list with your classmate and answer their questions.



13. Think ofaplan tothe article. Make asummary ofthe article according toyour plan.



14. What information about audio systems today would you add tothe article?



15. Talk toyour classmate. Express your attitude tothe following quotation:



Technology is auseful servant but adangerous master.

Christian Lous Lange

Report your idea tothe class. Discuss, compare and contrast your points ofview.



WRITING



16. You want toenter ashort story competition. The rules say that your story must start or end with the words: There is music everywhere The story should contain 120180words (FCE Writing).



17. Make areport, do an electronic presentation or aproject on one ofthe topics:



The International Telecommunications Union

Development and usage ofdigital audio systems

High Definition Television (HDTV)

Home theater (home cinema). History and later development

DVD format

Audio systems today



CHECK POINT



18. What have you learnt from the text inUnit 1, Part 3about the following?



The document Recommendation for Multichannel Stereophonic Sound System With and Without Accompanying Picture

Achievements inthe audio and video practices throughout the 1990s

Surround sound systems incommon use today




Unit2

The history ofDolby Laboratories





Text4. Dolby Laboratories. Historical events and personalities


PRE-READING



1. Name some words and expressions related tothe subject.



2. What do you know about Dolby Laboratories? Can you answer these questions?



1)When and where was the company founded?

2) Who startedit?

3) What does Dolby Labsdo?

4) Name some ofthe companys most significant achievements.

5) What Dolby formats do you know anduse?



Dolby Laboratories (often called Dolby Labs for short) is an American company which specializes inaudio encoding/compression and audio noise reduction. Dolby Labs was founded byan American Ray Dolby inLondon in1965. In1976, it was moved toSan Francisco, the USA. The first issue it manufactured was asimple compander, Type ADolby Noise Reduction. The compander was distinguished from the others ofthe kind bycapability toprocess only the quiet sounds that would be veiled bytape noise. Henry Kloss (aprominent American engineer and businessman) persuaded Ray Dolby toproduce aconsumer version ofhis noise reduction. In1968, Dolby Company made an introduction ofacompounding system TypeB.

Dolby also searched todevelop film sound. The companys history writes:

Upon investigation, Dolby found that many ofthe limitations inoptical sound stemmed directly from its significantly high background noise. Tofilter this noise, the high-frequency response oftheater playback systems was deliberately curtailed Tomake matters worse, toincrease dialogue intelligibility over such systems, sound mixers were recording soundtracks with so much high-frequency pre-emphasis that high distortion resulted.

AClockwork Orange (1971) was the first film with Dolby sound that utilized Dolby noise reduction on all pre-mixes and masters, but with traditional optical soundtrack on release prints. Callan (1974) became the first film with aDolby encoded optical soundtrack. In1975Dolby introduced Dolby Stereo including anoise reduction system as well as more audio channels (it could have additional center and surround channels matrixed from the left and right). The first film with ADolby  encoded stereo optical soundtrack was Lisztomania (1975), but it was only made inan LCR (Left-Center-Right) encoding technique. The first movie containing the true LCRS (Left-Center-Right  Surround) encoded soundtrack was called AStar is Born in1976. Having reworked the system abit for home viewing, Dolby released Dolby Surround, which only extracted asurround channel, and the more advanced Dolby Pro Logic, which actually was the domestic counterpart ofthe theatrical Dolby Stereo.

Dolby engineers also developed adigital surround compression scheme for the movie. Dolby Stereo Digital (now simply known as Dolby Digital) was first encoded on the 1992film Batman Returns. Another Dolby format, AC-3(the film Clear and Present Danger was offered at the home theater market on alaserdisc in1995) did not make much profit inthe consumer market and eventually became part ofthe DVD specification. Dolby Digital was included inthe High Definition Television (Advanced Television Systems Television, HDTV and ATSC respectively) standard ofthe USA, DVD-players, and alot ofsatellite-TV and cable  TV receivers. TV series The Simpsons used the Dolby digital surround sound compression scheme.

In2005, the corporation offered its shares on the New York Stock Exchange, claiming tobecome public under the symbol DLB. The same year it celebrated the 40-anniversary.

In2007, the company presented Dolby Volume at the International Consumer Electronics Show. It provides users with an opportunity tokeep up asteady volume while switching from one channel toanother.

On June 18, 2010, Dolby announced the arrival ofDolby Surround 7.1, which became widespread inthe world market. The first movie released with this format was Pixars Toy Story 3. Later 50more releases came out using the format. InApril 2012, there were 3,600Dolby Surround 7.1movie theaters. Inthe same month anew cinematic technology, Dolby Atmos, was introduced bythe company.



Essential glossary



reduction , 

 found 

 compander , 

 capability 

 process  (, )

 veil , 

 consumer 

 investigation 

 frequency response  

 intelligibility , , 

 pre-emphasis ,  

 distortion , 

 utilize 

 pre-mix  

 master  

 home viewing  

 domestic 

 counterpart , , 

 profit , 

 satellite 

 receiver ,  

 share 

 keep up 



SUBJECT AND LANGUAGE STUDY



Reading



3. Scan the text tofinish the sentences.



1)The first issue produced bythe companywas

2) Anotable American engineer and businessperson Henry Kloss talked Ray Dolby into producing

3) The first film with Dolby sound that used Dolby noise reduction on all pre-mixes and masters, although with traditional optical soundtrack on release printswas

4The film AStar is Born contained the true

5) In2010, Dolby announced the arrivalof

4. Read the text inmore detail toanswer the questions.



1)What does Dolby Labs specializein?

2) Who established the company?

3) What was the main feature that set Dolbys compander, Type ADolby Noise Reduction, apart from the others?

4) What conclusion was made byDolbys analysts ofthe limitations inoptical sound?

5) What was the first movie that used Dolby noise reduction, though not inthe final version?

6) What film was the first real LCRS soundtrack encodedon?

7) Where was the digital surround sound compression scheme employed?

8) Which system enables consumers tomaintain an invariable volume while switching through program elements or channels?

9) When was Dolby Surround 7.1introduced?



5. Find the English equivalents ofthe following words and expressions inthetext.



 ;    ;   ;   () ;     ; ;    -  ; 40-  ( ).

6. Match the films inthe left column with the new techniques encoded on them.








Grammar revision: the passive voice2



We use the Passive Voice tosay what happens tothe subject:



1)when the agent ofthe action is unimportant, unknown or obvious from the context:

Afew new studios have been built this year.

2) if we want tosound more formal or polite:

The document hasnt been sent. (Instead of: You havent sent the document.)

3) when the action itself is more important than who or what does it (intechnological processes, reports, newspaper headings, manuals, instructions, regulations etc.):

Dolby Stereo Digital was first encoded in1992.

4) toput more emphasis on the agent:

The awarding ceremony will be opened bythe company president.



We form the passive voice with the verb tobe and the past participle ofthe main verb:

be (is/was/have been etc.) + the past participle (made/ washed/done etc.)

In2012, anew cinematic technology, Dolby Atmos, was introduced bythe company. (past simple passive)

Anew digital surround sound compression scheme is being developed byDolby engineers for this movie. (present continuous passive)

See Unit 1for more information about the passive voice.



7. Rewrite these sentences inthe Passive Voice.



1)Ray Dolby founded the company inGreat Britain in1965.

2) In1976, he moved it tothe United States.

3) Henry Kloss ofKLH persuaded Dolby tomanufacture aconsumer version ofhis noise reduction.

4) AClockwork Orange was the first film that used Dolby noise reduction (though only on the pre  mixes and masters, not on release prints).

5) In1975, Dolby Labs introduced Dolby Stereo.

6) Dolby specialists also developed adigital surround sound compression scheme for the cinema.

7) In2010, Dolby announced the arrival ofDolby Surround7.1.



8. Turn the sentences from Active into Passive. Omit the agent where it is possible.



1)The music company is producing anew video.

2) When did the company introduce the cinematic technology Dolby Atmos?

3) The company specialists have evolved an innovative sound scheme for the home theater.

4) The camera operator was shooting the video when the equipment failed tooperate.

5) They had already built astage for the gig inthe square when we came there.



TALKING AND DISCUSSING POINT



9. Choose any two Dolby formats and compare them.



10. Prepare areport on the topic Dolby Technologies. Pick from the following options:



Analog audio noise reduction: Dolby A/B/C/S-Type NR; Dolby FM; Dolby HXPro.

Audio encoding/ compression: Dolby Digital (AC-3); Dolby Digital EX; Dolby Digital Plus (E-AC-3); Dolby Digital Live; Dolby E; Dolby Stereo (Dolby Analog); Dolby TrueHD; AAC; aacPlus; Dolby Pulse.

Audio processing: Dolby Headphone; Dolby Virtual Speaker; Dolby Surround, Dolby Pro Logic, Dolby Pro Logic II, Dolby Pro Logic IIx, Dolby Pro Logic IIz; Audistry; Dolby Volume; Dolby Mobile.

Video processing: Dolby Contrast; Dolby Vision.

Digital Cinema: Dolby Digital Cinema; Dolby 3D; Dolby Atmos.

Live Sound: Dolby Lake Processor.



11. Comment on the following quotation.



People who are crazy enough tothink they can change the world are the ones whodo.



SteveJobs

WRITING



12. Write areport on the topic Ray Milton Dolby. Biography and achievements.



13. Write areview ofone ofthe films mentioned inthe text: AClockwork Orange, Callan, Lisztomania, AStar Is Born, Batman Returns, Clear and Present Danger, The Simpsons, Toy Story3.



Follow the plan:



Introduction (thesis paragraph, short summary plot, overview ofthe review body)

Body paragraphs/analysis (cinematography, setting, acting, soundtrack, accomplishments and fails, the critics feelings)

Recommendation (if the movie is worth watching)

Conclusion (tied up with the thesis)



14. Write aletter toyour friend (State Exam Writing).



This is part ofthe letter you have received from your English pen-friend Elizabeth:

Inyour next letter, please tell me about afilm you like. Whats it about? Who is starring inthe film? Why do you likeit?




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/irina-ivanovna-boris/english-for-sound-operators-angliyskiy-yazyk-dlya-zvu/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .


